PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayambang Campus
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
Bayambang, Pangasinan

HANDOUTS IN NCM 119 – LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

LEADERSHIP

• Leadership is commonly defined as a process of influence in which the leader influences others
toward goal achievement (Yukl, 1998).

• Influence is an instrumental part of leadership and means that leaders affect others, often by
inspiring, enlivening, and engaging others to participate.

• The process of leadership involves the leader and the follower in interaction.

• This implies that leadership is a reciprocal relationship.

• Leadership can occur between the leader and another individual; between the leader and a
group; or between a leader and an organization, a community, or a society

• Each person has the potential to serve as a leader. What this means for nurses as professionals
is that they function as leaders when they influence others toward goal achievement.

• Nurses are leaders.

• Leadership can be formal leadership, as when a person is in a position of authority or in a

sanctioned, assigned role within an organization that connotes influence, such as a clinical nurse
specialist (Northouse, 2001).

• An informal leader is an individual who demonstrates leadership outside the scope of a formal
leadership role or as a member of a group rather than as the head or leader of the group.

• The informal leader is considered to have emerged as a leader when she is accepted by others
and is perceived to have influence.

• Leaders and followers are both necessary roles.

• Leaders need followers in order to lead.

• Followers need leaders in order to follow.

• Nurses are alternately leaders and followers when they work with other health care team
members to achieve patient care goals, participate in meetings, and so forth.

○ The most valuable followers are skilled, self-directed employees who participate actively in
setting the group’s direction and who invest time and energy in the work of the group, thinking
critically and advocating for new ideas (Grossman & Valiga, 2008).
 ○ Good followers communicate and work well with others, being supportive, yet thoughtful, in
their approach to new ideas.

GOALS

A GOAL is the desired aim or condition toward which one is willing to work.

• INDIVIDUAL GOALS

 Individual goals are personal goals.

 These are usually based on one’s desires in life.
 These can be small or what we call “mini” goals such as what one writes in their to-do lists
every day.
 There are also big goals such as losing weight or getting a satisfying nursing job.
 It can also be trying to jog for 5 km or simple as passing an exam or as complicated as
getting perfect scores in all nursing exams.

 GROUP GOALS

 Group goals may also refer to organizational goals although on a smaller scale.

 The goals usually pertain to what the individual members of the group or organization
desire to achieve as a group or an organization.

 ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS

 Organizational goals are management goals of an organization that are established to

justify its existence.

 Its inability to set goals is like planning for failure.

 The future endeavors of the organization will surely fail unless these goals were identified at
its inception.

SHORT TERM GOALS refer to goals that can be achieved in a short period of time as opposed to LONG
TERM GOALS that require years before they can be achieved.

GOAL SETTING is a powerful process for thinking about the ideal future, and for motivating oneself, the
group, or the organization to turn this vision of the future into reality.

SMARTER GOALS

• A useful way of making goals more powerful is to use this:

 
 • S – Specific

• M – Measurable

• A – Attainable

• R – Relevant

• T – Time-bound

• E – Efficient and Effective

• R – Rewarding

RESOURCES (7Ms)

The attainment of a goal usually precedes the use of resources that are available. These resources
referred to as the seven (7) M’s include:

• money,

• men,

• machines,

• materials,

• methods,

• moment (or time), and

• manager.

1. Money refers to a budget that would be allocated for an undertaking. For example, how much
would it cost to buy latex gloves for a medical mission?

• The cost of doing things to accomplish the goal should be listed.

• This list will give a clear financial picture of how much the goal will cost to take it to its
completion.

2. Men refer to the human resources that are needed to achieve goal.
• How many additional nurses will be added to complete the nursing staff unit? How
many men will it take to finish a task?
• Men as a resource are the ones who carry out the tasks needed to achieve the goal.
• They are the people that operate an organization, who make use of the financial and
material resources of an organization.

3. Machines are devices that help the organization by either performing tasks faster or doing work
that humans cannot. They normally require an energy source, also known as input and are
 expected to perform work, also known as output. Devices with no rigid moving parts can be
considered tools.

4. Materials are physical resources used as inputs in the nursing process.

• They can be raw materials or finished materials.
• Cotton, for example, is a raw material, which can be processed into thread, then woven
into cloth, a semi-finished material, into nursing gowns or patient gowns as finished
material.
• Other finished materials include syringes and stethoscopes.

5. Methods refer to the body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new
knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
• They are ways to gather empirical and quantifiable evidence which can then be
subjected to principles, specific principles of reasoning.
• A nursing method is a planned procedure intended to achieve a predetermined result.
• The method usually consists of data gathering from both the results of active
experimentation and casual but controlled observation, and the testing of new ideas for
validation.
•
6. Moment also refers to time as a resource. If healing takes time, then a time constraint will
greatly reduce the amount of time to recover from sickness.
• Time is a fundamental quantity used for several purposes; such as sequential
arrangement, comparison of different events, and measurement of motion of objects.
How humans use their time serves as an indicator of their productivity.

7. Manager is another important resource.

• A manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of
individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary.

LEADERS vs. MANAGERS

○ Kotter (1990a) describes the differences between leadership and management in the following
way:

 Leadership is about creating change, and management is about controlling complexity

to bring order and consistency.
 He says that leading change involves establishing a direction, aligning people through
empowerment, and motivating and inspiring them toward producing useful change and
achieving the vision.
 Whereas management is defined as planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing,
problem solving, and controlling complexity to produce predictability and order (Kotter,
1990b).

 Nurses are leaders.

 Nurses function as leaders when they demonstrate leadership characteristics in their
nursing roles and lead other nurses and their communities to achieve a vision of quality
health care.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A LEADER AND A MANAGER