UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ARCHITECTURE
Bachelor of Architecture
Surveying and Levelling
21ART 277

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

SURVEYING
 Surveying & levelling :- Unit-2
Course Outcome
CO Number Title Level

CO1 Appreciate the need for accurate and thorough note taking in Remember
field work to serve as a legal record.

CO2 Ability gaining to use modern survey equipment to measure Understand

angles and distances.

CO3 Ability to use the survey data for site planning and Understand
development in design.
CO4 Analyze the topography of a site and understand the Understand
inventories.
CO5 Student will be able to draft technical drawings pertaining to Understand
site terrain and contours. 2
 Plane Table Surveying
What is Plane table surveying?

•Plane Table Surveying is one of the most rapid

method of surveying.
•The plane table is an instrument used for
surveying by a graphical method in which the
field work and plotting are done simultaneously.
•The main advantage of plane table surveying is
that the topographic features to be mapped are
in full view.
•It is most suitable for small and medium scale-
mapping

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https://civilplanets.com/plane-table-surveying-instruments/
 Plane Table Surveying
Principal of Plane table surveying

•The principle of plane tabling is parallelism

means,
•Principle: “All the rays drawn through various
details should pass through the survey station.”
•The Position of plane table at each station must
be identical, i.e. at each survey station the table
must be oriented in the direction of magnetic
north.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments and Accessories for Plane Tabling

The following instruments are used in plane table surveying.

Equipments

•Plane Table

•Tripod

•Alidade

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments and Accessories for Plane Tabling

Accessories
•Trough Compass
•Spirit level
•U-Fork with Plumb bob
•Water proof cover
•Drawing paper
•Pins
•Drawing accessories
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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments and Accessories for Plane Tabling

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments
Plane Table:
•The drawing board for plane tabling is made
from well-seasoned wood with its upper surface
exactly plane.
•It is normally rectangular in shape with size 75
cm x 60 cm
•It is mounted on a tripod and clamps are
provided to fix it in any direction. The table can
revolved about its vertical axis and can be
clamped in any position, when necessary.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments
Tripod
•The plane table is mounted on a tripod.
•The tripod is generally of open frame type,
combined rigidity with lightness. The tripod
may be made to fold for convenience of
transportation.
•Tripod is provided with three foot screws at its
top for leveling of the plane table.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments
Alidade
The alidade is useful for establishing a line of sight.
Two Types of alidade are used.

1. Simple alidade

2. Telescopic alidade

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments
Simple Alidade
•It is used for ordinary work
•It is generally consists of a gun metal or
wooden rule with two vertical vanes at the ends.
•The eye-vane is provided with a narrow slit
while the object vane is open and carries a horse
hair. Both the slits, thus provide a definite line
of sight which can be made to pass through the
object to be sighted.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Equipments
Telescopic Alidade
•The telescopic alidade is used when it is
required to take inclined sights.
•It essentially consists of a small telescope with
a level tube and graduated arc mounted on
horizontal axis.
•It gives higher accuracy and more range of
sights.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Accessories
Trough Compass
•The trough compass is required for drawing the
line showing magnetic meridian on the paper. It
is used to orient the table to the magnetic
meridian.
•When the freely suspended needle shows 00 at
each end, a line is drawn on the drawing paper
which represents the magnetic north.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Accessories
Spirit Level

•A Spirit Level is used for ascertaining If the

table is properly level.
•The Table is leveled by placing the level on the
board in two positions at right angles and
getting the bubble central in both positions.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Accessories
U-Fork With Plumb bob
•U-fork with plumb bob is used for centering
the table over the point or station occupied by
the plane table when the plotted position of that
point is already on the sheet.
•Also, in the beginning of the work, it is used
for transferring the ground point on the sheet.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Setting Up the Plane table

• Fixing the plane table on the tripod stand

• Leveling the table
• Centering the table
• Marking the North-line
• Orientation
 Orientation by magnetic needle
 Orientation by backsighting

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 Plane Table Surveying
Methods Of Plane Tabling
1. Radiation
2. Intersection
3. Traversing
4. Resection
Special Methods of Resection
I. Compass Method
II. Back-ray Method
III. Two-point problem
IV. Three-point problem
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 Plane Table Surveying
Methods Of Plane Tabling
Radiation method of plane tabling
•In this method of plain table survey, the plane table
is set up at only one station, and various points are
located by radiating (drawing) a ray from the
instrument station to each of the points, and plotting
to scale along the ray the distance measured from
the station to the point is sighted.
•The radiation method is suitable for surveys of
small areas which are likely to be commanded from
a single station.
•It is useful in large-scale works if used in
combination with other methods.
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https://civilplanets.com/plane-table-surveying-instruments/
 Plane Table Surveying
Methods Of Plane Tabling
Intersection or triangulation method of plane table surveying
•This method is widely employed for plotting the details on the
maps. It can also be used for plotting the position of points to be
used at subsequent stations.
•The various points can be located by the intersection of rays
drawn from two different stations (A and B) forming a baseline.
•The only linear measurement required is that of the baseline AB
on the ground.
•The method may also be employed for locating the distant and
inaccessible objects, the rivers, in a survey of the hilly areas
(where distances cannot be measured easily), and for checking the
remote objects.
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https://civilplanets.com/plane-table-surveying-instruments/
 Plane Table Surveying
Methods Of Plane Tabling
Traversing method of plane table survey
•Traversing by the plane table is similar to
compass or theodolite traversing. The method,
therefore, can be used for laying down the
survey lines of a closed or unclosed traverse.
•The details may be plotted in the usual way by
taking offsets. The plane table traversing is also
useful for the survey of roads, rivers, etc.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Methods Of Plane Tabling
Resection method of plain table survey:
•The method of resection is employed for the
location of station points only. After
establishing the stations, the details are located
by either radiation or intersection.
•The main feature of this method is that the
point plotted on the sheet is the station occupied
by the table. Only one linear measurement is
required as in the intersection method of plane
tabling.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying
•The plan is drawn by the surveyor himself while the area to be surveyed is before his
eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
•The surveyor Can compare the plotted work with the actual features of the area.
•It is simple and cheaper than the theodolite survey.
•It is most suitable for small scale maps.
•No great skill is required to produce a satisfactory map and work may be entrusted to
a subordinate.
•It is useful in magnetic areas where compass may not be used.
•The mistakes in writing field books are eliminated.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying

•It is not intended for very accurate work.

•It is not suitable in monsoon.
•It is essentially a tropical instrument.
•Due to heaviness, it is inconvenient to
transport.
•Since there are so many accessories, there is
likelihood of them being lost.

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 Plane Table Surveying
Sources of Errors

•Instrumental Errors
•Personal Errors
•Errors of plotting

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 REFERENCE

Surveying” by Bannister A and Raymond S.

“ Surveying” by Punmia B C.
“ Engineering Survey” by Schofield W.
“ Plane and Geodetic Surveying” by Clark D.
“ Introduction to Surveying” by James.
https://civilengineeringnotes.com/plane-table-surveying/

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For queries
Email: neelam.e9727@cumail.in