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c e
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rtual
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)
 Bl oc
kcha i
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ya ddto,nott akeawa yf rom,orc hang e
 I o
T-“ t
h i
ng s
”arenowb eingbu il
twithWi-F i
c onnect
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ter
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 5 G-f i
fth-gene
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andardf orbr oadban dc el
lul
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chc el
l
ularp ho
necomp ani
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oyi
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dein
201
9
 C ybersecurit
y-i sevolv
ingj u
sta sothe
rt e
chnologie
sarebe caus
ethreatsarec onstantl
ynew

L
ess
on1
:So
ftwa
reT
est
i
ng
1
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st
in
g
 isi
nt
end
edtos
howtha
tap r
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amd o
eswhati
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dtodoan
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is
cov
erp
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ram d
efe
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se
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artofabr
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es
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ri
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onan
dv al
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dat
i
on

 S
oft
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uat
ethefunct
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i
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wareapp
li
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ect
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einorde
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typrodu
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 V
eri
fi
ca
ti
ona n
dV ali
dat
ionP r
oce
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s-c once
rnedwi thchec
ki
ngthatsof
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el
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sit
sspec
if
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onanddel
iv
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e
f
unc
ti
onal
i
tyexpe
ct
edbyt hepeo
plepayi
ngforthesoft
ware
 V eri
fi
ca
ti
on-i st
ochecktha
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ftwaremeetsi
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tate
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nalandnon-fu
nct
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onalr
equir
ement
s
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n-i sdon
etoe n
sur
ethatth
esoftwaremeet
sthecus
to
mer’
sexpe
ct
ation
s

 T
wog
oal
softe
st
in
gp roc
ess
:
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str
atetothede
vel
ope
randth
ecus
tome
rth
atthes
oft
war
eme e
tsi
tsr
equi
re
men
ts
 Todi
sco
versi
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rei
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cor
rec
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ble
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rmt
oit
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eci
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ca
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on

 U
lt
ima
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oalofve
ri
fi
ca
ti
onandva
li
dat
i
on:
 T oe
sta
bli
shco
nfi
de
ncet
hatt
hes
oft
war
esy
st
emi
s‘
fi
tfo
rpu
rpo
se
’(beg
oode
nou
ghf
ori
t
sin
ten
dedp
urp
ose
)

 L
eve
lofr
equ
ir
edconf
ide
nced
epen
dson
:
 S of
twa
rePurp
ose-asof
twar
eth
ati
sus
edtocon
tro
las
afe
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ti
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lsy
st
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ene
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eas
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erEx
pect
ati
ons-use
rs
’ex
per
ie
nce
swi
t
hp r
evi
ouss
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eth
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hemtohav
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 Mark
eti
ngEnvi
ron
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nt
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ountt
hecompet
i
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duct
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ic
etha
tcust
omer
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ll
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lefo
r
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ve
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y s
te
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 T
estP
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nin
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onc
ern
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thsch
edul
i
ngandre
sou
rci
ngal
lofth
eac
ti
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ti
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- inv
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in
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het
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aki
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nt
oacco
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epeopl
ean
dthet
i
mea
vai
l
abl
e

2
.De
vel
opme
ntTes
ti
ng
 i nc
lud
esal
lte
st
in
gac
ti
vi
ti
est
hata
rec
arr
ie
dou
tbyt
het
eamd
eve
lo
pin
gth
esy
st
em

 T
est
er-us
ual
lyt
hepro
gra
mmerwh
odeve
lo
pedth
ats
oft
war
e
 P
rogr
amme
r/T
est
erP
air
s-eac
hpro
gra
mmerhasana
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ci
at
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es
te
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ode
vel
opst
es
tsa
nda
ssi
s
tswi
t
hth
ete
st
in
gpr
oce
ss

 Th
reeLe
vel
sofGra
nular
it
y:
1
.Uni
tTes
ti
ng-p r
oces
softes
ti
ngprogr
a mcompon
ent
s,s
uchasme t
hod
so robj
ec
tcl
ass
es
 T h
reePa
rtsofAuto
matedTest
:
 S et
u pPart-ini
t
ial
iz
et h
esyst
emwit
hthete
stcase
,namel
ythei
nput
sande
xpe
ct
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utp
uts
 C allPart-cal
ltheobje
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ed
 A ss
erti
onPart-compa r
ethere
sul
toft
hecallwi
ththeexp
ect
edre
sul
t
 De bugg
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soffi
xingerr
orsan
dp r
obl
emst h
athavebee
ndis
cov
ere
dbyte
st
in
g

2
.Ch
oos
i
ngUn
itT
estCases
 Twod e
fin
iti
onsfor“e
ffect
iv
ene
ss”:
 “ Thecomp o
n e
ntthatyoua r
etest
ingdoe
swh atiti
ssuppo
sedtodo.
”
 “ Def
ectsinthecomponen
ts h
o u
ldberevea
ledbyt e
stcas
es
.”
 T wok in
dso fte
stcase
s:
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rstsho
uldrefl
ectnormalope
rati
onofap rogr
ama ndsho
uldsh
owthatth
ecompone
ntwor
ks
-S ec
o n
ds houl
dbeba s
edontest
in
ge x
p e
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ecommonp r
obl
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seandsh
oul
duseabno
rmali
nput
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chec
kt hatthes
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operl
yp ro
cess
edandd on o
tcras
hthecompone
nt
 Twostrat
egi
esinchoos
ingtes
tca s
es:
 P arti
ti
ont e
sti
ng-i de
nti
fygroupsofinp
utsthathaveco
mmo nchar
act
eri
s
ti
csa
n dsho
uldbepr
oce
ss
edinth
esameway
 G uidel
i
ne-ba s
edT es
ti
ng-u sete
st
inggui
del
ine
sthatref
le
ctpre
vio
usexp
eri
en
ceo
ft h
ekindso
fer
ror
stha
tprogr
ammer
soft
en
ma kewhend ev
el
op i
ngcompo n
ent
s

3
.Pa
thT
est
i
ng-t
es
ti
ngs
tr
ate
gyt
hata
imst
oex
erc
is
eev
eryi
nde
pen
den
tex
ecu
ti
onp
atht
hro
ughac
omp
one
nto
rpr
ogr
am

3
.Co
mponen
tTes
ti
ng
 S o
ftwar
eCompone
nts-c omp o
si
tecomponentsth
ataremadeu pofseve
rali
nt
era
cti
ngo bj
ec
ts
 T y
pesofInte
rface:
 P ara
me te
rInte
rface
s-d a t
ao rso
meti
mesfuncti
onre
fer
enc
esarepas
sedfromo necomponen
ttoanot
her
 S h
a r
edme mo r
yInter
faces-abl o
ckofme moryissh
aredbet
weencomponent
s
 P r
ocedu r
alInt
erf
aces-o necompone
nten
ca p
sulat
esaseto
fprocedu
resthatcanbec al
le
dbyo t
herco
mp o
nen
ts
 Me ss
ag ePass
in
gIn t
erf
aces-o nec
omponentre
q u
est
saserv
ic
efroma not
hercomponentbypass
in
game s
saget
oit
 T h
reeCl
a s
sesofInt
erfa
ceE r
rors:
 I nt
erfaceMi s
use-Ac all
i
n gcompone
ntcal
lssomeothe
rcompone
ntandma kesane r
rorinth
euseofi
tsi
nte
rfa
ce.
 I nt
erfaceMi s
unders
tandi
ng-Ac al
li
ngcomponentmis
unde
rst
andsthespe
cifi
cat
ionofthein
ter
fac
eofthecal
le
dcomp
one
nta
nd
makesa s
sumpti
onsaboutit
sbehavi
or.
 T i
mingE rr
ors- o ccurinr e
al
-ti
mesyst
emsthatuseashar
edme moryorame ss
a g
e-pass
in
gint
erf
ace

4
.Sy
st
emT
est
i
ng
 inv
olv
esi
nte
grat
i
ngcompo
nen
tst
ocre
ateaver
si
onoft
hesy
ste
mandthe
nte
st
in
gth
ein
teg
rate
dsy s
te
m
 chec
ksth
atcompon
ent
sar
ecompat
i
ble
,in
ter
actc
orr
ect
lya
ndtra
nsf
ert
her
igh
tda
taattheri
ghtti
mea
cro
sst
hei
rin
ter
fac
es

 T
woI
mport
antDi
ff
er
ence
s:
 reus
abl
ecompo
nent
sth
ath
avebee
nsep
ara
tel
yde
vel
ope
da n
dof
f-t
he-sh
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te
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nte
gra
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t
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wlyd
eve
lo
pedc
omp
one
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 compon
ent
sdeve
lo
pedbydi
ff
ere
ntte
ammember
sorgro
upsma
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rat
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age

L
ess
on2
:Te
st
-Dr
iv
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vel
opme
nt
 T
est
-Dri
ve
nDe v
el
opment-a p
proac
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vel
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nwh i
chyoui
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rl
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odede
vel
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nt
 Be ne
fi
tsofTes
t-Dri
ve
nDe v
el
opment
:
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age-c o
deist
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edasitiswri
tt
ensodefe
ct
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cov
ere
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 R egr
ess
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onT e
sti
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oc h
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tro
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ewbug
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 S impl
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dDe bu
ggi
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d
 S yst
emDo c
umenta
ti
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adi
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stomakeitund
ers
tandth
ecode

L
ess
on3
:Ot
herT
est
i
ngP
roc
edu
res

1
.Re
le
aseTes
ti
ng-p roc
essofte
sti
ngap art
icu
larre
le
aseofasy s
te
mt hatisi
nte
nd e
dforuseou
tsi
deofthedeve
lo
p mentte
am
2
.Re
qui
rement
-basedTes
tin
g-s yst
emati
ca ppro
achtote
stcas
ed es
ig
nwh e
reyoucons
ide
reachreq
uir
ementandd er
iv
eas etoft
est
sfori
t
3
.Sc
enari
oTes
ti
ng-a p
proachtorel
eas
etest
ingwher
ey o
ud e
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setypic
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enar
iosofus
eandu s
ethe
setodeve
loptes
tc as
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rthesys
tem
 S cenar
io-storytha
td es
cri
besonewayinwhicht
hes ys
te
mmi g
htbeu s
ed
4
.Per
formanc
eT e
st
ing-invol
vesrun
ningas e
ri
esofte
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swh e
rey o
uincr
ea s
etheloadunt
i
lthesys
te
mp erf
ormancebecomesun
a c
cep
tabl
e
 S tre
ssTest
in
g-r el
evantt
od is
tr
ibute
dsyst
emsbase
do nan etworkofproc
es
sor
s
5
.Us
erT e
st
in
g-o r“cust
omerte
sti
ng“isthestag
einwhic
hu s
ersorcus
tome r
sprovi
dein
putanda d
vic
eo nsys
te
mt es
ti
ng
6
.Us
abil
it
yT e
st
ing-e v
aluat
in
gap r
oductorser
vic
ebytest
in
gi twi
threpres
ent
ativ
euse
rs

 Th
eS y
ste
mU sa
bil
it
yS c
ale
 SU
Swa sori
gi
nal
lycr
eate
dbyJ oh
nBrookei
n198
6
 al
l
owsyoutoeval
uateawideva
ri
etyofpro
duct
sandse
rvi
ce
s,i
nc
lud
inghar
dwar
e,s
oft
ware
,mobi
led
evi
ces
,we
bsi
t
esan
dap
pli
ca
ti
on
s
 are
li
ablet
oolfo
rme as
uri
ngth
eusabi
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ty
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pons
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rres
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;fr
omStr
ongl
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glydi
s
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ee

 I
nte
rpre
ti
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cor
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 Abov
e68-cons
i
der
eda
bov
eav
era
ge
 Bel
ow68-ave
rage

L
ess
on4
:So
ftwa
reT
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ngL
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cle

 S TLCPhase
s:
1
.Re
qui
re
mentAnal
ysi
s
 t e
stte
ams t
udiesa ndanalyzesther
equi
rement
sfro
mat e
st
ingpe
rsp
ect
iv
e
 h el
pstoide
nti
fywh e
thertherequi
re
mentsarete
st
ableornot
2
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tPl
anni
ng
 f i
rs
tstepi
nthet est
ingproces
s
 i nvolv
esdet
erminingtheeff
orta ndcos
testi
mate
sfortheen
tir
eproj
ec
t
3
.Te
stDes
ig
n
 t e
stte
ams t
artswi t
ht e
stcasedevel
opmentact
iv
it
y
4
.Tes
tEnvi
ro
nmentSet
up
 c anbestar
te
di np arall
elwiththeTes
td e
si
gnphase
 d onebase
do nth ehardwarea ndsof
twarerequ
ir
ementli
s
t
5
.Tes
tExe
cut
ion
 t e
stte
ams t
artsex e
cuti
ngthet e
stcas
esbasedonthepl
annedte
stcas
es
6
.Tes
tCl
osur
e
 f i
nalst
agewherewep re
pareT es
tC l
os
ureRepor
t,Tes
tMe t
ri
cs
 i denti
fyst
rat
egiesthathavetobei mple
me n
tedi
nthefutu
re,whi
chwil
lhe
lpt
ore
mov
epr
oce
ssbo
tt
le
nec
ksi
nth
eup
comi
ngp
roj
ec
ts

S
oft
war
eEn
gin
eer
in
g
 S
oft
ware-coll
ec
ti
ono fin
teg
rat
edp ro
grams
 E
ngi
nee
ri
ng-a ppl
ic
ati
o nof 
sc
ie
nti
fi
c a
nd pr
act
ic
al 
kno
wle
dgeto
 i
nve
nt,d
esi
gn,bui
l
d,mai
nt
ai
n,an
d i
mpr
ovefr
amework
s,p
roce
ss
es
,et
c.
 S
oft
wareEngi
nee
ri
ng-e ngi
ne
eri
ngbranchrel
at
edtotheevo
lut
i
onofsoft
wa r
ep r
odu
ctus
in
gwell
-de
fi
ne
ds c
ie
nti
fi
cpri
nci
pl
es
,te
chni
que
s,a
nd
p
roc
edure
s
 R eas
onswhySoftwareEng
inee
ri
ngisre
qui
re
d:
 T omanageL a
rgeso
ftware
 F ormo r
eS cal
abi
li
ty
  Cos
tManag
ement
 Tomana
gethedyn
ami
cn a
tur
eofs
oft
war
e
 Fo
rbet
te
rqu a
li
tyMana
gemen
t
 Ne
edofSof
twareE
ngi
ne
eri
ng

 Hu
geP r
ogr
amming-me as
ureofprog
rammin
gi sex
ten
si
veandneed
sas c
ie
nti
fi
cpro
ces
s
 Ad
aptabi
li
t
y-r e-cr
eat
in
gn ewsof
twar
eins
te
ado fsca
li
nganexi
sti
ngone
 Co
st-larg
ercosti
fprope
rp r
oce
durei
snotada p
ted
 Dyn
amicNatu
re-u pgr
adesnee
dtobed o
neifsoft
warequa
li
tyisc
onti
nua
ll
ychan
gin
g
 Qu
ali
tyManagemen
t-be t
terpro
cedu
reofso
ftwaredeve
lo
pmentprov
ide
sbet
terq
uali
t
yso
ftwa
rep
rod
uct

 C
har
act
er
is
ti
csofaG oodSoft
wareEngi
ne
er:
 E xpos
uretosyst
ema t
i
cme tho
ds,i
.e
.,f
amili
ar
itywit
hsoft
wareeng
ine
er
in
gp r
in
ci
pl
es.
 G oodte
ch n
ic
a lknowl
edgeofthepr
oje
ctrange(Domai
nknowl
edge
).
 G oodprogramminga bi
li
ti
es
.
 G oodcommu nic
ati
ons k
il
ls
.Thes
eski
ll
scompri
seofora
l,wri
tt
en,a
ndint
erp
ers
ona
lski
l
ls
.
 H ig
hmo ti
vat
ion.
 S oun
dk nowl
ed geoffundamen
tal
sofcompute
rs c
ie
nce
.
 I n
tel
l
ige
nce.
 A bi
li
tytowo rkinate a
m
 Di s
ci
pli
ne,et
c.

I
mpo
rta
nceo
fSo
ftwa
reE
ngi
ne
er
in
g
1
. R
educe
sComplex
ity
2
. T
oMi ni
miz
eSoftwareC
ost
3
. T
oDe c
reas
eTime
4
. H
andli
ngBigProj
ect
s
5
. R
el
iabl
eSoft
ware
6
. E
ffe
cti
ve
nes
s

Soft
wa r
eDevel
opmentLif
eCycl
e
 S
DLC
 p ro
ces
susedbyt h
esoftwa
reindu
st
r ytodesi
gn,deve
lopandt e
sthi
ghquali
tys
oft
ware
 a i
mstoproduceah i
gh-qu
ali
tysof
twarethatme e
tsorexce
edscus
tomerexpe
ct
ati
ons
,re
ach
escompl
et
io
nwi
t
hint
i
mesa
ndc
oste
st
ima
tes
 a l
socal
le
da sSoft
wareDevel
opmentProce
ss
 f r
ameworkdef
ini
ngtaskspe
rfor
meda teachst
epi ntheso
ftwarede
vel
opmentpr
oces
s
 I
SO/
I
EC12
207
 a nin
ter
nati
onalst
andardfors
oft
wa reli
fe
-cyclepro
cess
es
 a i
mstobet h
es t
andar
dt ha
td e
fi
nesallt
hetasksreq
uire
dfo rdev
el
opingandmain
tai
ni
ngso
ftwar
e

Wh a
tisSDLC
 S
DLC
 p ro
cessfoll
owedfo ras of
twarep ro
je
c t,wi
thi
nas o
ftwareorgan
izat
io
n,andc o
nsi
st
sofad et
ai
le
dplandes
cri
binghowtodevel
op,maint
ai
n,
re
placeanda l
tero renhancespe
cifi
csoftware
 s p
iri
t
u almo de
lusedi nproj
ectma nag
e mentthatd e
fi
nesthest
agesi
ncl
udeinaninf
ormat
ionsys
te
mdevel
opmentpro
jec
t
 S
tag
eso
fS DL C
:
 S t
age1:P l
anni
nga n dRequi
rementAnaly s
i
s
 mo stimport
a ntandfu nda
me nt
als t
ageinS DLC
 S t
age2 :Defi
ni
ngR equir
ements
 d ef
ineandd ocumenttheproductr eq
uir
emen t
sandg ett
hema ppr
ovedfromthecu
st
omerorth
ema rk
etanaly
st
s,whi
chisdonethr
ough
SRS
 S R
S( Softwar
eR equi
rementS pe
ci
fi
cati
o n
)-d ocumentwhic
hc o
nsi
st
sofallt
hep r
oduc
tre
qui
rement
stobed e
si
gne
da ndd ev
el
oped
du
ringt hepro
jectli
fecyc
le
-r e
fe
renc
eforproduc
tarc
h i
t
ect
stoc
omeo u
twithth
ebesta
rchi
tec
turefo
rthe
pr
oduc ttobed eve
lo
p ed
 S t
age3 :Desi
gni
ngt heProductArchi
te
c t
u r
e
 mo rethanon ed e
si
gna ppr
o ac
hf ortheprod u
cta r
chit
ec
turei
spropose
da n
dd oc
umente
dinaDDS
 DDS( Desi
gnDo cumentSp eci
fi
cat
ion)-r evi
ewedbya l
ltheimport
antst
ake
holde
rsan
dba sedonv ar
io
usparameter
sa sri
sk
 ass
ess
me nt,pro
ductro
bustn
ess
,des
ignmodul
ari
t
y,budg
etandti
mecons
tra
int
s,t
hebe
stde
si
gnappr
oachi
sse
le
ct
edforth
eprodu
ct
 def
in
ingallthea r
chi
tect
ura
lmo du
lesofthepr
oduc
talon
gwithit
scommuni
cat
io
na n
dd a
taflo
wrepre
se
ntat
i
onwit
htheext
ern
aland
th
ir
dp art
ymo dul
es
 S
tag
e4:Bui
ldi
ngo rDe v
elo
p i
ngthePr
oduct
 a ct
ualdevel
opme n
tstart
sandtheproducti
sbui
lt
 S
tag
e5:Te
sti
ngtheP roduct
 t e
st
in
go nl
ys t
ag eoftheproduc
twh e
reproduc
tdef
ect
sarere
port
ed,tr
ack
ed,fi
xe
da ndr
ete
st
ed,u
nti
lth
ep r
odu
ctre
achest
hequa
li
ty
st
andard
sd efi
nedintheSRS
 u s
ual
lyas ubsetofallth
estag
esasinthemoder
nSDLCmo d
els
 S
tag
e6:Depl
oymentintheMa rke
ta n
dMa i
nt
enanc
e
 r e
le
asedformallyintheappro
pri
atemarket

 S
DLCModel
s:
 Wa t
erf
al
lMo de
l
 Ite
rat
iv
eMo del
 Spir
alMod e
l
 V-Mo de
l
 BigBangMo de
l
 Agil
eModel
 RADMo del(
Rapi
dApp
li
ca
ti
onDe
vel
opme
nt)
 Proto
typi
ngModel
s

 Di
sc
uss
i
onofthe6Mo del
s:
1
.Wate
rfa
llModel
 Wa sint
roducedbyWi ns
tonRo ycein19
70
 F iv
eP h
asesofWa te
rfallMo del
:
 R equir
ementsAnalysi
sandS pe
cif
ic
a t
io
nP hase-a imistou nd
erst
andtheexactre
quire
ment
softhec
ust
omerandtodoc
umentth
em
p
roperl
y
 De si
gnP hase-a i
mst otra ns
for
mt herequi
rement
sg athe
redintheS RSint
oas uit
ablefo
rmwh i
chp e
rmi
tsfu
rth
ercod
ingina
p
rogrammingl anguage
 I mplement
ationandU nitTesti
ng-wh enthedesi
gnisimp l
ement
ed
 I nt
egrat
iona ndS yst
emT esti
ng-h i
ghlycruci
alast h
eq ual
it
yo ftheendp r
oductisdet
er
mine
dbyt heef
fe
cti
ve
nes
softh
et e
st
in
g
c
arri
edo u
t
 Op e
rati
ona ndMa i
nte
na ncePhase-t askperfo
rmedbye ver
yu s
eroncethesof
twarehasbee
ndeli
ve
re
dt othec
ust
ome
r,i
nsta
ll
ed,
a
ndo per
ational
 Wh entouseWa terf
allMo del
:
 Wh e
nr equ
irementsareconstantandn otchangedregularl
y
 Ap roje
ctisshort
 T hes i
tu
ati
o niscalm
 Wh e
rethet oo
lsa ndtec
h nol
ogyu s
edisc ons
is
tentandisn o
tch an
gin
g
 Wh e
nr es
ourcesarewe l
lp repar
eda nda reavail
abletou s
e
 A dvant
agesofWa terf
a l
lMo del
:
 S impletoimp l
ementa n
dn umbero frequi
re
dr eso
urcesismini
mal
 R equir
ementsaresimplea ndrema i
nu nchan
gedd uri
ngp roj
ectdeve
lop
me nt
 S tartande ndpoint
sfore achphaseisfixe
dsop r
ogre
ssiseasytocove
r
 R ele
asedatea ndf i
nalcostofc o
mp le
tep r
oductcanbed e
termi
nedbeforedeve
lopment
 E asyc o
ntrolandc la
rit
yf orc u
stomer
 Di s
advant
a ge
sofWa t
erfal
lMo d el
:
 R is
kf ac
torish i
ghersomo d e
lisnotsuit
ableforcomp l
exp ro
ject
s
 C a n
notacceptc hange
sinr equi
re
me nt
sd uri
ngd eve
lopment
 Be comestought ogoba ckt ophase
 Do e
sn o
ta l
lowid e
nti
fyi
n gc h
a l
l
engesandr i
sksinearl
ierphases

2
.Ra
pidA
ppl
ica
ti
onDeve
lopmen
tMo del(
RAD)
 l i
ne
arseq
uent
ials
oft
waredeve
lopme
ntproc
es
smode
lth
atemphas
iz
esaconc
is
ede
vel
opme
ntc
ycl
eus
i
nga
nel
eme
ntba
sedc
ons
tr
uct
i
on
appro
ach
 c on
ceptt
hatprodu
ctscanbedeve
lo
pedfas
te
ran
do fh
igh
erqua
li
tyth
rou
gh:
 G at
heri
ngreq
uire
ment
susi
ngworks
hop
sorf
ocusg
roups
  P rot
otypin
ga nde arly,rei
te
ra t
iv
eusert
esti
ngofdes
ign
s
 T here-useofso f
twa recompo n
ent
s
 Ar igi
dlyp ace
ds chedu l
ethatrefe
rsdes
ignimpro
vement
stot
hen
extp
rod
uctv
ers
i
on
 L es
sforma l
i
tyi nrevi
ewsa ndo the
rteamc o
mmu ni
cat
io
n
 Fi
vePhas
eso fRAD:
 Bu s
ines
sMo d el
li
ng
 Da taMo dell
ing
 P roce
ssMo dell
ing
 A ppli
cati
onG ene
ra t
i
o n
 T es
ti
ng&T urnover
 WhentouseRADMo del:
 S ys
temn eedsshortspa noftimetocrea
tetheproj
ect
 R eq
u i
re
me nt
sa rewell-known
 T ec
h n
icalri
skislimit
ed
 I fit’
san ece
ssi
tyt orea l
lyma keasyst
em
 I fbu dgetall
owsu seo fautomati
ccodegenera
ti
ngtool
s
 Advan
tageofR ADMo del
:
 Mo d e
lisfle
xibleforc hange
 C hangesarea daptable
 Br i
ngsh i
ghe
stf unct
ionali
tytoc u
sto
mer
 R educe
dd evel
op menttime
 I ncreas
esreusabil
it
yo ff ea
tures

3
.Spi
ra
lMod e
l:
 P ropose
dbyBo eh
m
 a nevoluti
onarys o
ftwa rep r
oces
smo delth
atcoupl
estheit
er
ativ
efeat
ureofprot
otypi
ngwiththecont
rol
le
da ndsyst
emati
ca s
pec
tsofthe
l
ine
a rsequen
tialmo del
 F ourp artdi
visi
ono fe achc ycl
e:
 Obj ect
iveS e
tti
ng-i denti
fi
cat
ionofpurpos
e
 R i
skA s
sessmenta ndR educt
ion-c al
cul
ati
ngalter
nat
ive
sba s
edong oal
sandconst
rain
ts
 De vel
opme ntan dV ali
dati
on-d ev
el
opin
gstrate
gie
sthatre
sol
veuncer
tai
nti
esandris
ks
 P lanni
ng-r evi
ewingp roj
ect
 R i
sk-Driven-af eatureo fsp i
ralmod e
lwhic
ha l
lowsittoaccommodateanymixtur
eo fas pe
ci
fi
cat
ion-ori
ent
ed,prot
otype
-ori
ent
ed,
s
imulati
on-orient
ed,o ra nothe
rtypeo fappro
ach
 Wh ent ou s
eSp i
ralMo del:
 De li
ver
a nceisrequ i
redtobef re
quent
 P roje
ctislarge
 R equi
rementsa reu ncl
earandc omple
x
 C hangesma yr equireanyti
me
 L argean dh i
ghbu dgetproje
cts
 A dvantagesofS pi
ralMo del
 H ighamo unto friskan al
ys
is
 U sefu
lforl argea ndmi s
si
on-cri
tic
alproj
ec
ts
 Di s
ad vanta
geso fSpiralMo del
 C ostl
ymo d e
ltou se
 R i
ska nalysi
sneed shighexpert
is
e
 Do esn’
two rkwe llwithsmalle
rp ro
jec
ts
4
.V-Mode
l
 A ls
ok nowna sV er
ifi
cationa ndVali
dati
onMo de
l
 a nextensi
ono fthewa terfal
lmo delandisbase
do ntheass
ociat
i
onofat es
ti
ngph a
seforeachcor
res
pond i
ngdeve
lopmentst
age
 V -Mo delVeri
fic
a t
ionP hases
:
 Bu sin
essR eq
u i
reme ntA na
lysi
s-wh e
reproductrequi
re
mentsareu n
ders
toodfromc us
tomer’
sperspe
cti
vea ndin
v o
lve
sdetai
l
ed
commu ni
ca t
ionwi thcusto
me r
 S yste
mDe si
gn-u nderst
andingandd e
tai
l
ingthecomple
tehardwareandcommunicat
io
ns e
tupfortheproductun
derd e
vel
opment
 A rchi
te
cturalDe si
g n-wh erea r
chi
tec
tur
alspeci
fi
cat
ion
sisunders
to
oda ndd e
si
gne
d
 Mo dul
eDe si
gn-d et
a i
le
dintern
aldesi
gnforallth
esyst
emmo dule
s,al
sorefe
rre
dt oasLDD( Lo
wL e
velDes
i
g n)
 C odingP has
e- a ctualcodingofthesyst
emmo dule
sdesi
gnedinth
ed e
sig
np ha
se
 V al
idati
onP hases:
  U nitT es
ting
 I nt
egra t
ionT esti
ng
 S ystemT e
sting
 A cceptanceT esti
n g
 Wh e
ntou seV-Mo del:
 R equirementsa rewe ll
-d efin
ed,cl
earl
yd ocumente
da ndfixed
 P rod uctd ef
ini
tioniss t
a ble
 T e
chno l
ogyi sno tdy nami candiswellu nderst
oodbyp roj
ectte
am
 Nou n defi
nedr equ i
remen ts
 P rojectisshort
 A dvant
ageso fV -Mo d el
:
 H i
ghly-d i
sci
plinedmo del,comple
tedo nea tat i
me
 Wo rkswe l
lf orsma lle
rp roj
ects
 S imp l
ea nde asyt ou nd erst
anda n
du s
e
 E asyt oma naged uet or igi
dit
y
 Di s
advantageso fV-Mo del:
 H i
ghr i
ska ndu ncer
ta i
nty
 No tag oodmo d elforlo nga n
do ngoi
n gp roj
ect
 No ts ui
tablef orp rojec
tswi thchangi
n grequ i
re
ments
 Di ffi
culttog oba cka ndc h
a n
gefuncti
ona l
ity
 Nowo rki
n gsoftwa reisp roduce
suntillated ur
in
gl i
fecycl
e
5
.Bi
gBan
gMo del
 d on o
tfoll
o wa nys pecifi
cp roc e
ssandthereisv eryli
tt
leplann
ingreq
uir
ed
 Wh e
ntou seBigBa ngMo del:
 S ma llprojectswitho neo rtwodevel
o per
swo r
ki
ngto ge
the
r
 A cad emico rp racti
cep ro j
ects
 R equirementsa ren otwe llunders
to
oda ndf in
alrel
easedatei
snotgi
ven
 A dvant
ageso fBi gBa ngMo d el
:
 V erys i
mp le
 L it
tleo rnop l
an ni
ngr equ i
red
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