LESSON: HISTORY OF ASIAN, WESTERN, AND sculpted to accompany dead people in

PHILIPPINE ARTS the afterlife.

II. Japanese Art

Report by:
 Originated almost the same time as the
Gallarde,Rodge , Notarion,Elgie , Catapia,Crystal , Colorito,Ellen ,
Chinese art.
Gonzaga,Hazel , Delgado,Noemie , Monares, Donna
 Japan took many foreign influences to
HISTORY OF EASTERN ARTS (ASIA)
create their existing cultures and ideas.
Origin of Eastern Arts
a. Japanese Painting and Pottery
Religion Politics Philosophy Culture Technology
 Painting is a traditional Japanese art form.
Asian Art Pieces Include
 The first civilization in Japan molded and
Painting Calligraphy Graphic art Sculpture Pottery painted pottery and clay figures. Later settlers
brought knowledge in bronze manufacturing
I. Chinese Art and decoration.

 Known as “early stone art” as it comprises of  Bronze Manufacturing: using molten bronze
mainly pottery and sculpture. These early works to create bronze sculpture.
were based on Chinese religious and supernatural
beliefs.  The rise of Buddhism in the east is what taught
Japan the enhanced methods of bronze casting.
 Their artwork shows people and landscapes which
are commonly found as decorations for human b. Japanese Picture Scrolls
burial sites.
 The popularity of picture scrolls took place
 More Chinese artworks were produced during the after the emergence of Japanese pottery and
Late Imperial China sculptures.

 Qing Dynasty: they saw more revolutionary  These are pictorial stories illustrating men and
approach of thin brush calligraphy. women.

 New Era of Chinese Art: the modern Chinese art c. The Muromachi Period in Japanese Art
that includes a form of expression through
 During the year 1338 to 1573, they saw art
photography and video.
become more elitist and aristocratic (regarded
a. Chinese Pottery as classy, elite, or rich).

 Dates back Paleolithic era (the era that uses  Conservative colours were used such as black,
stones for their works) white, gray. (colors that are more appropriate
for classy settings)
 Rulers requested pottery to be used as gifts
and for trade.  After year 1447, Japan lost interest in sculpture
which resulted to less significant role of
b. Chinese Sculpture religion.

 Originated from the First Dynasty in China d. Japanese Anime

 Terracotta Army:  By the start of 20th century, Western culture

and values were imprinted on Japanese culture.
 it is the best preserved example of the
Chinese sculpture  After World War 2, Japanese Anime was born
alongside with comic books and cartoons.
 It is a collection of figurines built for
Emperor Qin Shi Huang and was III. Korean Art
buried with him. Qin Shi Huang was
the founder of the Qin Dynasty and  Korea was heavily influenced by the
the creator of the first unified Chinese Chinese art, and vice versa. This led to a
empire. strengthened and widened artistic styles.

 This sculpture represented protection a. Unified Silla Period

for him in the afterlife. After this, it
started the era of miniature figurines
  This period was during the year 668 to MANNERISM (1527-1580)
935. This is the dynasty that unified the Mannerist artists emerged from the ideas of Michelangelo,
three kingdoms of the Korean Peninsula. Raphael, and other Late Renaissance artists, but their focus on style
and technique outweighed the meaning of the subject matter.
 Buddhism played a key role on Korean art Often, figures had graceful elongated, small heads stylized features
during this period. and exaggerated detail.

b. Joseon Dynasty (1392) BAROQUE (1600-1750)

The Baroque period that followed Mannerism yielded amate, over-
 It was when cultural renaissance began. the- top visual arts and architecture. It was characterized by
grandeur and richness, punctuated by an interest in broadening
 Neo-Confucianism was introduced which human intellect and global discovery. Baroque artists were
featured secular art (no religious preference stylistically complex.
points) and culture.
ROCOCO (1699-1780)
c. 15th and 16th Period
Rococo originated in Paris, encompassing decorative art; painting,
architecture, and sculpture. The aesthetic offered a softer style of
 Classical art was introduced. It was inspired
decorative art compared to Baroque's exuberance. Rococo is
from ancient Roman or ancient Greek culture
characterized by lightness and elegance, focusing on the use of
and arts.
natural forms, asymmetrical design and subtle colors.
 Painting styles: landscapes with nostalgic
NEOCLASSICISM (1750-1850)
places or mountain scenes. Ink was used to
Neoclassical period drew upon elements from classical antiquity,
highlight the contrast between light and dark.
Archaeological ruins of ancient civilizations in Athens and Naples
that were discovered at the time reignited a passion for all things
d. 1930s onwards
past, and artists strove to recreate the great works of ancient art.
 It was when abstract painting became popular. This translated to a renewed interest in classical ideals of harmony,
simplicity, and proportion.
e. 1970s and 1980s

 Korean monochrome paintings grew in ROMANTICISM (1780-1850)

popularity. Romanticism embodies a broad range of disciplines from painting
to music to literature. The ideals present in each of these art forms
reject order, harmony, and rationality, which were embraced in
both classical art and Neoclassicism, instead Romantic artists
THE MODERN ASIAN ART
emphasized the individual and imagination. Another defining
Romantic ideal was an appreciation for nature, with many tuning to
 Chinese art is one of the biggest sellers on the
plain air painting, which brought artists out of dark interiors and
International scene. Paintings, pottery, sculptures, are of
enabled them to paint outside. Artists also focused on passion,
high prices which means that more Eastern or Asian art
emotion, and sensation over intellect and reason.
is being sold at auction or private buyers.
REALISM (1848-1900)
HISTORY OF WESTERN ARTS
Arguably the first modern art movement, Realism, began in France
in the 1840s. Realism was a result of multiple events: the anti-
PREHISTORIC (BEFORE C. 3000 B.C.E.)
Romantic movement in Germany. The rise of journalism, and the
The origins of art history can be traced back to the Prehistoric era, advent of photography. Each inspired new interest in accurately
before written records were kept. The earliest artifacts come from capturing everyday life.
the Paleolithic era, or the Old Stone Age, in the form of rock
carvings, engravings, imagery, sculptures, and stone arrangements. ART NOUVEAU (1890-1910)
Art Nouveau, which translates to "New Art”, attempted to create an
ANCIENT (C. 3000 B.C.E. TO C. 400 C.E.) entirely authentic movement free from any imitation of styles that
Ancient art was produced by advanced civilizations, which in this preceded it. This movement heavily influenced applied arts,
case refers to those with an established written language. These graphics and illustration. It focused on the natural world,
civilizations included Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and those of characterized by long.
the Americas.
IMPRESSIONISM (1865-1885)
RENAISSANCE (C. 1400 TO 1600) Impressionist painters sought to capture the immediate impression
This style of painting, sculpture, and decorative at was of o particular moment. This was characterized by short, quick
characterized by a focus on nature and individualism, the thought brushstrokes and an unfinished sketch-like feel. Impressionist
of man as independent and self-reliant. Though the ideas were artists used modem life as their subject matter, painting situations
present in the late Medieval period, they flourished in the 15th and like dance halls and sailboat regattas rather than historical and
16th centuries, paralleling social and economic changes like mythological events.
secularization.
POST-IMPRESSIONISM (1885-1910)
Post-Impressionist painters worked independently rather than as a
group, but each influential post- impressionist painter had similar  Neo Expressionism: Artists sought to revive original
ideals. They concentrated on subjective visions and symbolic, aspects of Expressionism and create highly textural,
personal meanings rather than observations of the outside world. expressive, large works.
This was often achieved through abstract forms.

FAUVISM (1900-1935)  Street art: Artists such as Keith Haring. Jean-Michel

Led by Henri Matisse, Fauvism built upon examples from Vincent Basquiat, Barry McGee, Banksy, and more created
van Gogh and George Seurat. As the first avant-garde in the 20th- graffiti-like art on surfaces in pubic places like
century movement, this style was characterized by expressive use sidewalks, buildings, and overpasses
of intense color, line, and brushwork, a bold sense of surface
design, and flat composition.  The Pictures Generation: Artists Cindy Sherman, Louise
Lawler, Gary Simmons, and others who were influenced
EXPRESSIONISM (1905-1920) by Conceptual and Pop art experimented with
Expressionism emerged as a response to increasingly conflicted recognizable imagery to explore images shaped our
world views and the loss of spirituality. Expressionist art sought to perceptions of the world.
draw from within the artist, using a distortion of form and strong
colors to display anxieties and raw emotions. Expressionist  Appropriation art: This movement focused on the use of
painters, in a quest for authenticity, looked for inspiration beyond images in art with little transformation from their original
that of Western art and frequented ethnographic museums to revisit form.
native folk traditions and tribal art.
 Young British Artists (YBA): This group of London
CUBISM (1907-1914) artists were notorious for their willingness to shock
Cubism was established by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, audiences through their imagery, and a willingness to
who rejected the concept that art should copy nature. push beyond limits of decency. They’re also known for
their zestful, entrepreneurial spirit.
SURREALISM (1916-1950)
Surrealism emerged from the Dada art movement in 1916,  Digital art: The advent of the camera lent way to this
showcasing works of art that defied reason. Surrealists denounced artistic practice that allowed artists to use the infusion of
the rationalist mindset. art and technology to create with mediums like
computers, audio and visual software, sound, and pixels.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM (1940-1950S)
Shaped by the legacy of Surrealism. Abstract Expressionism HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARTS
emerged in New York after WWII. It's often referred to as the New
York School or action painting. I. Pre-Conquest Period or Pre- Colonial Period

POP ART (1950S-1960S)  This refers to the art before the coming of the first
Pop art is one of the most recognizable artistic developments of the colonizers.
20th century.
 Referred to as “indigenous” which emphasizes the
CONCEPTUAL ART (1960S-1970S) idea that our ancestors have been making art before
Conceptual art completely rejected previous art movements. and the colonization.
artists prized ideas over visual components, creating art in the form
of performances, ephemera, and other forms. Polish performance Was there art before colonization?
artist Ewa Partum's Active Poetry consisted of her scattering single
alphabet letters across various landscapes. American artist Joseph  Prior to colonization, art of the ancient Filipinos were
Kosuth explored the production and role of language within art, as woven to fabrics of everyday life. Everyday expressions
seen in his 1965, One and Three Chairs. In it, he represents one were integrated within rituals which marked significant
chair in three different ways to represent different meanings of the moments in the community’s life.
same object. Because this type of art focused on ideas and
concepts, there was no distinct style or form.  For hunters, they imitate the animals’ movements which
marked the beginnings of theatre or play acting. Many
CONTEMPORARY ART (1970-PRESENT) rituals that are considered as the earliest forms of theatre
The 1970s marked the beginning of contemporary art, which are still alive in some regions.
extends through present day. This period is dominated by various
schools and smaller movements that emerged. Art Forms during the Pre-Colonial Period:

1. Varied and Vibrant Musical Culture – this wealth of

ethnic musical instruments is further complimented by
 Postmodernism: in reaction against modernism, artists native dance forms.
created works that reflected
skepticism, irony, and philosophical critiques. 2. Bulul – referred to as a Granary God that plays an
important role in rituals.
 Feminist art: This movement arose in an attempt to
transform stereotypes and break the 3. Sculptures of Saints – Christianized communities in
model of a male-dominated art history. Laguna and Pampanga are known for carving Santos or
 sculptures of Saints as well as other sculptures of non-  -Local theater forms would develop earlier than literary
religious orientation. fiction.

4. Sarimanok – Sensous figures sometimes painted in  During the 19th century, a popular form of musical
primary colors and follows basic designs of the mythical theater was imported from Spain. The zarzuela or
sarimanok. sarsuwela was an operetta which features singing and
dancing.
5. Manunggol – some are made of terracotta; discovered at
Manunggol Cave in Palawan dated Neolithic Period The first senakulo or Passion play was written in 1704 by Gaspar
(890- 710 BC) Aquino de Belen. Its narrative was culled entirely from the biblical
account of Christ's passion and death.
6. Weaving – textiles are not only functional, they also
impart knowledge about the people’s beliefs.  Centuries of the galleon trade between Mexico and the
Philippines also served as a means of Governance for
7. Islas de Los Pintados – the tendency towards Spain.
ornamentation could also be seen in the way early
Filipino adorned their bodies.  The trade and the viceroyalty arrangement also brought
Mexican influences in Philippine folk music and dance.
II. Islamic Colonial (13th Century to Present)
Folk dances such as the cariñosa, pandanggo or
fandanggo, polka, dansa and the rigodon were brought to
 Even before the Spanish colonization,
the country.
Islam was already well-entrenched in
Southern Philippines.

 Filipino Muslims recognize that they  The reprographic art of printmaking was introduced in
belong to an ummah or community of the Philippines as early as the 16th century. Applying the
believers. Central to Islamic faith is the technique of xylography or woodcut printing, Doctrina
Tawhid or unity of God. Christiana (The Teachings of Christianity) was printed in
1593 in Spanish and Tagalog by Dominican priests. The
III. Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898)
Doctrina is the first printed book in the Philippines
What kinds of art were developed during the Spanish compiling song lyrics, commandments, sacraments, and
Colonization? other catechetical material.

The rise of the elite would manifest in town organization. Among

 While the South remained resistant to Spanish
those that occupied the plaza complex were the bahay na bato
colonization, the colonizers gained inroads in the central
which housed rich and prominent families. Simon Flores' painting
part of the islands whose inhabitants we now refer to as
Portrait of the Quiazon Family (1800) documents the family's
"Lowland Christians".
affluence: the magnificent interior of the family's home, the
 Art that flourished during the Spanish colonial period mother's jewelry, the delicate fabric and embroidery of their
conformed to the demands of the church and the colonial clothing and their dignified poses.
state.
 -Attention to detail in painting can also be observed in
 San Agustin Church in Manila - Designed according to Letras y Figuras.
the prescriptions of the Spanish crown, the Church
 Aside from miniaturist painters, academic painters
established its importance in people's lives through its
gained ground as they received their art studies in local
imposing scale and overall visual appeal.
schools or abroad as in the case of Juan Luna and Felix
 The Greek and Roman classical influence can be seen in Hidalgo.
the proportion employed as well as the formality of
 The Pampanga- born Simon Flores also produced genre
expression while the trace of the Baroque is evident in
scenes. A distinct example is the painting, Primeras
the expressive and emotional characteristics of the santo.
Letras, 1890, which features a woman teaching a child
 In colonial churches, Santos are displayed in a decorative how to read.
altar niche called the retablo.
 In 1884, the expatriates Juan Luna and Felix
The Spaniards also brought western musical instruments like the Resurreccion Hidalgo won medals in the Madrid
pipe, organ, the violin, the guitar, and the piano, Philippine musical Exposition. Luna won gold for Spolarium.
forms also took on a very European flavor- with new rhythms,
IV. American Colonial Period (1898-1940) to the Postwar
melodies and musical forms that Filipinos proceeded to adopt them
Republic (1946-1969)
and make their own.
MAJOR ART MOVEMENTS
 Among lowland Christian communities of Pampanga,
Ilocos, Bicol and Iloilo, secular forms such as the awit The independence that the Philippines gained after the revolution
and the corrido soon flourished. of 1896 was cut short with the establishment of the American
colonial government.
Beginning with the institution of government and education KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod ng Bagong
systems, the new colonial government took charge of initiating the Pilipinas)
natives into the American way of life, creating a lasting influence  Expressions deemed subversive or Anti-Japanese led to
on Filipino culture. torturous consequences, even death.
 Genre paintings were mostly produced particularly those
What were the changes brought about by the American that presented a neutral relationship between the
colonization? How are they different from the religious forms Japanese and Filipinos and showed normality of daily
of the Spanish colonial period? living.-The colonizers also preferred works that showed
indigenous and pre-colonial traditions.-Although scenes
 With the coming of the Americans, Filipino playwrights
from the war were also made, the imagery remained
who had just undergone the Philippine revolution of
neutral focusing rather on the aesthetic qualities of ruin
1898 against Spain now found themselves confronted by
and disaster.
censorship.
Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and other Modern Art Styles
 The lingua franca on this period was English thus poems
and stories from books were dramatized in classrooms to
a. What is Neo-Realism?
facilitate the teaching of the language.
 An art technique, a new kind of modernism and a
 In the beginning of the 20th century, a new urban pattern movement where artists explore folk theme sandal so
responded to the secular goals of education, health and crafted commentaries on the urban condition and the
governance was imposed. effects of war.
b. What is Abstraction?
The new patrons of the arts included the Americans who engaged  Another strand of modern art which consists of
in governance and education, business or tourism. simplified forms which avoided mimetic representation.

 The inclination toward genre, still life and portrait V. 70’s to Contemporary
persisted.
How was the “modern” interpreted in the 70’s? How did
 De la Rosa, Planting Rice (1921) contemporary artists rework it influences of the modern?
 Under the helm of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda
The artist/painter, Fernando Amorsolo was one of the most Marcos, beginning in 1965, many cultural projects
important figures in Philippine art. He was declared National Artist ensued amid the backdrop of poverty and volatile social
in 1972. Guillermo Tolentino was his counterpart in sculpture. He conditions.
studied fine arts in Rome where he was influence by its classical  Along the declaration of Martial Law, was the vision of
tradition. working toward the rebirth of a long lost civilization.
 National pride was instilled by invoking the pre-modern
 Oblation, (1935)
through murals, folk festivals, and museums devoted to
 Bonifacio Monument, (1933) collect and display ethnographic artifacts and natural
specimens.
MODERN ART AND ITS CHALLENGE TO ACADEMIC
ART The CCP as Shrine for the Arts
 At the center of this arts and culture program was the
What is Modern Art?
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), the premier
 In the previous lesson, we learned that Modern Art is
entity through which art acquisition, exhibition making,
different from Contemporary Art in history and style.
workshops, grants and awards were implemented.
Contemporary and modern art come from two different
eras. Modern art is defined as works produced between
c. What is Social Realism (SR)? (other modern art
the 1880s and the 1970s. Art made thereafter, are
styles)
considered contemporary arts.
 Modern art is referred to as “modern” because it did not
 A significant strand that emerged during the intense
draw from the past or rely on the knowledge of the art
political ferment of the 70s and 80s.
academies.
 A form of protest art that exposed the sociopolitical
issues and struggles of the time.
What is Contemporary Art?
 Varied forms of expression can be observed from the
 Contemporary art means art of the moment
period which spilled over from the previous decades. In
 While modern art is created on canvas, contemporary art
other words, the native or the folk, the self, the
can be found in a wider range of genres, including
environment, the nation, the past and the various
graphic arts, product design, and art that uses technology.
variations of the Modern continue to be revisited by
artists as sources of inspiration in contemporary art.
Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)

 With the coming of the Japanese, the Modern Art would

slow in pace.
 Early moderns and conservatives a like continued to
produce art and even participated in