MOBILE CRANE MANUAL Compiled and Exoanced by: DONALD €. DICKIE, P.Eng From an Original Concept and Wark by: D.H. CAMPBELL, P.Eng. Published by: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 21 Voyager Court South Toronto, Ontario, Canada MOW SM7MOBILE CRANE MANUAL The ilustrations in this text are not intended to Pontay models of cranes actually being pro- duced. Similarities are coincidental and intended only to make tne anwork as realistic as possible. We caution users of this text against applying any of the load chart materials to purposes other than intended. The load charts are incomplete ‘and any ettemp: to use them in actual field situations is highly dangerous. We also caution users of this text that the material contains recommendations, guidelines and procedures that are generally sppicable to ‘most mobile crenes, but nat all. All makes and models of cranes are distinctly different and each has individual characteristics absolutely essential to sale operation, To learn of these, the manu- fecturers' Itereture must be studied In the past, members of the public have used printed information that was outdated by sub~ sequent improvements in knowiedge and tech- nology. We therefore make the follawing stale~ ment for their future protection. ‘The information presented here was, to the best of our knowledge, current at time of printing and. is intended for general application. This publica: tion is not a definitive guide 10 government Teauiations or to practives and procedures wholly applicable under every circumstance, The appro- priate regulations and staiutes should be con- sulted. Although the Conetruction Safety Asso- ciation of Ontario cannot guarantee the accuracy ‘of nor assume liability for the information pre- sented nere, we are plezsed io answer incividual Tequests ior counseling and advice, © CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 1982 ISBN 0-019485-00-9 llghis reser, Thi Bock, o* parts tnaract, may pt ba raproduee! may frm without pamiasion af re publisher Perted in Canad Firs Eton, Soptember 1982 Secand Ping, Maron 1985, ‘Thi Pint danay 188 Four Printing, Janeen 1990, Fith Printing, May 1988 ‘Sut Printing, March 1097 “Seventh Priming, July 2291 Eighth Pring, Jy 2002 nth Priting, ty 2006PREFACE Like its companion volumes, the CRANE HANDBOOK and the RIGGING MANUAL, this manual is intended to be of general interest and se to contractors, supervisors and other personnel involved in crane operations, More specifically, the manual has bes, Published to provide information crucial in ‘educating and training crane operators and apprentices, Mobile cranesare bacoming larger, more expensive and more sophisticated all the time. But the training provided for operators and apprentices has not kepi pace with the advances in technology. Itis our sincere hope that the MOBILE CRANE: MANUAL will not only help to define more fully the neec for improved training but also provide material essential to the operation of mobile cranes and the understanding 2nd use of load charts by operators. We are gratetul to everyone who assisted in the preparation and review of this manual We particularly appreciate tne etforis ot Lioyei Spalding for his help with some of the load charts, and Jack Gray for the ilusteations. (Qu: special thanks go to the following for their invaluable assistance in critically reviewing the material. Ray Anderson, Galion Manufacturing Division Dresser Industries Inc. Paul Chalupsky, FMC Corporation Bob DeBenedictis, Bob DeBenedictis Inc. Bob Dulepka, Dulepka Equioment Rentals Ltd Bernie Enfield, Safety an Training Associates Erik Fonstad, Harnischfeger Corporation Les Guest, Acres Davy McKee Ltd. Ben Hill, International Union of Operating Engineers Herb Ingham, Intemational Union of Operating Engineers Paul Jackson, Truck Crane Service Lid Joe Kennedy and Ron Allain, Local 793, International Union of Operating Engineers Bill Martin, Jr., Local 150, Intemational Union of Operating Engineers Ted McKosky, Chaitman, ANS! 830 Committe Don Nelson, Nadrotsky Corporation LC. Nessel and Bud Coutts, Local $55, intetnational Union of Operating Engineers ‘Ted Olson, American Hoist and Derrick Co. Dennis O'Rourke, Orlando, FloridaWilliam Renner and Craig Minnicn, Grove Manufacturing Co. ‘Tom Rodger, Hurdman Crane Rentals Lid Jack Short, Local 3, international Union of Operating Engineers Gerald Simmet, Warren Boggs and Mac Fall, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Gary Smith, C. W. Smith Grane Service Ltd Lloyd Spalding, Contractors Machinery and Equipment Limited Sterling Crane Tony Tennessy, Bill Wright and George Williscraft, Local 115, International Union of Operating Engineers Bob Thune, Cedar Rapids, lowa Bill White, Crane Rental Association of Ontario Mert Wright, Cooper's Crane Rental Limited For more information on mobile cranes, we recommend reference to the following sources: + CRANES & DERRICKS by Howard |. Shapira, PEng MoGraw-Hil Book Company. 1221 Avenue of the Amerioas, Naw York, New York 10020, USA, + RIGGING MANUAL by D.E. Dickie, PEng. Construction Safety Association of Ontario, 21 Voyager Court South, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada, MOW 5MV7 + Power Crane and Shovel Association (a. division of CIMA), 1700 Marine Plaza, 117 E. Wisconsin Avenuo, Milwaukeo, Wisconsin 53202, US.A. + American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018, USA * Canadian Standards Association, 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Rexcele, Ontario, Canada Maw 183CONTENTS CHAPTER = TITLE PAGE | 4 MOBILE CRANES 4 ‘Types, Main Components and Terminology PRINCIPLES 49 2 OF OPERATION QUADRANTS: s OF OPERATION # LOAD CHARTS . Basic Terms and Condit LS LOAD CHARTS 5 Determining Main Boom Capacities 89 6 LOAD CHARTS Pry & Determining Main Boom Capacities with Jibs or Boom Extensions Installed - LOAD CHARTS Determining Jib and Boom Extension Capacities 8 FACTORS THAT REDUCE 459 RATED CAPACITY 8 PRE-LIFT CONSIDERATIONS 4175 AND SET-UP “ 6 OPERATING = PROCEDURES a8 APPENDIX 273,CHAPTER 1 MOBILE CRANES: types, main components and terminologyCONTENTS OF CHAPTER 14 | SECTION TITLE PAGE “4a Basic Types and Configurations 3 12 Boom Trucks 4 | 13 industrial Cranes 5 | 14 Cartler-Mounted Lattice Boom Cranes é | 15 Crawler Mounted Latte’ loam Cranes 8 | 16 Carriar-Mounted Telescopic Boom Cranes 9 | 17 Crawler-Mounted Telescopic Boom Cranes 12 | 18 Rough Terrain Cranes 3 | 19 Mobile Tower Cranes 16 4.40 Heavy Lift Mobile Cranes. W1 1.1. BASIC TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS | | The evolution of the mobile crane has led to | many types and designs to satis'y both the | | general as well as the specific needs of, Construction end industrial operations. This | ‘manual is concerned with mobile cranes used | for construction purposes as well as industrial applications, ‘The basic operational characteristics of ali mobile cranes are essentially the same, They include: * Adjustable boom lengths | ® Adjustable boom angles * Ability to lft and lower loads | + Abllty to swing loads * Ability to travel about the jobsite under their own power. Within the broad category of mobile cranes there have evolved the following basic types and configurations’ * Boom Trucks * Indusirial Cranes * Cartier-Mounted Lattice Boom Crenes | * Crawier-Mounted Lattice 80am Cranos © Cartier- Mounted Telescopic Boom Cranes | * Crawier- Mounted Telescopic Soom Cranes © Rough Terrain Cranes | + Mobile Tower Cranes, + Hoavy Lift Mobile Cranes, | 31.2 BOOM TRUCKS Telescoping — Boom Seaton TELESCOPING 800M Boom sections are usual telescoped alter manualy or hycrauicaly. Unlike all other mobiles, these cranes ere mounted on casriers not designad solely for crane service, Thay are mounted on acom- mercial truck chassis that has been specially strengthened to accept the crane. They are, however, a type of mobile crane with respect able capacity and boom lenath. Included in this basic type of machine are two commen configurations. i We Boom Evang oF Lit ylnder AN oo \ Sig Ce \AF 19 Ci cat Fi thee 5 reer Siabitzers KNUCKLE BOOM The boom arbeulates (olds) under hycraulie pressure and ‘may ormay nat be equicoed with 2 powered dram ard wite Commercial Puck Crassig ——» et Pace WEI ont Stites 1) Pedesta1.3. INDUSTRIAL CRANES: ‘These crenes are primatily intended for operation in industrial looations where working suriaces are significantly better than those found an mast construction sites [Although these cranes will not be analyzed specifically, their characteristics are basically icentical to those of telescopic boom mobiles, which are covered in detall. Teloscopic Boom Sections ‘These cranes have Jon cemersct gravity to permit perstion n narrow aisies or runways uarocr ouragers Outrigger oo ‘oar Stooror Front ane fer Steer CARRY DECK — ROTATING BOOM \ ¢ SS Telsseopie Boom Seations <= Bato 50) Socten ‘ i Sh. Pater ee AN ae 389° Swing il Litoyinders Equipped ‘and Rees Sicer PICK AND CARRY Telescopic Soom Sectene oar Steer or Front ang Roar Stoor CARRY DECK — FIXED BOOM1.4 CARRIER-MOUNTED LATTICE BOOM CRANES This “truck type" cartier must not be confused with the ordinary commercial truck chassis. It is specially designed for crane service anc the heavy loads these cranes are required to withstand Boom ead or To Sheaves Cartier-mounted cranes are also commonly = teferred to as “Truck Cranes”, “Conventional pemeeve . Cranes", “Friction Cranes”, “Mobile Cranes” Umpire, 7] | Ny Boom Header TinSeeton at Hoadacro 8a! —»1|| \Ny or Overhaul Bal e an tosttineg_-|| (ORS Patter te orev Main Fails Lead Btock ay —" ‘Main Hook Blook << Austin HoistLine NN Th upperworks(sipesirscevs) Xe Main Hoisting ore crane roters tone . ‘ano snuotue thet ies above the swing crcl. does nctincksoe the carer Lattice Boom Inger ov Sections +— Boom Pordanis(Sty3) | Brite Lira Mast MF [he eco ttt Rooing Boom Stops er Backs Heel Bese, But er Boom Foot Section S\N | Srest Batiatos Countervoign: Sing Chee, ing Gear, Retr Pat or Turntable yo <— caior Seana enter Pn, Genta of eration, As of Rotation | Wid: Point (termediate) Suspension, (Weoessary wien rising very {ong booms aif tie ground. They prevent ime boom fram sagang Jb vast, tut or Gantry oxoassivaly.) “ac Bacistay Perdents Boom Penctants St Forestay Pondanis ~~ | we Bal Eqvaizeror Bile ‘Auxiary, Jt or Whi Line1.4 CONTINUED Machine Deok (houses noistrnaphinery i Treentie rtaing sincture ofthe crane above tho suing crcl is called tne upper superstructure orrevoling suparstuctire Boon Foot ins Logs Equalizer / Bide, Outer Bei or Frnt Bumoer | oungger es, Floating Haress A Counierweignt — Sutigger Beam Float, Fenton utigger Box The square rane arsach enor 2 boom ingertie commonly relerredtea3the ictus fame Pin Connection LugExcept for their base and method of load rating, the upperworks of these machines are identical to the carrier-mounted units of Section 1.4. vib Wast(Ganty) Deflector (ier) Sheave Boom Hoist Aeving —e! if ser bat \. Bacthich Lol\, oon ne Counterveight Mashine Dook Ccamody,Tuoc Frame Lover Famo, Age * Track Shoe Track Roles, Suppor Roters ae swing oro, sip Hook & Headache Bal ‘or Overhaul Bal Jb Tp Section Stemi Section Heel Section Uppeeworks or superstructure (eheis to fe entra crane srueture arove the ‘tysration shows @ unit with rection shaitand. chain eve but hycrostnl Track ove systems are ako avaiatle, Track Carter Reler Tiacton Shant _o— Fig Gear ‘Side Frame 800m Tip Shesues (Head Sheaves) Tread Sprecket or Drive Sorocker1.6 CARRIER-MOUNTED TELESCOPIC BOOM CRANES ‘These machines are also mounted on specially designed carriers. They can be equipped with a variety of jibs and boom extensions which can be stowed on or under the heel section of the main boom (see page 78, Sect. 1.8). A" Frame db A vib Feresiey Panaant WripLineer ablinger ‘Auxiliary postin ib Hock & eedache Bal! Mein Boom Tio Sheave de et res — a” ‘Main Hooke or Hook Blook

] Beem Extension Mein Hoist Ausitasy Hoset Countenveight Grantor Tracks Carbody, Tuck Frame ‘Swing Crois (i H “Center Pin, rte’ of Rotation, Axis of Ro'eton| 1.8 ROUGH TERRAIN CRANES ft ‘The rough terain crane's oversized tires taciltate movement across the rough terrain of Construction sites and other broken graund, Their short wheel base and crab-steering improve maneuverability In "pick and carry" operations on rough terrain, however, they are siill subject to the samo operating restrictions that apply io other cranes. Like cerrier-mounted telescopic boom cranes, rough terrain units are available with either full Power booms or pinned booms and the same types of jids and boom extensions, There are two basic configurations, FIXED CAB CCutriager Pads, Floats, Pontoons 131.8 CONTINUED ROTATING CAB ‘e | -—— 00m Heist or Lit Optedore Auer Winco Ceurtenveigt oF Se ab Retnes win Upper i = Engine “On Carrer” — ourigger Bor Pads, Floats, Panigens ——e Outrigger Boam 1A Frame ub in Stewed Peston Operatcr's Cab Rotetos 7 Wi Uppers fo Engine Cantiever Type ee1.8 CONTINUED Like the carrier-mounted telescopic boom ugh terrain cranes can be equipped with either full power booms or pinned booms. 28 wall as with a varisty of jibe and boom extensions which can also be siowed on or under the heel section of the main boom, Boom Extersion Mounted Boom Extension in Stowed Pastion 2 Boom Extension & A" Frame iin Stoned Position 181.9 MOBILE TOWER CRANES ‘Some manufacturers of carrier mounted lattice boom cranes offer optional tower attachments for their machines. Ganiries or stu Boom Stop Pendant On seme cranes nsavy duty Boer ? th specialty ‘cusedorihe bd vows Stenard Cainer Base ~ Eiey Crawler Mounted or Garrie-Mounted 161.10 HEAVY LIFT MOBILE CRANES These cranes combine the best features of Gemricks and lattice boom mobile cranes. Typically they use very large extended counter- ‘weights, masts and often raller rings thai move the boom's fulcrum and the crane’s tioping axis further away from the center of gravity, Equalizer or Bride \ Counterweigit Gounerweignt Roler Ring & Supports Boam Cavnara CHAPTER2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONCONTENTS OF CHAPTER 2 SECTION TITLE PAGE 24 Center of Gravity (C of G) 24 22 Crane's Center of Gravity (C of G) 22 2a Principle of Leverage 23 ou Changes in Location of C of G During x Rotation of Uppermorks 25 Leverage and Stability 28 26 Stability vs Instability 30 27 Changes in Crane Leverage and Capacity a During Rotation of Upperworks 28 Effect of Location of Tipping Axis on a Stability and Capacity 29 Forward Stability Factors % 2.10 Backward Stability 37 2a Backward Stability Factors 38 2.12 Structural Fetlure 42 2.13 Wire Rope Safety Factors 244 Effect of Overloading 5 202.1 CENTER OF GRAVITY The center of gravity of any object is the point in the object where its weight can be assumed to be concentrated or, stated in another way. it is the point in the object around whitch its weight is eventy distributed. If you could put a suppost under that point (the center of gravity) YoU could balance the object on the support. ‘The symbol for center of oravity is Mi ot| 2.2 CRANE’S CENTER OF GRAVITY ; —_ The location of the center of gravity of a mobile crane depends on the weight and location of its, heaviest components. We need only be con- cemed with the effect of the * boom + cartier | * upperworks and | counterweight Cataat Machine Deck Inctding eRe ne 1 Bot Canior Cor Gor Carrier GorGor Can2.3 PRINCIPLE OF LEVERAGE Cranes use the principle of leverage to lift loses Tipping Pot (ar Tipping Axis) 6) ‘Je ba‘anoe ie oaam we must hava HEAVY SHORTOISTANCE _ LONGDISTANCE , UGHT toad * TOTIPFINGANIS ~ TOTIPPINGAXIS “ LOAD 6 4 ‘Same Principe | — A “ae Be \ f ‘seme Preeile Same Principle CRANE'S LEVERAGE LOAD'S LEVERAGE —_—— ——. HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL CRANE , DISTANCE FROM _ DISTANCE FROM , LOAD wesHt* “cor@To ~ COrGOFLOD * weal TIPPINGAKIS ——-TOTIPPING AXIS2.4 CHANGES IN LOCATION OF C OF G DURING ROTATION OF UPPERWORKS Rotation of the upperworks changes the loce- tion of the crane's center of gravity CARRIER-MOUNTED LATTICE BOOM CRANES “OVER THE REAR" - tho location of the CofG ofthe carer assists the combined © of @ of te ere in staying back rom the tipping axis Tping Axis OVER THE SIDE” because tho Co! ‘ofthe canter atthe centocfroicton ‘shits the crane's combined Gof 6 forward toward tne tang ax. | “OVER THE FRONT" - because the C0} G oftra camiarie eo fer erverd of the CoiG ofthe uppertors, shits the crane's combined C of Geven mare Towards the pang as. 242.4 CONTINUED CARRIER-MOUNTED TELESCOPIC BOOM CRANES: “OVER THE REAR" - tho location ct tne C of Gai the carer zesits ta carnbined Col Gof the ransin saying ‘back rom the tipping ans. Tring Axis (OVER THE SIDE" -ecsuse tne Cole tthe camer is at ve cantar of rotation nits he ccane’s combined C of G forward toward the tiooag ans OVER THE FRONT” pocause the Cor ofthe carior £0 fr forward of tho C of ot Luppervrorks it shits the crane's combines ‘of Gaven more iran the tipping as on| 2.4 CONTINUED : 4 ROUGH TERRAIN CRANES The location of the engine in the carrier unit affects the location of the center of gravity. Tpping Axe Tipoing Axis When iting over the engine the combined ‘han iste case wnen sng over the Cor Geftne crane is close to the tnping ais ‘oihar eres In ths ease the angie weight shit the combined Gof Gurtner away. irom the tpping ans | Vinen iting “over the sce” the Cot Got | the cave jhich is located atte center lina) shits ie ocation cf he crane’s combined C of terwarc ievard the Honing ane. 262.4 CONTINUED CRAWLER-MOUNTED CRANES Because the C of G of the crawlers and base frames is almost at the center of rotation (center pin) there is little change in the location oi the crane’s combined center of gravity whan. itrotates. This does not imply that it has equal ‘capacity over the side anc over the end, however. ofa crailereounted crane js eer 212 cuter support raler rack lie er Toping Axis 72.5 LEVERAGE AND STABILITY In Section 2.3 we saw that the crane exerts leverage on the joad (ts weight x the distanos af its C of G to the tipping axis) but the load also exerts leverage on the crane (load weight x the distance of ts C of G to the tipping axis} A mobile crane is stable when its leverage on the load is greater than the load’s leverage on the erane. So for simple balance the functions are equal. But for ali, the crane’s leverage ‘must be greater than the load's. ae was] REAL pono 282.5 CONTINUED Teoria Tipping Axis Tpning 4x8 -| STABLE WHE CRANE WEIGHT x) Spray (LOAD WEIGHT xB) — "2.6 STABILITY VS INSTABILITY Acrane’s stability decreases as the load radius inoreases. It also decreases as the weight of the load increases, UNSTABLE rano's Leverage On Load 5 THAN Loaa's Leverage On Crane (Grane Weight A) Less The sed Weight 8) ‘STABLE Crano’s Lovorage On Load EXCEEDS oad’s Leverage On Crane (Crane Wont xa) Seater Than (Load Weight x 8) ON THE BRINK OF INSTABILITY Crane's Leverage On Loe EQUALS: Load's Leverage On Crane (Crane Weight xA) = (Load Weight x2)oa 2.7. CHANGES IN CRANE LEVERAGE AND CAPACITY DURING | ROTATION OF UPPERWORKS | ‘The leverage of a mobile crane changes as the upperworks rotates. This is because the . location of the crane’s center of gravity ‘OVER THE REAR’ est cepzety secause eane's center ct | | | changes during rotation (see Section 2.4), and Gs HapaN Nees pe tei because the distance of the crane's center of ‘hevipping ada "A" ie ate maxknur, gravity to its tipping axis also changes. This ~~ ean in turn that the leverage the crane exerts on the load changes as it swings. This can afiect stability ‘The crane's reted capacity is therefore altered in the load chart to compensate for the change inleverege. “OVER THE SIDE” Less sapacttybeceuse "'A"ia lees then itisfor “over ine rear” “OVER THE FRONT” Least capacity Because “A” sa ts mininun, This stuaon changes totaly however. the Grane is equicoed witha front bumper autioger. "a" inereases in ieigth consideraply 270 the capaci incresses proportional 312.8 EFFECT OF LOCATION OF TIPPING AXIS ON STABILITY AND CAPACITY. Providing the ground is capable of supporting the load, @ crane can be made more stable by moving the tipping axis further away from its CofG, The extra stability gained by moving the tipping axis can then be used to carry more load Increased Stability = More Load INCREASE STABILITY BY: (1) USING STABILIZERS The siebiizer moves te tpping ais out. + Axgets bigger (4,—-> Ay) + Bgelssrialer (6,—->8,) + Crane weigh says same. * Load weight can theraoro be incroasod, ‘The ouiigger moves the taing axis os. + Agets bigger (&,—> A) *Bgemsmaier (2 —> 8) + Crane weight stays sare. * Load weigh can therfore increased ‘Tipping Bi on Outriggers 322.8 CONTINUED J (3) EXTENDING CRAWLERS Extending te crawlers moves the loping axis out = A gots oiggor Aad + Bigats svaler (8, —> 8 + Grane weigit steys sere 1 Load weight can marefore be moreased. Tipping Axis on Extended Tracks Tipping Axi on Retractod Teche 332.9 FORWARD STABILITY FACTORS To maintain a margin of safety against forward how much weight it takes to make the crane tipping (forward stability failures) all mobile tip. These loads are called the tipping loads. cranes are capacity rated at levels befow the ‘ point at which the load will begin totip the ma. _‘iPping loads are then reduced by a percent- ene. age set by national standards to develop the rated loads listed in the load chan of the ma~ The manufacturerloads the crane and deter chine for every situation mings for every situation listed in the load chart CRAWLER CRANES “ON CRAWLERS” ated Load = Tipping Load 0.78 “oN oUTRIGSERS™ Rated Load = Tipping Loaa » G86 3 “ON RUBBER” Rated Lead = Tipping Load x 0.75 iO2.9 CONTINUED ROUGH TERRAIN CRANES ‘ON OUTRIGGERS" ated Load ~ Tipping Lead 0.85 “ON RUBBER’ Feted ced = Tinping Load’ 0.75 BOOM TRUCKS “ON STABILIZERS: Raied Load = Toning Load x0.85 352.9 CONTINUED SOs Caution: Ifa mobile crane has been modified by adding or removing sub- stantial weight without the approval of the manulacturer or ifit is not assembled in acoordance with the manufacturer's specifications, the forward stability of the crane can be affected and may resultin a failure This machine modification (acing weigh tothe font of the Lpperworks) cavtos ihe evene's CofC '0 move twrars the Uipping axis, thereby seducing its stability and capac. | CofG ta move toward the tpping axis reducing hs sty and capaci, z 36 | | open nico countwah cares ie rae |2.10 BACKWARD STABILITY Cranes can also tip backwards (away from the load), Backward stability is the crane's resistance to tipping (overtumning) in the backward direction. itis very important to have backward stability because any of the following situations can cause the crane to tip backwards | 2 FRalsng «flescocic boom nile on ratber ana sping tno boom suddenly ie dengercus. The momentum of the boom can cause the crane track enough to move the (CofG past the tipping axe Teng hoo —--L-— cat Traveling on siocing round withing, high booms cen ‘move the crane's Gof @ past ‘me taping ax.2.10 CONTINUED Wind fading onthe boom can ‘completely uly the eface ‘ormaly provi by the weight othe Boom on the pendants. Witout Ine nwa pang Jad te CorG 0! tho uppenworks and carr would more out beyond te back toping as. 1a foadis ended sucker ram 2 crane "or rutber’ ire ‘asitance can cause the crane ‘and Doom to kick Back fer ‘enough to move the Cor cut beyord the ipping as Cote L Back Tipping Axis Cota Beck Tecing Axe ee | Mica2.11 BACKWARD STABILITY FACTORS ‘To maintain a margin of safety against tipping —* Shortest recommended boom length backwards (backward stability failures) all + Boom at minimum recommended radius mobile cranes are tested and rated in aocord- * Crane level within 1% of grace on firm ground ance with both American (ANSI 830.5 & + All fuel tanks at least hal full 830. 15) and Canadian (CSA 7150) standards which specify the concitions by which back- ward stability is measured. Caution: Don't attempt to duplicate these CARRIER-MOUNTED CRANES tests. Not all cranes canbe swung over | the side with maximum counterweight. ‘Shortest Boom Mo Lose Wogton doo, thosldoad eign on, coir be waned not less than ee ; rors an Eee ‘15% of total Saneieis sins ie oF sana, carrer tbe nots fran 15% of orere weight Outriggers up2.11 CONTINUED (CRAWLER-MOUNTED CRANES: & Minimum Racrus The sistance "4 ‘al noi be greater tran 70% oF —No Load | Shortest Boom te | ttinimur Radius— | 2.11 CONTINUED | Caution: ita mobile crane has been modified by adding or subtracting substantial weight without the approval of the manufacturer or if itis not assembled in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, the backward stability of the crane can be affected and may result ina failure, core |. Bek Tping aoe ‘Moding the machine by adding the compressor can efect ihe backward Sabity- ne wanes Cer G hes ae roves outside tno Yppmg axe ‘weight can move the ersno's CFG outside the toaing nis ae can tip backwards cote —.—~ .— Bech Toning Anis2.12 STRUCTURAL FAILURE In addition to overturning (stability failure) cranes can also, if overloaded enough, fal structurally. Structural failure will often occur before a stability ‘aiure. In other words, a mobile crane can break long before it tips. As load is added beyond its rated capacity the crane will fall structurally betore there is any sign of tipping Structural failure is not limited to total fracture includes all permanent damage such as overstressing, banding and twisting of any of Falue Book Foiure Boom Callagse pyravic Hose ge Camponen the components. When the crane is over- stressed the damage will not usually be apnarent. Nevertheless, a structural failure has ‘occurred. The overstressed component is liable to catastrophic fracture at some future time. Stability failures are foreseeable, but itis almost impossible to predict what component will ii at any given time, No matter what the cause, if the crane is overloaded structural failure can ‘occur, The following are just some of the components that can fail. Hoist Rope Failiro J covanse: J Forestay Pendent Fabre \ 200m \ w= Bae \, Gary or \, Uve tase Faire ny Wels \ Boom Host an Fal Rigor Falure oor Roterer \ fi ‘Swing Grclo | carer Feitre Wien ovroger Ream, Cyne? TITS ne orPadFainre2.13 WIRE ROPE SAFETY FACTORS | Wite rope design factors are specified in national design codes such as ANSI (Ameri- can), CSA (Canadian), DIN (German), and BSI | (British) The following wire rope factors (for new rope) are used throughout North America. The breaking strength of the rope is determined and divided by the appropriate factor to calculate the maximum allowable loading. | Alt Hoist Ropes 3 510 4 RUNNING ROPES (hat sro wound on duns | ardtraveiover sheaves) 3507 | STANDING ROPES that Aaa | ‘so nat mews) 3007 RIGGING SLINGS 5080 tin rasta ta) funsaictons A/Boam Host (Wher teising the boom above the minimum warking ange.) = | | | Boom Hosst apes = 2.010 7 = |2,13 CONTINUED Rotation-resistant (non-rotating, spin-resisian’) wire ropes are being supplied with and used on many cranes as hoist copes. (Thay are also prohibited from use on some cranas by thair manufacturers.) These ropes are currently used at a minimum safely factor of 9.5 to 1 (the same as other cunning ropes) and perform reasonably well, although the \Wite rope manufacturers specify far higher safety ‘actors (usually 7 0° 8 to 1) Better rotation resistance and longer life can be attained, however, if these ropes are not as heavily loaded (io. run at higher safety factors). For this reason the latest drafts of the American mobile crane slandards recommend a factor of safety of 5 to 1 for rotation-resistent rope but allow it tobe as low as 3.5 to 1 ithe rope's condition and anplica- tion are ciosaly controlled See Section 9.4, page 184 for more information Caution: Rotation-resistant wire ropes must nat be used for boom hist ropes.‘atu 2.14 EFFECT OF OVERLOADING Overloading a motile crane will cause it to either tip or fail structurally. TIPPING FAILURE (STABILITY FAILURE)2.14 CONTINUED Cranes can be overloaded in many ways, including: + Lifting a load in excess of the rated load. Too Much Loge Tpsing (Stabiy) Fature * Booming down and increasing the load radius. ‘suengih (Seta Strength (Stucwrad Fainre2.14 CONTINUED * Telescoping out and increasing the load radius. ESULTSIN stainy (ioping) Strengit (Bructren Faire * Swinging from a higher to lower capacity area. (See Chapter 3)CHAPTER 3 QUADRANTS OF OPERATIONCONTENTS OF CHAPTER 3 SECTION TITLE PAGE 34 importence of Quadrants a | a2 Swoop Area, 52 EK} Division of Sweep Area into Quadrants 53 3.4 Quacrants for Carrier-Mounted Cranes 84 a5 Quasrants for Rough Terrain Cranes 57 36 Quacrants for Crawler-Mounted Grenes 60 37 Quadrants for Boom Trucks: 6| 50 ‘The leverage and capacity of a crane change ‘during rotation of the upperworks. Leverage and capacity are also affected by the location of the tipping axis. For these reasons the crane's stability can change during operation. {e “over the front, Cof moves bloserard else tothe tang axe, meray reducing is stabi 3.1. IMPORTANCE OF QUADRANTS ‘To provide unitorm stability, regardiess of the position of the upperworks relative to the Cartier, the crane’s capacity is adjusted by the manufacturer according to the quadrant of operation. ‘These capacity changes are identified in the load chart by the quadrant of operation. As the crane swings from ‘over ne reer to over the sito"... LL] toning aes3.2 SWEEP AREA The sweep areas the total area that the crane boom can swing over. Tho sweep area is divided into operating areas called quadrants of operation, The crane's capacity is than based on the quadrants, Sweep area3.3 DIVISION OF SWEEP AREA INTO QUADRANTS | [See ie ee ee eee ‘The crane is said to be ina particular quadrant ‘of operation when the load hook Is located over that portion of the sweep area. Crane's Quackant ot Cperaton = ‘Over the Front (Because the ced rook is tov that partion of the swoop aca.) ‘Over tne Front o "Over to loler Ena’ “Over the Deve End’ “Over the Side”| 3.4 QUADRANTS FOR CARRIER-MOUNTED CRANES Most load charts will include a small drawing of turer and model type. Use caution and check ‘the crane showing the shape ancilocation of —_—_—the specific quadrants developed for the crane the machine's quadrants of operation. Qued- —_being operated. The mos! common quadrants rants will differ depending on crane manufae- _for cartier- mounted cranes are the ‘ollowing: “On Outriggers” | Case 1 "Over the Fron" "Over he ear” ‘Over the Rr “Over the Fre Note: SAE J1028 specifies the quadrants "Over th Sie approved for use. The 1982 ecition of this, | standars does not reference all the | ‘quadrant shapes included on this and the following pages but because these | ‘quadrants have been used in the past and the cranes may sill be in operation they | are included for relerence.3.4 CONTINUED “On Outriggers” (continued)3.4 CONTINUED “On Rubber” Canter of Front Tree Conterc# Rear Whee! Track “Ovartine Front” > "Over the Rear" onl Gonter of Front Tees i Center ct Rear Whee! Traoke Case 2 ‘Over the Site" No Ling Parmired ee Center of Rear Whee Teck rt Over he Rear” Center of Rear Whee Teck No biting Porites “over'ne Side”56 a os 3.5 QUADRANTS FOR ROUGH TERRAIN CRANES ‘The quadrants for these machines are very ing which end of the crane is designated similar to those for carriermounted units but “front” and “rear” by the manufacturer. Terms ‘the operator must be very careful in determin- will differ between manufacturers and types. ‘TYPE 1—ENGINE MOUNTED ON CARRIER “On Outriggers” Case 1 “Over the Sie “Over the Side” y / \ “Quer tno Rear’ "Over the Front “Over the Peer’ "Over the Front” I “Over the Sioe”* “Over the Side” Note: {the engine is iocated in the: front of me crane, the quacrant sesignations co not change but the high capacity erse changes fram "front 10 “rear Case2 960° Rotation << J<—" Over ihe FrntENGINE MOUNTED ON CARRIER (continued) “On Rubber” 360° Rotation “Over the Rear” "Over te Side" Case3 case 4 . 260° Rotation 360 Rocaion Gonterine of Tras [tin — Centerine of Tres “Over the Fient”| 3.5 CONTINUED ‘TYPE 2 - ENGINE MOUNTED ON UPPERWORKS: “On Outriggers” Case 1 Case2 Similar in layout to Case 2 (page 57) where the engine is mountes on the carrier. The manu- facturer will provide 2 chart for 360° rotation and possibly a second higher capacity chart for “over the front” or ‘over the rear’ “Ove the + “over ta Fen | ‘Onrite Side” “On Rubber” "Over tne Sic! \ ‘You may also find quacrant layouts similarto the four cases listed for machines with the engine mounted on the carrier. ‘Over the Side”| 3.6 QUADRANTS FOR CRAWLER-MOUNTED CRANES aan am SSS ee ‘There are two types of base mounting for operators must always be aware of whether | crawler rigs ~ center-mounted and offset- they are over the idler end or the drive end mounted, When operating “over the end”, Capacity may differ accordingly Center-Mounted Crawler Case i Case 2 ‘Over he Side” "Over th Sido" Comer otter Ueber Center of rive Tuber Genter of ects afl él ! y ig . ie eae Stee : : il i il i CUM TTA i HN AN ntl it TH nie! | / ot I ‘Over he Orv Ena! | “Dvaetne ler Ene 1 *Overtne Ker End” Conterine of Fook ‘vere 06” ‘overne Sige” “Overt ven Offset-Mounted Crawler Case 1 Case2 “Ove te Se ms ‘Ouprihe Size " P |i sewmumae | -cwmansenr — Lowrntarae | sommnune “Over the Sido” "Over he Sie”3.7. QUADRANTS FOR BOOM TRUCKS Stabilizers and Turret Behind Truck Cab3.7 CONTINUED Stabilizers Front and Rear, Turret Behind CabCHAPTER 4 LOAD CHARTS: basic terms and conditionsCONTENTS OF CHAPTER 4 SECTION TITLE PAGE 44 Load Chars cs 42 Configuration of Crane Base 88 43 Configuration of Crane and Boom 67 44 Quadrants of Operation 68 45 Boom Length 70 46 Boom Length Between Chart Listings 2 47 Boom Angle 74 48 Boom Angle Between Chart Listings 76 49 Load Radius 7 4.40 Load Radius Between Chart Listings an Velues of Boom Angle, Boor Length enc Load Radus at jetween Chart Listings aaa Capacity Limited by Sirengtn or Stability Bt 4.13 Gross Capacity vs Net Capacity 85 aa Baten Part Line, Weight of Uneand we 415 Range Diagrams 8864 | 4.1 LOAD CHARTS ‘The crane’s load chart specifies the rated (maximum) capacity of the machine for every permissiole configuration and situation, The load chari also specifies the machine’s opare- tional limitations and the conditions necessary for sate operation, With 80 much information provided, the load chart can be difficult tounderstand. Chapters 4,5, 6 and? are intended to assist in the understanding, use and application of load chars. ‘The abilty to understand and correctly use the machine's load chart is critical to the safe operetion of a mobile crane. When operators are unable to do so they rely on guesswork and the highty dangerous practice of attemating lifts and ratying on signs of tipping to warn of overioad Never uso signs of tipping to determine capacity limits, + Acrane can be overloaded before any signs of tioning are evident * Acrane can be oversiressed or can fail structurally before tipping occurs. * Acrane may go froma stable to an unstable concition with ne marked change in the ‘operator's perception of machine condition. * Once tipping starts, it may happen so quickly that recovery is impossible. The only recourse is to cut the load loose but this vil not always work, particularly when multiple-part hoist lines are reeved Use the load chart to determine capacity. The load charts of al mobile cranes are based ‘on the configuration ofthe crane at the time of the lit. These configurations stert with one of three basic situations: 1) dios and boom extensions not installed, (Covered in Chapter 5) 2) Jid andior boom extensions installed but load lifted from main boom. (Covered in Chepier 8) 3) Jids andior boom extensions installed and load lifted from jib or boom extension (Covered in Chapter 7] Allother aspects of the crane’s configuration are considered in relation to these three basic cases. ‘The principal factors influencing the machine's capacity anc how the cnart is read include: + Geometry and configuration o orane base * Configuration of erane * Quadrant(s) of operation * Boom length * Boom angie * Loac ragius + Deductions irom gross capacity ‘The meaning of each term and the value of each for every lft must be known in order to determine the net capacity 0} the crane. Ne ee ee ee nam ocr etc en at65 4.2 CONFIGURATION OF CRANE BASE ‘The capacities listed in the load chart depend on the crane’s base (how itis set up) as follows » Carrier-Mounted Cranes (including lattice boom, hyaulic boom and rough terrain units) ‘The base willbe either: | “ONouTAIGGERS” oR ‘ON RUBBER” * Crawler-Mounted Cranes The base will be either: CRAWLERS RETRACTED oR | CRAWLERS EXTENDED * Boom Trucks Oe ‘The base will be either: “ON STABILIZERS" OR “ON RUBBER”66 4.3 CONFIGURATION OF CRANE AND BOOM The actual configuration of the crane and the boom can affect the lffing capacity. Some of the more common factors to consiter include: © Backhitcl extended or retracted a + Live mast installed * Pendant size * Boom type (angle, tubular, tower, heavy duty, "highiite"’) © Type of boom tip installed Hammarnead Np + Size of counterweight&7 4.3 CONTINUED * Location of boom inserts ‘77H TAPERED TIP eu | to s ut ar + Extendible counterweight extended or retracted Know how your orane’s configuration affects its capacity and follow the manufacturers instruc- tions on the load chart. The following is 8 typical load chart note, sn cone =e ania oe wee Bromma ‘nag ase towns ston Syne sadiatlng| Snore bor ein 20 pe tom heomen asa posses seed 0 teammate ees sSineran tor a iar tonto" ary Courtesy FG Gorn,4.4 QUADRANTS OF OPERATION | ‘The capacities listed in the load chart are also based on the quadrant of operation of the rane. Caution: Never put any crane into a position whare the load chart shows no capacity for the particular Operator must know quadrant, boom length, boom angle 1) Quadrant where pick is being made: or load radius. The mere weight of 2) Quadrants the load may be carried through: the boom and empty load block can and be enough to cause damage or 3) Quadrant where load is being placed, tipping, ing te ia rom te peur Although the quacrant fines ave oa5iy ds- linguistecion steiches such asinis, they are not se event when ‘operating the crane, The ‘operatay wit nave Sight ong hi owe creeaate at wiht frermrgeal te avec | Pcing the oedin he | stsauadrent RATED LIFTING CAPACITIES IN POUNDS (Chars no showninthetr entity ow oUraicotns FULLY ExTENDED_ ovens 0¢ owournigeeas FULLY EXTENDED oven REAR | | es a Teas eee ae dor arse «fie ay Eee | wists babs | a a Courteey Grove Manufacturing Co. | In this case check the load chari capacities in is not possible to swing the lead into the front both quadrants. The lower of the tvro willbe the quadrant because the crane is not rated in this, ‘maximum crane rating. Note that in this case it area.4.5 BOOM LENGTH ‘The capacities listed in the load chart depend ‘on and vary with the crane’s boom length The boom length is the distance measured ‘rom the boom foot pins or hinge pins to the ‘center of the sheave on the boom nose ar tip, men a ATMA MT| 70 4.5 CONTINUED | Ifa jib or boom extension is mounted on the crane but is not being used, the load chart capacity depends on the main boom length, rot the total boom length.ES 4,5 CONTINUED When lifting from a jib andiot boom extension the operator will have to be very careful to understand exact'y what the manufacturer means by “Doom length" because it may not be the overall length of the boom plus jio or boom extension On lattice boom cranes the term "boom feng in the load chart does not nctude the Senigth of te fajbis A ‘reurtedon a 4 Doamexiension pf the tern "oom lsnath"inthe ‘bad ohare does rotusvaiy } include the lertho! the. (On some talsocape ‘Boom cranes the farm "boom length in he loadchar toasret ‘nee the fongtn of ho jib or 600m exiersion, ‘Tris citers rom te ‘musten marated itecty bsew where. ofteescopic beam ‘cranes totem "boom fongth" in theloaderart inctaces the tength72 4.6 BOOM LENGTH BETWEEN CHART LISTINGS Unless otherwise indicated, Ifthe actual 000m length falls between the values listed in the the longer load chart, use the gross capacity raling for the next ionger boom length sted in the chart. \ror. Read Next Courtesy Grove Manutacturing Go Do not interpolate between the readings. Use Use riext — ee ee eee ie ‘Longer Boor at eee length Caution: The gross capacity rating for the next longer ‘boom might be higher (on some cranes) than itis for shorter boom. In these cases use the gross capacity Fating for the next shorter boom length listed in the chert. the | bravnzeeon mane Courtesy FMC Corp. Capacity hrevwase4.7 BOOM ANGLE The capacities listed in the load chert are also based on and vary with the boom angie of the machine. ‘On telescopic boom cranes the boom angle is the angle between the base (bottom) af the heel section of the main boom and the horizon- tal while the boom is under load. Because of coam ana machine ‘efiecton jane pendant aveich on lattice vovins) exec the Boom angle {loner semewhat fern is unloaded Ccendiion ence a oaais app. Expect ever larga boom angi ‘recustints when the crane rubber because o tre deletion.4.7 CONTINUED Onlaitice boom cranes the boom angie is the the boom tip sheave} and the horizontal while angle between the centerline of the boom the boom is under ioad. (trom the boom foot pins of the main boom to4.8 BOOM ANGLE BETWEEN CHART LISTINGS If the actual boom angle falls between the va ues listed in the load chart use the gross oa- pacity rating for the next lover boom angle boom angle listed in the chart, Don’t interpolate the capacity between the chart listings. Use the vaiue for the next lower a io |e x] we] — |r| se| sme Reed Next 3] me] > | Soe] e| aS < tee ag | 8] Be] 2] Se] com Ang | na | foe 3 | i $5) | 3arto | aerr0| rse20) eson) = xa| ton | saa) cun| Se | S| can) seo | ee] ee] eo) S (Courtesy American Hoist & Derrick Co aha (Courtesy Harnisshtagor Cara ead Next (ewer Boom Angie76 4.9 LOAD RADIUS The capacities listed in the load chart also The load radius is the horizontal cistance mea: depend on and vary with the crane's load sured from the center af rotation of the crane radius, (center pin) to the load hook {center of gravity of the load) while the boom is loaded, ~~“ Uloaaee Rackas Tossed Radius Because of boom and machine deflection end Pendant stretch, expect the load radius to in- Crease when the load is lifted off the ground. Expect even larger increases in radius when the crane is “on rubber because of lire de- flectionLoad radius can be more critical for establish: ing crane capacity than either boom length or boom angie On critical lifts the radius should be remeasured after the load is slightly raised, “ieee Toad adie Will| 4.10 LOAD RADIUS BETWEEN CHART LISTINGS Ifthe actual load radius falls between the val- Don't interpolate the capacity between chart Ues listed in the load chart use the gross o2- listings. Uso the reading for the next longer pacity rating for the next longer radius listed in radius. the chart 524 janaaeai Courtesy FUC Corp. a |e [ES [Ee |4.11 VALUES OF BOOM ANGLE, BOOM LENGTH AND LOAD RADIUS BETWEEN CHART LISTINGS HY the actual values of boom length, boom ar- ‘gle and toad radius do not correspond with eny Of the listed load chart values you will have to compare gross capacities for 1) next longer boom length and next ionger radius, 2) next longer boom length and noxt lower boom angle, 3) next longer radius and next lower boom angle, and use the lawest gross capacity of the three ‘Boom Longth ~ 70% / Boom Ange = 72° / ‘ON QUTALGGERS FULLY EXTENDED OVER REAR Courtesy Grove Nanutactung Co 1) 742. boom ingth & 20 radu, gress capacity = 35,000 74 . boom segtn & 70° boom angie, 8 capanty = 28,200) 3) 200 ecusa Tt" boom erole gress capaniy = 37,900 bs se 28,200 bas the cross capacity ofthe crane4.12 CAPACITY LIMITED BY STRENGTH OR STABILITY The rated capacities of mobile cranes are {cad radius, it will either overturn (stability fal based on both strength and stability. Depend: _ure) or be overstressed andlor break (strength ingon the configuration ofthe crane andthe —_—failure) if sufficiently overloaded + LIFTING FROM MAIN BOOM « LIFTING FROM JIB Too Much Lose a RESULTS IN Tipping (Stabitty) Faure ‘Strange (Stracturel Failure81 4.12 CONTINUED ‘MAIN BOOM LOAD CHARTS All mobile crane main boom load charts indi- by dividing the chart with a heavy line, or by cate where strength factors apply and where —_using asterisks or shaded areas. stabil factors apply, This is generally done SoLiD . LINE er subtty SHADED AREAS Suen Soi soe ree oe asterisks ["" 2) 2) | (Counesy FUC Comp, 4a a] 4.12 CONTINUED INTEGRATED JIB LOAD CHARTS: ‘Some jid load charts (lke the main boom load charts) show by means of a heavy tine, aster vib load charts containing both strength and stability ratings are called “integrated” isks or shaded areas where the jibcapacities charts ate limited by strength considerations and where they are limited by stability. oon |__ as eT ave | sw = EEL | aeoestve = ST {ine Based = ase) 3a \ ‘en Strength rc ape piee SOLID LINE am ERE [SEE] ) gangs tein a See [3 Lee Based on = HE Stabity AEST Counesy Grave Manurzeturrg Co * | opacities in Shadod Arese 2 Linked by Srencih SHADED AREAS = : Capacities in Non-Shacec = | i ‘Areas Lined by Stabity ‘Courtesy Ameen Hoist 2 Dorick ASTERISKS - ere RENE eon REET = 2s one ae St | 3m Linked Bar| a by Seng S'S Markoartn ns a | a dato iE Unread zs : Capacties Courtesy FMC Com oe4.12 CONTINUED TWO SEPARATE LOAD CHARTS FOR JIBS Although most cranes naw present both struc- The operator muist check both the maximum, tural and stability loads in one load chart (an rated structural sirength loads and the maxi- integrated chart}, many cranes use two differ mum rated stability tipping) loads. The lower ent charts tor these loads. Of the two values is the crane’s maximum rated Jn these cases, the maximum structural loads #Paclty willbe in the jd chart and the maximum stabil ily loads willbe in the main boom’s load chart. | SET ROR ae | tem [aha ‘ak moi oe ar READ [Ton aD JIB CHART SHE FOR STRENGTH LIMITS: (eT ston (ae eco Pra [ a Ermiartaes sun 9 gm ‘Sted tr hte! toes et rope a he fe Inf howto asc ng ane 20% Sar ang ma ‘tweed team bo ep eer enc ry te EEE ett et ns Couresy Harn scHleger Cora soe ott READ aia a Fi a MAIN BOOM ‘25/5 S00 fst jweana| eo] sue fea oe ce a m0 | a cH] CHART A 7 FOR sara co STABILITY rata slo LIMITS P| aoa Ss Ppa ea (Courtesy Harniscvreger Carp,Cis 4.13 GROSS CAPACITY VS NET CAPACITY The capacities listed in the load chart are not The maximum load that can be safely ltted the loads that can be suspanded from the {the net ioad) must never exceed the erane’s crane hook net capacity The figures given in the charts are gross ca- pacities. The weight of the actual load (the oS payload) that the crane can lft is the net capacity Those oe aross loads end include thewelg of everyning meunted oF stowod an the Doom as wal as hanging trom the Beare ti, JIB cAPACITIESIN POUNDS 20. "8" FRANE JIB nae a | oS ote OR / tr Ha fete—b These are gross loads anc ater teme oa fine include te weight of eveything pe inthe shaded araas, |e feer earner bere ‘Countssy Grave Manufacturing Go, | NET CAPACITY = GROSS CAPACITY ~CAPAGITY DEDUCTIONS |85 4.14 DETERMINING PARTS OF LINE, WEIGHT OF LINE AND SIZING THE HOOK BLOCK $$ ee Because hoist rope strength is not usually built ‘The term “parts of ine” can be defined as into the load chart the operator must ensure ‘ollows before any itis made, not only that the crane has sufficient net capacity to lift the load but * Imagine cutting all ropes above the hook also that itis rigged with enough "parts of line” block. ' tollft the load without breaking the hoist rope. * Count the cut ends. * This number is the “parts of ine”. Count the cut eras To calculate paris of line required: Add: Load Weight + Weight of Hook Block + eign a! Sings ane Rig Suspended Weight ‘woreng Lose Lim of Heist Rope Answer: = PartsotLine ince: The figure calouleted indicates how many parts ofine are required 10 support the lift, This number also determines the size and weight of | the hook block that must be used (because of | the number of sheaves required)4.14 CONTINUED Because of friction in the hook block and boom tip sheaves, extra paris of line will have to be added o ensure that each part of ine is not overloaded. The following table can be used to approximate the number of parts of line to use. ‘oriess TPaot ine 1s arts 268 3 Dave a7 a S7ats 4063 5 Seat 5a 5 Satie 768 4 an ag | 10 azn ace Bee ose deem wo wpm | i spins | 5 | sapie | 6° Based on 2% Shaave Friction for 180° oopa Bonds. Tho values in his tale fare conservative, Nel mainained ‘Sheaves and blocks may have loner ‘nctlon nsses. t's good policy, however te inapect anc maintain both the boom tip and block sheaves. regularly an allow ext paris a line to scceunt fo ition, When the size and weight of the hook block have not been determined, use the following method: (1), Add toad weight plus weight of slings and rigging hareware.. (2) Divide by maximum rated load of hoist rope. Answer is paris of line required. (See above tabla to account for sheave friction.) (3) From parts of line required choose the hook block that provides sufficient sheaves. Read the weight of the hook block from note on load chart (4) Recheck parts of line as follows: Ade: Load Weight Wegnto! Sings ana Rigaing Harcvare + Weight of Hook Blook ~ Suspended Wegre Oivite: — SuspenceeWeignt_ Fated Capac of Hot Repo Answet: = Pans of ine Peed: Table above tozccount for sheave fiction. To calculate the maximum load that can be applied to the hoist ine use the "Parts of Line” table, and for the number of parts of line in the right hand column use the higher number listed beside it in the left hand colurnn, Multiply this number by the WLL (working load limit) of a single part of the line. Example: Crane's hook is raeved with six parts of line each having a SWL = 21,500 bbs. ‘Maximum Load = 6.43 x 21,500 116,748 lbs. WEIGHT OF ROPE ‘The weight of the crane's hoist rope may have to be detlucted from the gross capacity in ‘some cases, Typical weights of wire rope are as follows ‘rox Weare Fons Pe Fon: To calculate the weight of hoist rope: Weight = Number of parts of line x Length of hoist line x Pounds per it. of each part of ine. Example: Ifthe hook block of a crane is hang- ing 50 ft below the boom tip and rigged with six parts of 1 in. diameter rope, te total hoist rope weight is: Weight = 6x 50x 7.88 = 564 Ibs.4.15 RANGE DIAGRAMS All mobile cranes include as part of their load rating information a range diagram. The range diagram is a side view of the crane with its ful Tange of boom iengths, jibs and D00m exten- sions, The chart is marked off with horizontal boom tip height ines, vertical load realus lines, redial boom angle lines and boom tip arcs that ‘trace the position of the boom tip for each boom length as the radius and boom angle change. ib tip ares are also included for each length of jib available as well as for each jib offset. Range diagrams serve three important func- tions and as the operator becomes increas- ingly coniident of his ability to use the diagram well he wil find that itis one of the more valuable parts of the load rating data. * Range ciagrams are used to determine the configuration of the orane for a particular Job. By laying out the geometry of the job on the diagram the operator can determine the ‘boom length, boom angle, jie length and jib offset required to suit the litt conditions. For loads thai must be placed above grade (on a ‘oof for example) the maximum nook height must be great enough to accommadate the minimum allowable clearance between the boom tip and the loac blocks, the height of the load and the length of the sings. all of this can be checked an the range diagram, When loads must be set a certain distance in rom the agge of 2 roof, the lenath of jib and necessary jib offset are easily deter. mined by using the range diagram. ‘Tho range diegram is often the only means of determining jib load radius ‘rom 600m angle readings (when itis not possible to actually measure the radius). Similarly, the range diagram is used to determine the main bcom angle of telescopic booms when the boom is only partially extended and only the load radius is known, Tho range diagram is used to identify the minimum allowable clearances between the load blocks and boom tip. 1 Courtesy Grove Manufacturing Co,88 CHAPTER 5 LOAD CHARTS: determining main boom capacities Chapters 5, 6 and 7 attempt to cover the most significant points concerning the Use of load charts, but tha material does, ‘not cover the procedures 1o use in reading all load charls. There are just too many different cranes, charts and progedures to cover in one book Every operator must study carefully the chart in the crane being used ano apply the procedures outlined by the | manufacturer. |CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 5 ‘SECTION TITLE PAGE 54 Capacity Deductions a 6.2 Main Boom Capacity — Lattice Booms o4 53 Main 800m Capacity — Full Power Telescopic Booms. 9% 54 Main Boom Capacity — Pinned Telescopic Booms %5.1 CAPACITY DEDUCTIONS The deductions from gross capacity to deter- mine net capacity differ ftom manufacturer to manufacturer as well as between crane types. ‘The most common are as follows: «Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions * Dedustions are: @ Weight of hook and headache bal. © Weight of sings and rigging hardware Gress Load oad Weight) * Net Capacity = Gross Capacity - Capacity Deductions * Deductions are: @ Weight of main hook block © Weight of siings and rigging © Weight of auniiary nook. @ Weight of wire rope irom boom Up sheave to auxiliary hook.* “Although ihis weight can be $9 on a5 tobe Insigniicant tm facror mus alvayste corisidered Long lengine and mutipie-part lines are heavy and ther weight ust be cecucted * Deductions are: @ Weigh of hook block @ Weight of siings and slaging. @ Weight of auxiliary hook @ Weight of wire rope trom boom tip to auxiliary hook. © Weight of auniiary boom head. ® Stowea weight of Net Load (Load Woign1 5.1 CONTINUED « Net Capacity = Gross Capacity - Capacity Deductions * Deductions are: Weight of auntiary hook. © Weight of sings andi rigging hardware. © Weight of main hook block © Weight of ai wire rope between boom tip and main block. | * Nat Capacity = Gross Capacity ~ Capacity Deductions * Deductions are: @ Weight of main hook block, © Weight of sings and rigging haraware. © Stowed weight of boom extension. @ Stowed weight of “A” trame jib. Hot Load (Load weigh Grors Load982 5.1 CONTINUED On some long boom cranes the hoist line weight may also have to be deducted. In cases such as this, the load chart will specily that the hoist line is to be considered part of the load. * Net Capacity = Gross Capacity — Capacity Deductions * Deductions are: @ Weight of nook block. | © Weigit of sings end rigging hardware. © Weight of all wire rope between Doom tip and hook block,” H *Note: Hoist line weight is ace a common capacity deduction. Do not consider it Unless the load chart specifies that it be Geducted. For an example ofits appii- Cation see the Manitowoc 4100 exercise in the Appendix, + Grose Load NetLoed (Load Weign)5.2 MAIN BOOM CAPACITY - LATTICE BOOMS When the load is being lifted from the main boom tip, the crane's net capacity is deter: mined as follows: Procedure (2) Determine weight of load to be lifted. (2) Determine weight of slings and rigging hardware (2) Determine parts of ine required and hook block weight (4) Determine load radius, boom length and boom angle as required) (5) Select correct main boom load chart for ‘actual crane configuration, base contigura- tion, and quadrant(s) of operation. (6) For correct boom length anc! load radius (ar boom angle) read the gross capacity fram the main boom load shart. Whenever possible, use load radius rather than boom angle as it will provide better accuracy Boom Longth = Boom Arcie | Crane's Grass Capac (7) Determine capacity deductions, (@) Calculate net capacity Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity “ Capacity ~ Deductions {(@) Compare the net capacity tothe load weight, the net capacity is equal to or greater than the load, the lift can be made. For examples of this procedure see the Bucyrus-Erie 110-T, American 9310, American 7260, Link-Belt LS-418A, Manitomoc 4100W, anc American 9530 exercises in the Append’x = = a fe | ies | ae zenal 2 BOBBY RERRR, Courteey The Nantowae co =24 The not capacity is determined as follows: Procedure-All Boom Lengths (1) Determine weight of load to be Itted. (2) Determine weight of slings and rigging hardware to be used. Determine parts of line required and hook block weight, Determine load! radius, boom length and boom angie. Select correct main boom load chart based on the crane’s actual configuration and quadrants) of operation. (6) For correct load radius, boom length and boom angle read the gross capacity irom ‘the main boom load chart @ 4) 6) Crane's Grass Capacity oom Length = 8. Boom Angle = 43° 5.3 MAIN BOOM CAPACITY - FULL POWER TELESCOPIC BOOMS (7) Determine capacity deductions @) Calculate net capaciy Net Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions (9) Compare net capacity to the weight of the load to be lites For exampies of this procedure see the Link. Belt HTC-50, Grove RT522, P & HT-750 and Grove RT630 exercises in the Appendix. ‘ON OUTRIGGERS FULLY EXTENDED 260"95 5.4 MAIN BOOM CAPACITY - PINNED TELESCOPIC BOOMS a a ‘On most cranes having pinned tip sections there ate three cases fo consider for capacity determination of the main boom. * Pinned boom section retracted-all oom lengths. * Pinned boom section extended-boom fully extended * Pinned boom section extendad-boom part- ally extended PINNED BOOM SECTION RETRACTED Procedure-All Boom Lengths (1) Determine weight of oad to be titted {2} Determine weight of slings and rigging hardware to be used, (3) Determine parts of line required and hook block weight, (4) Determine load racius, boom angle and boom lenath (excluding lenath of pinned ‘boom section), (5) Select correct main boom load chert for | actual configuration and quacirant(s) of | operation of the crane. Crane's Grass iened Section Rarrccted —efe Copaoiy (8) For actual boom length, load radius and boom angle read the gross capacity from the load chart, (See illustration end load hari.) (7) Determine capacity deductions. (8) Calculate net capacity Net _ Gross. _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions (@) Compare net capacity to the weignt of the load ta be lifted. (Courtesy Grove Manulactuing Co,eae 5.4 CONTINUED PINNED BOOM SECTION EXTENDED Procedure-Boom Fully Extended Follow the same procedure as for the case when the pinned boom section is retracted except that the gross capacity will be read from the full boom length column (including length of pinned boom section) for the actual load radius | ‘or boom angie. Pinned Section Extended Crane's G Canooy aeeeneeeneee aioe sere Countosy Grove Manutacturing Co Boom Fly Extended97 5.4 CONTINUED PINNED BOOM SECTION EXTENDED Procedure-Boom Partially Extended Follow the same procedure as for the case when the pinned boom section is retracted except that on most cranes of this type you will not be able to use actual load radius or actual boom length when reading the chart. The {gross capacity depends on actual boom angle only. For the actual boom angle, read the gross ‘capacity from the ful boom length column {including length of pinned boom section) on the load chart. (Even though the boom is not fully extended you must use full boom length and actual boom angle.) Do not use load radius of actual boom length For examples of these procedures see the P & Hi Omega 40, Grove TMS300, Grove RT865 and Galion 150A exercises in the Appendix Caution: The procedures for extended pinned sections are used on most but not all telescopic boom cranes having pinned tip sections, Some manufacturers provide {wo separate load charts, one for the case when the pinned tip is retracted anc tho other for when it is extended. if the pin extended chart lists @ variety of boom lengths and coresponding load radii and boom angles then they can be used when teading the chart and you do not have to rely on boom angle only Crane's Grass Capacity Pred Secon Exorced —I Boom Patiely Exerc Couresy Greve Manutactung Co,CHAPTER6 LOAD CHARTS: determining main boom capacities with jibs orboom extensions installedCONTENTS OF CHAPTER 6 SECTION TITLE PAGE ai Effective Weight of Jibs ané Boom Extensions "401 a2 Capacity Deductions 103 63 Main Boom Capacities fing opaya acon Extensions Installed — All Cranes 108.400 6.1 EFFECTIVE WEIGHT OF JIBS AND BOOM EXTENSIONS STOWED WEIGHT As was discussed in Section §.1 when ajib andlor boom extensian is stowed on the heal section of the main boom, the stowed weights (as listed in the oad chart notes) must be Geducted irom the gross capacity that is read from the load chart in order to calculate the R crane’s net capacity. - Dstt te towed weight of bah tao ante ocom eh @ Y ‘suiension lier The Brose Capel to dotarmine the erane’é Poe EFFECTIVE WEIGHT When the same jib and/or boom extension is This deduction is made only when the hoisting ‘mounted an the boom tip, the effective weight —_is done from the main boom, not when itis (as listed in the load chart notes) must be done from the jib or boom extension deducted from the gross capacity that is read from tha load chart in order to calculate the crane’s net capacity, Wah the 600m extension mounted onthe beam tp, the main hook rating (gross Capaciy must be reduced comperste or the effective weight of the boorn axension. Dedtct the etective weigh from the grass capeciy, Dette sewed AN se SSS So eee10% 6.1 CONTINUED Effective weight is not the actual weight of the boom extension or jib, nor is it the weight deducted when the boom extension or jb is. slowed. It's calculated by the manufacturer as ‘the weight which when applied at the boom tip wil have the same effect on the crane as the boom extension ana/or iio. —— ae coe ‘ ‘ fd K Etfectve weight Ib apples includes weignt irs ectual weight otf, yb mast 8 trom haro as 2 alo pendents lever Erectus Bracke wagatol weight of bom oom extension exension arc pb ‘Note: The effective weight ofthe ibis not deducted when the hoisting is dane from the jb itseit (see Chanter 7) recive weght iso consiaors the etect of ss Telescopic os Eecuve Weight102 6.2 CAPACITY DEDUCTIONS When a jb is mounted but not used, the capacity deductions that must be subtracted from the load chart ratings (gross capacity) to calculate the orane’s net capacity differ irom the case where the jd is not mounted. The most common loa¢ deductions are 2s follows: * Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area, aNet Gross _ Capacity Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions * Capecity deductions are: @ Weight of hook block. © Weight of stings and rigging haravrare. © Effective weight of jib. @ Weight of headache ball and hook on jib. © Weight of jb line (whio line) hanging irom jib sheave, Gross Load | Caution: Some manufacturers require | that twice the waight of jib line and hook be deducted, e.g,, American 7250. Mel (Load Weigh) * Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area. = Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are @ Weight of hook block. © Weight of slings and rigging hardware. © Effective weight of boom extension. Nettoed @ Weight of auxifary hook and headache (oad Weight bef. © Weight of auxiliary hoist ine hanging be- ow boom oxtension tio. © Stowsd weight of jib.103, 6.2 CONTINUED shaded area. «Net Gross _ Capacity Capacity “ Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: * Gross load is the weight of everything in the | Weight of hook block. @ © Wight of slings and rigging hardvrare. © Etective weight of ip and its rigging. © Weight of jio's headache ball and hook © Weight of jib line hanging trom jo sheave. @ Gross Load | Net Load (Load Weight) )6.2 CONTINUED * Gloss load is the weight of everything in the shaded area a Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: @ Weight of nook block. © Weight of sings end rigging hardware. © Eftective weight of boom extension and jib combination. @ Weight of jo nock and hasdache bal © Weight of jo hoist line hanging below jib tip. Gross Load et Log {Load Weigm) Nettoad (Load Waighe ‘On some very long boom cranes: * Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area. «Net Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions + Capacity deductions are @ Weight of hook block. © Weight of slings and rigging hardware. Effective weight of jib. @ Weight of jb hook and headache bal. © Weight of fib hoist line hanging below jb tip. © Weight of al hoist rope hanging from the main boom tp, pd105 6.2 CONTINUED | ce ee EXAMPLE ‘The method most commonly usad in determin: ing the capacity deductions is as shown in the following example, All the weights will be ‘specified in the load chert unless special or on-factory supplied equipment is being used. Eifoctve Weign ot Jo = 37505 Swowoa' (Boom x incor dencion » 451 Loe ee | egret el } Hesdache Sal | Wechtor aN 8 Hock ~ 300 Loe Rigging = S0Ls. e Methoa: * Road gross capacity from the load chart = 10,500 Ibs. * Calculate net capacity 70,500 ibs. (gross capacity) 50ibs. (rigging) 581 ibs. (2-sheave block) 461 ibs. (stovred boom extension) 1,375 ibs. (effective weight of io) - "300 lbs. (jo headache ball & nook) = __THibs. (jipine*) = 7,742 ibs. “The weight of the jb holst tine, it ow, can ba ignored. itis considered here, however, for continuity in ‘ltustzting the proper procedure te follow. Jib line weight is computed as shown in Seaton 4.14. Weight = Number of parts of line x length x weight per foot of length X10. x 7.06 lbs/f = 10.6 0s. 1 ibs. approx.108 6.2 CONTINUED EXAMPLE Some manutacturers may allow or specify a slightly different method from that shown in the preceding example. Instead of using the actual ‘weights of the hooks or load blocks they will provide in the load chart an eftective weight for the block (see the P & H Omega 49 exercise in the Appendix) or will allow the operator to calculate and apply the effective weight as is one in the following example. Method! * Read gross capacity from the load chart * Estimate the effective weight ofthe jib hook Caution: Do not use this method unless specifically approved by the manufacturer. Except for the P & H Omega 40 exercise (where the load chart specifies the effective weights) none of the examples and exercises in this book use this method. |b Lino = 2b, Ib Hank = 200s, 15,700 lbs. Jit hook rectus Effect = Actual steer cote weight = Actual weight “ hookradt = 300/bs. x 2 _ asa ibs + Estimate the efectve weight ofthe jb line using the samme method. lb hook radius Effective weight = Actual weight x ib hook rats. " ‘on oad redivs 1216s. x 2H «ras, + Calculate net capacity = 15.100 fos. (gross capacity) ~ 50s. (rigging) = 800 bs. (main Block) = 1,500 fos. {etfective weigh of jb) = "450 Ibs. {effective weight of hook) = lbs. (effective weight of jib line) = 72562 i. This method is more accurate than the preceding one because it accounts for the greater radius of the fib hook and fine and the consequent greeter load that would have to be applied at the main hook to provide the same effect. Itis not, however, in widespread use,INSTALLED-ALL CRANES For the particular type of crane being used ‘ollow the procedures outlined in Chanter 5. * Lattice boom cranes (see Section 5.2, page 94). * Full power telescopic boom cranes (see Sec- tion 8.3, page 95). ined telescopic boom cranes (see Section 5.4, page 96). 107 6.3 MAIN BOOM CAPACITIES—JIBS AND/OR BOOM EXTENSIONS — ‘The procedures are identical except for the capacity deductions which must include the effective weight ofthe jb, and the weight of ‘the jib hook, jb hoisting, ete.CHAPTER 7 LOAD CHARTS: determining jib and boom extension capacitiesCONTENTS OF CHAPTER 7 409 SECTION TILE PAGE ib and Boom Extension Type end Length 72 vib Offset, Jib Angle to Boom, Jib Angle to Ground 73 Effective Weight of Jib 116 74 Capecity Deductions "7 78 vib Capacity — Lattice Booms 122 754 Jib Capecity — Lattice Booms — Method 1 128 152 Jib Capecity — Lattice Booms — Method 2 124 18.3 Jib Capacity — Lattice Booms — Method 3 126 78 Full Power Telescopic Booms 128 784 Boom Extension Capacities 129 7.6.2 vio Capacities — Using One Loae Chart 131 7.8.3 Jb Capacities — Using Two Load Charts 132 7.84 Boom Extension and Jib Combination Capacities —Using One Load Chart 134 7.8.5 Boom Extension and vid Combination Capacities — Using Two Load Charts 135 TW Pinned Telescopic Booms 197 naa Boom Extension Capacities 138 1.72 Jib Capacities — Using One Load Chart 142 173 Jib Capacities — Using Two Load Charts 143 774 Boom Extension and Jib Combination Capacities —Using One Load Chart 347 775 Boom Extension and Jib Combination Capacities —Using Two Load Charts, 148110 7.1 JIBAND BOOM EXTENSION TYPE AND LENGTH In adaition tothe basie factors affecting cape- city (quadrants, boom angle, otc.) the capacity oj a jb or boom extension is based, in most jib and boom extension load chats, on three factors: 4] vib or boom extension type 2) Jib or boom extension length 3) Jib offset or jib angle to boom or jib angle to horizontal ‘The most common types ot jibs and boom extensions in use are as follows: Boom Extension & Jib Combination “A” Frame Jib or Telescopic “A” Frame vib Boom Extension414 7.1 CONTINUED &__ Lattice Boom Jib Lutfing Jib Lattice Jib \ With Adjustable \\ Offset112 7.2 JIB OFFSET, JIB ANGLE TO BOOM, JIB ANGLE TO GROUND In order to determine jib capacities the opera ‘These terms are elther used by themselves or tor wil have to understand and use the follon- are combined with boom angle or load radius ing terms: in the most common ji load charts as follows: + ib offset (ib angle to boom) * Jib angle fo horizontal JIB OFFSET (JIB ANGLE TO BOOM) ‘Some load charts bse jib capacities on the jib offset (ib engle to boom) only. Oltset expressed as a jib angle to boom a femis Courtoay Harisehteger Corp. Ottset expressed as a jib angle to boom slp Offset (ub Angte to Boer) ARON JIS RATED LABS Gia gia | zor ae | sort ve | 6.10 mie | geese ee ae = BeBe | Rs i) ie | a | a Bao | ie_| B88 | 88 Be Courtesy Harisenieger Comp Oifset expressed as a distance (tse can also be speertog i foot Courtesy American Ho's & Derick Co,. 113 | 7.2 CONTINUED JIB OFFSET AND BOOM ANGLE. Some jib toad charts base lib capacity on the jib offset and the boom angle. tee DERE 291085 boom A |e ER ye | a7sa| 1.700 S| Bel is couse HariachegerCom 48 | zsoo | 150 JIB OFFSET, BOOM LENGTH AND LOAD RADIUS eee aeRmaMEEO ee rr Some jib iced charts use the jib offset and the Otset load racius tor determining jib capacity. a | 20 DeoREE ae OFFSET ANOLE Courtesy The Mariiowee Co. ss Ble i |B) e| “| a) Eel EBLE sereenmeprcmerencecsants Courtesy American Hos & Derick Oo be}114 CONTINUED JIB ANGLE TO HORIZONTAL, ‘On some cranes, jib capacity is based on the angle the jib makes with horizontal (ground). 2s (Se eT [ie Ga Re PAN ep ral A ere Pe © [aas| cm [eae toe feo] aes [aoe to [sme | Courtesy FC Comp. The jib angle to horizontal (ground) will have to be calculated for some cranes. stb Aagle te Kerzenta (ao Angee to round) Example: Jib angie to horizontal = boom angie ~ jib offset 65° 20° ae445 7.3. EFFECTIVE WEIGHT OF JIB When lifting from a boom extension thet hes a jib mounted on it a capacity deduction will have 10 be made for the effective weight ofthe jib. When the hoisting is being done from the jib, however, the effective wolgnt is nat used in any of the load deductions.116 7.4 CAPACITY DEDUCTIONS ‘The deductions that must be subtracted from the load chart ratings (gross capacity) to caicu- late the orane’s net capacity differ between manufacturers and crane types. ‘The most common ate as follows: * Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area. Net _ Gross. _ Capacity Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: @ Weight of jo hook and headache ball © Weight of slings and rigging hardware. © Weight of main boom hook biock. Weight of main boom haist line hanging below boar tip. et toa (Lose Weignt) Grose Load + Gross load is the weight of everything in the = 6 shaded area, Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity Deductions Capacity deductions are @ Weight of boom extension hook and head- ache ball @ Weight of slings an rigging haraware. @ Effective weight of jb. @ Weight of ib hoist line hanging below jo tip. NetLocd @ Weight of jb Hook and headzche ball, i SN tation [Hl Gross Load: 47 7.4 CONTINUED rods Lose Wot Load (eed Mian © Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area. Net _ Gross. _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: @ Weight of hook and headache ball @ Weight of sings and naging naraware. © Weight of main boom hook block. @ Weight of main boom hoist ine hanging below boom tip. + Gross loads the weight of everything in the shaded area. Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: @ Weight of hook and headache bal © Weight of sings and rigging haraware. © Weight of main boom haok block. @ Weight of main boom heist fine hanging below boom tip. | Net Load load Viejo) ‘Gress toas118 7.4 CONTINUED * Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area. aNet Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: @ Weight of hook end headache bail © Weight of sings and rigging hardware. @ Weight of main boom hook block. @ Weigh: of main Doom hoist line hanging betow boom tip @ Siowed weight of ib on base section, et Load (Load Weight) On some very long boom cranes * Gross load is the weight of everything in the shaded area. Net Gross _ Capacity * Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions * Capacity deductions are: © Weight of hook and headache ball © Weight of stings and rigging hardware © Weight of main boom hook block @ Weight of main boom hoist line hanging ssceiBad below boom tip a © Weight of ib hoist ine” 7 ae “Note: Hoist ine weight is nota common capacity deduction. De not consider it unless the load chart specifies that the weight is to be deducted. For an aopli- cation of this procedure see the Manito- woe 4100W exercise in the Appendix. Net Load (Load Wight)119 7.4 CONTINUED EXAMPLE ‘The method most commonly used in determin- ing the capacity deductions is as shown in the following example. All the weights will be specified in the load chart unless special or on-factory supplied equipment is being used. de Heck = 200 Les Pigging ~ S0Lbs. e— %In. Da. Rope, Banting 15Ft ong }<— Man Bock = S00 Lbs. Metned: * Read gross capacity from the jo ioad chert = 4,800 bs. * Calculate net capacity = 4,800 lbs. (gross capacity) - _50Ibs. (rigging) ~ 300 IDs. {fb hook) = 600 Ibs. (main block) = _127 Ips. (main hoist fne*) 3,723 Ibs. “Weight = Number of carts ofline x length x weight per foot af length x 15 ft, x 1.06 lbs it 27.2 Ibs. 27 Ibs. approx120 7.4 CONTINUED EXAMPLE Some manufacturers may allow or specify @ Caper nanacue intent slightly different method from thet shown in the apeclealy eccioved oy termeacnes preceding exemple. Instead of using the actual | turer. Except tor ne P&H Omace a0 weights af the hooks or load blocks they will provide in the load chart an effective weight for tre electve wat f ive weights) none of the exam: the block (see the P & H Omega 40 exercise in ples end exercises in this book usa thie the Appendix) or wl allow the operator to method. calculate anc apply the effective weight as is done in the following example. ‘exercise (where the load chart specifies jap Hoot = 200 co, Aigging = 50s. Method: ‘+ Read gross capacity from the jib load chart = 4,800 Ibs. + Estimate the effective weight of the main hook block. Efiective weight = Actual weight x —Blookradive _ Load radius 400 fos, * Estimate the effective weight of the main hojst ine using the same method. Effective weight = Actual weight x —Pl2dk radius Load aus = 127bs.x 22. es ips, 60 it * Calculate net capacity = 4,800 Ibs. (gross capacity) = 50 bs. (rigging) = 300 Ibs. (ib hook) - 400 tbs. (effective weight of main hook) = __85 lbs. (effective weight of main hoist line) = 3,965 ibs. This method is more accurate than the preceding one because It eecounts for the shorter raaius of the main block and line and the consequent smaller load that would have to be applied at the jb hook to provide the same effect. It is not, however, in widespread use.124 7.5 JIB CAPACITY - LATTICE BOOMS: There are three different methods used in de- termining the jib capacity of lattice boom cranes. Each will be discussed separately.| 7.5.1 JIB CAPACITY - LATTICE BOOMS - METHOD 1 The first and most common method uses an integrated jib capacity chart containing both jio strength and crane stability limits, Procedure (1) Determine the weight of the load to be (8) Determine all capacity deductions. lifted. (9) Calculate net capacity (2) Determine the weight of slings and rigging Net Gross _ Capacity hardware, Capacity “ Capacity ~ Deductions (3) Determine the number of parts of line re- {10) Compare net capacity 10 load weight. puede make inet For examples of this procedure see the (Determine te sizeandweigrtathook _rmengan Gai0 ne Watowee DUN (6) Determine the load radius, main boom egrepenin eappendt ys length, fib length, ib offset, or jib angio to horizontal (6) Select the correct jb capacity chart based con the crane configuration and quadrant ‘of operation. (Quedrant of operation may Trot be 2 factor when reading jfd capaci- ties) (7) For the data determined in (5) read the gross capacity from the jib chart. 40 Fi [JIB RATINGS Cnet | frrent | otter | ort | ote: i Courtesy American Hoist & Derrick Co.30FE 7.5.2 JIB CAPACITY - LATTICE BOOMS - METHOD 2 This method relies on two load charts to deter mine jib capacity. It uses a jib load chart based on the strenath limits of the jib and the main ‘boom chart for the crane’s stability limits. Procedure (1) Determine the weight of the load to be (8) Determine the load radius, main boom Iited. length, jb length, jo ofiset, or jb angle to {2} Determine the weight of stings and rigging horizontal. hardware. (6) Select the jib toad chart for the particular (3) Determine the number of parts of line re- ‘configuration of the crane anc quadrant of Quited to make the lift. operation (quadrants may nat be a factor). (4) Determine the size and weight of hook (7) For the correct jib length, jb offset end jib block required, ‘angle to horizontal read the gross struc- tural capacity of the jib. b's Gross Strecturel Capac coneline af inne the ashi eh! oe fa dm ited over the bors gent sbeore iat | 80Ft. Boom124 7.5.2 CONTINUED (®) Select the main boom load chart for the panicular configuration of the crane and quadrant of operation (@) For the actual main boom fength and actual load radius read the gross capacity listed in the chart. (Gee illustration and load chart below.) (10) The fower of the two capacities deter: mined in (7) and (8) becomes the gross capacity of the crane. (14) Determine all capacity deductions. Caution: Read the fine print on the load chart because some manufacturers require that you Read te oad coaras though the ‘main boom loweraciof to the aout ond radius, h Crane's \ Gross \ Siebliy Capaciy flength = 908.) 6 reduce the main boom capacity determined in (9) by the effective weight of the jib. See the ‘American 7250 exercise in the Appendix for an example of this procedure, (12) Caloulate net capacity Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions (13) Compare net capacity to the load weight. For examples of this procedure see the Bueyrus-Erie 110-T and American 7250 exer- colses in the Appendix. fs | aszaaaanaa |425 7.5.3 JIB CAPACITY - LATTICE BOOMS - METHOD 3 This method, like Method 2, relies on two foad chars to determine jib capacity: + did chart for jb strength limits * Main boom chart for crane slability limits Procedure (1) Determine the weight of the load to be ited. (2 Determine the weight of slings and rigging haraware () Determine the number of parts of line re- quired to make the lift (@) Determine the size and weight of hook block required (©) Determine the load radius, main boom length, jb length, jib offset, or jib angle to horizontal. (Couriogy FIG Corp, 20 F: Boom Length 50° Boom angie (6) Select the jib load chart for the particular ‘configuration of the crane and quedrants (quadrants may not be a factor). (7) For the correct jib length, jib offset and jib angle to horizontal read the grass struc- tural capacity of the jib. Situcturat Capaciy Goss | | |126 7.5.3 CONTINUED —__ (6) Select the main boom lead chart for the particular configuration of the crane and the quadrant of operation. (@) Add the actual main boom length and the actual jo length together. Using the actual ‘oad raaius read the gross capacity under this combined boom length, (See illustra- tion and load chart below.) (10) The lower of the two capacities deter mined in (?) and {9} becomes the maxl- mum gross capacity of the crane. Counesy FG Corp, Venere is nota correspandiag Loom langih onthe main boom capacty chan, check he eapactieslistedfo: the anivalioad radius atthe na highor andthe next lower ‘sted boom fenaths. Use the lower capacity ofthe two, Ittne combired engi o the fb and mam beam exceeds al {Isiec boom fengins nthe ain boom char, ta load chan ‘ates wll gue speofioinaiuctions for handling tis Situation, such as making adoiorel ceductins irom the gross capacity (11) Determine all capacity ceductions. (12) Calculate net capacity Net _ Gross. _ Capacity Capacity “ Capacity ~ Deductions (18) Compare net capacity io the load weight For an example of this procedure see the Link. Belt LS-4184 exercise in the Appendix, Combines Boom & ub Langin = 90Ft + 90 Ft = roof127 7.6 FULL POWER TELESCOPIC BOOMS Most cranes ofthis type can be fitted with * Boom extensions uibs * Boom extension and jib combination. ‘The methods used by the manufacturers to determine capacities are not all the same be- cause some rely cn only one load chart while others rely on two charts. Most methods can be covered as follows + See 7.6.1 for boom extension capacities. + See 7 6.2 for jib capacities using one load chart + See 7.6.5 for jb capacities using two load chan. + See 7.6.4 for boom extension and jib combi- nation capacities using one load chart + See 7.6.5 for boom extension and jib combi- nation capacities using two load chars7.6.1 BOOM EXTENSION CAPACITIES - FULL POWER BOOMS Procedure ~ Full Boom Extension (1) Determine weight of oad to be lites. (2) Determine weight of slings and rigging hardware. (3) Determine number of parts of line required to make lift. (4) Determine size and weight of hook block required. (6) Determine load radius, main boom angle ang boom length (ineluding length of ex- tension) (6) Select the correct load chart based on the ccrane's actual configuration, base config- uration and quadrant of operation. (ON CUTRIGGERS FULLY ExTENDED-OVEA REAR ae elim lei (7) For the actua’ full boom length (including the length of the boom extension), load radius and main boom angle read the 97088 capacity from the joad chart. (8) Determine capacity deductions. (9) Calculate net capacity Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity ~ Capacity ~ Deductions {10) Compare net capacity to the load weight. fay way [onay| C— He [i laser a Courtesy Grove Manfasturing Ce,129 7.6.1 CONTINUED Procedure ~ Partial Boom Extension Follow the same procedure as for full boom ‘extension but on most cranes of this type load radius and actual boom length cannot be used ‘when reading the chart. The gross capacity depends on actual main boom angie oniy. (1] Read the gross capacity in the full boom ength column (boom length = main boom plus extension length) for the actual main boom angle only. Do not use load radius. Note: Some manufacturers provide a second load chart based on boom angle only in which to read the gross capacity ifthe boom is only partially extended (e.9, Lorain LRT 500) while other manufacturers provide complete ‘boom extension ioad charts contain- ing a full range of boom lengths. When these are available itis possible to use actual boom length, boom angle and Joad radius for ali boom langths. (See the Link-Belt HTC-50 exercise in the Appenaix for ant exemple of ths.) Crane's Grass Capacty Boom Partial Eeended = 7551 (2) Determine capacity deductions. (9) Calculate net capacity Net _ Gross _ Capacity Capacity = Capacity ~ Deductions (4) Compare net capacity to load weight. For examples of these procedures see the Link-Belt HTC-50 and Grove RT630 exercises inthe Appendix. (ON OUTAIGGERS FULLY EXTENDED OVER NEAR ican fos. go as oe Semecgeettcantemiree eons ch tia (Courtesy Greve Manufacturing Oo