CENTRE FOR DISTANCE &

ONLINE EDUCATION
RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY

Self-Learning Materials
for
M. A. (BENGALI)
(Under CBCS)
Semester C.C. Units
III 3.1 1-5
Rabindra Bhavan, EE 9 & 10, Sector - II, SaltLake City, Kolkata - 700 091, Phone : (033) 23584014/4016, 4018
Website : www.rbudde.in, E-mail : director.cdoe@rbu.ac.in

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

BENGALI (M.A.)
Third Semester
C.C. 3.1
SELECTED FICTIONS
COURSE CONTRIBUTORS

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Dr. Madhurima Bhattacharjee Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata

Dr. Saptadweepa Karmarkar Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata

COURSE EDITOR

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Dr. Debalina Seth Professor Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Bengali)

EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Dr. Sipra Ganguly Chakraborty Assistant Professor Centre for Online and Distance Education,
(Bengali) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata

Dr. Sanjib Manna Assistant Professor Centre for Online and Distance Education,
(Bengali) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata

March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University

All rights reserved. No part of this SLM may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means,
without permission in writing from the Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata.

Printed and published on behalf of the Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata by the Registrar, Rabindra Bharati
University.

Printed at The Saraswati Printing Works, 2 Guru Prosad Chowdhury Lane, Kolkata-700006

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 ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

í˛z˛õlƒy§ å40+10=50ä

!§É !§É ÈüüüÈ 3É1

● !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛˘Ü,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z° ÈüüüÈ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 10

● ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D ˘ âˆÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ 10
● ˛õÕ‘#§Ùyç˘ à,•òy• ÈüüüÈ ¢Ó˚Íã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 10
● ˆìÑ˛yí˛¸y•z ã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl§˘ çyàÓ˚# ÈüüüÈ §ï˛#lyÌ Ë˛yò%í˛¸# 10
● x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l 10

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

4
 ÓyÇ°y
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

~ܲܲÈüüüÈ3É1

í˛z˛õlƒy§

● Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛
● Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ÈüüüÈã˛ï%˛Ó˚D
● ˛˛õÕ‘#§Ùyç ≠ ¢Ó˚Íã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
● ˆìÑ˛yí˛¸y•z ã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ùyl§ ≠ §ï˛#lyÌ Ë˛yò%í˛¸#

5
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

6
 È!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛üüüÓ!B˛Ùã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚È
!Ólƒy§ e´Ù
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ≠ Ó!B˛Ùç#Ól#Ó˚ §y«˛ƒ G !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyܲy°
ÚÚÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi í˛É ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüüüȧÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲ!Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆÙy!•°y° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ÈüÈÜ,˛ï˛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ï˛Ìy Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ›ñ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ˲yÓ!ӈϟ’£Ïîñ lyÙܲÓ˚î
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ôÙ≈ xÌÓy Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“ï˛_¥Óƒyáƒyl
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈ!ӈϟ’£Ïî
í˛z_Ó˚ !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ß¿
§•yÎ˚ܲ @˝Ãsi˛õ!O

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÛ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÎÌyÌ≈ ÙlhflÏ_¥ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ G xlƒylƒ ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ lÓ˚ÈüüÈlyÓ˚#Ó˚
xÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚y ˛õÕ‘!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ÷˲§)ã˛ly– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§•z ˆÎl Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly
˛õ)î≈ ˆÎÔÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!_´ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙÙ≈fliˆÏ° à˲#Ó˚ Ó˚§§MÈ˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyà GˆÏë˛ ˆÎñ !ï˛!l !lá%Ñï˛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l lyñ !ܲv Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ˆÎl ˆ§•z x!˲ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚•z ˆÎyàƒ
≤Ã!ï˛Óyò– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ í˛zòyÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ç#Ól§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ
xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛!ÓÈüüüÈܲ“lyÓ˚ xÓyô ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲ“ly ÙylÓÈüüüÈç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z í˛zqy!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈
~•z Ù!í˛í˛z°!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ≠
åÜ˛ä §Ùyçç#ÓˆÏl lÓ˚ÈüÈlyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–
åáä lÓ˚ÈüÈlyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!Óܲ°lÈüÈï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l–
åàä í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õÈüÈ°«˛î
•zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚y–

Ë)˛!Ùܲy ≠ Ó!B˛Ùç#Ól#Ó˚ §y«˛ƒ G !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyܲy°

ÚÚ1245 ÓDyˆÏ∑Ó˚ 13 xy£Ïyì˛¸ñ 1838 á #‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ 26 ç%lñ ÙD°ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚y!e lÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢ñ ã˛!ÓÁ¢ ˛õÓ˚àîy ˆç°yÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ü˛Ñyë˛y°˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚lÛÛ åÓ!B˛Ùã˛wç#Ól# ≠ x!Ùe§)òl ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ä– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏl§ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚
~ܲçl ≤Ãôyl ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ ≤Ãyã˛ƒÈüÈ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲçl x@˝Ãàîƒ ˆ•yï˛y ÈüüüÈ !ï˛!l•z ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ
òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ ܲyˆÏç !ï˛!l •zLjÏÓ˚!ç í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ xyò¢≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ !ï˛!l •zLjÏÓ˚!ç

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ã˛wyˆÏ°yܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãò#˛õ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°y çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚•z ˆ°ál#=ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §)Î≈Ù%á#ñ Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáˆÏï˛ x˲ƒhflÏ •Û°yÙ– åo‹TÓƒ ÚÚ!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆ•Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ÛÛä–
xï˛ƒhs˝ ˆÙôyÓ# SÈye Ó!B˛Ùñ ≤ÃÌÙ Óy.y!° @˝Ãyç%ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆí˛˛õ%!ê˛ Ùƒy!çˆÏfiê˛Δê˛– 1872 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!≤Èϰ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w §¡õyòܲÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÓDò¢≈l Ùy!§Ü˛ ˛õ!eܲy ÈüüüÈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~•z ~ܲ xlƒï˛Ù ܲ#!ï˛≈– ÓDò¢≈l Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ°áy•z ÷ô% ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ï˛ ly–
ï˛Íܲy°#l ˆ◊¤˛ Óy.y!° ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ï˛– ≤ÃÌÙ §Çáƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù%!oï˛ lyÙ§• Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜Ó¢yá §ÇáƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSÈò Ù%!oï˛– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSÈò ÈüüüÈ
ˆlÔܲyÎyeyñ !mï˛#Î˚ ÈüüüÈ ò#˛õ!lÓ≈yîñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ÈüüüÈ SÈyÎ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈Ó!ï˛≈l#ñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ˆ§•z ~ÓÇ ˛õMÈ˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSÈò ÈüüüÈ xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲÌy– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚˆSȈϰˆÏÓ°yÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚï˛ál ÚÓDò¢≈lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ô%Ù ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
§)Î≈Ù%á# xyÓ˚ Ü%˛®l!®l# xy˛õl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùï˛ xylyˆÏàyly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ âˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚– ܲ# •Û°ñ ܲ# •ˆÏÓñ ˆò¢÷k˛ §ÓyÓ˚ ~•z ˲yÓly–
ÓDò¢≈l ~ˆÏ° ˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ ò%˛õ%Ó˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y â%Ù ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ly–ÛÛ
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ ÚÓyÓ%Û– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏòñ í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓyÓ% §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòˆÏÓw
ã˛!Ó˚e x!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆòˆÏÓw !ܲS%ÈܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛ál•z ˆ§ ÓyÓ%!à!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ò#«˛y@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÚÚ!ܲS%Èܲy°
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ%!à!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó°«˛î §%!¢!«˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ˆòˆÏÓw ˆòˆÏ¢ !Ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y xy!§° ~ÓÇ ï˛ÌyÎ˚ l)ï˛l í˛z˛õÓl à,ˆÏ• xy˛õl xyÓy§ §Çfliy˛õl
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ÓyÓ%!à!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ,_ ••z°– ܲ!°Ü˛yï˛y ••zˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏÓw xˆÏlܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ì˛Ç !¢!áÎ˚y xy!§Î˚y!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ˆòÓ#˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyàÙl
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y !Ó˚Ê˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ Ó!°Î˚y xyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏ°l– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ~ܲ Ó y·˛§Ùyç §Çfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏ°l– ï˛yÓ˚yã˛Ó˚î ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xˆÏlܲ Ó y·˛
ç%!ê˛°ó Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §#Ùy Ó˚!•° ly– ~ܲê˛y !Ê˛ˆÏÙ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ çlƒG ÙˆÏôƒ ÙˆÏôƒ xyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ °y!àˆÏ°lñ !ܲv ܲyˆÏç Óí˛¸
ˆÓ¢# ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ°l ly– !ÓôÓy!ÓÓyˆÏ• Óí˛¸ í˛zͧy•–ÛÛ ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛w ˆ§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó y·˛§Ùyç ~•z§ÙÎ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°l
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ó y·˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙÌ≈ܲ !SȈϰl– !ÓôÓy!ÓÓy• ≤çˆÏD !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyˆÏÙyˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
§)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ˛õe¢#£Ï≈ܲ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~ܲyò¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò– §)Î≈Ù%á# Ü˛Ù°Ù!îˆÏܲ !°áˆÏSÈñ ÚÚxyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y •y!§Ó˚ ܲÌy– {ŸªÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚
lyˆÏÙ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ ly Óí˛¸ ˛õ![˛ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ !ï˛!l xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲáyly !ÓôÓy!ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó•z Óy!•Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ !ÓôÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
ÓƒÓfliy ˆòÎ˚ ˆ§ Î!ò ˛õ![˛ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ù)á≈ ˆÜ˛⁄ÛÛ !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãî#ï˛ Ú!ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !ܲ ly ~ï˛!m£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓÛ
~ÓÇ Ú!ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !ܲly ~ï˛!m£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲÛÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ó•zÈüÈ•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° 1855
!á fiê˛yˆÏ∑– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ܲ!MÈ˛Í ≤Ã!ï˛Ü%˛° !SȈϰlñ ~ܲÌy §Ó≈çl!Ó!òï˛–
ÚÓDò¢≈lÛÈüÈ~ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÓ˚ ܲy!•!l Îál e´Ù¢ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zͧy• G ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛•° ï˛ï˛•z Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÓD ò¢≈ˆÏl Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z!_´ ÈüüüÈ ÚÚÓDò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÎ !ç!l§ê˛y ˆ§!òl ÓyÇ°y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙlˆÏܲ
lyí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ§ •ˆÏFSÈ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û– ~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ°ál# ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏà≈¢l!®l#ñ Úܲ˛õy°Ü%˛[˛°yÛñ Ù,îy!°l# ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!ܲv ˆ§=!° !SÈ° ܲy!•!l– •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆÓ˚yÙy™– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyey ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy– ˆ§•z
ò)Ó˚c•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– ÉÉÉ!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ܲy!•!l ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈ° xyáƒyˆÏl– ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ~°ñ ï˛y xyˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ–ÛÛ å≤ÃÓy§#ñ 1338 xy!Ÿªló Ó!B˛Ùã˛w / Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ä–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§ 1873 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ç%l ÙyˆÏ§ @˝ÃsiyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛•z !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚
≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï SȈÏe ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û §ÙyÆ Ü˛!Ó˚°yÙ– ˲Ó˚§y ܲ!Ó˚ñ
•z•yˆÏï˛ à,ˆÏ• à,ˆÏ• xÙ,ï˛ Ê˛!°ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w xyò¢≈Óyò# ÈüüüÈ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ~ܲ !Ó!¢‹T
moral Óy ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÓ˚yÙã˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ù !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
l#!ï˛K˛yl lˆÏ• ÈüüüÈ !ܲv l#!ï˛K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚G ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–ÛÛ Ó›ï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛!Ó ï˛Ìy ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈl
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛ !¢«˛yòyï˛y G í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ܲï˛≈y– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Û~Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚!ã˛e
~шÏܲˆÏSÈl G §ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ çÎ˚àyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲlyÈüüüÈ ~ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ü˛≈!Óï˛Ü˛≈
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

8
 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

ÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ G Ó!B˛Ùã˛w / ÚÓDò¢≈lÛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Óy.y!°Ó˚ !ã˛_§ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyçÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Óy.y!°Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ=Ó˚&ÛÛ å§%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§l / ÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ó 2Î˚ á[˛ó ˛õMÈ˛Ù §ÇflÒÓ˚îä– §%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚
ˆ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w §y!•ï˛ƒ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Î%àyhs˝Ó˚ ~ˆÏl!SȈϰl ï˛y •Û° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•zÈ üüüÈ ÚÚàˆÏòƒÓ˚ °â%ï˛Ó˚ G §Ó˚§
Ó˚*˛õòylñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ày•≈fliƒ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ §,!‹Tñ !lÓ˚y!Ó° ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÷!ã˛ ÷º Ó˚§ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï˛≈lñ ˛õyŸã˛y_ƒ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛
§y!•ï˛ƒ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢ñ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲò#Æ fl∫yô#lÓ%!k˛Ó˚ ܲ!‹T˛õÿÏÓ˚ñ !•®%ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ G ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ!Óã˛yÓ˚ñ ÚlÓƒÛ !•®%ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
˛õ«˛yÓ°¡∫ˆÏlñ §ÙyçˆÏã˛ï˛ly Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏã˛ï˛ly ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õl ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓÏ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛!ã˛ˆÏ_ §y!•ï˛ƒÓ˚§ï,˛£èy çyàyˆÏly–ÛÛ
Ó›ï˛ ÚÚÓyÇ°yàˆÏòƒ Ó˚§§MÈ˛yÓ˚ G í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ§,!‹T Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl Ü,˛!ï˛c å§%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§l / ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ àòƒä–
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ fli(° Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ !ï˛!l §%- Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï˛≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– •zLjÏÓ˚!ç !¢«˛yÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ùl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
xyôƒydˆÏã˛ï˛ly !SÈ° lyñ ôÙ≈ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl !SÈ° ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ Ó%!k˛Óyò– !ï˛!l xyò¢≈Óyò#ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈ K˛yˆÏl !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ Óy.y!°ˆÏܲ
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z !ï˛!l ÚÓDò¢≈lÛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÚÚÓ!B˛Ù ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §,!‹Tܲï˛≈y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊¤˛ ˆ°áܲ–ÛÛ xyÓyÓ˚ !ï˛!l•z
Óy.y!°ˆÏܲ fl∫ˆÏò¢ˆÏ≤ÃÙ G çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏò ò#«˛y ˆòl– o‹TÓƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Úxyl®Ùë˛Û ÈüüüÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !l‹ÒyÙ ôÙ≈ ï˛Ìy çlˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚
xyò¢≈–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §Ó í˛z˛õlƒy§•z ˆÓ˚yÙy™ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ñ ܲy!•!l •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛y ••zˆÏï˛ §B˛!°ï˛ ˆ•yܲ xÌÓy ÚÚ˲o Óy.y!°Ó˚ §Ç§yÓ˚
••zˆÏï˛ xy•*ï˛ ˆ•yܲ–ÛÛ lÓ˚lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚m®μ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüüüÈ Úã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚ÛÈüüüÈ ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°ÛÈüüüÈ
ÚÓ˚çl#ÛˆÏï˛ Ó!B˛Ù lyÎ˚ܲ ly!Î˚ܲyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î Ùôƒ!Ó_ Óy.y!°Ó˚ ç#Ól˛õˆÏê˛•z fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~áyˆÏl ˛õyë˛Ü˛!ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ §ˆÏD
~ܲê˛y §yÎ%çƒ fliy!˛õï˛ •Û°– Úò%ˆÏà≈¢l!®l#Û ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õlƒy§ G ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ ÚÓ˚yç!§Ç•Û ˛õ)î≈yD ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ
Úxyl®Ùë˛ÛÈüÈ ÚˆòÓ# ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚yl#ÛÈüüüÈ Ú§#ï˛yÓ˚yÙÛ !l‹ÒyÙ ôÙ≈ï˛_¥ G •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !SȈÏê˛ˆÏÊ˛Ñyê˛y– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüÈ~ ÷ô% ày•≈fliƒ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ ˆl•zñ
ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ l#!ï˛≤Ãyôylƒ– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û G ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°Û §Ùܲy°#l Óy §yôyÓ˚î Óy.y!°Ó˚ SÈ!Ó Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~áyˆÏlG
ÓyhflÏÓ!ã˛e ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ á[˛ ò,ˆÏ¢ƒ §#ÙyÓk˛– Ó›ï˛ Ó!B˛Ù í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲál•z ≤Ãôyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲ!“ï˛ lÓ˚lyÓ˚#
ã˛!Ó˚e !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ G •*òÎ˚yˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó,•Í ܲÙ≈ç#Ól G Ó!•/ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyà§)e §yÙylƒ•z Ó!î≈ï˛–
~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î Ó!B˛Ù ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ ˛õÌ•z !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ !ܲv ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌÙ ÎÌyÌ≈ ˜¢!“ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c
x§yÙylƒ–
Ó!B˛Ù Îál í˛z˛õlƒy§ !°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ §yô% àòƒ §%≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ§•z §yô%˲y£ÏyˆÏܲ
xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !lçfl∫ àòƒÓ˚#!ï˛Ó˚ çß√ •°– ~•z àòƒ §•çñ lÙl#Î˚ G ˲yÓ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ §Ù)ˆÏ• !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ≤Ãyܲ‰!ÓÓy• ˆ≤ÃÙñ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚•z lyÎ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ly!Î˚ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ
!lm≈®μñ ˛!ã˛Í m®μ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲï˛y Óy x!ï˛≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªy§ §yô% §ß¨ƒy§#ñ fl∫≤¿ò¢≈lñ ˲!ӣσÍÓyî# •zï˛ƒy!ò x!ôܲyÇ¢ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
ò%!ê˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆ≤ÃÙܲy!•!ló lyÎ˚ܲ ly!Î˚ܲyÓ˚y ܲ“ly çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#•z ˆÓ!¢ñ ÓyhflÏÓçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôÓy§# Ü˛Ù–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ù)°ï˛ §yÓ˚ GÎ˚yŒê˛yÓ˚ ÚflÒê˛Û ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyò¢≈ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ !ï˛!l Ó%ˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚ !°ê˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ÈüÈG ˲_´ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ !SȈϰl–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚yÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆò¢ç xyáƒy!Î˚ܲy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ xyò¢≈ Óy ˆò¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylG !ï˛!l
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ !˲ˆÏ°l Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ lyÓ˚# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚•z
≤Ãyôylƒ ˆÓ!¢– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ í˛z˛õlƒy§– ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §y!•ï˛!¢“ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy !ò°– âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ≤ÃîÎ˚
ܲy!•l# ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ Ó› ••z°ñ ˛õye˛õye#Ó˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚°#°yÎ˚ §Çâ£Ï≈ ˆòáy !ò° ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛ ~ܲ !l!ò≈‹T í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ °•z°–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ lÓ˚lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ ÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ≤ÃÌÙ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ••z°– í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ó!B˛Ù l#!ï˛ÈüÈxyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ G Ó#ç
Ó%!lˆÏ°l–ÛÛ å§%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§ló ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ 2Î˚ á[˛ä– ~ÈüÈG °«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ §)Î≈Ù%á# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ≤Ãôyl •ÛˆÏ°G
•#Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ç#Óhs˝ ã˛!Ó˚e Ó!B˛ˆÏÙ xlƒe ˆl•z–

9
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ÚÚÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüü§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly–

Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û !lˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝ò,≈!‹T˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚÚÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ôyÓ˚yÛÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ @˝ÃˆÏsi– í˛z_´ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ í˛z!_´!ê˛ §!ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ÈüüüÈ ÚÚÓ!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§
˛õ)î≈ ˆÎÔÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!_´ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ– ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ï˛y•yÓ˚ §Ó ܲÎ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~ܲê˛y §ˆÏï˛ç G §Ù,k˛ ˲yÓ ˆá!°Î˚y
Îy•zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ Ó˚§ G !Óܲy¢=!° Ê%˛!ê˛Î˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙÙ≈fliˆÏ° ˆÎ !là)ì˛¸ Ó˚•§ƒ xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yܲ§¡õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ !lá%Ñï˛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§ òy!Ó ï˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ܲv ç#Ól §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î §ï˛ƒ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòGÎ˚y Î!ò í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ °«˛ƒ
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù xÌ≈•z Î!ò ÓyhflÏÓï˛y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ í˛zòyÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z xyˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ï˛y ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ç#Ól§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛“lyÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈
~ÓÇ ~•z ܲ“ly ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z í˛zqy!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ò%•z˲yˆÏà !Ó˲_´È üüüÈ lˆÏ˲° G ˆÓ˚yÙy™– ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î§)e ï˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ lˆÏ˲ˆÏ° ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î§)e
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Úò%ˆÏà≈¢l!®l#Ûñ ÚÓ˚yç!§Ç•Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ G Úܲ˛õy°Ü%˛[˛°yÛñ Úã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚
°«˛î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÓ˚çl#Ûñ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Ûñ ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lˆÏ˲ˆÏ°Ó˚ °«˛î– ˆÓ˚yÙy™ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆàÔî
G ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ– ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ú•z!®Ó˚yÛñ ÚÓ˚çl#Ûñ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û G ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚áy!l í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ
§yÙy!çܲ G ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÚÚÓ!B˛Ù §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§G ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ••zˆÏï˛ §¡õ) î≈
Ù%_´ ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly•zÈüüüÈ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°G xˆÏlܲê˛y ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ °«˛îye´yhs˝–ÛÛ Ó›ï˛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆ§áyˆÏl x˜Ïl§!à≈ܲ SÈy˛õG !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xyˆÏSÈ–
ÚÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û G ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•záy!l•z Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õ)î≈yÓÎ˚Ó §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§ó ~•z ò%•záy!l í˛z˛õlƒy§•z
à˲#Ó˚ Ó˚§ydܲ G í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !Ó£ÏyòÙÎ˚– í˛z˲Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§•z !Ó˛õͲõyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚îÈüüüÈ x!lÓyÎ≈ Ó˚*˛õï,˛£èyñ Ó˚Ùî#Ó˚*˛õÙ%?˛
˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ òÙˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y–ÛÛ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ xhs˝ò≈ˆÏ®μÓ˚ SÈ!Ó á%Ó §)- ˜l˛õ%ˆÏîƒÓ˚ §ˆÏDñ ˲yÓà˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
x!ôܲv ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !SÈ° !¢“#Ó˚ §ÇÎÙ– âê˛ly˜ÏÓ!ã˛eñ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ xhs˝m≈ˆÏ®μÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸lñ ܲÌyÓ›Ó˚ e´Ù!Óܲy¢ §Ó•z
xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒy§ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !¢Î˚ˆÏÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà Ìyܲy ~ܲ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°Ü˛y ¢!_´ !lÎ˚!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚ xy˲y§ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ @˝Ã!si í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ˆ°áÜ˛ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çߨ ˛õ!Ó˚•y§ˆÏܲÔï%˛Ü˛ÙÎ˚
ò,!‹T– ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲy!•!l Ó!B˛Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲ“ly G xyò¢≈Óyò ò%•zÈüÈ•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ!Ó°y§ˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ xÓï˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ l@¿Ù)!ï˛≈Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛l §y•§ !ï˛!l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ÚÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û G §¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ x!ï˛≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ flõ¢≈¢)lƒ lˆÏ•ó Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ò%•zÓyÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ò¢≈l ÓyhflÏÓ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ï˛≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛•´fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !ÓòƒÙyl– !ܲv •z•y @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˆÜ˛wàï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lˆÏ•– @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˆÜ˛wàï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ••zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ xyd§ÇΈÏÙ x«˛Ù
lˆÏàwlyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÙy•ñ ~•z x§ÇÎï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° lˆÏàwñ Ü%˛®l!®l# G §)Î≈Ù%á# !ï˛l!ê˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ~ܲê˛y òyÓ˚&î xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l §,!‹Tñ
!ï˛l!ê˛ ç#Ól §Ù%oÙsiˆÏl •°y•ˆÏ°yͲõ!_– lˆÏàwlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õy˛õˆÏ°y˲ˆÏlÓ˚ e´Ù˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ Ó!B˛Ù §%ˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° xB˛l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈlñ
!ܲv xyô%!lܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y≤Ãôyl Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ï˛ÌƒË˛yÓ˚ye´yhs˝ ˛õk˛!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly•z– fl∫“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy˛õyˆÏï˛ñ
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ •z!Dï˛ G xy˲yˆÏ§Ó˚ myÓ˚yñ xyáƒy!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òÎ˚y•z !ã˛_ˆÏ«˛yˆÏ˲Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ Ê%˛ê˛y•zÎ˚y ï%˛!°Î˚yˆÏSÈlñ §%-y!ï˛§)- Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ò#â≈ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óî≈lyˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ye´yhs˝ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ly•z– åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y / ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏe xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !ã˛_!ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ál lˆÏàwlyÌ ≤Ãyî˛õˆÏî ≤Èϰy˲ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD
Î%k˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ !òˆÏFSÈ lyñ ÷ô% ˛õ!ï˛Ó ï˛y §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚
ï˛#«¯˛ò,!‹TÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~ !ܲS%Èê˛y ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó!B˛Ù §%®Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ G ÎÌyÌ≈

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ܲ°y§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD lˆÏàwlyˆÏÌÓ˚ x§yÙy!çܲ Ó˚*˛õï,˛£èyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ hflÏÓ˚=!° x!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~!òˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!Ù!◊ï˛
§)-ò,!‹T Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ˆày˛õl ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ!ê˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò ˆ≤ÃÙ!Üœ˛‹Ty §Ó˚°yñ Óy!°Ü˛yfl∫˲yÓy
Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ !ã˛_ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ lˆÏàw G Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §y«˛yÍ G lˆÏàwÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚!Ùï˛ ˆ≤ÈÏÙyfl∫yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲy!•!l Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §y«˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ §°I ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÙï,˛£èy xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ–
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyñ •#Ó˚y ܲï,˛≈ܲ •!Ó˚òy§# ˜Ó£èÓ#Ó˚ xy§° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ó ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe §ˆÏ®•ñ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ !ï˛Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚
x!˲Ùy!ll# Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ à,•ï˛ƒyà– ~•z à,•ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚ í˛zjyÙG Ó°¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– x‹Tyò¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò
Ó!B˛Ù í˛zFS¥Èy§ÙÎ˚ ܲ!Óc˛õ)î≈ ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ x!lÓyÎ≈ ˆ≤ÃÙ !˛õ˛õy§y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– lˆÏàw Îál •#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚
!ï˛Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ à,•ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õ°ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî˛õˆÏî §ÇÎï˛ ˆ≤ÃÙ §Ó ÓÑyôy !SȈÏí˛¸ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ x§ÇÎï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚°– ~Ó˚ xyâyˆÏï˛ lˆÏàw §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢y°#l §%Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ ˛õò≈y !SÈшÏí˛¸ ˆà°– lˆÏàw ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ G l#Ó˚§Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !l¤%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!@¿ÓÍ Ü˛yÙlyï,˛£èyÓ˚ ܲÌy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ Ü%˛®l!®l# §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xy¢B˛y Óƒ_´
ܲÓ˚°– ~•z !ÓˆÏFSÈò §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓ§yl •Û° Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# ˆ≤ÃÙï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏl– §)Î≈Ù%á# !ܲv Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ §yòˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚°
~ÓÇ !lˆÏç í˛zˆÏòƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !ÓÓy• !ò°– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˛õÓ≈ ˆ¢£Ï •Û°ñ í˛zjyÙ Óy§lyñ §ÙhflÏ ÓyôyˆÏܲ
x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyd≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ •Û°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Û° !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y G Ê˛°ˆÏ˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õy°y–
à,ˆÏ• xyàï˛ Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ fl∫yÙ# §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÓòly §)Î≈Ù%á# Óƒ_´ ܲÓ˚° G ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ò%/ˆÏá ˲@¿•*òˆÏÎ˚
âÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸°– §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ~•z à,•ï˛ƒyˆÏà•z lˆÏàwÓ˚ «˛îfliyÎ˚# lï%˛l §%áfl∫≤¿ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ã%˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ •°– Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §%ï˛#Ó  ˆ≤ÃÙ ~ܲ
Ù%‡ˆÏï˛≈•z ≤ÃÓ° !ÓÓ˚!_´ G !Óï,˛£èyÎ˚ !ï˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆÙÔl˲yÓñ §Ó˚§ Óyܲ‰˛õê%˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ≤Ãܲy¢!ÓÙ%á ˆ≤ÃÙ lˆÏàwÓ˚
«%˛!ôï˛ •*òÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° ly– Ü%˛®G ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x˲y!Óï˛ xylˆÏ®Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xl%ˆÏ¢yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙÙ≈y!hs˝Ü˛ òÇ¢l xl%˲Ó
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ~•z •° !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛° xyfl∫yòl– lˆÏàwÈüÈ•Ó˚ˆÏòÓ ˆây£ÏyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õe!Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ë%˛° G !lÜ,˛‹T Ó˚*˛õˆÏÙy•Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ë%˛_´ •Û°– xyòÓ˚ G §%Ùô%Ó˚ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° !ï˛_´ï˛y G !ï˛Ó˚flÒyÓ˚•z Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚
˲yˆÏàƒ ç%ê˛° ≤Ã!ï˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y Ù%•)ï˛≈ ˆÙâyÓ,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%lŸã˛ !m=î ˆï˛ˆÏç çμˆÏ° í˛z벰– Ùye
˛õˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~•z xq$ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l âê˛°ÈüüüÈ ˆÎ ˆ≤ÃÙ xyd•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ §ÙyçÈüÈôÙ≈ÈüÈܲï˛≈ÓƒˆÏܲ Ü%˛°≤’yÓ# ÓlƒyˆÏÓˆÏà ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y ≤ÃÓ°ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ¢!_´ G ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î G ≤Ãï˛ƒyâyˆÏï˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ÷ܲy°– §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚
÷‹ÒáyˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ~° !Ó˛õ%° ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆì˛í˛z–
lˆÏàw Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò¢yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸y!FSÈ°ó xlƒ!òˆÏܲ §)Î≈Ù%á# lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛!ë˛l
ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ¢ÎƒyÎ˚ ¢Î˚l ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ§ÇÓyò lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈy°– ~•z Ù,ï%˛ƒ§ÇÓyˆÏò lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚
ÙˆÏl ˆÎ xl%ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xy=l çμ°ˆÏï˛ °yà° ï˛yˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚!Ÿã˛_ •°– ÚÚÓ!B˛Ù x§yôyÓ˚î ¢∑ã˛yï%˛Î≈ G ܲ!ÓçˆÏly!ã˛ï˛
§)-ò,!‹TÓ˚ §!•ï˛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ~•z xl%ï˛y˛õ G xyd@’y!l !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl–ÛÛ å◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ / ÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ôyÓ˚yä– lˆÏàw ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§¡õ!_Ó˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ G ày•≈fliç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓòyÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚yÓ˚ x!˲≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚ !lç @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ~ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò ˆ°áܲ x˲y!àl# fl∫yÙ#˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´y Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#Ó˚Ó ÎsfîyÓ˚ñ ˜lÓ˚y¢ƒ˛õ)î≈ ÓƒÌyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç•ï˛ SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏSÈl–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛° Ü%˛®ˆÏܲG ΈÏÌ‹T ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ à,ˆÏ• ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ú!hflÏ!Ùï˛ ≤Ãò#ˆÏ˛õÛ lyÙܲ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
ˆ°áܲ lˆÏàwÈüȧ)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ òy¡õï˛ƒ ≤ÃîˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ í˛zFS¥È!§ï˛ xyˆÏÓà˛õ)î≈ ܲy!•!l !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ §%!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àyì˛¸ ˆ≤ÃÙ G ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲydï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y ܲ°yˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ xï%˛°l#Î˚–
~•z ܲÓ˚&î ˛õ)Ó≈flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ~•z ï˛#Ó  xyd@’y!lÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó!B˛Ù ˛õ%lç≈#!Óï˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#ˆÏܲ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏlG lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%l!Ù≈°l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyl®˛õ)î≈ xÌã˛ §¡õ)î≈ ܲ°yˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° §¡øï˛ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çâê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛Ó% Ó!B˛Ùã˛w xylˆÏ® lÎ˚ñ ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛ˆÏï˛•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ §ÙyÆ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ܲy!•!lÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛y xӈϕ!°ï˛y Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ Ó!° !òˆÏ°l– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛° ~˲yˆÏÓ ~ï˛!òˆÏl §ï˛ƒ•z Ê˛°° ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚

11
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

x°Aâ !ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ @˝ÃsiܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢,C°yÓ˚ ÚxˆÏÙyâ @˝Ã!siÓ¶˛ˆÏl ~•z àÓ˚° Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ•z ˛õyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Û°– !ܲv
~•z Ù,ï%˛ƒ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙ° •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ§!lñ ï˛y ~ܲ {£Ï≈yˆÏÊ˛!l° ˛õ!B˛° í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ Ó!B˛Ù x§yôyÓ˚î Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ü%˛®ÈülˆÏàwÈüȧ)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ G
à˲#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ í˛zayl˛õï˛l ï˛Ìy ˲yàƒ!Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°!B˛ï˛ xÌã˛ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !là)ì˛¸ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Óy•# ≤ÃîÎ˚ܲy!•!l
~ܲ•z §)ˆÏe ˆàшÏ̈ÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ â!l¤˛ G ç#Óhs˝ §¡õܲ≈ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– •#Ó˚y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
!˲ˆÏ°ló @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õye˛õye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎáyˆÏl •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x§ÇÎï˛ í˛zjyÙ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ çlƒ x!@¿ çμ°ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏl •#Ó˚y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§•z x!@¿!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ x!@¿ˆÏï˛ •z¶˛l ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ÈüÈ•z §)Î≈Ù%á# lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ¢£Ï !ÓˆÏFSÈò â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó
ˆ§•z ÙÙ≈ˆÏÓòlyÎ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyd•lˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õã˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ G ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ly Îsfîy !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§Ùy!ÆÓ˚ ê˛Δy!çܲ ò,¢ƒˆÏܲ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ~•z ò%/á §Çâê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ~•z ܲÙ≈ !ܲv !lSÈܲ Ó!•Ó˚D lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ˆ§ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆàÔî ã˛!Ó˚e ˆ•yï˛ñ ~•z ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚•z Ó%ˆÏܲ çμˆÏ° Gë˛y ˆ°!°•yl ï,˛£èy xy=l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§áyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ x!@¿fl≥%˛!°D !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ âÓ˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚ xy=l !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl•z Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl xy!ê˛≈ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛có !ï˛!l
•#Ó˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ làîƒ x≤Ãôyl ã˛!Ó˚e ܲˆÏÓ˚l!ló ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ô%ÙˆÏܲï%˛Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ Óe´à!ï˛ G x÷˲à!ï˛ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈl– •#Ó˚yÈüȈòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚
ܲ°!B˛ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚ܲy!•!lG Ó!B˛Ù ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒhflÏ §ÇÎÙ G !Ùï˛Ë˛y!£Ïï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ܲS%È xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ xy˲y§ G •z!DˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w l#!ï˛Óyò# Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ !SȈϰlñ §Ùyç ÎyˆÏܲ Ú˛õy˛õÛ ÓˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Óï,˛£èy !SÈ°ó §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
!ï˛!l ˆÜ˛yÌyG ~Ó˚ §!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Óî≈ly ˆòl!lñ xyô%!lܲ ÓyhflÏÓÓyò# ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!òlܲyÓ˚ @’y!l G ܲ°B˛Óyï˛≈y ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ°l!lñ §Ó ï˛Ìƒ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ §ÎˆÏb Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ°áܲñ !ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!°fiê˛ Óy ÓyhflÏÓÓyò# ˆ°áܲ ll– !ï˛!l §Ùyç ÎyˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚!lñ ÙylÓÙylÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õòfl<°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛≈#
xÓfliy=!°ˆÏܲñ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î m®μ G ≤Ãyî˛õî ≤Èϰy˲l òÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyˆÏܲ §%Ó˚&!ã˛ G Ó˚§K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T §#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!B˛° ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆòl!l– !ï˛!l ˛õï˛l x!˲Ù%á# Îyey G ˛õï˛l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ¢)lƒï˛y G
ˆÓòlyÓ˚ SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏSÈl !ܲv ~•z xq$ï˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ ˜òl!®l !e´Î˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyl!l– lˆÏàwÈüÈÜ%˛®l!®l# í˛z˛õyáƒyl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
•#Ó˚yÈüȈòˆÏÓw ܲy!•!l §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~•z §)e x!ôܲ ≤ÈÏÎy烖
Ó›ï˛ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Óï,˛£èyÓ˚ çlƒ•z •#Ó˚y G ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ≤ÃîˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˛õyÎ˚
lyó !ܲv ~•z ≤ÃîÎ˚ܲy!•!lÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïc=!° ˆ°áܲ ˆÓ¢ §)-ò,!‹TÓ˚ §ˆÏD•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÚÚ•#Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚e Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ x˛õ)Ó≈ §,!‹Tó
•#Ó˚y §)Î≈Ù%á# xˆÏ˛õ«˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl xLjϢ •#l ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛yˆÏàƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ ˆ§ òy§#G §)Î≈Ù%á# ≤ÃË%˛˛õb# ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ܲê˛y fliyÎ˚# x!˲ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏSÈ– ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòáy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ§ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ §ÇÎï˛
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– •!Ó˚òy§# ˜Ó£èÓ#Ó˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ~ˆÏ§ ˆ§ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ °y˲ ܲÓ˚°ó ï˛yÓ˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏl ~ܲ ï%˛Ù%° í˛zÌy°˛õyÌy°
xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l ˆòáy !ò°–
ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙyܲ£Ï≈î !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ܲyÙlyÈüÈÓy§lyÓ˚ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ çß√ !ò°– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆòˆÏÓw ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚ܲy Ùye
K˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §y•y΃ ≤ÃyÌ≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲê˛y ˲#£Ïî ˆe´yô G !Óçyï˛#Î˚ !•Ç§y çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ âê˛lye´ˆÏÙ à,• ˛õ°yï˛Ü˛y Ü%˛O
ï˛yÓ˚•z Óy§yÎ˚ xy◊Î˚ ˆlÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !•Ç§y ≤ÃÓ° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆ§ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ çlƒ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Çܲ“ ܲÓ˚°– ÎÌy§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ùï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ §ˆÏD lˆÏàwÓ˚ ÙÙ≈y!hs˝Ü˛ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âê˛y°–
~!òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õܲ≈ e´Ù¢ â!l¤˛ï˛Ó˚ G ç!ê˛° •Û°– ˆòˆÏÓw Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏl •#Ó˚yÓ˚ à,ˆÏ• ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚ ܲÌy
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ÷lˆÏ°l xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ò,ì˛¸!ã˛_ •#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲÌyG Ó°° ˆÎ ˆ§ ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ !ܲv ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛òyl ly ˆ˛õˆÏ° xÓ¢ƒ•z xydòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓw ˲yÓ° •#Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !Ó¢y° ~ÓÇ ˆ§

12
 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

•#Ó˚yˆÏܲ •zFSÈyÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ%ï%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •zFSÈyÙˆÏï˛y lyã˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ˆ§ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ï˛álG ˛õyÎ˚!l– Ë%˛° ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§ xyÓyÓ˚ lˆÏàwË˛ÓˆÏl ˆà° ~ÓÇ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ü%˛®!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° myÓ˚Óyl ܲï,˛≈ܲ x˛õÙy!lï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
!Ê˛Ó˚°–
~•z x˛õÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏÓw •#Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô ˆlÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ܲÓ˚° G ܲ˛õê˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚çy° !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ o&ï˛
≤ð%∏˛ xôy!Ù≈ܲy •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ Ó®# ܲÓ˚°– ï˛ál •#Ó˚y xyÓ˚ xyd§ÇÎÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z° ly– xï˛/˛õÓ˚ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛° Ê˛°°ÈüüüÈ
x§ï˛# •#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓw ܲï,˛≈ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyï˛ G ˛õòyâyˆÏï˛ !Óï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ •Û°– ã˛!ÓÁ¢ï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ x§yôyÓ˚î
ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ~•z ܲ°%!£Ïï˛ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ!ê˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– x˛õÙy!lï˛y •#Ó˚y ò!°ï˛ §!˛õ≈î#Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ê˛îy ôÓ˚°ñ
ï˛yÓ˚ xyd•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ •zFSÈy Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ •° ˆòˆÏÓw Óy Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ !Ó£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ §B˛ˆÏ“– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓ° ˜lÓ˚yˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xyâyï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ
í˛zß√yò@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°°ó xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ã˛Ó˚Ù ¢ë˛Ó%!k˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ •#Ó˚y Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ xyd•ï˛ƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ly !ò°ñ ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚
lyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó£ÏG ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ò°– Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ çyï˛ˆÏe´yôñ Ü%˛® ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó£Ï˛õyˆÏl•z Ù,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚î ܲÓ˚°–
@˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò ˆò!á •#Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zß√yò ˆÓ˚yàñ xyÓ˚G ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ)Ó≈§%ˆÏáÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ñ x˛õÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!Ÿã˛Ü˛ òÇ¢lñ ˆòˆÏÓw
Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆe´yôy!@¿ñ §ÙhflÏ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃIμ!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°– ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙ ˆ§•z ï%˛Ù%° !Ó¢,C°yˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xï,˛Æ
ˆ≤ÃÙ!˛õ˛õy§y ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ !Ó£Ïyò ܲÓ˚&î §%Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õç#Óƒ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈!Ù°lflø,!ï˛– ÚÚfl∫Ó˚àÓ˚°á[˛lǢÙÙ !¢Ó˚!§
Ù[˛lǢˆò!• ˛õò˛õÕ‘ÓÙ%òyÓ˚Ù‰ÛÛ çÎ˚ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ ~•z xÙÓ˚Óyî# •#Ó˚yÓ˚ GˆÏ¤˛ fl≥%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ðy˛õ˲y£ÏˆÏî xï,˛Æ Ó%Ë%˛«˛yÓ˚ •y•yܲyÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ {£Ï≈yï%˛Ó˚ñ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓˆÏm£Ïe%´Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~•z ~ܲ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§Ùy!ƈÏï˛–
ÚÚí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒy ••zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ x!l!®ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ˛õb#Óͧ° lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˛õòfl<°ló •z•yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°áܲ §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ
ܲyÓ˚î !òÎ˚yˆÏSÈl !ܲlyñ •z•yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ G ˛õÎ≈yÆ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl !ܲlyñ ï˛y•y•z @˝Ãsi§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤ß¿–ÛÛ å◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚
ӈϮy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ / ÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yä– Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÌÙ §¡õܲ≈ ï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ òÎ˚yÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
fliy!˛õï˛– @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ Τ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò lˆÏàw •Ó˚ˆÏòÓ ˆây£Ïy°ˆÏܲ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒ G §yÓ˚°ƒÙÎ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !ã˛!ë˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl
ˆ§áyˆÏl•z xfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÙ G ˆÙyˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛Ìy ≤ÃÌÙ G §)- ≤Ã˲yÓçy°!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇÓyò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ó›ï˛ ~ ˆÜ˛yl òy¢≈!lܲ
!çK˛y§y lÎ˚ñ ~áyˆÏl !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛!Ó£Ïƒï˛ ˆÙyˆÏ•Ó˚ ï˛Ìy !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ó#ç– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ÙˆÏôƒ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ Ó#ç !SÈ°
ӈϰ•z Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ òÎ˚y≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ê˛° ~ï˛ !Ó£ÏÙÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲv Ó!B˛Ùã˛w xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˛õòfl<°ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÙ%°Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy•z ÷ô% !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ
ˆ≤ÃÙ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ °«˛î=!° Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈló ˆÜ˛yl ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy ˆòl!l xÌ≈yÍ ~=!° ˆÜ˛l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ°l!l– xy§ˆÏ°
Ó!B˛Ù í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ G ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ §!¶˛«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ ӈϰ•z ~Ùlê˛y âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ xÓ¢ƒ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ à,•ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ |l!ÓÇ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò ~ܲê˛y ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy ˆòÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÚx!Ó!FSÈߨ
§%áñ ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ Ù)°ó ˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ# ò%/á Óƒï˛#ï˛ fliyÎ˚#§%á çˆÏß√ lyÛÛÈüüüÈ !ܲv ~•z Óƒyáƒy ÙlhflÏy!_¥ˆÏܲÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ l#!ï˛!ÓˆÏòÓ˚– Ó›ï˛ lˆÏàwlyˆÏÌÓ˚
xܲfløyÍ çy@˝Ãï˛ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÙyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ)Ó≈˲y§ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ç#ÓlÓ,ˆÏhs˝ ˆl•z– xl%!Ùï˛ •Î˚ ˆày˛õl ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ Ó#ç !SÈ°ñ ~ál
xl%Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ï˛y xB%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Û°– Ê˛°ï˛ ˆ°áܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˆòl !ló !ï˛!l x!l®ƒ
˛õb#Óͧ°ñ í˛zqy!§ï˛ ˛õb#ˆÏ≤Ã!Ùܲñ ~•zçlƒ•z •ë˛yÍ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !òܲº‹Tï˛y ΈÏÌ‹T ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ly– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚
xô/˛õï˛ˆÏl §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ܲï˛ê˛y ~ ≤ß¿G ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏl çyˆÏà– §)Î≈Ù%á# !l‹Ò°B˛ §ï˛#ñ í˛zqy!§ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!ï˛Ë˛!_´ñ
≤Ã!ï˛Óyò•#l xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ï˛yÓ˚ ~•zçlƒ ~•z ã˛!Ó˚e xyò¢≈ •ˆÏ°G ç#Óhs˝ Óy ï˛ï˛ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚–
Ó›ï˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ fl∫yÙ#ˆÏ≤ÃÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲyhs˝•z xl%ÙylˆÏÎyàƒ– §)Î≈Ù%á# à!Ó≈ï˛ñ °%Æ ˆ≤ÃÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚&k˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl
§ˆÏã˛‹T ll– Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ e´®l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ !ܲv x!Óã˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒò[˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD fl∫yÙ#Ó˚
!ÓÓy•ñ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~ܲ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ xyd§ÇÎÙ G àyΩ˛#Î≈ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Óy‡°ƒ !SÈ°
ly–

13
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

§)Î≈Ù%á# lˆÏàw Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ !eˆÏܲyî x§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ÃÙ!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ §Çfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ù°Ù!î ◊#¢ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ùô%Ó˚ •y!§ G ˛õ!Ó˚•y§Ù%áÓ˚
òy¡õï˛ƒˆÏ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ SÈ!Ó– ~•z ò¡õ!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ ò¡õ!ï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ !l/§hs˝yl lÎ˚– ã˛!Ó˚e xB˛l G âê˛ly!Ólƒy§ SÈyí˛¸yG xyˆÏÓ˚y lyly !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ≤âǧyˆÏÎyàƒ í˛z˛õlƒy§– ã˛!Ó˚e G ≤’ê˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ù ˜l˛õ%îƒ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§áyˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓ G ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚
§DÙ!Ó®%•z ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ– !ܲv ~ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÎ≈ ÚÚ§Ó˚° G ç#Óhs˝ ÓyhflÏÓÓî≈lyÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ù ÓD í˛z˛õlƒy§ÈüȈ«˛ˆÏe xï%˛°l#Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò lˆÏàwlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆlÔܲyÎyeyñ àDyï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl¨yˆÏlÓ˚ âyê˛ñ V˛í˛¸ÈüÈÓ,!‹TÓ˚ ˆÎ Óî≈ly ˆòÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓÓ˚§ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yàƒ–
§ÆÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ãy§yò G xhs˝/˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Óî≈lyG xl%Ó˚*˛õ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÙ![˛ï˛– Ó›ï˛ xyô%!lܲ !ÓÇ¢¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G §Ù§ƒy !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G §Ù§ƒy !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°ly xl%!ã˛ï˛– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w
à˲#Ó˚ ˲yÓydܲ xÌã˛ §ÇÎï˛ Óî≈lyˆÏï˛G !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õê%˛– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ç#Ól §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ˲yˆÏÓyFS¥ÈyˆÏ§Ó˚ fliyl ˆl•zñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ˲ò# ò%/á ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yòlG fl≥˛!ê˛Ü˛Ü˛!ë˛l ò#!Æ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x‹Tyò¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò ˆÙâ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛
Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ à,•ï˛ƒyàñ xyê˛!e¢ï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ºyhs˝ Ù,ï%˛ƒ §ÇÓyˆÏò ò%/áˆÏ¢yܲñ |l˛õMÈ˛y¢ï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò Ù,ï%˛ƒ¢Îƒy¢y!Î˚l#
Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ xï˛!ܲ≈ï˛ Óyܲ˛õê%˛ï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ly •zï˛ƒy!ò Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˜¢!“ܲ §ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ó•– ~ܲyˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛
fliyˆÏl fliyˆÏl xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ Óyàyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚ xyˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ˆ§çlƒ ˆ§Ü˛y°#l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛î Óy xyò¢≈•z òyÎ˚#– ÚÚÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüüüÈ~Ó˚ fliyl á%Ó í˛zFã˛ ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~ܲ ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°ÛÈüÈ•zÈüÈ •z•yˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyÎ˚ó ˆÜ˛l ly ˆ§áyˆÏl
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ï˛Ó˚ G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î§!ߨˆÏÓ¢ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ §%§ÇÓk˛ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ å◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ / ÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y–ä

ܲ!Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ÈüüüÈÜ,˛ï˛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ï˛Ìy Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy

ܲ!Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÚÓ!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ÛÛ lyÙܲ @˝ÃsiyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ó_,´ï˛yÙy°yÎ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
§%- xhs˝ò,≈!‹T§¡õߨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD òy¢≈!lܲ G §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ñ Ó!B˛Ù §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ myÓ˚fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ӈϰ
àîƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° Ó!B˛ÙˆÏܲ ÚÚܲ!Ó G Ùl#£Ï#ÛÛ ~•z xyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈ üüüÈ í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏl§ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ §hs˝yl ~•z
Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ !ï˛!l ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚yÓ˚#Î˚ ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §¶˛yl ~ÓÇ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ÚܲyÓƒÛ
~•z xƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° ÎÌyÌ≈•z ӈϰˆÏSÈl Ó!B˛Ù#Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yò¢≈ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛≈# ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ lÎ˚ñ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ï˛Ìy •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ– ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙylòˆÏ[˛ ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yG Ó°yÓy‡Ï°ƒñ fl∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛wG |!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ Ó˚yÙˆÏÙy•l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ùl#£Ï#Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ Î%à§B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §hs˝yl– •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ï˛Ìy •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ !¢«˛yÈü§y!•ï˛ƒ
§Ë˛ƒï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õyòyl G ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÓDË)˛!ÙÓ˚ ˲yÓò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l !¢«˛y §y!•ï˛ƒ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly
!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ lï%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !˛õS%Èê˛yl ~•z ò%•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ mˆÏ®μ ~ܲ
xy!dܲ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ§•z xy!dܲ ï˛Ìy xyôƒy!dܲ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÙôyÓ# ˛õyë˛ÙlflÒ Ó!B˛Ù
xydܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚx!ï˛ ï˛Ó˚&î xÓfliy ••zˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~•z ≤ß¿ í˛z!òï˛ ••zï˛ÈüüüÈ Ú~ ç#Ól °•zÎ˚y !ܲ ܲ!Ó˚Ó⁄Û
§ÙhflÏ ç#Ól•z •z•yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%Ñ!çÎ˚y!SÈ–ÛÛ ÓƒyÜ%˛° ç#Ól !çK˛y§yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%Ñ!çÓyÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ÚÚ§y!•ï˛ƒñ !ÓK˛ylñ •z!ï˛•y§ñ ò¢≈lñ
ˆò¢#!ÓˆÏò¢# ¢yflfÛÛ xyç#Ól ÎÌy§yôƒ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤ß¿ÙlflÒï˛y ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ xê%˛ê˛ !SÈ°– Ü˛Ù°yܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ çÓyl#ˆÏï˛
ˆ§ çlƒ•z !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §Ü˛° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲyÙƒÓ› Ó!°Î˚y !ã˛Ó˚˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛y•y §Ü˛°•z xï,˛!ÆܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ Ù)°–ÛÛ ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° ~•z ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# xˆÏß∫£ÏyÓ˚•z lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚÚ!Ó°y§Ü˛°yÜ%˛ï%˛•°ÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚxydÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ xyê˛≈!˛õ˛õy§yÛÛ–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Ûñ ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°Ûñ ÚÓ˚çl#Û xÌÓy Úã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~ Ó!B˛Ù ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆ§ ç#Ól ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ÚÚ§%Ùy!ç≈ï˛ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÊ ˛ˆÏÙ ÓÑyôy ç#Ól lÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ç#Ól l#!ï˛ò%l≈#!ï˛Ó˚ Îï˛ !ܲS%È m®μñ ˆ◊Î˚ G ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ Ùl%£Ïƒ•*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
≤ÃÓ°ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ Ó˚Dfli°–ÛÛ lˆÏàw Óy •#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï xÌÓy lyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˆ§•z l#!ï˛ò%l≈#!ï˛Ó˚ §#Ùy !Óò#î≈ܲyÓ˚# ≤ÃÓ° ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚
!ӈϫ˛y˲ÈüxyˆÏ°yí˛¸l ˆòáy !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚y ç#Óhs˝ G xyˆÏê˛≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°–

14
 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç í˛z˛õlƒy§ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙy™çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õyë˛ï˛y!°Ü˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z §%ò#â≈– ÚÚ!ï˛!l §ƒyÓ˚ GÎ˚yŒê˛yÓ˚ flÒê˛ñ
°í˛≈ !°ê˛lñ ~Ùl !ܲ í˛z•z°!ܲl§ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ !ӈϢ£Ï Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!SȈϰl– !í˛ˆÏܲ™ñ ̃yܲyˆÏÓ˚ñ çç≈ ~!°Î˚ê˛G !lŸã˛Î˚
˛õ!í˛¸Î˚y!SȈϰl–ÛÛ x!ôܲv ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰl Ê˛Ó˚y!§ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ !˲QÓ˚ ‡ƒˆÏàyÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§§Ù)•– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
lyê˛Ü˛ !SÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ– •zLjÏÓ˚!ç §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Ó!B˛Ù ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl ÚNatureÛ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛#Ó 
§Çâyï˛ó xyÓyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈#Î˚ §yÇáƒò¢≈l G ï˛ˆÏsf ˆòáˆÏ°l ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ÈüüüÈ !¢Ó G !¢Ó§#Ù!hs˝l#Ó˚ !Ù°l °#°y– GáyˆÏl
˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !l!‹;˛Î˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy lyÓ˚# §!e´Î˚– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ï˛yÓ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û xÌÓy Ü,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•zˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛ ~•z ÙylÓç#Ól
G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xÌÓy ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ m®μ§Çâyï˛•z Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Î!ò xy!dܲ •Î˚ñ lyÓ˚# ï˛y•ÛˆÏ° ˜ç!ÓܲÈüüüÈ §•çyï˛
≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ xyÓy§Ë)˛!Ù G xyܲÓ˚fli°–
~•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥myÓ˚y §Ù!Ì≈ï˛– Úã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó®ly ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ~•z
≤Ãyã˛ƒ G ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ– ÚÚï%˛!Ù çí˛¸ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ú ˆï˛yÙyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ≤ÃîyÙú ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ òÎ˚y ly•zñ ÙÙï˛y ly•zñ ˆfl¨•
ly•zÈüüüÈ ï%˛!Ù xˆÏ¢£Ï ˆÜœ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ çll#ñ xÌã˛ ˆï˛yÙy ••zˆÏï˛ §Ó ˛õy•zˆÏï˛!SÈÈüüüÈ ï%˛!Ù §Ó≈§%ˆÏáÓ˚ xyܲÓ˚ñ §Ó≈ÙD°ÙÎ˚#ñ §Ó≈yÌ≈§y!ôܲyñ
§Ó≈ܲyÙly˛õ)î≈ܲy!Ó˚î#ñ §Ó≈yD §%®Ó˚#– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ lÙflÒyÓ˚– ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ˆÜ˛l ç#Ó °•zÎ˚y ï%˛!Ù e´#í˛¸y ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛y•y çy!l lyÈüüüÈ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó%!k˛
ly•zñ K˛yl ly•zñ ˆã˛ï˛ly ly•zó !ܲv ï%˛!Ù §Ó≈ÙÎ˚#ñ §Ó≈ܲÙ≈#ñ §Ó≈ly!¢l# ~ÓÇ §Ó≈¢!_´ÙÎ˚#– ï%˛!Ù ˙¢#ÙyÎ˚yñ ï%˛!Ù {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ#!ï≈˛ñ
ï%˛!Ù•z xˆÏçÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ≤ÃîyÙ–ÛÛ åÚÚã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚ÛÛä– çí˛¸≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ!ÓK˛yl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyÙlyÓy§ly
fl∫≤¿ò%/fl∫≤¿ §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚lçyï˛ ÙylÓ§_yñ §yÌ≈§y!ôܲy G ˙¢#ÙyÎ˚yÈüüüÈ
~áyˆÏl xyÓyÓ˚ §yÇáƒò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y§– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ó!B˛Ù#Î˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï G lyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚eÈüüüÈ !ӈϢ£Ï lyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£ÏîܲyˆÏ°
~§Ó ܲÌy ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy çÓ˚&!Ó˚–
Î˚%ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ G ܲyˆÏÓƒ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ˙ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ l!@¿Ü˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
lyê˛Ü˛yÓ°#– ÙylÓç#Ól ˆ§áyˆÏl ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÙ≈Ù x¶˛°#°yÓ˚ Ó˚DË)˛!Ù– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ù)° í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛ ~•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚
¢y§l•z ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfy¢!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚•z ܲ“ly G í˛z˛õy§ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
~ÓÇ ˙ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´ˆÏܲ •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ç#Ól G §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ˆÙy!•ï˛°yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùlfl∫# í˛z!_´ ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ˆ§•z !ÓÓ˚yê˛ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ Î!ò Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÚNatura MalignaÛ Óy ÚŸ¬¢ylÈüüüÈܲy°#Û •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ Ù%!ï˛≈ÈüüüÈ ˙ lyÓ˚#ÙylÓ#•z
ÓˆÏê˛ñ ï˛y•y•zÈüüüÈ ÚNatura BenignaÛ Óy ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚ ÷˲òyñ ÓÓ˚òy¢!_´– ˙ lyÓ˚#¢!_´Ó˚ §!•ï˛ §yÙÓ˚§ƒ•z ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ó≈yÌ≈!§!k˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õyÎ˚–ÛÛ Ú§yÙÓ˚§ƒÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ï˛sf xyàï˛ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !Ù°l xÌÓy §yÙO§ƒ– §)Î≈Ù%á#ñ Ü%˛®l!®l#ñ •#Ó˚yñ ˆÓ˚y!•î#ñ
ºÙÓ˚ñ ÚÓ˚çl#Ûñ ˜¢Ó!°l#ÈüüüÈ Ó!B˛Ù§,‹T ~•z§Ó x!ÓfløÓ˚î#Î˚ lyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚e ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˲Î˚B˛Ó˚#Ó˚*˛õ G ÙD°ÙÎ˚# Ó˚*˛õ ò%•z•z Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól˛õyˆÏe ܲáˆÏly §%ôyñ ܲáˆÏly !Ó£Ï ˆì˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ !SÈ° lˆÏàwlyÌñ ˆòˆÏÓwñ ˆày!Ó®°y°ñ xÙÓ˚lyÌñ
Úã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚Ûñ ≤Ãï˛y˛õÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚yÈüüüÈ Ü˛yÙlyÓy§ly ܲáˆÏly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛yí˛¸ly G Ó˚*˛õ!˛õ˛õy§yÎ˚ !SÈ° !˲ߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ Ü˛áˆÏly xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xydòÙl G ˜ÓÓ˚yà §ß¨ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛z!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§Ó˚y!çˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ !¢“ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §Çâyï˛ xÌÓy ê˛ylyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸l–
ˆÙy!•ï˛°yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ 1873 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1878 ÈüüüÈ ~•z ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚•z Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ܲ!Ó≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ §ÙÎ˚– ~ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z !ï˛!l ï˛ÑyÓ˚
ˆ◊¤˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÈüüüÈ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Ûñ Úã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚Ûñ ÚÓ˚çl#Û G ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°Û– ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y
ܲÌy!¢“ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚§Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xlÓòƒ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ï%˛!°Î˚yˆÏSÈñ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §,!‹T¢!_´ •z•yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly•z–ÛÛ
åÓ!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ / ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– Ù,îy!°l#Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ó˚*˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ≤’ê˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ xlÓòƒ ˜l˛õ%îƒó fl∫“ï˛Ù G §yÙylƒ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ «%˛o
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î lÓ˚lyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓÎ˚Ó xyôyˆÏÓ˚–

15
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

~Ó˚ ܲy!•!lˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~!˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ñ âyï˛≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÙlyÓy§lyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏî G §Ç°yˆÏ˛õ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ï˛yñ
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ù%≈á#§MÈ˛Ó˚îñ ÙlhflÏ_¥!Ólƒy§ G ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !°!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ °yÓ
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ç#Ól!çK˛y§y ~ܲ xá[˛ Ó˚§Ó˚*˛õ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ç#Ól G ï˛_¥ ~ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈Ó˚*˛õñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ §ˆÏD §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛e– ˛õye˛õye#Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e G xyáƒylàï˛ í˛zqyÓlyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆÜ˛wàï˛ ˙ܲƒ–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛•z ˆòáy ˆà° Ó!B˛Ù#Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ Ó˚ã˛ly¢!_´Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù ã)˛í˛¸y– lˆÏàw ò_ G ˆòˆÏÓw ò_ ò%•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ò%•z ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ ˆÎ
Óy§lyÓ˚ Ó!•´ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚•z ˆò•ÙˆÏl çμˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ò?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%•z lyÓ˚#ÈüüüÈ ~ܲçl ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ l#Ó˚Ó xyd!lˆÏÓòˆÏl xlƒçl !Ó£Ïߨ
ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!•Ç§yÎ˚– ~ܲçl ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !lˆÏçÓ˚ xy=ˆÏl !lˆÏç•z ˛õ%í˛¸°ñ xlƒçl ~ܲ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆfl∫FSÈyÙ,ï%˛ƒ G xlƒlyÓ˚#Ó˚ í˛zòy§#lï˛yˆÏܲ
xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÙˆÏï˛ ç#Óß√,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ó˚•z°– lˆÏàw ò_ˆÏܲ ÚlyÓ˚#¢!_´Ó˚ xy!◊ï˛ ˆ§!rê˛ˆÏÙrê˛y° ܲy˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÛ ÓˆÏ°•z ÙˆÏl •Î˚–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ mˆÏ®μ ~áyˆÏlG Ó!B˛Ù ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y•z ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚*˛õ!Óܲy¢ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z ò%Ó≈° Óy Ù!•Ùy•#l lÎ˚– ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyÎ˚ ºyÙƒÙyî ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ lyÓ˚# ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢!_´•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌÓy ˆ§•z ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚•z ï,˛£èyÓ˚ xy=ˆÏl xydy‡!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y Óy MoralityÈüÈÓ˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl !l‹≥˛°– Ü%˛® ÙÓ˚° ˆÜ˛lñ ˆ§•z Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛l •#Ó˚y •Û° ~§Ó ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ÚÚ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ
xyd•yÓ˚y ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ x§#Ù !lÓ˚#•ï˛yñ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛l x˛õÙy!lï˛ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî l,¢Ç§ï˛yÈüüüÈ âê˛lye´ˆÏÙ G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!lÎ˚ˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ê˛ΔyˆÏçí˛#Ó˚ ~ ~ܲê˛y §y«˛yÍ Ü˛yÓ˚î– Ó›ï˛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û˛õyˆÏë˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ xyáƒyˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó≈yD#î §yÙO§ƒ xyˆÏSÈ üüüÈ âê˛lyÓ˚ @˝Ã!siÓ¶˛ˆÏlñ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏï˛yfl≥)˛ï˛≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ñ !lÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ye´ˆÏÙÈüüüÈ
~ál xyÓ˚ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆl•z– ÚÚ•z•yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyܲƒG Ü˛Ù Óy ˆÓ¢# ly•zó ~•z
ÚÚeconomy of meansÛÛ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §Ü˛° í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚•z !Ó!¢‹T =î •ˆÏ°Gñ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ •z•yÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ åÓ!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
í˛z˛õlƒy§ / ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– áƒy!ï˛Ùyl §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ÚÚeconomy of meansÛÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~áyˆÏl Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˜¢!“ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!Ù!ï˛ˆÏÓyô–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïã˛!Ó˚e ˆàÔîÈüüüÈ lyÓ˚#ñ ˆ≤ÃÙ G !lÎ˚!ï˛•z ~áyˆÏl Ù%áƒË)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛•z ˆ≤ÃÙˆÏܲ ˆ◊¤˛ §O#Ól# ӈϰ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ≤ÃÙˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!l ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ §¡õò ӈϰ ÙˆÏl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– Ó!B˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ÚÚ˙ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛È üüüÈ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ §!•ï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ m®μG ˆï˛Ù!l
˲#£Ïî–ÛÛ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ÷ô% lyÎ˚ܲç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ m®μ ˆl•zñ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ≤ÃÙ G ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ m®μñ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙylˆÏ§ xyê˛≈ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ m®μ ÈüüüÈ
§Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~áyˆÏl ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ !Ó«%˛∏˛ Óyï˛yÓÓ˚î– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆlˆÏÙ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ ê˛ΔyˆÏçí˛#Î˚ âlˆÏâyÓ˚–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ!Óܲy¢ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ï˛lçl lyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛®l!®l# Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÚÚfl∫≤¿Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÙ ≤Ã!ï˛ÙyÛÛ ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyò¢≈ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚y¢!_´ÛÛñ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆ˛õ°Ó ˆÜ˛yÙ°ñ xyd§Ùy!•ï˛ñ x§#Ù •*òÎ˚ӈϰÓ˚ x!ôܲy!Ó˚î# Ù)!ï˛≈ ~áyˆÏl Ó˚_´ÙyLjϧÓ˚
ˆò•ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÚÜ%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÜ˛y°#l ˆ§•z Ó˚*˛õñÛÛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z !Ó£Ïl#° xôÓ˚˛õ%ˆÏê˛Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù •y!§ˆÏÓ˚áyÛÛ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù ˙ŸªÎ≈Ù![˛ï˛– ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ GˆÏ̈ϰy lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ly!Î˚ܲy ÙÓ˚îÙ)!SÈ≈ï˛y ˆò§!òˆÏÙylyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~áyˆÏl ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ÎyÎ˚– ÚÚˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyd!Ó§ç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÎ x§#Ù ¢!_´ÈüüüÈ xï˛áy!l ˆÜ˛yوϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˙ ܲ!ë˛l xydfliï˛yÈüüüÈ í˛z•y•z
!SÈ° Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ôƒylܲ“lyÓ˚ •z‹TÙ)!ï˛≈– xyÓ˚G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˙Ó˚*˛õ ˆ≤ÃÙ lyÓ˚#≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z §Ω˛Óñ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lÎ˚–ÛÛ åˆÙy!•ï˛°y°
Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ / Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ä–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  G §ÇÓ˚_´ SÈ!Ó xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚&£Ï !òˆÏÎ˚ ˙ lyÓ˚# ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ lyÎ˚ܲ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §yÇáƒò¢≈l
xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï lyÓ˚#¢!_´Ó˚ Ó¢ƒÈüüüÈ ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yl §Ùyôyl Óy í˛z_Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ lyÓ˚#Ó˚*˛õ x!@¿Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛
!¢áyÈüüüÈ Ü%˛®ñ §)Î≈Ù%á# G •#Ó˚y– Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏcÓ˚ xfl≥%˛ê˛ çyàÓ˚îñ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ §ï˛#càÓ≈ñ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
lyÓ˚#Ó˚ x÷˲ ôÁǧydܲ ¢!_´ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ï˛yÓ˚ •#Ó˚y ã˛!Ó˚e §,!‹TˆÏï˛ x˛õ)Ó≈ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚

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 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ~ܲ xy!òÙ Ó˚*˛õ ~áyˆÏlñ ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° ~áyˆÏl ˆòáˆÏSÈl ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚Ó˚#Î˚ ò,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàñ ˆ°!í˛ ÙƒyܲˆÏÓÌ G
!Üœ˛GˆÏ˛õê˛ΔyÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ó›ï˛ ÚMackbethÛ G ÚÚAntony and CleopatraÛÛ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ lyê˛ˆÏܲ•z
ÚÚlyÓ˚#Ó˚ x§ÇÓ,ï˛ l@¿ ܲyÙlyÓ˚ÛÛ !Ó˛õ%° !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î ˆòáy !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ •#Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeG ~ çyï˛#Î˚ SÈy˛õ– •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ÚÚxy•ï˛ lyÓ˚#ˆÏcÓ˚ñ ˛õòy•ï˛ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ !SÈߨÙhflÏy Ó˚*˛õ–ÛÛ lyÓ˚#xydyÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó˛õ%° !ÓˆÏoy• ~áyˆÏl– •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ~•z x¶˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ÃÙ
§Ó lƒyÎ˚ xlƒyÎ˚ !•ï˛y!•ï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÙˆÏ£Ï í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !lá%Ñï˛ ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ ˙ !lÎ˚!ï˛ï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ñ Ó%!k˛Ùï˛#ñ
xˆÏlܲò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyd¢y§l˛õÓ˚ñ à˲#Ó˚•*òÎ˚y lÓ#ly !ÓôÓy lyÓ˚# !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ÙÙ≈fli° xlyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Ó≈fl∫ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
òyí˛zòyí˛z xy=ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏôÓ˚ ôÁǧ°#°yÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈüüüÈÈ ˆ§ xy=ˆÏl ˆ§G ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– lyÓ˚#ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl
ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛ñ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ~Ùl ê˛Δy!çܲÈüÈã˛!Ó˚e Ó!B˛Ù Ü˛Ù•z xB˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˆÓ˚y!•î# G ˜¢Ó!°l#ˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z
Ù,ï%˛ƒà˲#Ó˚ !˛õ˛õy§yÓ˚ í˛zòà!ï˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ üüüÈ !ܲv ˲yÓ G xÓfliylàï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ÙƒG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ°!í˛ ÙƒyܲˆÏÓ̈Ïܲ ˆÎÙl Ú!˲ˆÏ°lÛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ •#Ó˚yˆÏܲG ˆï˛Ù!l Ú!˲ˆÏ°lÛ Óy á°ly!Î˚ܲy ӈϰ °â% ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xy§ˆÏ°
Ó!B˛ÙÙylˆÏ§ •zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ G §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ÈüüüÈ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆ¢:!˛õÎ˚Ó˚#Î˚ ˲yÓò,!‹TÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ !SÈ°– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl !SÈ°
≤Ãyã˛ƒ §ÇflÒyÓ˚– lyÓ˚#Ó˚*˛õy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ x°Aâ ¢y§l ~ܲ!òˆÏܲñ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï xydyÓ˚ Ù%!_´x!˲Îyl xlƒ!òˆÏܲÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇâyˆÏï˛
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈüüüÈÈ ~ ò%•z~Ó˚ §Çâ£Ï≈ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§§Ù)ˆÏ• e´ÙÓ!ô≈ï˛– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛•z ˆòáy ˆà° lyÓ˚#¢!_´•z ≤ÃÓ°yó ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï
ò%Ó≈°ñ ˆÙy•@˝ÃhflÏ– ~•z lyÓ˚# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲÈüüüÈ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !Ó£Ï G xÙ,ï˛ ò%•zÈüÈ•z ï˛yÓ˚ òyl–

Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ›ñ ã˛!Ó˚e G ˲yÓ!ӈϟ’£Ïî lyÙܲÓ˚î

ÚÚÓ!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ôÙ≈# ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ§Ô®Î≈ §,!‹T•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !SÈ° Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– !ܲv Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
≤ÃÌÙ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÷ô% ˆ§Ô®Î≈ §,!‹T lÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z§ˆÏD ˆò¢ G Ùl%£Ïƒçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ÙD°§yôˆÏlÓ˚ •zFSÈyG ˆÎ
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !SÈ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï SȈÏe åÓDò¢≈l 1279 Ê˛yılä ï˛y•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒñ ÚxyÙÓ˚y
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û §ÙyÆ Ü˛!Ó˚°yÙ– ˲Ó˚§y ܲ!Ó˚ñ •z•yˆÏï˛ à,ˆÏ• à,ˆÏ• xÙ,ï˛ Ê˛!°ˆÏÓ–Û ÓDò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z SȈÏe Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û G ÚxÙ,ï˛Û ¢∑ ò%!ê˛
Óí˛¸ •Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛ SÈy˛õy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ÛÛ– åÓ!B˛Ùã˛wç#Ól# / x!Ùe§)òl ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ä–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§ !°ˆÏá ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ùl%£Ïƒçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙD°§yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§ê˛y ≤Ã!îôylˆÏÎyàƒ– í˛z_Ó˚ Ó˚yÙã˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ l#!ï˛K˛yl lˆÏ•ÈüüüÈ !ܲv l#!ï˛K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚G ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–ÛÛ
!ï˛!l xyˆÏÓ˚y ӈϰlñ ܲ!ÓÓ˚y çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛ !¢«˛yòyï˛yñ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚ ܲï˛≈y ~ÓÇ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!_´§¡õߨ–ÛÛ ~!òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù Úˆ◊¤˛ !¢«˛yòyï˛yÛ G Úܲ!ÓÛ xÌ≈yÍ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ lyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û !ܲ ï˛y Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÙÎ˚ Ê˛° ˆÜ˛ áyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ áyÎ˚ ly ï˛yG !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ÚڈΠ!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó#ç Ó˛õl ••zˆÏï˛ Ê˛ˆÏ°yͲõ!_ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ˆÏ˲yà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÓƒyáƒyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ,_ ••zÎ˚y!SÈñ ï˛y•y §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z
à,•≤ÃyDˆÏî ˆÓ˚y!˛õï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– !Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ •z•yÓ˚ Ó#çñ âê˛lyô#ˆÏl ï˛y•y §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zÆ ••zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛••z ~Ùl Ùl%£Ïƒ ly•z
ˆÎñ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ !ã˛_ Ó˚yàˆÏm£ÏܲyÙˆÏe´yôy!òÓ˚ xflõ,¢ƒ– K˛yl# Óƒ!_´Ó˚yGÈüüüÈ âê˛lyô#ˆÏl ˆ§•z §Ü˛° !Ó˚˛õ% ܲï,˛≈ܲ !Óã˛!°ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲl–
!ܲv Ùl%ˆÏ£Ïƒ Ùl%ˆÏ£Ïƒ ≤ÈÏ˲ò ~•z ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛• xy˛õl í˛zFSÈ!°ï˛ ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_ §Ü˛° §Ç£Ïï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ §ÇÎï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ÌyˆÏܲlñ
ˆ§•z Óƒ!_´ Ù•ydyó ˆÜ˛• Óy xy˛õl !ã˛_ §ÇÎï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛y•yÓ˚•z çlƒ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó#ç Ó˛õl •Î˚– !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ x˲yÓ•z ~Ó˚
xB%˛Ó˚ñ ï˛y•yˆÏï˛•z ~ Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó,!k˛– ~•z Ó,«˛ Ù•yˆÏï˛çfl∫#ó ~ܲÓyÓ˚ •z•yÓ˚ ˛õ%!‹T ••zˆÏ°ñ xyÓ˚ ly¢ ly•z– ~ÓÇ •z•yÓ˚ ˆ¢y˲y x!ï˛¢Î˚
lÎ˚l ≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ó ò)Ó˚ ••zˆÏï˛ •z•yÓ˚ !Ó!Óô Óî≈ ÙÕ‘Ó G §Ù%ÍÊ%˛Õ‘ Ù%Ü%˛°òyÙ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ x!ï˛ Ó˚Ùî#Î˚– !ܲv •z•yÓ˚ Ê˛° !Ó£ÏÙÎ˚ñ ˆÎ
áyÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z ÙˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ÈüüüÈÓ°y Óy‡°ƒ @˝ÃsiÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ~•z Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD xDyD#§¡∫¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ç#Ólò¢≈l– ˆ§
ç#Ólò¢≈l xl%ÎyÎ˚# §y!•ï˛ƒ ÙylÓçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !•ï˛§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò ˆ°áܲ !ÓŸªy§# !SȈϰl ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T ˜l!ï˛Ü˛

17
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî !SÈ°– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˜¢!“ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ~ÓÇ ~•z
ò%•z~Ó˚ ê˛ylyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ˆÏl §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ô®Î≈– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî §)Î≈Ù%á# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ çÎ˚ˆÏây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˛õ%lŸã˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#ˆÏ≤ÈÏÙ
≤Ãï˛ƒyÓ,_ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó !ܲv ˜¢!“ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî Ü%˛®l!®l# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ çÎ˚ˆÏây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ G lˆÏàwˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈°!ã˛_ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï
ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyîÈüüüÈ •#Ó˚y xÌÓy ˆòˆÏÓw ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˛õy˛õyã˛yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈñ ˜¢!“ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚
ç#Ól !˛õ˛õy§yÓ˚ §¶˛yl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ç#Ól !˛õ˛õy§yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ê˛Δy!çܲܲyÓ˚&îƒ ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
ˆ§Ô®Î≈§,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ál ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§Èü§,!‹TÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏç !¢«˛yòyï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãò_
!¢«˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ܲ#– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ lˆÏàw ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆòˆÏÓw G •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õòfl<°ˆÏlÓ˚
Ó˚*˛õ!ã˛eî !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ lÓ˚lyÓ˚# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚*˛õÓ!•´ˆÏï˛ ò?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ G ˛õy˛õÈüÈܲÓ!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– §yÙy!çܲ
ÙÎ≈yòyÎ˚ í˛zã%˛ •ˆÏ°•z ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ˛õy˛õ °â%– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ ò!Ó˚o ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy˛õ =Ó˚&È üüüÈ Ó!B˛Ù ~Ùï˛ x§yˆÏÙƒ !ÓŸªy§# !SȈϰl ly–
ï˛y•z !ï˛!l lˆÏàw G ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lˆÏàwˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyô •Î˚ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ xlƒyÎ˚ܲyÓ˚# ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
ˆòˆÏÓw G lˆÏàw í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z ~ܲÓÇ¢#Î˚ !ܲv í˛z˲Î˚ ÓLjϢÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïyl%e´!Ùܲ ç!ÙòyÓ˚# !ÓÓyò G ÙyÙ°yÎ˚ lˆÏàw !Ó˛õ%° §¡õ!_Ó˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# ôl# ç!ÙòyÓ˚ñ ˆòˆÏÓw §¡õ!_•#l §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï– lˆÏàwÓ˚ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ Ùï˛ lyÓ˚#Ó˚bˆÏܲ ˛õb#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ °y˲– !ܲv
ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ˜•ÙÓï˛# ӈϰ ˆÎ Ó˚Ùî#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ !ÓÓy• !òˆÏ°l ˆ§ !SÈ° Ü%˛Ó˚*˛õyñ Ù%áÓ˚yñ fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚Èü üüÈ
ÚÚÎál ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ §!•ï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ÓÓy• ••z°ñ ï˛ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !l‹Ò°B˛– ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yÎ˚ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Îb !SÈ° ~ÓÇ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛G §%ô#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒ!l¤˛ !SÈ°– !ܲv ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ܲy° ••z°–ÛÛ Ó›ï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ !ÓÓy• ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÌàyÙ# ܲÓ˚°–
ˆ§ ˜•ÙÓï˛#ˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y !àˆÏÎ˚ à!îܲyˆÏ§!Óï˛ §%Ó˚y§_´ Óy•zç#x˲ƒhflÏ !Ó°y§#ç#ÓˆÏl xy§_´ •° ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ lyly ò%‹ÒÙ≈ G ˛õy˛õyã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ï˛ •°– lyÓ˚#â!ê˛ï˛ x§yÙy!çܲ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚&!ã˛ G ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáy ˆà°–
ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˛õy˛õç#ÓˆÏl xÓï˛Ó˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ°áܲ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚
Ùï˛ xï%˛°l#Î˚ flf# ÌyܲˆÏï˛G lˆÏàw Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T •Û°È üüüÈ xy!ê˛≈fiê˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó!B˛Ù ï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ly !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲv
l#!ï˛Óy!ò Óy ÚMoralistÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– xï%˛° ôl Ùyl ΢ §¡õò §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÜ˛l Ó!B˛Ù#Î˚ lyÎ˚ܲ
Óy°!ÓôÓy Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T •° ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î á%ÑçˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xÓ¢ƒ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ~ÓÇ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ~ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲG Ó!B˛Ù ~ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál!l– ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyçÈüÈxl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ lÎ˚ñ
xlƒ!ê˛ ê˛ΔyˆÏçí˛#Ó˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°G §ÙyçÈüÈxl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ !SÈ° ÓˆÏê˛– G•z í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚yˆÏô≈ Óy.y!° §ÙyˆÏç Ó‡!ÓÓy•
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ~ܲ ˛õb# Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓy• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ló xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xyê˛ lÎ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
Óy!°Ü˛yÓ˚y !ÓôÓy ˆ•yï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l!Ó≈Óy•G §Ùyç§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– flø!Ó˚ï˛Óƒ !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤ÃÓ!ï˛≈ï˛ !ÓôÓy!ÓÓy• xyˆÏ®y°l–
Ó¶%˛ §%ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çyly ÎyÎ˚– Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ•z ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ
§ˆÏ¡øy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– §%ˆÏÓ˚w ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ÚÚ˜Ó£èÓ# ˆ§ˆÏç!SȈϰ ܲyÓ˚ §Ó≈ly¢ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ÛÛ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ
ÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ !ã˛_ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó¢ lˆÏ•– xy!Ù §Ü˛° ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ~•z flf#ˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ xy¢y ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ˆÎ!òl ≤ÃÌÙ
ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚yã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à,ˆÏ• ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈñ ˆ§•z !òl xÓ!ô ï˛y•yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ x!˲Ë)˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚y xy!SÈ– xyÙyÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ«˛ ~ï˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ xyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yÌyG ly•z– çμˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ï,˛£èy ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ ò¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z xÓ!ô í˛z•yÓ˚ çlƒ °y°§y xyÙyˆÏܲ ò?˛ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z xÓ!ô xy!Ù
í˛z•yˆÏܲ ˆò!áÓyÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛!SÈ ï˛y•y Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly•zÈüüüÈ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ˜Ó£èÓ#ÈüȧIy ô!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xy¢B˛y ly•z ˆÎ flf#ˆÏ°yܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ §yôÁ#–ÛÛ §%ˆÏÓ˚w ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ÚÚï˛ˆÏÓ ÎyG ˆÜ˛l⁄ÛÛ ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ
ÚÚˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˆò!áÓyÓ˚ çlƒ– ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˆò!áÎ˚yñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy ܲ!•Î˚yñ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ àyl ÷ly•zÎ˚y xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÎ !ܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï,˛!Æ
•Î˚ ï˛y•y Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly–ÛÛ xï˛~Ó ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ÙlhflÏ_¥ Ó!MÈ˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙlhflÏ_¥– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xydôÁǧ#≤ÃÓîï˛y– x!ï˛!Ó˚_´

18
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Ùòƒ˛õylÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚î– Ùò ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°yÎ˚ ˆ§ Ó¶%˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù !ܲ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Ó⁄ Îy•yÓ˚y ï˛ƒyà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒ §%á xyˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ˆ§•z ˲Ó˚§yÎ˚ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §%á•z ly•z–ÛÛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ ÚÚÎy•yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑy!ã˛Î˚y
§%áñ ï˛y•yÓ˚y ÓÑy!ã˛ÓyÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ Ùò SÈyí˛Yܲ–ÛÛ flõ‹T ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw !l/§Dñ ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨñ •ï˛y¢y G ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÎ˚ xyܲZ˛
í%˛ˆÏÓ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyd•lˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆ§ xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !§Ñ!í˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ ˆlˆÏÙ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ˆòˆÏÓw §Ùyç!Ó!FSÈߨ §Ç§yÓ˚!Ó˲_´ ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§Ù)• !ÓÓ˚yê˛ !Ó¢y° xyˆÏ°yí˛¸lG ˆï˛yˆÏ° ly– Ü%˛®G ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ •!Ó˚òy§#
˜Ó£èÓ#Ó˚ SÈpˆÏӈϢ•z çylï˛– !ܲv ~•z ˆòˆÏÓw •#Ó˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ÙlyÓy§lyÓ˚ §ÇâyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ xq$ï˛ !ï˛Î≈ܲ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ê˛Δy!çܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù!•Ùy !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy !ò°–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ lˆÏàw G §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ ç#Ól fl∫“!òˆÏlÓ˚ lÎ˚– í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ !e¢ñ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ SÈy!ÓÁ¢–
Ü%˛®l!®l# !ÓôÓy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ˚!e¢ ~ÓÇ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ~ܲ!e¢– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w x“ÓÎ˚flÒy !ÓôÓy Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏSÈl– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ !Óã˛!°ï˛ •Û°ñ ~° !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚– §)Î≈Ù%á# à,•ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚°ñ Ü%˛®
!Ó£Ï˛õyˆÏl !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãyîây!ï˛l# •°ñ •#Ó˚yG °y˲ ܲÓ˚° ê˛Δy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ˆòˆÏÓw ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲy•z ˆË˛yà
ܲÓ˚°ñ !ܲv lˆÏàwÓ˚ ˛õòfl<°l Ó‡ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ ê˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ò°–
ˆòˆÏÓw Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ò¢≈l°y°§yÎ˚ SÈpˆÏÓ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ lˆÏàw §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ í˛zòƒyˆÏl ~ܲy!ܲl# Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ xy.%° S%ÈÑ•zˆÏÎ˚
ӈϰ!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ Ú÷lñ Ü%˛®– ~ál !ÓôÓy!ÓÓy• ã˛!°ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈüüüÈÈ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ÓÓy• ܲ!Ó˚Ó–ÛÛ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá
lˆÏàw G Ü%˛®l!®l#Î˚ !ÓÓy• xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ôE˛yÓ˚Óyî#G fløÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒÈüüüÈ lˆÏàw Îál
Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z Ù%‡ˆÏï˛≈ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùhs˝ÓƒÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ã˛!Ó˚eú ~•z !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛yú ~•z
!ܲ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî˛õî ≤ÃîˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°⁄ !SÈú !SÈú ˆòáñ ï%˛!Ù ˆã˛yÓ˚ú ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yG •#l– ˆã˛yÓ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ !ܲ ܲ!Ó˚ï˛⁄ ï˛y•yÓ˚
à•ly ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ï˛ñ xÌ≈•y!l ܲ!Ó˚ï˛ñ !ܲv ï%˛!Ù ï˛y•yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî•y!l ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xy!§Î˚ySÈ– lˆÏàw ï%˛!Ù Ù!Ó˚ˆÏ°•z ˲yˆÏ°y •Î˚– Î!ò §y•§
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï%˛!Ù !àÎ˚y í%˛!ÓÎ˚y ÙÓ˚–ÛÛ
lˆÏàw Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÎ˚ܲ ã˛!Ó˚e– ~•z ã˛!Ó˚e Ó‡ =ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó#ç !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
ˆçyÓ˚ !SÈ°lyñ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÙlyˆÏܲ ˆ§ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ~•z Ó˚¶…˛ ˛õÌ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° ê˛ΔyˆÏç!í˛–
ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó#ç xB%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Ó!ô≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÊ˛° ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ°áܲ ï˛yÈüÈ•z
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– lˆÏàw !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ lyly ˆã˛‹Ty §ˆÏ_¥G §Ê˛° •Î˚!lñ xyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw x§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛•z ày ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w l#!ï˛Óyò#Ó˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢Ó£Ï≈î G ˛õsiy!lô≈yÓ˚îG ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÌ G í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!ã˛_§ÇÎÙ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃÌÙï˛ !ã˛_Ó,!_§ÇΈÏÙ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ ¢!_´ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– •z•yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢!_´ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛çlƒyó ≤ÃÓ,!_
!¢«˛yçlƒy– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛G !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ã˛_§ÇÎÙ˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛y•z Ù)°– !ܲv =Ó˚&˛õˆÏò¢ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° !¢«˛y Ó!°ˆÏï˛!SÈ
ly– xhs˝/ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ò%/áˆÏ˲yà•z ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛y–ÛÛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛çlƒy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áܲ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl çß√§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆó xyÓ˚ !¢«˛yçlƒy
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G !¢«˛yò#«˛yçyï˛– ~•z Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z Ó!B˛Ù lˆÏàwã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛
í˛zFã˛!¢!«˛ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏG ˛õy!˛õ¤˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ x!¢!«˛ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏG Ù•Í =îÎ%_´ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ
xyÜ%˛°ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ !¢«˛y G x˲ƒy§ÈüüüÈ §ˆÏÓÏ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!_´ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ !SÈ° ly–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ó!B˛Ù •#Ó˚y ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õòfl<°lG ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§ ç!ÙòyÓ˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ òy§#ñ !ã˛_ òÙˆÏl x§ÙÌ≈– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
Ùhs˝ÓƒÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆÜ˛••z ~Ùl Ùl%£Ïƒ ly•z ˆÎñ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ !ã˛_ Ó˚yàˆÏm£Ï ܲyÙ ˆe´yôy!òÓ˚ xflõ,¢ƒ–ÛÛ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ
lyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚e §)Î≈Ù%á# Óy Ü%˛®l!®l# lÎ˚ñ ˆ§ •ˆÏFSÈ •#Ó˚y– ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ G !Óܲy¢ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§áyˆÏl
lˆÏàwlyÌ G •#Ó˚y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z òy!Î˚c §Ù!ôܲ– ~•z ≤çˆÏD ˆ°áܲ ܲï,˛≈ܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ò,!‹T xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÚÚxB%˛Ó˚ÛÛñ ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û !ܲÛÛñ ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛°ÛÛÈüüüÈ ~•z§Ó lyÙy!B˛ï˛ xôƒyÎ˚=!° lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÚÚ•#Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲ°•ÈüüüÈ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ù%Ü%˛°ÛÛñ ÚÚ•#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û Ù%Ü%˛!°ï˛ÛÛñ ÚÚ•#Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛°È üüüÈ ~•z xôƒyÎ˚=!° •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ

19
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

!âˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ!ï˛≈ï˛ G Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– lˆÏàwlyÌ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏî •z!wÎ˚¢!_´Ó˚ â)î≈yã˛ˆÏe´
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ܲyÙlyÓ˚ xy=l ï˛yˆÏܲ ò?˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !ܲv •#Ó˚y ò?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ܲyÙlyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ {£Ï≈yÓ˚
xy=ˆÏl–
lˆÏàw ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xyܲ£Ï≈î xy§ˆÏ° ≤ÃîÎ˚– Ó¶%˛ •Ó˚ˆÏòÓ ˆây£Ïy°ˆÏܲ lˆÏàw ˆÎ ˛õe !°ˆÏá!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏòÓ ˆây£ÏyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ°Ù !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ù !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ ÚÚÓ˚*˛õÓï˛#Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏ˲yà°y°§yñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y lˆÏ•– ˆÎÙl «%˛ôyï%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
«%˛ôyˆÏܲ xˆÏߨÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚ Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly ˆï˛Ù!l ܲyÙyï%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛_ã˛yMÈ˛°ƒˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õÓï˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly–
ˆ§•z !ã˛_ã˛yMÈ˛°ƒˆÏܲ•z xyÎ≈ܲ!ÓÓ˚y Ùòl¢Ó˚ç Ó!°Î˚y Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ Ó,!_Ó˚ ܲ!“ï˛ xÓï˛yÓ˚ Ó§hs˝ §•yÎ˚ ••zÎ˚yñ Ù•yˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚
ôƒyl˲D ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y!SȈϰlñ Îy•yÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏò ܲ!ÓÓ˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ Ù,ˆÏàÓ˚y Ù,à#!òˆÏàÓ˚ àyˆÏe àye ܲ[)˛Î˚l ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈñ ܲ!Ó˚àî ܲ!Ó˚î#!òàˆÏܲ
˛õpÙ,îy° ˲y!.Î˚y !òˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ ~•z Ó˚*˛õç ˆÙy•Ùye– ~ Ó,!_G çàò#ŸªÓ˚ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛yñ •z•yÓ˚ myÓ˚yG §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z‹T§yôl ••zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ •z•y §Ó≈ç#ÓÙ%?˛Ü˛Ó˚#– ܲy!°òy§ñ ÓyÎ˚Ó˚lñ çÎ˚ˆÏòÓ •z•yÓ˚ ܲ!Óó !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ •z•yÓ˚ ˆË˛Dyl– !ܲv •z•y ≤ÃîÎ˚ lˆÏ•– ˆ≤ÃÙ
Ó%!k˛Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛– ≤ÃîÎ˚yflõò Óƒ!_´Ó˚ =î §Ü˛° Îál Ó%!k˛Ó,!_ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ñ •*òÎ˚ ˆ§•z§Ü˛° =ˆÏî Ù%?˛ ••zÎ˚y ï˛Í≤Ã!ï˛
§ÙyÜ,˛‹T ~ÓÇ §MÈ˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§•z =îyôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ç§à≈!°∞y ~ÓÇ ï˛Í≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛!_´ çˆÏß√– •z•yÓ˚ Ê˛° §•*òÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙ
xyd!Óflø,!ï˛ G xyd!Ó§ç≈l– ~•z ÎÌyÌ≈ ≤ÃîÎ˚ó ˆ¢:˛õ#Î˚Ó˚ñ ÓyÕ√#!ܲñ ◊#Ùò˲yàÓï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ •z•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó– •z•y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ çˆÏß√ ly– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
Ó%!k˛myÓ˚y =î@˝Ã•îñ =î@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xy§D!°Dñ xy§D!°∞y §Ê˛° ••zˆÏ° §Ç§à≈ñ §Ç§à≈Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃîÎ˚ñ ≤ÃîˆÏÎ˚ xyd!Ó§ç≈lñ xy!Ù
•z•yˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y Ó!°–ÛÛ lˆÏàw §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÙyˆÏ• !Ó•¥° •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ã˛_§ÇÎÙ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly
ÌyܲˆÏ°G !ã˛_òÙˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!_´ ï˛yÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– ï˛y•z lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ !ã˛_ÈüÈ≤ÃyDˆÏî !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xB%˛Ó˚ o&ï˛ Ó,ˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ x÷˲ Ê˛°
í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •#Ó˚y ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÚ•#Ó˚yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ !ÓÇ¢!ï˛ ÓͧÓ˚– ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ§ ≤ÃyÎ˚
xlƒylƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲ!l¤˛y– ï˛y•yÓ˚ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó˚e=ˆÏî ˆ§ òy§#ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ◊¤˛y Ó!°Î˚y à!îï˛ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ°–
•#Ó˚y Óy°!ÓôÓy Ó!°Î˚y ˆày!Ó®˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛• ܲál ï˛y•yÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤çD ÷ˆÏl ly•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ •#Ó˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ Ù%áÓ˚yñ
§ôÓyÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢!Ólƒy§ ܲ!Ó˚ï˛ó ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã#ï˛ !SÈ°–ÛÛ
~•z •° •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚– Ó!B˛Ù •#Ó˚y §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ ܲÌy
ˆ¢yˆÏl!l– ≤ß¿ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ˆÜ˛Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û Ù%Ü%˛!°ï˛ •Û°⁄ ÚÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ {£Ï≈yÓ!•´Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •#Ó˚y– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
|l!ÓÇ¢ñ !ÓÇ¢ G ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ °«˛î#Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSÈò !ï˛l!ê˛ •Û° •#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yàñ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆm£Ïñ ~ÓÇ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲ°•
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ù%Ü%˛°– xÌ≈yÍ ~•z Ó˚yàˆÏm£Ï ܲ°••z •Û° •#Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ù%Ü%˛°ÛÛ åÓ!B˛Ùã˛wÈüÈç#Ól# / x!Ùe§)òl ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ä– @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚
|l!e¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò Ó!B˛Ùã˛w lˆÏàw ≤çˆÏD ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚˆÜ˛••z ~Ùl Ùl%£Ïƒ ly•z ˆÎñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ã˛_ Ó˚yàˆÏm£ÏܲyÙˆÏe´yôy!òÓ˚
xflõ,¢ƒú K˛yl# Óƒ!_´Ó˚yG âê˛lyô#ˆÏl ˆ§•z §Ü˛° !Ó˚˛õ% ܲï,˛≈ܲ !Óã˛!°ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲl– ˆÎáyˆÏl lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ Ùï˛ K˛yl# Óƒ!_´ÛÈüÈG
!Ó˚˛õ% myÓ˚y !Óã˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl §yôyÓ˚î @˝ÃyÙƒ ò!Ó˚o x!¢!«˛ï˛ §%áÓ!MÈ˛ï˛ Óy°!ÓôÓy Î%Óï˛# •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó˚˛õ% ܲï,˛≈ܲ !Óã˛!°ï˛
•GÎ˚y xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ lÎ˚––
•#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛yÓ˚îñ ˆòˆÏÓw Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yà §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ÚÚ§)Î≈Ù%á# §%á#ñ xy!Ù
ò%/á#ñ ~•zçlƒ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yà– ˆ§ Óí˛¸ñ xy!Ù ˆSÈyê˛ÈüüüÈ ˆ§ Ù%!lÓñ xy!Ù ÓÑyò#– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ Ó˚yà–ÛÛ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe
~•z Ó˚yà G ˆm£Ï fl∫y˲y!Óܲ G ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ•#ˆÏÓ˚ú Ù%ááy!l ï˛ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ Ù® lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÓÎ˚§G lÓ#lñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
•*òÎ˚ÙˆÏôƒ ~ï˛ á°Ü˛˛õê˛ ˆÜ˛l⁄ í˛z_Ó˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w•z !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚˆÜ˛l⁄ !Óôyï˛y ï˛y•yˆÏܲ Ê˛Ñy!ܲ !ò° ˆÜ˛l⁄ !Óôyï˛y ï˛y•yˆÏܲ Ê˛Ñy!ܲ
!òÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ÈüÈG §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ ÊÑ˛!ܲ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xy§ˆÏl Ó§y•zˆÏ°ñ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ !ܲ á°Ü˛˛õê˛ Ìy!ܲï˛⁄ÛÛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏFSÈ
~áyˆÏl ˆ°áܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Î%_´–

20
 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

•#Ó˚y !ï˛l!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲ–– ÚÚ~çˆÏß√Ó˚ §%áò%/á xˆÏlܲ ܲy° ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ !òÎ˚y!SÈ– ï˛y•z Ó!°Î˚y Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ˆ§ ܲÌy ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°G ày çμy°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ÓÓ˚Ç Ü%˛® Îy•yˆÏï˛ Ü˛álG ï˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ly ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛y•y•z ܲ!Ó˚Ó–ÛÛ ò%•z––
ÚÚ§)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ˆÌÑyï˛y Ù%á ˆË˛Ñyï˛y •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆòÓï˛y ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ° •ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ !ï˛l–– ÚÚÜ%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lˆÏàwÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆã˛yá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏ SÈ üüüÈ ÓyÓ%
~ál Ü%˛®ÙˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õy§Ü˛– Óí˛¸Ùyl%£Ï ˆ°yܲñ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ°•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆÜ˛Ó° §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ çlƒ– Î!ò ò%çˆÏl ~ܲê˛y ã˛ê˛yã˛!ê˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛y •ÛˆÏ° xyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ áy!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ~ál ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲê%˛ ã˛ê˛yã˛!ê˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§•zˆÏê˛ xyòyÎ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ– ÈüüüÈlˆÏàwˆÏܲ
Ü%˛®l!®l# !òÓ– !ܲv •ë˛yÍ ly– xyˆÏà !ܲS%È !òl °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆò!á– ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ˛õyܲ !ÓˆÏFSȈÏò– !ÓˆÏFSȈÏò ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yê˛y
ˆ˛õˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ Óy!•Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y !òÓ– ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ Î!ò §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ܲ˛õy° ly ˲yˆÏ.ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲ˛õy°–ÛÛ
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ùl {£Ï≈yÓ˚ xy=ˆÏl çμˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ §ÙÎ˚
ˆ§•z xyܲ£Ï≈î x!ï˛ ï˛#Ó ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ xyd!Óflø,!ï˛ âˆÏê˛– ÚÚˆòˆÏÓw •#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá xô≈Óƒ_´fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ ÷!lˆÏ°l ˆÎñ
•#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl ≤Ãyî §Ù˛õ≈î ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ !ܲv ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ •#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ Ùl !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÷ô%Ùye
ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚– §%Ó˚y˛õyÎ˚# ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚y¢!_´Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •#Ó˚y ܲ«˛lG ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢ƒï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ã˛ï%˛!Ó≈Ç¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSȈÏò •#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ ˆÎ §Ó ܲÌy ӈϰ!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ Ùl !òˆÏ°Gñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲv §•ˆÏç
~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ly– ˆ§ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù Ü%˛°ê˛y l!•– xyÙÓ˚y ò%/á# ˆ°yܲñ àï˛Ó˚ áyê˛y•zÎ˚y áy•zÈüüüÈ
Ü%˛°ê˛y ••zÓyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ ly•zÈüüüÈÓí˛¸ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óí˛z ••zˆÏ° !ܲ ••zï˛yÙñ Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly–ÛÛ Óy°!ÓôÓy •#Ó˚y ò!Ó˚o G
òy§#Ùye– ˆòˆÏÓwÓyÓ%Ó˚ çlƒ ˆ§ ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl xyÜ%˛° •ÛˆÏ°G ˆÎ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ ˆ§ Ó%ˆÏV˛ˆÏSÈ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ùl ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y¢)lƒÈüüüÈ •#Ó˚yÓ˚
ˆò•ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ xy˛õ!_ ˆl•zñ ˆ§ Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ •#Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ !Óï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ Ó!B˛Ù !ܲS%Èê˛y á%ˆÏ°•z ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– lˆÏàw Îál §y¶˛ƒ§Ó˚ÓÓ˚ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !˛õSÈl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ lˆÏàwˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó!B˛Ù Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ!SÈú !SÈú Ü%˛®l!®l#ú ÈüüüȈã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ÷!lÎ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
àyˆÏÎ˚ ܲÑyê˛y !SÈ° ˆÜ˛l⁄ Ü%˛®l!®l#ú ÈüüüȈòá ˛õ%‹Ò!Ó˚î#Ó˚ ç° ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ñ §%¢#ï˛°ñ §%Óy!§ï˛ ÈüüüÈ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !•ˆÏÕ‘yˆÏ° ï˛y•yÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ï˛yÓ˚y
ܲÑy!˛õˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– í%˛!ÓˆÏÓ⁄ í%˛!ÓÎ˚y ÙÓ˚ ly⁄ÛÛ Ü%˛® lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ù%_´ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
•#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ ˆÎ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SÈ° ï˛y í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù xy˛õlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒ l•z ÈüüüÈ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ x!ï˛ xôÙ
ˆ°yˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy!§ˆÏ°G ï˛y•yÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y °•zÎ˚y ï˛yÙy§y ܲÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y lÎ˚– Úxy!Ù ôy!Ù≈ܲ l!•ñ ôÙ≈ Ó%!V˛ ly ÈüüüÈ ôˆÏÙ≈ xyÙyÓ˚ Ùl
ly•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xy!Ù Ü%˛°ê˛y l•z Ó!°Î˚y flõô≈y ܲ!Ó˚°yÙñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•zñ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y xyˆÏSÈ xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚
ˆ°yˆÏ˲ ˛õ!í˛¸Î˚y ܲ°B˛ !ܲ!lÓ ly– Î!ò xy˛õ!l xyÙyˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛G ˲yˆÏ°yÓy!§ˆÏï˛lñ ï˛y•y ••zˆÏ° xy!Ù ~ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ܲ!Ó˚ï˛yÙ ly
xyÙyÓ˚ ôÙ≈K˛yl ly•zñ ôˆÏÙ≈ ˲!_´ ly•zÈüüüÈxy!Ù xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲ°B˛ˆÏܲ ï,˛îK˛yl ܲ!Ó˚– !ܲv xy˛õ!l xyÙyˆÏܲ
˲yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§l lyÈüüüÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl !ܲ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ°B˛ !ܲ!lÓ⁄ !ܲˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏ˲ xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚Ó SÈy!í˛¸Ó⁄ xy˛õ!l Î%Óï˛# flf# •yˆÏï˛
˛õy•zˆÏ° ܲál S%ÈшÏí˛¸l lyÈñ ~çlƒ xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õ)çy @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ°G ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ !ܲv ܲy°ˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏܲ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ë%˛!°Î˚y Îy•zˆÏÓlñ
lÎ˚ˆÏï˛y Î!ò ÙˆÏl Ó˚yˆÏálñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲÌy °•zÎ˚y ò°ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õ•y§ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÓlÈüüüÈ ~Ùl fliyˆÏl ˆÜ˛l xy!Ù xy˛õlyÓ˚ ÓÑyò#
••zÓ⁄ !ܲv ˆÎ!òl xy˛õ!l xyÙyˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy!§ˆÏÓlñ ˆ§•z!òl xy˛õlyÓ˚ òy§# ••zÎ˚y ã˛Ó˚îˆÏ§Óy ܲ!Ó˚Ó–ÛÛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ •#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õ°y°§y˛õ)î≈ !Ù°l lÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y˛õ)î≈ !Ù°l•z ã˛yÎ˚–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w •#Ó˚yÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚D !ã˛hs˝y≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚܲy˛õy§ÓflfÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Æ xDyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ !lÓ˚*˛õÙ Ù)!ï˛≈
•#Ó˚yÓ˚ xhs˝/ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ hflψÏÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ò¶˛ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛!SÈ°– xˆÏlܲÓyÓ˚ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ôÙ≈˲#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲ°Iy ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆÏÓˆÏà ˲y!§Î˚y Îy•zÓyÓ˚
í˛z˛õe´Ù ••z°ó !ܲv ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˆfl¨••#l •z!wÎ˚˛õÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ÙˆÏl ˛õí˛¸yˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛y•y Ók˛Ù)° ••z°– •#Ó˚y !ã˛_§Ç£ÏˆÏÙ !Ó°«˛î
«˛Ùï˛y¢y!°l# ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z «˛Ùï˛y !SÈ° Ó!°Î˚y•zñ ˆ§ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÙ≈˲#ï˛y ly ••zÎ˚yG ~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ï˛#côÙ≈ §•ˆÏç•z Ó˚«˛y ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°–
ˆ§•z «˛Ùï˛y≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤ÃÓ°yl%Ó˚yà x˛õyelƒhflÏ çy!lÎ˚y §•ˆÏç•z ¢!Ùï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚°– ÓÓ˚Ç !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

§ò%˛õyÎ˚fl∫Ó˚*˛õ •#Ó˚y !fliÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚° ˆÎ ˛õ%lÓ≈yÓ˚– òy§#Ó,!_ xÓ°¡∫l ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ

ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏFSÈ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !SÈ°– !ܲv ܲyÙ lÎ˚ {£Ï≈yÓ˚ xye´ÙˆÏî•z ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢!_´ !ÓôÁhflÏ •Û°– ˆòˆÏÓw ï˛yˆÏܲ
˲yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ly ~ ˆ§ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ !ܲv ˆòˆÏÓw Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ó˚_´ÈüüüÈ ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x§•l#Î˚– xï˛/˛õÓ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚
§Ó≈ly¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ Îy Îy ܲÓ˚° ≤Ã!ï˛!l!«˛Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ •#Ó˚yÓ˚G ܲÓ˚&î !Ól!‹T ˆí˛ˆÏܲ xyl°– ÚÚ•#Ó˚yÓ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û
Ù%Ü%˛!°ï˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ܲ˛õê˛ x!˲lÎ˚ˆÏܲ •#Ó˚y §!ï˛ƒ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚°ñ ˲yÓ° ~ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ≤ÃîÎ˚ xÌÓy
˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y– ÚÚ•#Ó˚y Î!ò !Ó˛õ°!ã˛_ ••zï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•yÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ §Í§Ç§à≈ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ ••zï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ï˛ñ ~•z lÓ˚ܲ–ÛÛ
xï˛~Ó Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ó°ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ•#Ó˚y !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ çy!lï˛ñ !ܲv ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ !SÈ° ly Ó!°Î˚yñ §•ˆÏç ˛õï˛DÓÍ
Ó!•´Ù%ˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲ!Ó˚°– ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ x≤ÃîÎ˚# çy!lÎ˚y !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙ ≤ÃÓ,!_ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ° !ܲv ï˛y•yG x“ò)Ó˚Ùyeó !ܲv Îï˛ò)Ó˚
x!˲°y£Ï ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°ñ ï˛ï˛ò)Ó˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ°– ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ xB˛yàï˛ ≤ÃyÆ ••zÎ˚yñ •y!§ˆÏï˛ •y!§ˆÏï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ≤ÃÙ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yGñ xÓ°#°ye´ˆÏÙ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ !ÓÙ%á ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ%‹õàï˛ Ü˛#ê˛yî%Ó˚*˛õ •*òÎ˚ˆÏÓôܲyÓ˚# xl%Ó˚yàˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õÓ˚à,ˆÏ•
ܲyÎ≈ í˛z˛õ°«˛ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ¢!Ùï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°– !ܲv Îál ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ••z° ˆÎ ˆòˆÏÓw ≤ÃîÎ˚¢y°#ñ ï˛ál xyÓ˚ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ã˛_òÙˆÏl
≤ÃÓ,!_ Ó˚!•° ly– ~•z x≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏ•ï%˛ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ˆË˛yàƒ Ê˛° Ê˛!°°–ÛÛ Ó!B˛Ù xyˆÏà•z ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚ!ã˛_§ÇÎÙ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃÌÙï˛
!ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙ ¢!_´ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ lˆÏàw Óy •#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙ
x!Óã˛!°ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ!l–
ˆÎ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ lyÙ ÚÚ•#Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛°ÛÛñ ˆ§•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z Ó!B˛Ù çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ•#Ó˚y Ù•yÓ˚b ˛õòˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚
!Ó!e´ ܲ!Ó˚°– ôÙ≈ !ã˛Ó˚ܲˆÏ‹T Ó˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ!òˆÏlÓ˚ x§yÓôylï˛yÎ˚ !Ól‹T •Î˚– •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ï˛y•y•z ••z°– ˆÎ ôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏ˲ •#Ó˚y
~•z Ù•yÓ˚b !Óe´Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚°ñ ˆ§ ~ܲ Ü˛í˛¸y ܲyly ܲ!í˛¸– ˆÜ˛l ly ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ ÓlƒyÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ó ˆÎÙl ˛õ!B˛°ñ ˆï˛Ù!l «˛!îܲ–
!ï˛l!òˆÏl ÓlƒyÓ˚ ç° §!Ó˚Î˚y ˆà°ñ •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ ܲyòyÎ˚ Ó§y•zÎ˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚y ˆà°–ÛÛ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚yí%˛!Ó í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xôƒyÎ˚ lyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ò%!ê˛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û xyˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ú§Ùy!ÆÛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚G í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
xyˆÏSÈ– Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÚÚˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˆÓ˚y!˛õï˛ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ê˛° Ê˛!°Î˚y!SÈ°– ˆ§ x!ï˛ Ü˛òÎ≈ ˆÓ˚yà@˝ÃhflÏ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ°–ÛÛ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
~ܲ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ âê˛°– ÚÚˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛!òl ï˛y•yÓ˚ í˛zòƒylÙˆÏôƒ !l¢#Ì §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚«˛Ü˛ ˲#ï˛!ã˛ˆÏ_
÷!lÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ flf#ˆÏ°yܲ ày!•ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈüüüÈÈ fløÓ˚àÓ˚°á[˛lÇ ÙÙ!¢Ó˚!§ Ù[˛lÇ ˆò!• ˛õò˛õÕ‘ÓÙ%òyÓ˚Ù‰–ÛÛ
í˛/ x!Ùe§)òl ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚÚÓ!B˛Ùã˛wç#Ól#ÛÛ lyÙܲ @˝ÃˆÏsi Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ G lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ãy§!Dܲï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z!_´ ÚÚlˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ܲÌy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §)ã˛lyñ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ •y•yܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ùy!Æ–ÛÛ

!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ôÙ≈ xÌÓy Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“ï˛cÓƒyáƒyl

!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ôÙ≈ xÌÓy !¢“ï˛_¥ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ≤’ê˛ Óy ܲy!•!lñ ã˛!Ó˚eñ ÙlhflÏ_¥ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ùñ §Ç°y˛õñ
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ç#Ólò¢≈l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ°áܲ !Ù!°ï˛ !Ù!◊ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ xá[˛ ˙ܲƒÓ˚*˛õ Óy ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÈüÈG ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÚÚSir Percy Lubbock §yÓ˚ ˛õy!§≈ °yÓܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛
ÚThe Craft of fictionÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ï˛Ìy âê˛ly Óî≈ly ˛õk˛!ï˛ÈüüüÈ ˆÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ÈüüüÈ
Ó›ï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˙ܲƒñ §Ç°@¿ï˛y G !ӈϢ£Ï !ӣψÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õˆÏܲ §!ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚÉÉÉThe Craft of
Fiction å1921ä breaks new ground by demonstrating that the novelist’s choice of narrative method ÈüüüÈ
the ‘point of view’ from which he tells his story ÈüüüÈ can vitally affect the unityñ emphasis and coherence
of his work.ÛÛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ Ó•z~ !¢“# Ó!B˛Ù G l#!ï˛Óyò# Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y m®μ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢“# Ó!B˛Ù Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl xÌÓy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ l#!ï˛Óyò# Ó!B˛Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ó›ï˛ ˜¢!“ܲ G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ~•z ò%!ê˛

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 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚•z Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyîÈüüüÈ Îy Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ xyàyˆÏàyí˛¸y
xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xÓ¢ƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚÚ!Ó!Óô ≤Ãӈ϶˛ÛÛÓ˚ ¢Ó˚îy˛õߨ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ÚÚ!Ó!Óô ≤ÃÓ¶˛ÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ÚÚí˛z_Ó˚ã˛!Ó˚ï˛ÛÛ !lӈ϶˛ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!_´ÈüüüÈ ÚÚܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ l#!ï˛K˛yl lˆÏ•– !ܲv l#!ï˛K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆàÔî í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ùl%ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_yÍܲ£Ï≈§yôlÈüüüÈ !ã˛_÷!k˛çll– ܲ!ÓÓ˚y çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yòyï˛yÈüüüÈ
!ܲv l#!ï˛ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛y•yÓ˚y !¢«˛y ˆòl ly– ܲÌyFSȈϰG !¢«˛y ˆòl ly– ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚y ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎÏ≈ƒÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚ˆÏÙyÍܲ£Ï≈ §,çˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ã˛_÷!k˛!Óôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ˆÏÙyÍܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲyˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ≤Ã̈ÏÙy_´!ê˛ ˆàÔî í˛zˆÏj¢ƒñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïy_´!ê˛
Ù%რí˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– åÓ!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ @˝ÃsiyÓ°# / ≤ÃÌÙ Ë˛yàó Ó§%Ùï˛# §ÇflÒÓ˚îä ܲyÓƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î xˆÏÌ≈ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏFSÈ– Ó!B˛Ù
ˆ°áܲ Óy ܲ!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛yòyï˛y ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ˆ§Ô®Î≈§,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆ¢áyl– l#!ï˛K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ñ ܲyÓƒ Óy §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚G ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ§Ô®Î≈§,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ xydí˛zߨÎ˚l Óy
xyd÷!k˛ ˆ¢áyˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲv !ã˛_§ÇÎÙ G !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ≤çˆÏD !ï˛!l ≤ÃyÎ˚ l#!ï˛ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ ˆâшϧ ˆàˆÏSlÈ– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚
ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ~шÏܲˆÏSÈl Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ xhs˝Ù%≈á# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xfl≥%˛ê˛ ÙlhflÏ_¥ ˆÌˆÏܲñ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l ܲï˛≈ÓƒÙÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ G lÓyàï˛
ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ mˆÏ®μñ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õï,˛£èy G !ÓˆÏÙy!•ï˛ ܲZ˛§D#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyô%Î≈ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ñ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ xq$ï˛ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚# ≤ÃyÎ˚ !lÎ˚!ï˛§ò,¢
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏîñ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ò%/áò•lˆÏ˲yˆÏà– Ü˛yÙlyÓy§lyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l G m®μ§Çâyï˛ ~•z ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏò ˛õˆÏò à!ï˛ÙÎ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ x˛õ)Ó≈ï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ xl%˛õÙ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ñ xy˲yˆÏ§ •z!DˆÏï˛ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ Ü%˛¢°# G xy!ò xÓï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óyܲã˛ÙÍÜ,˛ï˛ G
Óyܲ§Ç!«˛!ƈÏï˛ñ •*òÎ˚yˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z_y° V˛í˛¸Óî≈ˆÏlñ ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ã˛yÓ˚&ˆÏcñ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏl ܲyÙlyÓ˚ àyì˛¸ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áyB˛ˆÏl
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒy§ !¢!“ï˛ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ ò˛õ≈î •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z–
˛õyë˛ Óy Text xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !ܲ!MÈ˛Í xyfl∫yòl ˆlÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ÚÚlˆÏàw ò_ ˆlÔܲyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏî Îy•zˆÏï˛!SȈϰlÛÛÈüüüÈ
~•z •ˆÏFSÈ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚Ω˛ Óyܲƒ– ºÙîܲyˆÏ°•z lˆÏàw ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ !lÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚*˛õy Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §y«˛yï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°l– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSÈò ÚSÈyÎ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈ày!Ùl#Û =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ÈüüüÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~áyˆÏl Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ fl∫≤¿ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy xyˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛® fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°– Ùy
ӈϰ!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù çy!lˆÏï˛!SÈ ˆÎñ ï%˛•z !ÓhflÏÓ˚ ò%/á ˛õy•z!Ó– ÉÉÉÉÉ xï˛~Ó ï%˛•z xyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl Ìy!ܲ§ ly–ÛÛ Ü%˛® ÙyÈüÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎˆÏï˛
Ó˚yç# ly •GÎ˚yÎ˚ Ùy ï˛yˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù)!ï˛≈ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ §yÓôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÚÚÉÉÉ xyܲy¢≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ã˛y!•Î˚y ˆòá– xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ
ò%•z!ê˛ Ùl%£ÏƒÙ)!ï˛≈ ˆòáy•zˆÏï˛!SÈ– ~•z ò%•z!ê˛ Ùl%£Ïƒ•z •z•ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÷˲y÷ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ••zˆÏÓ– Î!ò ˛õyÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ •z•y!òàˆÏܲ
ˆò!áˆÏ° !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ÓÍ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚G– ï˛y•yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌ Îy•zˆÏÓñ ˆ§ ˛õˆÏÌ Îy•zG ly–
ï˛ál ˆçƒy!ï˛Ù≈Î˚# xD%!°§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ myÓ˚y ààˆÏly≤Ãyhs˝ ˆòáy•zˆÏ°l– Ü%˛® ï˛ò§ˆÏB˛SÈyï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!á° l#° ààl˛õˆÏê˛ ~ܲ ˆòÓ!l!®ï˛
˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÙ)!ï˛≈ x!B˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•yÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ≤âflf ≤âyhs˝ °°yê˛ñ §Ó˚° §Ü˛Ó˚&î ܲê˛y«˛ñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ÙÓ˚y°ÓÍ ò#â≈ {£ÏÍ Ó!B˛Ù @˝Ã#Óy ~ÓÇ
xlƒylƒ Ù•y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï°«˛î ˆò!áÎ˚yñ ܲy•yÓ˚G !ÓŸªy§ ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆÎñ •z•y ••zˆÏï˛ xy¢B˛y §Ω˛Ó– ÉÉÉÉÉÉ çll# Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ܲ!•ˆÏ°lñ
•z•yÓ˚ ˆòÓ¢hs˝ Ó˚*˛õ ˆò!áÎ˚y Ë%˛!°G ly– •z!l Ù•y¢Î˚ ••zˆÏ°G ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xÙDˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î– xï˛~Ó !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ˆÏÓyˆÏô •z•yˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà
ܲ!Ó˚G– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚# ˛õ%lŸã˛ ˙ ˆòá Ó!°Î˚y ààl≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ xD%!°!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ°ñ Ü%˛® !mï˛#Î˚ Ù)!ï˛≈ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ l#°˛õˆÏê˛ !ã˛!eï˛
ˆò!á°– !ܲv ~ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÙ)!ï˛≈ lˆÏ•– Ü%˛® ï˛ÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ í˛zI° ¢ƒyÙyD# ˛õp˛õ°y¢lÎ˚l# Î%Óï˛# ˆò!á°– ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˆò!áÎ˚y Ü%˛® ˲#ï˛y
••z° ly– çll# ܲ!•ˆÏ°lñ ~•z ¢ƒyÙyD# lyÓ˚#ˆÏӈϢ Ó˚y«˛§#– •z•yˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏ° ˛õ°yÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚G–ÛÛ !l¢#ÌÓ˚yˆÏï˛ Ù,ï˛ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ¢ÎƒyÎ˚
Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ~•z fl∫≤¿ò¢≈l xÓ¢ƒ•z xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲï˛yÓ˚ °«˛îye´yhs˝– lˆÏàw G •#Ó˚yÈüüüÈ ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ï Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ç#Ól§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ Ü%˛®
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ˆòá° ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ âê˛lyÓ˚ ~Ùï˛ xy˲y§ ˆòáyˆÏly §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy!FSÈ ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚
°«˛îÈüüüÈ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î§)e §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Ùyly •Î˚ lyñ ܲ“lyÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ!¢ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ÌyˆÏܲ– ò%ˆÏà≈¢l!®l# Óy Úܲ˛õy°Ü%˛[˛°yÛÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ñ ÙlhflÏ_¥G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
ï˛Ó%G ~áyˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓ í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ xyò° í˛zÑ!ܲ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yÓ˚ GÎ˚yŒê˛yÓ˚ flÒê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ≤çˆÏD
!°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÈüÈ ÚÚRomance is a fictitious narrative in prose or verseó the interest of which turns marvellous

23
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

and uncommon incidents, while a novel is a fictitious narrative, differing from the romance, because the
events are accomodated to the ordinary train of human events, and the modern state of society.ÛÛ ˆÓ˚yÙy™
•ˆÏFSÈ àˆÏòƒ Óy ˛õˆÏòƒ ܲy“!lܲ ܲy!•!lñ ÎyÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ ~ÓÇ x§yôyÓ˚î âê˛lyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ó xlƒ!òˆÏܲ lˆÏ˲°G
•ˆÏFSÈ Ü˛y“!lܲ ܲy!•!l !ܲv ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~•záyˆÏl ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl!Óܲ âê˛lyÓ!° G xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xÓfliyÓ˚
§ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §Çâê˛l§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ fl∫≤¿ò¢≈l G ~çyï˛#Î˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ âê˛ly ˆÓ˚yÙy™ Óy ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚yó ï˛Ó%
~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§•z Ó!B˛Ù ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ !¢“§¡øï˛ ≤ÃÓï˛≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ °«˛î Óy xˆÏ°Ô!ܲ x!ï˛≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛
e´Ù¢ ˆàÔî •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰ñ Ù%რ•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ Ù)° ÓyhflÏÓï˛y– ˆ≤ÃÙ G ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛yÙlyÓy§lyÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l xÌÓy ï˛#Ó  xhs˝m≈®μ•z ˆ§•z ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü%˛®l!®l#ñ lˆÏàwlyÌñ ˆòˆÏÓwñ •#Ó˚yñ §)Î≈Ù%á# ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e ˆ§•z ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛– ◊#¢ G Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ Ùô%Ó˚ òy¡õï˛ƒ Óy.y!°Ó˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ç#ÓlÓyhflÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛˆÏܲ
ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ §Ùï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢y˲y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó ˜òl!®l §yôyÓ˚î ï%˛FSÈï˛yÓ˚ xlÓòƒ ç#Ól!ã˛e ~ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ
lyly âê˛ly G xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚– !ܲv !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ù)° ˆàÔÓ˚Ó ï˛yÓ˚ x!ï˛≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ Óy x“!ÓhflÏÓ˚ xÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
Ù)° ˆàÔÓ˚Ó ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÙˆÏôƒ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ÃÓï˛≈ˆÏlÈüüüÈ ï˛y ˆ§ ÙlhflÏ_¥ Îï˛•z Ó#çyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l– Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c
!ï˛!l Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ Ùï˛ lyÓ˚#ã˛!Ó˚e §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛zò‰àÙ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈló §)Î≈Ù%á#ÈüÈ•#Ó˚yÈüȈòˆÏÓw lˆÏàw
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeG ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ Óyï˛yÓÓ˚î ܲÌ!MÈ˛Í §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Û å1903ä í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§– ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÛˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ xˆÏÌ≈•z Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)!Ó˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛
Ùl›ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îyÎ˚ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ò,!‹T !SÈ° §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xÌ≈yÍ !ï˛!l ˆÎl ôƒylò,!‹TˆÏï˛ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ÓƒÌyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSlÈ
G xy˲yˆÏ§ •z!DˆÏï˛ ï˛y Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# !SÈ° !ӈϟ’£Ïîydܲñ !ÓˆÏly!òl#Ó˚ ÙlhflÏ_¥ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §Ùy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ xl%˛õ%C ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏî ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w G Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚
Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õk˛!ï˛àï˛ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl í˛/ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚÚÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ôyÓ˚yÛÛ lyÙܲ Î%àyhs˝Ü˛yÓ˚# @˝ÃˆÏsi– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈüüüÈÈ ÚÚÎ!òG Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ¢£ÏÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚
ÓyhflÏÓ≤ÃÓîï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ≤ÃÓ° ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚y!SÈ°ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ ò#!Æ G í˛zˆÏ_çly xy!lÓyÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ӈϢ£Ï ˆã˛‹Ty ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xyܲ!fløܲ xhs˝ô≈yl G x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!Ó˲≈yÓ ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚
Ó˚yçƒ ••zˆÏï˛ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó!B˛Ù ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ G ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ܲ“lyÓ˚ Ó˚!Dl
xyˆÏ°y ˆÊ˛!°ÓyÓ˚ ≤Èϰy˲l ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly•zñ ˜Óô G x˜ÏÓô ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚•z •í˛zܲ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y xyò¢≈ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!•Î˚yˆÏSÈl– xÓ¢ƒ ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û Óy ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°ÛÈüÈ~ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî «˛Ùï˛y ˆÎ x“ xÌÓy
xà˲#Ó˚ñ ï˛y•y Ó!°ˆÏ° ï˛y•yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ••zˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l xhs˝ò,!‹Tӈϰ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙÙ≈ˆÏ˲ò ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y á%Ó
x“ ܲÌyÎ˚ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl– ò#â≈ܲy°Óƒy˛õ# âyï˛≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î §Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚ §Çܲ°l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y xÌ≈˛õ)î≈
•z!DˆÏï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ Ê%˛ê˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ @’y!l G !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô §!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Óî≈ly
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y !ã˛e!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ)î≈yD ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ï%˛!°Î˚yˆÏSÈl G ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ xÌã˛ §%!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓ!ê˛
ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ù%!oï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !òÎ˚yˆÏSÈl– •z•y•z ˆÓ˚yÙy™ G ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ G ≤Ãôyl ≤ÈÏ˲ò– åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y
Ó˚Ó#wlyÌó í˛/ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
Ü%˛® lˆÏàwˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ ÓyܲÓ˚!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î Ó%ˆÏV˛!SÈ°ñ ~•z ˆ§•z fl∫≤¿ò,‹T ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÈÏÈüüüÈ ÚÚÜ%˛® ˆÜ˛yl í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚° lyó ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ófl≥˛y!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏl lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ã˛y!•Î˚y Ó˚!•°–ÛÛ ÚÚ˛õp˛õ°y¢ˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏl ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛ÛÛ lyÙܲ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ å§ÆÙ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏFSÈòä ˛õy•z Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#ò¢≈l– ÈüüüÈ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ly!Î˚ܲyˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Óî≈lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
•#Ó˚yÓ˚ Óî≈lyG ˛õy!FSÈ– Ó›ï˛ Ü%˛® §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫≤¿í˛z!j‹Ty Ó˚Ùî#ˆÏܲ ˆÙ°yˆÏï˛ ly ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ!MÈ˛Í •ï˛ã˛!ܲï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÚÚlˆÏàw§ˆÏD fl∫≤¿ò,‹T ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl ~Ùï˛ §ˆÏ®• ç!ß√Î˚y!SÈ° ˆÎñ ï˛Ñ y•yÓ˚

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 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

˛õb# xÓ¢ƒ ï˛Í˛õ!Ó˚ò,‹Ty flf#Ù)!ï˛≈Ó˚ §ò,¢Ó˚*˛õy ••zˆÏÓlñ !ܲv §)Î≈Ù%á#ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆ§ §ˆÏ®• ò)Ó˚ •Û°– Ü%˛® ˆò!á° ˆÎñ §)Î≈Ù%á#
xyܲy¢˛õˆÏê˛ ò,‹Ty lyÓ˚#Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ ¢ƒyÙyD# lˆÏ•– §)Î≈Ù%á# ˛õ)î≈ã˛wï%˛°ƒ ï˛ÆܲyMÈ˛lÓî≈y– ï˛y•yÓ˚ ã˛«%˛ §%®Ó˚ ÓˆÏê˛ñ !ܲv Ü%˛® ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ã˛«%˛ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈ°ñ ~ ˆ§ ã˛«%˛ lˆÏ•– §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ã˛«%˛ §%ò#â≈ñ x°Ü˛flõ¢≈# º&Î%à§Ùy!◊ï˛ñ ܲÙl#Î˚ Ó!B˛Ù˛õÕ‘ÓˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ Ùôƒfliñ
fli(°Ü,˛£èï˛yÓ˚y§lyÌñ Ù=°yLjϢÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ {£ÏÍ fl≥˛#ï˛ñ í˛zIμ° xÌã˛ SÈ®à!ï˛!Ó!¢‹T– fl∫≤¿ò,‹Ty ¢ƒyÙyD#Ó˚ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚*˛õ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ
ÙˆÏly•y!Ó˚c !SÈ° ly– §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xÓÎ˚ÓG ˆ§Ó˚*˛õ lˆÏ•– fl∫≤¿ò,‹Ty áÓ≈yÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ !ܲ!MÈ˛Í ò#â≈ñ Óyï˛yˆÏ®y!°ï˛ °ï˛yÓ˚
lƒyÎ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈˲yˆÏÓ˚ ò%!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– fl∫≤¿ò,‹Ty ◊#Ù)!ï˛≈ §%®Ó˚#ñ !ܲv §)Î≈Ù%á# ï˛y•yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ¢ï˛=ˆÏî §%®Ó˚#– xyÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ò,‹TyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§
!ÓÇ¢!ï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲ ˆÓyô •Î˚ ly•zÈüüüÈ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ ≤ÃyÎ˚ £Ïí˛¸!ÓÇ¢!ï˛–ÛÛ !ܲv §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xy•¥yˆÏl xy•)ï˛y ≤Ãôyly òy§#ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá Ü%˛®
âÙ≈y_´Ü˛ˆÏ°ÓÓ˚ •Û°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§Èü•z ˆ§ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿ ò,‹T Ú˛õp˛õ°y¢ˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢ƒyÙyD#Û– Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ fl∫≤¿ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD !وϰ ˆà°ñ ~áyˆÏl
ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î ˆl•zó xï˛~Ó ˛õy!FSÈ ˆÓ˚yÙyˆÏ™Ó˚ Óyï˛yÓÓ˚îÈüüüÈ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ G xyܲ!fløˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà–

Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£Ïî

ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó˛õÌàyÙ# !ܲv lê˛Èüȧò,¢ Ó˚*˛õ!˛õ˛õy§% ê˛Δy!çܲ ã˛!Ó˚e ˜¢!“ܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ G ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xï%˛°l !SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ §D#ï˛≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y– ˆòˆÏÓw Ü%˛®ï,˛£èyÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ#ˆÏӈϢ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ xhs˝/˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆ°áܲ
ï˛ÑyÓ˚ à#ï˛ÓyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ•!Ó˚òy§# ˜Ó£èÓ# ≤Ã̈ÏÙ áOl#ˆÏï˛ ò%•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ù,ò% Ù,ò% ˆÎl e´#í˛¸yFSȈϰ xD%!°
≤ÕyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚°– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õl ܲZ˛ÙˆÏôƒ x!ï˛ Ù,ò% Ù,ò% lÓÓ§hs˝ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛y ~ܲ ºÙÓ˚#Ó˚ =OlÓÍ §%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy°y˛õ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ °y!à°ÈüüüÈ ˆÎl
°Iy¢#°y Óy!°Ü˛y fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ ˆ≤ÃÙÓƒ!_´ çlƒ Ù%á Ê%˛ê˛y•zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xܲfløyÍ ˆ§•z «%˛o≤Ãyî áOl# ••zˆÏï˛ Óyòƒ!Óòƒy!Ó¢yÓ˚òˆÏòÓ˚
xO!°ç!lï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ ˆÙâàΩ˛#Ó˚ ¢∑ Óy!•Ó˚ ••z°ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛Í§ˆÏD ˆ◊ye#!òˆÏàÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ܲrê˛!Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y x∞ˆÏÓ˚y!l!®ï˛
ܲZ˛à#!ï˛ôÁ!l §Ù%!aï˛ ••z°– ï˛ál Ó˚Ùî#Ù[˛° !Ó!fløï˛ !ÓˆÏÙy!•ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ÷!l° ˆÎ ˆ§•z ˜Ó£èÓ#Ó˚ xï%˛!°ï˛ ܲZ˛ñ xRy!°Ü˛y
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y xyܲy¢ÙyˆÏà≈ í˛z!벰– Ù)ì˛¸y ˆ˛õÔÓ˚flf#àî ˆ§•z àyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õyê˛ƒ !ܲ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÓyk˛y Ìy!ܲˆÏ° Ó%!V˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ~•z
§Ó≈yD#îï˛y°°Î˚fl∫“˛õ!Ó˚÷k˛ àyl ˆÜ˛Ó° §%ܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ lˆÏ•– ˜Ó£èÓ# ˆÎ•z •í˛zܲñ ˆ§ §D#ï˛!ÓòƒyÎ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î §%!¢!«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
x“ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈#–ÛÛ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ x§yÙy!çܲ ܲyÙly G xydÓ˚!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢Ù)SÈ≈lyÈüÈÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ
~ܲ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ §D#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˲yÓÙ%SÈ≈ly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲy!•!lÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ê˛Δy!çܲ ã˛!Ó˚e ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Óî≈lyG !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎ%ÓyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õMÈ˛!ÓÇ¢ ÓͧÓ˚ñ ÉÉÉÉÉ–
Ù%á ~ÓÇ àë˛l !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚– ܲy!hs˝ ˛õÓ˚Ù §%®Ó˚– ~•z Î%Óy˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˆòˆÏÓw ÓyÓ%–ÛÛ ˆòˆÏÓw §D#ˆÏï˛ à¶˛Ó≈ •ÛˆÏ°G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ܲ˛õê˛ñ Îál ˆ§ Ó%V˛° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ï˛ál ˆ§ •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈!§!k˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ §Çܲ“ !l°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ã˛!l°yÙñ ~ál ܲˆÏ° lyã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÎ !ò° ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚Óñ ˆ§!òl ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÎÏ≈yk˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚Ó–ÛÛ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ÚÚˆfl¨••#l •z!wÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÛÛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ •#Ó˚yG xÓ!•ï˛ !SÈ°– lˆÏàwË˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °ï˛yÙ[˛ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!Ó‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw x˛õòfli
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ˆ§ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ܲÓ˚° •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛° ˆòˆÏÓ– Ó›ï˛ ˆòˆÏÓw •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ °â%˛õyˆÏ˛õ =Ó˚&ò[˛
!òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ó!B˛Ù ˆÎ !ÓÓÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ ÓlƒyÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ó ˆÎÙl ˛õ!B˛°ñ ˆï˛Ùl «˛!îܲ– !ï˛l!òˆÏl ÓlƒyÓ˚ ç°
§!Ó˚Î˚y ˆà°ñ •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ ܲyòyÎ˚ Ó§y•zÎ˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚y ˆà°–ÛÛ ˛õ%lŸã˛ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ˆòáyÈüȧy«˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏl •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆòˆÏÓwÓ˚
í˛z!_´ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù ˆÜ˛Ó° Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏ˲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ~ï˛ò)Ó˚ §¡øy!lï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°yÙÈüüüÈ Î!ò Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ
ܲÓ˚y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ xy°y˛õ Ìy!ܲˆÏÓ lˆÏã˛Í ~•z ˛õÎ≈hs˝– ï%˛!Ù ˆÎÙl à!Ó≈ï˛yñ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xy!Ù
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛° !ò°yÙñ ~ál ï%˛!Ù ~•z ܲ°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ í˛y!° ÙyÌyÎ˚ °•zÎ˚y à,ˆÏ• ÎyG–ÛÛ •#Ó˚y myÓ˚y !ï˛Ó˚fl,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õòyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÙyò í˛zòƒyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ã˛!Õ‘¢ï˛Ù xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò ~•z !ÓÓÓ˚î– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚G xyˆÏà SÈ!e¢ï˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ âê˛ly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ÚÚˆÎÙl |î≈ly˲ Ù!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
çy° ˛õyˆÏï˛ñ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆòˆÏÓw çy° ˛õy!ï˛ˆÏï˛ °y!àˆÏ°l– °%∏˛y¢Î˚ •#Ó˚y Ù!«˛Ü˛y §•ˆÏç•z ˆ§•z çyˆÏ° ôÓ˚y ˛õ!í˛¸°– ˆ§

25
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ùô%Ó˚y°yˆÏ˛õ Ù%?˛ ~ÓÇ ˜Ü˛ï˛ÓÓyˆÏò ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ••z°– ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚° •z•y•z ≤ÃîÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏÓw ï˛y•yÓ˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚#–ÛÛ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚
àyÎ˚ܲÓ˚*˛õG ˆ°áܲ ~áyˆÏl !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÚÚˆòˆÏÓw ˆÎ §Ü˛° ܲÌy ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛yl˛õ%Ó˚y °•zˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ §%Ó˚y˛õyl§Ù%ͧy!•ï˛
••zÎ˚y à#ï˛yÓ˚Ω˛ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ°l– ï˛ál ˜òÓܲZ˛ Ü,˛ï˛!Óòƒ ˆòˆÏÓw ~Ó˚*˛õ §%ôyÙÎ˚ §D#ï˛°•Ó˚# §,çl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ°l ˆÎ •#Ó˚y ◊&!ï˛Ùyeydܲ
••zÎ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÙy!•ï˛y ••z°–ÛÛ ˆòˆÏÓw !ܲv •#Ó˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï §Ç°y˛õ
í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚!SÈÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù ˆÜ˛Ó° Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏ˲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ~ï˛ ò)Ó˚ §¡øy!lï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°yÙ Î!ò Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ
ܲÓ˚y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ xy°y˛õ Ìy!ܲˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ lˆÏã˛Í ~•z ˛õÎ≈hs˝– ï%˛!Ù ˆÎÙl à!Ó≈ï˛ñ ˆï˛Ù!l xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛° !ò°yÙó ~ál ï%˛!Ù ~•z ܲ°ˆÏB˛Ó˚ í˛y!° ÙyÌyÎ˚ °•zÎ˚y à,ˆÏ• ÎyG–ÛÛ •#Ó˚y ܲï,˛≈ܲ !ï˛Ó˚fl,Òï˛ ˆòˆÏÓw Ó›ï˛ •#Ó˚yˆÏܲ ˛õòyâyï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ú§Ùy!ÆÛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˲Î˚yÓ• x!hs˝Ù ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ áÓÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ í˛zIμ°ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲòÎ≈
ˆÓ˚yà≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– x!ôܲv ï˛yÓ˚ !SÈ° x!Ùï˛ Ùòƒ˛õyl– x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zß√y!òl# •#Ó˚y ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ˆòˆÏÓw •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!òl ˆÎ àyl ˆàˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ§•z ÚÚfløÓ˚àÓ˚°á[˛l‰ÛÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò çÎ˚ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ à#ï˛ˆÏày!ӈϮÓ˚ àyl!ê˛ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ x“˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
≤ðyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆV˛Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚!SÈ°– ÚÚˆò!•˛õò˛õÕ‘ÓÙ%òyÓ˚Ù‰ÛÛ ~•z ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î–
ˆòˆÏÓw ÚÚ!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ á°lyÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏ°G ˆ§ ˆÎl !ë˛Ü˛ á°lyÎ˚ܲ lÎ˚– ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùl ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚&îyÎ˚ xyò≈ •Î˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §Ó≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓ«˛!Î˚ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ °«˛î– x!lÓyÎ≈ Ó˚*˛õ!˛õ˛õy§y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ xyÓyÓ˚
~ÈüÈ•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˜¢!“ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– çç≈ §ƒÑyò åGeorge Sandä ӈϰ!SȈϰl ÚÚI want to see man as he really isÉ He is
neither good nor badñ But he is something else beside ÉÉÉÛÛ xy!Ù Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆ§ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl ˆï˛Ù!l ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z–
ˆ§ ˲yˆÏ°yG lÎ˚ Ù®G lÎ˚– ˆ§ §Ó SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ!ܲS%È– Ó›ï˛ ˆòˆÏÓw ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ Ù®c SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ÈüÈG xlƒ!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ SÈy˛õ xyˆÏSÈñ Îy
ï˛yˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õ˛õy§yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ã˛!Ó˚e lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ÃÓï˛≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ Î!òG
ï˛y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ– xhs˝m≈®μ G xl%ï˛y˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˲yÓyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇÓyò ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õy•z Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚
˛õˆÏeÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù ï˛y•yÓ˚ !l®y ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛!SÈ ly– !ï˛!l ôÙ≈y¡øyñ ¢e&ˆÏï˛G ï˛y•yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲ°B˛ ~álG ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ly– xy!Ù ≤Ãï˛ƒ•
ˆò!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ !ï˛!l ≤Ãyî˛õˆÏî xy˛õlyÓ˚ !ã˛_ˆÏܲ Ó¢ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛#Ó  ܲyÙlyÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
•z!Dï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ~•z ܲyÙlyˆÏܲ ˆ§ ≤Ãyî˛õˆÏî xÓòÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛Ù lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xô/
˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚– x!ôܲv ~•z xô/˛õï˛l Ù)°ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ lÎ˚– ÚÚe´ˆÏÙ e´ˆÏÙ
lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ §Ü˛° ã˛!Ó˚e ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ °y!à°ÛÛÈüüüÈ ~ ÓyˆÏܲƒ lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ!_´c ≤ÃÓ° Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓòˆÏ° ÎyˆÏFSÈñ
!fliÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!fliÓ˚ ¢yhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ x¢yhs˝ñ Ùô%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ly xyˆÏSÈ– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ~•z ã˛!Ó˚eÓò° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ï˛
flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚° §)Î≈Ù%á#ˆÏܲ–
Ü%˛® Îál í˛zòƒyl Ùôƒfli §ˆÏÓ˚yÓˆÏÓ˚ xyd•lˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÓï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál lˆÏàw !˛õSÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ •yï˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ~áyˆÏl !lçfl∫ Ùhs˝Óƒ xÌÓy !ôE˛yÓ˚Óyܲƒ í˛z˛õlƒy§ÙˆÏôƒ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÓ˚ lˆÏàwú ~•z !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
~ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ã˛!Ó˚e⁄ ~•z !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢«˛y⁄ ~•z !ܲ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî˛õî xyòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°⁄ÛÛ ~áyˆÏl Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚
l#!ï˛Óyò•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ í˛z!_´ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈÈüüüÈ ÚÚ÷l Ü%˛®ú xy!Ù Ó‡ ܲˆÏ‹T ~ï˛!òl §•ƒ
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°yÙñ !ܲv xyÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚°yÙ ly– !ܲ ܲˆÏ‹T ˆÎ ÓÑy!ã˛Î˚y xy!SÈ ï˛y•y Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– xy˛õlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%k˛ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y xy˛õ!l
«˛ï˛!Ó«˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ– •zï˛Ó˚ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ– Ùò áy•z– xyÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚ly– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ SÈy!í˛¸Î˚y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ÷l Ü%˛®– ~ál !ÓôÓy!ÓÓy•
ã˛!°ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ÓÓy• ܲ!Ó˚Ó– ï%˛!Ù Ó!°ˆÏ°•z !ÓÓy• ܲ!Ó˚–ÛÛ lˆÏàwñ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ~ܲê˛y !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ «˛!îܲ xhs˝ô≈yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#ˆÏܲ lˆÏàw ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ ÚÚxy!Ù çy!lñ ï%˛!Ù §ˆÏ®• ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SȈϰ ˆÎ xy!Ù
Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏï˛ xl%Ó˚_´–ÛÛ ˆ§ xyˆÏÓ˚y ӈϰ!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆï˛yÙyˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §%á ly•z– xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xˆÏÎyàƒ fl∫yÙ#– xy!Ù xyÓ˚

26
 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

ܲyˆÏSÈ Ìy!ܲÎ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆÜœ˛¢ !òÓ ly– Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ §¶˛yl ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y xy!Ù ˆò¢ˆÏò¢yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚Ó–ÛÛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  Ùyl!§Ü˛
xhs˝m≈ˆÏ®μÓ˚ xy˲y§ ~áyˆÏl ˆ°áܲ !òˆÏFSÈl–
§)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xhs˝ô≈yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áܲ lˆÏàw ã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– Ó°yÓy‡°ƒ ~áyˆÏlG ˆ§•z ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ !ã˛_§ÇΈÏÙÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !SÈ° ly– ÚÚlˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ~ !¢«˛y ܲálG •Î˚ ly•z– çàò#ŸªÓ˚ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ
§Ü˛° §%ˆÏáÓ˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛y•zÎ˚y!SȈϰl– ܲyhs˝ Ó˚*˛õñ xï%˛° ˙ŸªÎ≈ó l#ˆÏÓ˚yà ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ó §Ó≈Óƒy!˛õl# !Óòƒyó §%¢#°
ã˛!Ó˚eó ˆfl¨•ÙÎ˚# §yôÁ# flf#óÉÉÉÉÉ ≤Ãôyl˛õˆÏ«˛ lˆÏàw !lç ã˛!Ó˚e=ˆÏî•z !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° §%á#ó ÉÉÉÉÉlˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆòy£Ï ly•zñ ~Ùï˛ Ó!° ly–
ï˛y•yÓ˚ ˆòy£Ï =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ó ≤ÃyÎ˚!Ÿã˛_G =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ••z°–ÛÛ Ó›ï˛ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ à,•ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ lˆÏàw Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ó˚*ì˛¸ xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ó¶%˛ •Ó˚ˆÏòÓ ˆây£ÏyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õˆÏe ˆ§ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ !ÓÓy• ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ºy!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛
ܲyçÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù ~•z ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y §)Î≈Ù%á#ˆÏܲ •yÓ˚y•z°yÙ–ÛÛ Ó›ï˛ ~ !SÈ° ÚÚܲyÙyï%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛_ã˛yMÈ˛°ƒÛÛ–
lˆÏàw !ÓÓyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢ ºÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Çܲ“ !l°– ï˛yÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛#Ó  x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ
ÚÚxy!Ù §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ÓôܲyÓ˚#ÛÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫àï˛ !ã˛hs˝y– ÚÚ!hflÏ!Ùï˛ ≤Ãò#˛õ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ flø,!ï˛xyˆÏ°y!í˛¸ï˛ lˆÏàwlyˆÏÌÓ˚ §Ü˛Ó˚&î
•*òÎ˚!ã˛e ˛õy!FSÈ– §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ¢Î˚lܲˆÏ«˛ ˆ§ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ°y ¢Î˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ òy¡õï˛ƒç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢ï˛ !ã˛•´ G ≤çyôl§Iy SÈí˛¸yˆÏly ܲˆÏ«˛
ÓƒÌyçç≈!Ó˚ï˛ lyÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈•z §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!Ó˲≈yÓ– !mï˛#Î˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ%î≈ âê˛ly Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ !Ó£Ï˛õyˆÏl Ù,ï%˛ƒ
G ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ÙÙ≈ˆÏÓòly–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛ÛÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ lˆÏàw ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ùyl!Óܲ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lG ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xôƒy˛õܲ William HÉ Gass ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÚConcept of Character in FictionÛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ åEssentials of the Theory of
Fictionä ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÚÚCharacters are those primary substances to which everything is attachedÛÛ ÈüüüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏD•z §Ó!ܲS%È Î%_´– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ lˆÏàw ã˛!Ó˚e ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ ~!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲy!•!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z
=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈–
Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ lyly˲yˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§ §!e´Î˚ lÎ˚ñ !l!‹;˛Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e– Ü%˛®l!®l# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó Ù,ò%˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏ°G ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ≤ÃÌÙ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ xydˆÏây£Ïîy ˆòáy ˆà° xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~áyˆÏl•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ò xB%˛Ó˚– âê˛lyã˛ˆÏe´ •#Ó˚yñ ˆòˆÏÓwñ lˆÏàwñ §)Î≈Ù%á# §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yàƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy¢y ˆáˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛®l!®l#ñ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#Ól !Ó§ç≈l !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y Ù,ò% ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ lyÓ˚#§_yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õy !ÓˆÏoy• ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒò,ˆÏ¢ƒ•z ≤Ãܲ!ê˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ lyÙ!ê˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ï˛!òˆÏl Ù%á Ê%˛!ê˛°–ÛÛ
ÚÚlˆÏàw àòàò ܲˆÏZ˛ ܲ!•ˆÏ°lñ ÚÚ~ !ܲ Ü%˛®ú ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˆòyˆÏ£Ï xyÙyˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Îy•zˆÏï˛SÈ⁄ÛÛ Ü%˛® ܲál fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ܲÌyÓ˚
í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ï˛ ly xy!ç ˆ§ x!hs˝ÙܲyˆÏ° Ù%_´Ü˛ˆÏZ˛ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÌy ܲ!•°ÈüüüÈ Ó!°°ñ ÚÚï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˆòyˆÏ£Ï xyÙyˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚ySÈ⁄ÛÛ
Ü%˛®Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# §Ç°y˛õ=!° ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈÈüüüÈ ÚÚܲy° Î!ò ï%˛!Ù xy!§Î˚y ~Ù!l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Ü%˛® Ó!°Î˚y í˛y!ܲˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ
ܲy° Î!ò ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ !lܲˆÏê˛ ~Ù!l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ó!§ˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ xy!Ù Ù!Ó˚ï˛yÙ ly– xy!Ù x“!òl Ùye ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˛õy•zÎ˚y!SÈüüüÈÈ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆò!áÎ˚y xyÙyÓ˚ xy!çG ï,˛!Æ •Î˚ ly•z– xy!Ù Ù!Ó˚ï˛yÙ ly–ÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚÜ%˛® ܲ!•°ñ ÚÚ!SÈú ï%˛!Ù xÙl ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y l#Ó˚Ó Ìy!ܲG
ly– xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •y!§Ù%á ˆò!áˆÏï˛ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ Î!ò ly Ù!Ó˚°yÙÈüüüÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙÓ˚ˆÏîG §%á ly•z–ÛÛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lŸã˛ ÚÚxy!Ù Ù!Ó˚Ó
Ó!°Î˚y•z !fliÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°yÙ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ Ù!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •zFSÈy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–ÛÛ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÌyñ ÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ §yô !Ù!ê˛° ly–ÛÛ
~•z •Û° lÓ#lˆÏÎÔÓˆÏl Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ãyîï˛ƒyàñ xï%˛° fl∫î≈≤Ã!ï˛Ùy !Ó§ç≈l– !lÓ≈yܲ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ù%á ~˲yˆÏÓ•z Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ÙlhflÏ_¥ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
§%ˆÏÎyà ~ ã˛!Ó˚e xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó£Ï˛õylÓ˚*˛õ ܲÙ≈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ •z!Dï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÚA great character
has an endless interest, its fascination never endsÛÛ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù•Í ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x§#Ù xyܲ£Ï≈î# ¢!_´ñ ~Ó˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈

27
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

!ÓfløÎ˚ ܲáˆÏly Ê%˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ly– ܲÌyê˛y ӈϰ!SȈϰl xôƒy˛õܲ ày§ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
Ü%˛®l!®l# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ~ çyï˛#Î˚ SÈy˛õ xyˆÏSÈñ Ó›ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– !SÈ° ê˛Δy!çܲ xÙÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ó#ç–
Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §)Î≈Ù%á# ã˛!Ó˚e ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏcÓ˚ SÈÑyˆÏã˛ ì˛y°yó ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ï˛yñ §ï˛# G §y!Óe#Ó˚ SÈy˛õ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§)Î≈Ù%á# Óƒ!_´c¢y!°l#ñ •#Ó˚y ~ܲÙye ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z Ê˛îy lyÙyï˛ xÌÓy Óyôƒ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– Ü˛Ù°Ù!îˆÏܲ ˆ°áy §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏe ~•z lyÓ˚#Ó˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÓòly Óƒ_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÚÚ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Î!ò xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §%á ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ fl∫yÙ#ó ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Î!ò xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ã˛hs˝y ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ fl∫yÙ#ó ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Î!ò xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%È §¡õ!_ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ fl∫yÙ#ñ ˆ§•z fl∫yÙ# Ü%˛®l!®l# xyÙyÓ˚ •*òÎ˚ ••zˆÏï˛
ܲy!í˛¸Î˚y °•zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yl x!˲°y£Ï ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˆfl¨•– ˆ§•z fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˆfl¨ˆÏ• Ü%˛®l!®l# xyÙyˆÏܲ
Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ ll!òl# Ü˛Ù°Ù!îÓ˚ §ˆÏD !SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ §•ç §á#c G ˛õ!Ó˚•y§!fl¨?˛ §¡õܲ≈– ~ܲòy ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§ ӈϰ!SÈ°ñ ÚÎ!ò
ܲálG fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ܲÑyܲÓ˚ Ê%˛!ê˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈñ ï˛ál•z ÙˆÏl ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ xy!Ù ˙áyˆÏl Ó%ܲ ˛õy!ï˛Î˚y !ò•z ly ˆÜ˛lñ fl∫yÙ# xyÙyÓ˚
Ó%ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õy Ó˚y!áÎ˚y Îy•zˆÏï˛l–ÛÛ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G ï˛yÓ˚ !SÈ° í˛zòyÓ˚ òÎ˚yÙyÎ˚yÎ%_´ ÙˆÏly˲D#– |!l¢¢ï˛Ü˛#Î˚ Óy.y!° §ÙyˆÏç
Ó‡!ÓÓy• ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°ñ fl∫yÙ#ˆÏܲ §%á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ !lˆÏç í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ !ÓÓy• !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
§)Î≈Ù%á# ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l# à,•˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ x§•ƒ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ âÓ˚ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ lyˆÏÙ– ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §)Î≈Ù%á# ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲS%Èê˛y
xyܲ!fløܲï˛y G xÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl §)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !SÈ°– ÚÚ~ï˛!òˆÏl §Ó Ê%˛Ó˚y•z°ÛÛ
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ lˆÏàˆÏwÓ˚ fl∫àˆÏï˛y!_´ˆÏï˛ ~ ܲÌy ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ§)Î≈Ù%á# !ܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÙyÓ˚ flf#⁄ §)Î≈Ù%á# xyÙyÓ˚ §Ó– §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ flf#ñ ˆ§Ô•yˆÏòÏ≈ƒ
ºyï˛yñ ΈÏb ˲!àl#ñ xy˛õƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü%˛ê%˛!¡∫l#ñ ˆfl¨ˆÏ• Ùyï˛yñ ˲!_´ˆÏï˛ Ü˛lƒyñ ≤ÈÏÙyˆÏò Ó¶%˛ñ ˛õÓ˚yوϢ≈ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÎ˚ òy§#–ÛÛ
ï%˛°l#Î˚ •z®%Ùï˛#Ó˚ !Ó•ˆÏl xˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó°y˛õñ ܲy!°òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚÚÓ˚â%ÓÇ¢ÙÛÛ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÈüüüÈ ÚÚà,!•l#§!ã˛Ó§á#!ÙÌ!≤ÃÎ˚!¢£Ïƒy°!°ï˛Ü˛°y!ÓˆÏôÔÛÛ–
ÚÚ!hflÏ!Ùï˛ ≤Ãò#˛õÛÛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ §)Î≈Ù%á# lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !ܲ !Ó˛õ%° flø,!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚&î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ
§)Î≈Ù%á#Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÓyhflÏÓï˛y G ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ï˛y– xy§ˆÏ° ~•z lyÓ˚# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y G xyò¢≈ÓyˆÏòÓ˚•z çÎ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛ §)Î≈Ù%á# Î!ò ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ü%˛®l!®l#
Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˜¢!“ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲñ Î!òG í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !çˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏSÈ üüüÈ Ü˛y!•!l fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !Ó£ÏyòyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈
!ܲS%Èê˛y ˆçyí˛¸yï˛y!° ˆòÎ˚y !Ù°lyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ •#Ó˚y ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ §Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛•z ç#Ól!˛õ˛õy§yÙ![˛ï˛ G ç#Óhs˝ ã˛!Ó˚e ӈϰˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ !SÈ° !Ó!ôÓ!MÈ˛ï˛ Ë˛yàƒ–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° ≤Ã!ï˛!•Ç§y˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î G ˆ«˛e!Ó!¢ˆÏ‹T ÙylÓ!Ó!m‹T– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ !Ó£Ïy_´ §%®Ó˚
§!˛õ≈l#Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆ§ ~ܲ x÷˲ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– @˝Ã#ܲ !ÙˆÏÌy°!çÓ˚ ˆÙí%˛§yñ @˝Ã#ܲ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Üœ˛y•zˆÏê˛ÙˆÏlfiê˛Δyñ flÒˆÏê˛Ó˚ xy•zí˛ƒylˆÏ•y
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z°!Ó˚ܲyñˆÏ¢:!˛õÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙƒyܲˆÏÓÌ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°í˛# ÙƒyܲˆÏÓÌ •zï˛ƒy!ò !l¤%˛Ó˚ G Ü%˛Ùï˛# §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚
ï%˛°ly ˆòÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §)Î≈Ù%á# í˛zFã˛ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ•z •#Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó!m‹T xyÓyÓ˚ Ü%˛®l!®l#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆe´yô ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆòˆÏÓw
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ly ˆÓˆÏ§ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_ ˆçyÓ˚ !SÈ° !ܲv ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ SÈ°lyÎ˚ ˆ§ Ë%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÚÚ«˛îܲy°çlƒ
•#Ó˚yÓ˚ xyd!Óflø,!ï˛ ç!ß√°– ˆ§ ˆÎ •#Ó˚yñ ~•z ˆÎ ˆòˆÏÓwñ ï˛y•y Ë%˛!°Î˚y ˆà°–ÛÛ
!l‹≥˛° ˆ≤ÈÏÙ •#Ó˚y ÚÚí˛zß√y!òl#Ó˚ Ùï˛ !ÓÓ¢y–ÛÛ Ó!B˛Ù ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚÜ%˛® ¢#ï˛°≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ •#Ó˚y í˛z@˝Ã≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÛÛ– à#ï˛Ó˚ï˛ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ !lˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î Óî≈ly Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ x!lÓ≈ã˛l#Î˚ Ù!•Ùyܲ#ï˛≈l ÷!lÎ˚y
•#Ó˚y ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ xÙyl%!£Ïܲ !ã˛_§¡õߨ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚°ÈüüüÈ fl∫Î˚Ç xy˛õyòܲÓÓ˚# ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚§yo≈y ••z°– ï˛ál xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓw ≤ÃÌÙÓ§hs˝ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛
~ܲÙye ºÙÓ˚V˛B˛yÓ˚ÓÍ =î=î fl∫ˆÏÓ˚ §D#ˆÏï˛yòƒÙ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ°l– •#Ó˚y ò%ò≈Ùl#Î˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚fl≥)˛!ï˛≈≤ÃÎ%_´ ˆ§•z §%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD xy˛õlyÓ˚ ܲy!Ùl#§%°Ë˛
ܲ°Ü˛Z˛ôÁ!l !Ù°y•zˆÏï˛ °y!à°–ÛÛ •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ê˛Δy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛G Ó!B˛Ù á%Ó !¢“§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛®l!®l#ˆÏܲ ˆ§ !Ó£Ï≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ~áyˆÏl ˆ§ Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ÓˆÏl !lÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛z!òï˛y– ï˛#Ó  ˛õy˛õˆÏÓyˆÏô G Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyâyˆÏï˛ í˛zß√y!òl# •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%‹ÒˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚!Ÿã˛_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyâyï˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ ˛õòyâyï˛ xÌ≈yÍ !l¤%˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ˆÌˆÏܲ– Ù,ï%˛ƒ˛õÌÎye# ˆòˆÏÓwˆÏܲ G•z í˛zß√y!òl#
ӈϰ!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆÎ!òl ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ í˛zͧ,‹T ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y °y!Ì Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛yí˛¸y•zˆÏ°ñ ˆ§•z!òl ••zˆÏï˛ xy!Ù ˛õyà° ••zÎ˚y!SÈ– xy!Ù xy˛õ!l

28
 !Ó£ÏÓ,«˛

!Ó£Ï áy•zˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y!SÈ°yÙ ~ܲê˛y xy‚yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ˛õ!í˛¸°ÈüüüÈ ˆÎ !Ó£Ï xy˛õ!l ly áy•zÎ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ü%˛®ˆÏܲ áyGÎ˚y•zÓ–ÛÛ
¢)lƒ !l¢#Ìí˛zòƒyˆÏl Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ G ˆòˆÏÓˆÏwÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ܲyˆÏ° í˛zß√y!òl# •#Ó˚yÓ˚ ÚÚˆò!•˛õò˛õÕ‘ÓÙ%òyÓ˚Ù‰ÛÛ àyl Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§Ùy!ƈÏï˛ ~ܲ §Ü˛Ó˚&î G ˲Î˚B˛Ó˚ §%®Ó˚ §ˆÏ¡øy•l# xyˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲyí˛zrê˛ !°G ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ñ ÎÑyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ Ù•Í Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚWhat is ArtÛ lyÙܲ !Óáƒyï˛ @˝ÃˆÏsi §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yˆÏܲ fliyl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§•z ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÚxylyܲyˆÏÓ˚!llyÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˛õòfl<!°ï˛y ly!Î˚ܲy xylyܲyˆÏÓ˚!llyÈüÈÓ˚
xyd•llò,¢ƒ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ xÑyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÚÚThe Consequences of counterfeit art are the perversion
of manñ pleasure which never satisfiesñ and the weakning of manÛs spiritual strength.ÛÛ åWhat is ArtäÈüüüÈ
ˆË˛çy° !¢“ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ xyl®ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xydyˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
•z!wÎ˚ç xyl® xÌÓy §%ˆÏáÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy!dܲ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–

í˛z_Ó˚ !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ß¿

1– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲÌyÓ› !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§!¢“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚&l–
2– Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ÈüÈôÙ≈ G ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §yÌ≈ܲ ≤ÃÓï˛≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚&l–
3– Ü%˛®l!®l# ã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚&lÈüüüÈ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ~ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ =Ó˚&c !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚&l–
4– !Ó£ÏÓ,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ lyÎ˚ܲ lˆÏàwlyÌ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy xB˛l ܲÓ˚&l–
5– •#Ó˚y ã˛!Ó˚e ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚&l–
6– §)Î≈Ù%á# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy xB˛l ܲÓ˚°–
7– ˆòˆÏÓw ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ê˛Δy!çܲ ܲyÓ˚&îƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚&l–

§•yÎ˚ܲ @˝Ãsi˛õ%!O
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ó˚ã˛ly §Ç@˝Ã•ÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õlƒy§á[˛ / §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢l
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w Ó˚ã˛ly §Ç@˝Ã•ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃÓ¶˛á[˛
í˛/ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ / ÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y
ˆÙy!•ï˛°y° Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ / Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§
x!Ùe§)òl ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ / Ó!B˛Ùã˛wç#Ól#–
Hoffman and Murphy / Essentials of the Theory of Fiction
!°G ê˛°fiê˛Î˚/ What is Art

29
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÈüüüÈÓ˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚
!Ólƒy§ e´Ù
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ˆò¢Ü˛y° ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛
ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§ / ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüüüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüüüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õye˛õye#àî
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“ܲ°y
í˛z_Ó˚ !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ß¿
§•yÎ˚ܲ˛õ!O

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yÌ≈ܲ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎÔÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  í˛zß√yòlyÓ˚ §MÈ˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– xyÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ˆ§•z
ˆÎÔÓlÓï˛≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏflÀyï˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ• §!ë˛Ü˛ !ò¢y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ•z ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ˆÏܲ
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùll ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Ûñ Úã˛yÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚Ûñ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüüüÈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§– ˆ§•z !•§yˆÏÓ Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ !ï˛!l وϕwñ !Ó•yÓ˚#ñ xy¢y G !ÓˆÏly!òl#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ lÓ˚ÈüÈlyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛y˛õÈüÈí˛z_y˛õñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ m®μüÈ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÈüÈÓMÈ˛lyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ÙylÓÙˆÏlÓ˚ x®Ó˚Ù•ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÚÜ%%˛Ó˚&ˆÏ«˛e §Ç@˝ÃyÙÛ !l˛õ%î ï%˛!°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÓ˚ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ¢ã˛#¢ÈüÈ◊#!Ó°y§ÈüÈòy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õܲ≈ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ Ù%Ü%˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õeÈüÈ˛õÕ‘ˆÏÓ §%ˆÏ¢y!˲ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– §Ùܲy°#l ˆò¢ÈüܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã âê˛lye´ÙˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚
˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲï˛yñ ç#Ól x!˲lÓ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛˆÏï˛ ˆ§ xydÈüÈí˛zòâyê˛l G xydÈüÈxy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÌ
ˆáy°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛˆÏï˛ ˆÎl ï˛y ˛õ)î≈ Ùyey ˆ˛õ°– ~áyˆÏl ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# í˛zaylÈüÈ˛õï˛lˆÏܲ
x§yôyÓ˚î ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï˛≈ˆÏl ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ =Ó˚&c x§#Ù– ~áyˆÏl ˆÎl ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚
lylyÙ%á# !ÓÓï˛≈l §Ç§y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆï˛y ~ܲçl lÎ˚ñ lyly ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùy•yÓ˚– ܲy!•!lÓ,ˆÏ_ ¢ã˛#¢ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲yD àí˛¸y
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Óò° â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ ˆÎl ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆáy°§ ˛õyˆÏŒê˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ÙlÈüÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e !ÓÓï˛≈lñ
xhs˝Ù≈ylˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲ߨÙ%á# ˆÓ˚áyB˛lñ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî §yÌ≈ܲï˛yÓ˚ ã%˛í˛¸yhs˝ ã)˛í˛¸y flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xydí˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lyly
≤Ã!e´Î˚yñ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒñ ç!ê˛° !Ólƒy§ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !lá%Ñï˛ !Ó¡∫l ˲y£ÏyÓ˚*˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~áyˆÏl Ó˚*˛õ xyÓ˚ xÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ m®μñ ÓÑyôl xyÓ˚ Ù%!_´Ó˚ çyò%ܲ!Ó˚ ˆòy°yñ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ Ó!•ç≈àÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ï˛Ó˚Èüȧ_yÎ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ x¡‘ÈüÈç!ê˛° ˛õÌ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùy °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ã˛!Ó˚e §Ù)• xhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈# ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏ. á%ÑçˆÏï˛
çylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈ üüüÈ Ü˛y!•!lÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÎ˚– lyÎ˚ܲÈüÈly!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ ç#Ól ~áyˆÏl x!lÓyÎ≈˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !ÓlƒhflÏ– ï˛ˆÏÓ òy!Ùl#Ó˚
ç#Ól í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ òyÓyÓ˚ SȈÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ~•z á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ° òy!Ùl#•z §Ó≈y!ôܲ «˛ï˛ÈüÈ!Ó«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈüüüÈÈ
ܲ# Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛ly Ó›ˆÏï˛ñ ܲ# xhs˝Ù≈ylˆÏ§– §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ߨÙ%á# ê˛ylyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸l °«˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–

30
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D
ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚– !lá%Ñï˛ ç#Ól!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xyô%!lܲ §ÇK˛y Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛–
á%шÏç ly ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°Gñ ÚÚÓ!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ)î≈ ˆÎÔÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!_´ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ–ÉÉÉÉ ç#Ól §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î §ï˛ƒ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòGÎ˚y Î!ò Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y Î!ò ˆ§•z §ï˛ƒ°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù í˛z˛õyÎ˚Ùye •Î˚ñ
ï˛y•y ••zˆÏ° ÓyhflÏÓy!ï˛¢ˆÏ΃Ó˚ x˲yÓ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ ˆòy£Ï Ó!°Î˚y !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ ••zˆÏÓ lyó ˆÜ˛llyñ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ SÈy˛õ ˆÓ¢ §%flõ‹T ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ó˚¶…˛=!° !ï˛!l ܲ“lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈló !ܲv
ˆÙyˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈü!ã˛eî §ï˛ƒyl%àyÙ# ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yñ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ!lÙ≈yˆÏî ܲ“lyÓ˚ xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y– Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ~•z ܲ“lyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c ~•z ˆÎñ ~Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !ï˛!l ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ çyï˛#Î˚ Óî≈Ó˚!.l í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ã˛ÙÍÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
§%ˆÏÎyà àˆÏí˛¸ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ˆÏÓÏ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ xyô%!lܲ §Ùyçç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y°∏˛ ÎyÌyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ ܲ!“ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ !ã˛!eï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛– ÚÚò%ˆÏà≈¢l!®l#ÛÓ˚ å1865ä Ùï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yÙy™ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛
å1873äñ ÚÜ,˛£èܲyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ í˛z•z°Û å1878äÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ§Ùyç ç#Ól !˲!_ܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ– xÌ≈yÍ
Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ç#Ól §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ç#Ól §Ç°@¿ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÎÌyÌ≈
xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÙˆÏ° ly– ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚*˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ òyÓ#ñ Ó!B˛Ùã˛w ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ òyÓ# ÎÌyÌ≈
xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ç#Ól §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§–
ç#ÓlÙsilçyï˛ !Ó£ÏyÙ,ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ≤ÃÌÙ fl∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Û° Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§– ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÓyhflÏÓ
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ xfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲÇÓy ÓyhflÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Óly@˝Ã• §¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyô%!lܲ !¢“ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎ í˛z˛õlƒy§
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ Ó!B˛Ù í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ§•z §ÇK˛yˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xy§ˆÏ° l#!ï˛Óyò# Ó!B˛Ù ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ç#ÓlˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ly !òˆÏÎ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ Ó˚&k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ç#Ól ˆÎ SÈÑyˆÏã˛ ì˛y°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyÌ≈ lÎ˚ñ ≤ÃK˛yò,!‹TˆÏï˛
~ê˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚G ÙD°ˆÏÓyô G ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ó!B˛Ù Ùôƒ!Ó_ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§yôyÓ˚îc Ù![˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
§¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ SÈ!ÓˆÏܲ Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy• ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !¢“#ÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ•z
!SÈ° ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆÎñ ÚÚ!ï˛!l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ܲòyã˛ §Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!l– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õlyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lyÎ˚ܲ
Óy ly!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ xl%ˆÏ¢yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆÓyô– ~•z xl%ˆÏ¢yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ•ï%˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õy˛õ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚– ~•z ˛õy˛õ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ §Oyï˛ xl%ˆÏ¢yã˛ly Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Ó!B˛Ù Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÎsfîyˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!lÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ñ §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
lƒyÎ˚ÈüxlƒyÎ˚ñ ˲yˆÏ°yÈüÈوϮÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈!l!ò≈‹T ˛õˆÏÌ Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ç#Ól!Ólƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆ•yܲ ly
ˆÜ˛l ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ•z Ó!B˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ SÈ!Ó•z
~шÏܲˆÏSÈl Ó!B˛Ù– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ~ ≤çˆÏD ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚÉÉÉ ~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó!B˛Ùã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ°ál# ˆÌˆÏܲ Úò%ˆÏà≈¢l!®l#Ûñ Úܲ˛õy°Ü%˛[˛°yÛ G
ÚÙ,îy!°l#Û ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ܲv ˆ§=!° !SÈ° ܲy!•!l– •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ˆÓ˚yÙy™– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyey ˆÌˆÏܲ
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy– ˆ§•z ò)Ó˚c•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– ÉÉÉ Ú!Ó£ÏÓ,«˛Û ܲy!•!l ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈ° xyáƒyˆÏl– ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ~°
ï˛y xyˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÛÛ å§y!•ï˛ƒ §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!B˛Ù Ó˚ã˛lyÓ°#Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyä–
ÓyhflÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól!¢“ ˆÎ í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ ~•z ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ xy!Ó˲≈yÓ–
xÓ¢ƒ ÚÚˆÓÔë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚yî#Ó˚ •yê˛Û å1883ä G ÚÓ˚yç!£Ï≈Û å1887ä ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ G ˆ§•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ë%˛_´ Ó!°Î˚y
!ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e G Óî≈Ó‡° ˆ¢y˲yÎyey Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙlˆÏܲ ˆ§Ó˚*˛õ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly•zÛÛ åÓDÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yñ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T !¢“ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y–
ˆÎ ç#Ól ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ñ ˲y°ÈüÈÙ®ñ í˛zaylÈüÈ˛õï˛l !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e ≤Ãܲy¢ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl x§yôyÓ˚î Ù)!ï˛≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y âê˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!l– !ï˛!l flõ‹T•z xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ÚÚThe novel is not merely

31
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

fictional proseñ it is the prose of man’s life, the first to take the whole man and give him expressionÛÛ
åThe Novel and the People, Ralph FoxäÉ §Ùyçñ §ÙÎ˚ñ §Ùܲy° ~ÓÇ §Ó!Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õ)î≈ ÓƒyáƒyÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õlƒy§
Ó˚ã˛lyܲyˆÏ° ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ– ÚÚÓy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛ly§Çâyï˛ xÌÓy Óƒ!_´!ã˛_Ó,!_Ó˚ !ӈϫ˛y˲ lÎ˚ñ ˛õye˛õye#Ó˚
•*òÎ˚yˆÏÓà G •*òÎ˚Ó,!_Ó˚ m®μ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!_´§Çâ£Ï≈ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ°# !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ åÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ
í˛/ §%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§lä– Óy•ƒ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xá[˛ Ó˚*˛õñ §yÙy!çܲ Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈Ù)!ï˛≈ ~•z
ˆàyê˛y Ùyl%£Ïê˛yˆÏܲ•z Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ò,!‹T@˝Ãy•ƒ Óy›ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚§ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÎ˚
ˆ§•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚•z ˆÎÙl ~ܲê˛y lÓ!l!Ù≈ï˛ Ù)!ï˛≈ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò,!‹T G x!˲K˛ï˛yçyï˛ âê˛lyG ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó!¡∫ï˛ •Î˚
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§– í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~•z ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÚÚÉÉÉ âê˛ly Óƒï˛#ï˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌG
å~Ùl!ܲ ˆçÙ§ çˆÏÎ˚§Gä x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ܲv ˆ§ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y xlƒÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ñ í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– xyܲ!fløܲï˛y G ã˛ÙÍÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ Î%!_´ G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î ¢,C°yÎ˚ @˝Ã!Ìï˛ âê˛ly˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ùyl§
§Çâê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ !Ó!ã˛e ç!ê˛° ~ܲ §ï˛ƒ Ù)!ï˛≈ˆÏï˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
Óy!°Û å1903äÈüÈˆï˛•z ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T Ó˚*˛õñ Îy ~ܲyhs˝•z Ó˚Ó#w§,‹Tñ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ≤çˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ñ ÚÚ§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
lÓ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ âê˛ly ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆòGÎ˚y lÎ˚ñ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly– ˆ§•z
˛õk˛!ï˛•z ˆòáy !ò° ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ˆÏï˛ÛÛ åˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyä– ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ÓyhflÏÓ âê˛lyÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ
flõ‹Tï˛•z xhs˝Ó≈yhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ !¢“#Ó˚ ~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y ≤çˆÏD Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ
ÚÚxÌ≈yÍ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ydyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– xhs˝Ó˚Óy§# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !Î!l çyˆÏllñ ˆã˛llñ !ï˛!l ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã
§_yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ !ï˛!l §˜ÏÓ≈Ó˲yˆÏÓ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÈüÈ˛õ%‹T Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛eyB˛l ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°l– Ùyl%£Ï ÙˆÏlyÙÎ˚
lÎ˚ñ ˆò•ÙÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ xߨÙÎ˚ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~Ùl!ܲ Ùyl%£Ï xyd§Ó≈fl∫G lÎ˚– §Ù@˝Ã §_yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l•z ܲyÙƒÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ä–
Ùyl%£Ï lyly˲yˆÏÓñ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù §ÇˆÏÎyçlÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÎ˚yçlñ !ÓÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛y §¶˛yl# •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ~•z à!ï˛¢#°ñ
!ÓŸªyˆÏ§ !fliï˛ñ ˆ≤ÃÙ G ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ í˛zß√%á Óƒ!_´c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲê˛y ˆàyê˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ x!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl §Ùܲy°#l §ÙÎ˚ÈüȧÙyçÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ– ò,!‹T˲D#àï˛ ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛yñ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒñ ~ܲyhs˝ !lçfl∫ ÓyhflÏÓ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ çyÎ˚Ùyl Ó˚Ó#w§_yÎ˚
ˆ§•zܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !l!Ù≈ï˛ •Î˚ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ å1916äÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# xhs˝/ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §Ù,k˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§–

ˆò¢Ü˛y° ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛
ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%È•z Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ly– ÚڈΈÏܲyl §,!‹TÓ˚ ˆl˛õˆÏ̃ §Ùܲy°#l Î%à G ç#Ól ≤ÃFSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly !¢“
≤ÃܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛ñ ܲáˆÏly Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ«˛ ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly
§y!•ï˛ƒÈüÈ!¢“#Ó˚y §Ùܲy°#l Î%à G ç#ÓlˆÏܲ !l!m≈ôyÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ x!˲lÓ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lÛÛ åÚˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Û
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“ Ó˚*˛õ / ï˛Ó˚&î ˆây£Ïä– §Ù@˝Ã |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ç%ˆÏí˛¸ §yÙy!çܲ !lÎ˚ÙÈül#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lñ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ç#ÓlˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓñ Î%!_´ G ˙!•Ü˛ï˛yˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyï˛ƒ!hs˝Ü˛ xy@˝ÃˆÏ• xyôƒy!dܲï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ Î%!_´ Ó%!k˛ G Óƒ!_´ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ Ó!°¤˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Ólò,!‹T §Ùyç ç#ÓˆÏl ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ •yGÎ˚y àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ Ó˚yÙˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%_´ Ó%!k˛ G
≤ÃÓ° Î%!_´Óyò §Ù,k˛ xyô%!lܲ Ùl ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÓ˚# fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x@˝ÃàyÙ# ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ flf# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚– §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
~•z §Ù)• !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !¢“# Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ xydfli ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ÚÚÓ˚Ó#wlyÌ §D!ï˛Èüx§D!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ Î%_´ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óƒ!_´fl∫yï˛sfƒ G fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y lƒyÎ˚ÈüÈl#!ï˛ˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ
!ï˛!l Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏ°l lyÛÛ åˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!° í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ / ï˛Ó˚&î ˆây£Ïä– ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ Úrealistic viewÛ ˆï˛ !ï˛!l
§yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° âê˛lyÓ°# ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓç#Ól §Ù,k˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô=!°ˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚ !lÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ~ܲ
x@˝ÃÓï˛≈# xyô%!lܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ÓôÓy!ÓÓy•ˆÏܲ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏç ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ !¢“# Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z

32
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤çD !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ SÈyÎ˚y!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l §yÙy!çܲ !Ó!ôÈüÈ!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yçyˆÏ°Ó˚
x§yÓ˚ï˛yñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !Ó˛õIlܲ ˲Î˚B˛Ó˚ï˛yñ xydá[˛l ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õˆÏò ˛õˆÏò G §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !làˆÏí˛¸ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚ °yN˛lyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚&î •z!ï˛•y§– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ ÚÚlï%˛l Ùôƒ!Ó_ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• G flf#!¢«˛y ~ܲê˛y çμ°hs˝ §Ù§ƒy !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •Û°– ÉÉÉ
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyŸã˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲âyˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l âˆÏê˛ ˆà°– K˛yl!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l !òܲ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •Û°– lÓçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyîflõ®ˆÏlñ ˛õyŸã˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒñ ò¢≈l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l çà͈Ïܲ xyˆÏ°y!ܲï˛ñ
Ó!°¤˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚ §ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°°ÛÛ åˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!° í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ/ ï˛Ó˚&îÈüȈây£Ïä–
§yÙy!çܲ ~•z§Ó âê˛lyÓ°#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yçyï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ G ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤Ãyܲ‰°ˆÏ@¿ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ÓyÇ°y
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xyô%!lܲ í˛z˛õlƒy§ Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Û å1903ä– !ܲvñ ÚÚÓ˚Ó#wlyÌ ~áyˆÏl•z «˛yhs˝ •l !l– !ï˛!l xyˆÏÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ
ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ xyò¢≈Óyò ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝/ÓyhflÏÓï˛y åinner realityä– ~áyˆÏl•z Ó!•ç≈àÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˲ï˛Ó˚ ˆò•!°ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly •Û°ÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyñ xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛÈüÈˆï˛ ~•zçyï˛#Î˚
ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ˆÎ §¶˛yl G §)ã˛ly âˆÏê˛!SÈ°ñ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ å1916ä í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ âê˛° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– ˆ§•z§ˆÏD Úã˛ï%˛ˆÏDÛ §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚yˆÏô≈ñ ¢•Ó˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y G ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y í˛z˛õܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚ ôÙ≈ÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛–

ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§ ≠ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Û ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ˆÎ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y âê˛yˆÏ°lñ ˆ§•z ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xydÈüÈí˛zò‰âyê˛l G xydÈüÈxy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙyí˛¸ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ â^˝ê˛y ˆÓˆÏç í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy / xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– ò,!‹T˲D#àï˛ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó˚#!ï˛ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÓ˚ xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚
ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õñ ÚÚ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l)ï˛l Ó˚#!ï˛ G ˲D# xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ x!˲lÓ !¢“yôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
Óƒ!_´§_y Óy Óƒ!_´fl∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ G ï˛yͲõÎ≈ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÉÉÉÉ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÎ §Ó ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ ˆ˛õ°yÙñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲyhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãyî# lÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óy.y°# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚y ܲál•z
xˆÏFSÈòƒË˛yˆÏÓ §Ç!Ÿ’‹T lÎ˚– ÉÉÉÉ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ §ÙyçÓk˛ lÓ˚lyÓ˚#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ lÎ˚ñ Óƒ!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÛÛ åò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l Óy.°y ܲÌy§y!•ï˛ƒä– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !lˆÏê˛y° ܲy!•!lÓÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏlñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈# Óƒ!_´c G
ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ lÓ˲yÓlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°ˆÏï˛ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y G ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy• =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ~•z !Ó!¢‹T !¢“ò,!‹TˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%ôyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÚÚˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õlƒy§ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ lÓÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï˛≈ܲ Ó°y Îy•zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– x!ï˛ xyô%!lܲ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ••zÎ˚y
ÌyˆÏܲñ ~áyˆÏl•z ï˛y•yÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛– ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ï˛Ìƒyl%§¶˛yl G ÙlhflÏ_¥ !ӈϟ’£Ïî•z •z•yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yä– xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Óƒ!_´Ó˚
Óƒ!_´c í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xy@˝Ã• ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ÎyÓ˚ ã%˛í˛¸yhs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§•z
ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy• åstream of consciousnessä ôÙ≈# í˛zaylÈüÈ˛õï˛lˆÏܲ x§yôyÓ˚î ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚
í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï˛≈ˆÏl ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ =Ó˚&c x§#Ù– ≤ÃÌÙ ~áyˆÏl•z Óy.y!° ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˆçˆÏlˆÏSÈñ
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓï˛≈l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !l/¢ï˛≈ fl∫yô#l !ÓÓï˛≈l GÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ çß√yhs˝Ó˚– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲy!•!l lÎ˚ñ
lyly ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲy!•!l– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ çß√ xˆÏlܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ¢ã˛#¢ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xl!ï˛!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫•z
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° lï%˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈܲ xy◊Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù%‡ˆÏï˛≈•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈÛÛ
åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy / xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ~•z lÓ˜ÏÓ!¢‹Tƒ flõ‹Tï˛•z í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ !òܲ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ÈüüüÈ ~ܲñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Ó!•Ó≈yhflÏÓ G xhs˝Ó≈yhflψÏÓÓ˚
!Ù◊ ç!ê˛° Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛zò‰âyê˛ló ò%•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚– ˆ§•z Ó˚*˛õyB˛ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî– ˛õyŸã˛yˆÏï˛ƒ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xy!Ó˲≈yÓ âˆÏê˛ §ƒyÙ%ˆÏÎ˚° !Ó˚ã˛yí˛≈§ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú˛õƒyˆÏÙ°yÛ å1740ä ˛õˆÏey˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Leon EdelÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒñ ÚÚThe Psychological novel accidentally founded by Samuel
Richardson,by the use of an epistolary method that brought the reader close to the thoughts and feelings
of his characters, had given way to the self-conscious modern psychological novel, in which the thoughts
and feelings themselves were re-createdÛÛ åThe Psychological NoveläÉ xÌ≈yÍ xydÈüÈí˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lÓ§,‹T ~•z
≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒñ ç!ê˛° !Ólƒy§ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !lá%Ñï˛ !Ó¡∫l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
~•z !Ólƒy§ Ó˚#!ï˛ Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛÈüÈˆï˛ xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚*˛õy!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏ°G Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÛ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%Èê˛y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ô!Ù≈ï˛yÓ˚
!l˛õ%î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˛õyŸã˛yˆÏï˛ƒG ~•z x!˲lÓ Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ §Ê˛° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà âê˛yˆÏ°l ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl
Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛– ˆçÙ§ çˆÏÎ˚§ñ ˲y!ç≈!lÎ˚y í˛z°‰Ê˛ñ x°í˛y§ •yܲ‰§‰!°ñ í˛ˆÏÓ˚y!Ì !Ó˚ã˛yí˛≈§lñ ˆÙ !§lˆÏÜœ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙ%á– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ÙyˆÏ§≈°
≤Ã%ˆÏhflÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ÚDu cote do chez Swann å1913äñ í˛ˆÏÓ˚y!Ì !Ó˚ã˛yí˛≈§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÚPilgrimageÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ á[˛ å1915ä
G ˆçÙ§ çˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚA Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManÛ å1916ä ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚
Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ å1916ä– lÓ§,‹T ~ÓÇ x!˲lÓ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒy§=!°Ó˚ Ó˚#!ï˛ G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Edward AlbertÈüÈ~Ó˚
x!˲Ùï˛ñ ÚÚThe presentation of the Ústream of consciousnessñÛ the use of the interior monologueñ the
detailed tracing of the freakish association of ideasñ and an allusive style were the chief weapons of the
novelist attempting to write from within the mind of his character åA History of English LiteratureäÉ
xôƒy˛õܲ xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z lÓ§,‹T í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ≤Ãy.‰!l!ò≈‹Tñ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ñ !lˆÏê˛y°ñ
§Ç•ï˛ ܲy!•!lÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏ°y xy˛õyï˛!¢!Ì°ñ !ܲS%Èê˛y ï˛Ó˚° G §Ç•!ï˛ÈüÈ!Ó•#l ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° !¢“§ˆÏã˛ï˛l
ç#ÓlÓ#«˛y– Ó!•ç≈#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϫ˛y˲ G §Çâyï˛ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝/ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ åinner-realityä §¶˛yˆÏl Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛lñ §¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚l xhs˝/§D!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ıôyÓ˚y– Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚÊ˛Ù≈ÛÈü•#lï˛yÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ӈϕ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•– ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •Î˚ xhs˝/
§Ç°y˛õñ ˲yÓ!Ó˲ˆÏDÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e Ó˚*˛õñ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xyÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î !ã˛eܲ“ÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyä– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ~•z§Ó =ˆÏî !Ó!¢‹T
~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó Ó˚#!ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈#–
Ӈܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§y ~ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏê˛y° ܲy!•!lÓ,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ xyfl∫yò Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
ï˛ˆÏÓ Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈G ~ ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !¢“#Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y G §y•§
xÓ¢ƒ fl∫#ܲyÎ≈ñ !ܲv ç#ÓlÈüÈ!¢“ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z ܲy!•!lÈüÈ•#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌG ï˛y
ã˛yl!l– ï˛y•z Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏê˛y° §Ç•ï˛ à“àë˛ˆÏl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z xy@˝Ã• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈# ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ xl%Ó˚yàÈüÓ#ï˛Ó˚yàñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §)- §)- !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y=!°ˆÏܲ
ܲáˆÏly Úï˛#«¯˛ ܲ!ë˛l Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò ÅIμˆÏ°ƒÛ åintellectual brillianceä ܲáˆÏly Úà˲#Ó˚ÈüÈxÌ≈ˆÏàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆòƒyï˛lyÛÎ˚ åepi-
gramä ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ã˛!Ó˚e ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´c !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ
Úx§#ÙÛ Úxlhs˝Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ¢∑FSÈê˛y Ó˚Ó#wܲyÓƒ ≤çˆÏD §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲÈüüüÈ §Ω˛Óï˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚# ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏlG Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ xá[˛ç#ÓlÈüȈã˛ï˛lyÓ˚Èüˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy Óy xyܲ£Ï≈î ≤Ãôyl ܲÌy– ~•z §Ù@˝Ãï˛yÈüȧ¶˛yl# !¢“#ÈüÈÙyl§ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§G
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ á%шÏçˆÏSÈ §Ù@˝Ã˲yˆÏÓ– ˆ§•zçlƒ•z Ùl%£Ïƒ§Ùyç §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ §ç#Ó ˆã˛ï˛ly ˆàyê˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
Ó˚Ó#wlÿÏܲ §òy•z §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ / í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ Úx§yôyÓ˚îÛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlܲÌy ˆÎ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌñ ï˛yˆÏï˛
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyd!çK˛y§yÎ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Çâ£Ï≈Èü§•Ù!Ù≈ï˛yÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛
ˆã˛ï˛ly ≤ÃÓy•ô!Ù≈ï˛y– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛñ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ≤ÃÓ_´y ◊#!Ó°y§ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ ò%•z ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ xydàï˛– ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ~•z
≤ÃÌÙ ã˛!Ó˚e xydyl%§¶˛yˆÏlñ xyd§Ù#«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy˛õ,ï˛ •Û°ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •Û°– !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ Ó!•ç≈àÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˲ï˛Ó˚ˆÏò•!°ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚D åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy / í˛É xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§

34
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

≤Ãôylï˛ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ~•z ˆÎ xyd§Ù#«˛yÓ˚ à•l ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ §¶˛yl# ò,!‹T !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛y!ÓƒÜ˛
ÓƒOlyÎ˚ñ ¢ã˛#¢ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ Ù@¿˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ ˲yÓly=!° ò,¢ƒ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zqy!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲÓyÓ˚
¢ã˛#¢ Ó°ˆÏSÈñ ÚÚ~ܲ!òl Ó%!k˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ˆò!á°yÙ ˆ§áyˆÏl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ §Î˚ lyó xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!òl Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚
ܲ!Ó˚°yÙ– ˆò!á°yÙ ï˛°y Ó!°Î˚y !ç!l§Ï•z ly•z–ÛÛ
xyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~•z ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚ñ ÚÚGˆÏày xyÙyÓ˚ ≤ðÎ˚ñ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã%˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲÓ
!ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ô!Ó˚Î˚y– Ó¶˛l xyÙyÓ˚ lÎ˚ Ó!°Î˚y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó¶˛lˆÏܲ ô!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly xyÓ˚ Ó¶˛l ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚•z Ó!°Î˚y•z xlhs˝Ü˛yˆÏ°
ï%˛!Ù §,!‹TÓ˚ ÓÑyôl SÈyí˛¸y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ° ly– ÌyˆÏܲyñ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ °•zÎ˚y ï%˛!Ù ÌyˆÏܲyñ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í%˛Ó Ùy!Ó˚°yÙ–ÛÛ
~•z çyï˛#Î˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˛õy•zñ ˆ§•z ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ùyl%£Ï !ܲÇÓy ÚÙyl%£ÏÛ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ á%шÏç
˛õy•zÈüüüÈ ˆÎ Óƒ!_´ à!ï˛§ˆÏï˛ƒ !ÓŸªy§#ñ ã˛!°£%èï˛y ÎyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°Ùsf– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyòˆÏ° ˆÎ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°
!l!Ù≈ï˛ lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ à•lÙˆÏlÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ SÈܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚ó ˆï˛Ùl lyly!Óô
á[˛ xÌã˛ xá[˛ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ˲yÓlyˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ– ˆÜ˛lly Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ !ÓŸªy§
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ÚÚÓƒ!_´Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól xyòƒhs˝ ~ܲáyly ç#Ól– ~ܲê˛y âê˛ly ÷Ó˚& •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ ç#Ól Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
xy@˝Ã••yj#˛õܲ •Î˚ ly– Óƒ!_´ç#Ól xyòƒhs˝ §Ù@˝Ãï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ê˛yl xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ܲòyã˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ç#Ólyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õƒyê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z
ˆ§ ê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ó#ç !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–ÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ñ í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
ÚÓy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛zj#!˛õï˛Û ly •ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ ˆÎ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈# ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏFSÈñ Óƒ!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆï˛y xyô%!lܲï˛y ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó‡!Óô ÙyeyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y âê˛ˆÏSÈ– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§
xhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈# ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ~•z !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ï˛y•z ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ñ ï˛y•z òy!Ùl#Ó˚ñ ï˛y•z ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚– ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛í˛z•z !Ó!ô ˆÙˆÏl §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ ˛õˆÏÌ
ç#ÓlˆÏܲ xl%§¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– xy§ˆÏ° ÚÚ!ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï Ù%•)ˆÏï˛≈ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ âyï˛ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛ñ ã˛!Ó˚e=!° ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ~Ùl !§k˛yhs˝
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÎ˚– xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zˆÏFSÈ G ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ˛ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°ˆÏܲ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyܲyCyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô ã˛!Ó˚e=!° ê˛yl ê˛yl í˛zˆÏ_çlyÎ˚ ~Ùl §Ó !§k˛yhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ G §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈÛÛ åˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!° í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“Ó˚*˛õñ ï˛Ó˚&î ˆây£Ïä– ˆ§•z §)ˆÏe lyly ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚
âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓï˛≈l– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚yàÈüÓ#ï˛Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ â)î≈yÓï˛≈– ï˛y•z ~ܲ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ly!hflÏܲ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
≤Ãôylï˛Ù !¢£Ïƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ˆl¢yÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒ!Óô §ç#Ó òy!Ó ~ÓÇ ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù §ï˛ƒ ˆ≤ÃÙÈüüüÈ
ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ òy!Ùl#ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÙ≈Ù˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yˆÏã˛ï˛ly ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õƒyê˛yl≈ˆÏܲ ~•z˛õˆÏÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ°•z ˆ§ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ÚÚÎyˆÏܲ xy!Ù á%Ñ!çˆÏï˛!SÈ ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
xyÓ˚ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z xyÙyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ly•z– òy!Ùl#ñ ï%˛!Ù
xyÙyˆÏܲ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyG–ÛÛ
¢ã˛#¢ xy§ˆÏ° xydyl%§¶˛yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ÷ô% Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy• lÎ˚ñ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ lyly!Óô !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚
çê˛G ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z à•l G Ó˚•§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ§•z ÙlÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îG Óy•ƒï˛ x§Çàï˛ í˛zqê˛ G
Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ ӈϰ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xòÙƒ ¢ã˛#¢ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
xyܲ£Ï≈î G ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xôƒy˛õܲ xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~•z ≤çˆÏD ÎÌyÌ≈•z Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ~•z
¢ã˛#¢ §¡õ)î≈ lï%˛lñ ˆ§ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ ◊# !Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛z ܲál ˆÎ
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ GˆÏë˛ñ xyÓ˚ ܲál ˆÎ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆlˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ◊#!Ó°y§ ˆÓyˆÏV˛ !lñ ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§˛õyë˛Ü˛G ˆÓyˆÏV˛l !lÛÛ

35
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyä– ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ÙlhflÏ_¥àï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Ó%ˆÏV˛ Gë˛y §!ï˛ƒ•z ò%/§yôƒ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yG ˛õyë˛Ü˛§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ á%Ó §•ç§yôƒ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏlG ˆ§•z ~ܲ ܲyÓ˚îÈüüüÈ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ç!ê˛°
ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_Ó˚ çê˛ ~ÓÇ Ù%‡Ù%≈‡ ˆçˆÏà Gë˛y ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒ– ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z!_´ˆÏï˛•z òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~•z ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ˲yÓly˛õ%‹T
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù)!ï˛≈ê˛y flõ‹T /
ÚÚòy!Ùl# =Ó˚&ç#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆâшϧ ly ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xl%Ó˚yà xyˆÏSÈ Ó!°Î˚yñ òy!Ùl# ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó!° ~í˛¸y•zÎ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ !ë˛Ü˛ í˛zŒê˛y Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó!°Î˚y– ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ xy!Ù•z ~ܲÙye Ùyl%£Ï ÎyˆÏܲ °•zÎ˚y Ó˚yà Óy xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy°y•z ly•z–ÛÛ
xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z òy!Ùl#•z ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Ó˚Gly •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ !Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü˛í˛¸y ܲÌyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ çylyÎ˚ /
ÚÚˆòáñ ï%˛!Ù ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyÙyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl xÙl ܲÌy Ó!°ˆÏÎ˚y ly– !ï˛!l xyÙyÎ˚ !ܲ ÓÑyã˛yl ÓÑyã˛y•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ï%˛!Ù ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲ çylú
ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÙyÓ˚•z ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyGÈüüüÈ xyÙyˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y !ï˛!l ˆÎ ò%/áê˛y ˛õy•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈl ˆ§!òˆÏܲ Ó%!V˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
ò,!‹T ly•z⁄ §%®Ó˚ˆÏܲ Ùy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y!SÈ°ñ ï˛y•z x§%®Ó˚ê˛y Ó%ˆÏܲ °y!Ì áy•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛y•z ÷ô% ܲy!•!lÓ˚ Ê˛Ñyܲ ˲!ï˛≈ˆÏï˛ lÎ˚ñ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ !ã˛!eï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ ˲y£Ïy G ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ Ó%!k˛Ó,!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲y£Ïy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
≤çy!ôï˛ñ í˛zIμ°ñ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò– §ˆÏÓÏ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ñ Úڧǰy˛õ ~áyˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ò˛õ≈îñ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏD §Ç°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ï˛ ˆçyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–Û ÉÉÉÉ~áyˆÏl ˲y£Ïy ˜lÓ≈ƒ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃyîÙÎ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyñ
xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆ°áܲ ˆÎ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l G ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ
ï˛yˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃyîôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ à•lÙˆÏlÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ò,‹Tyhs˝ =•yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Óî≈ly!ê˛ /
ÚÚçy!l ly Ü˛ï˛«˛î ˛õˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ§ê˛y ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛â%Ù lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ x§yí˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õyï˛°y ã˛yòÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yܲy
˛õ!í˛¸°– ~ܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z ï˛wyˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ~ܲê˛y âl !lŸªy§ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚°yÙ– ˲ˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyÓ˚
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !•Ù ••zÎ˚y ˆà°– ˆ§•z xy!òÙ çvê˛yú ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ§ xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õy çí˛¸y•zÎ˚y ô!Ó˚°– ÉÉÉÉ ÙˆÏl ••z° ~ܲê˛y §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ çvñ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ !ã˛!l ly– ÉÉÉ ÙˆÏl ••z° ˆ§ xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ù%á Ó˚y!áÎ˚yˆÏSÈ üüüÈ âl âl !lŸªy§ ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ˆ§
ˆÎ ܲ# Ü˛Ù Ù%á çy!l ly–ÛÛ
Ó˚Ó#wÜ,˛ï˛ ~•z Óî≈lyÎ˚ñ ÚÚˆÜ˛yÌyG òy!Ùl#Ó˚ lyÙ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚!lñ ~áyˆÏl•z òy!Ùl#Ó˚ Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ lyÓ˚#ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚&k˛ ܲyߨy ˆË˛ˆÏ.
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– !l˛õ%îï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÛ ~•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ interior monologue åxhs˝/§Ç°y˛õä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
åstream of consciousnessä !¢“Ó˚*˛õ•z •Û° interior monologueÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyñ í˛É xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ ã˛!Ó˚e=!° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ lylyl Ù%‡ˆÏï˛≈ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫#Î˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy ≤ÃÓ° x≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ xyˆÏÓàÈüÈxyÜ%˛°ï˛yÎ˚
˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ xl%§¶˛ˆÏl ˆlˆÏÙˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ÓÓï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
§,çˆÏlÈüÈ•z!Dï˛ÙÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ù@˝Ã í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓÎ˚Ó ç%ˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆã˛ï˛lÈüÈô!Ù≈ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ– ÚÚx¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
=•yñ ç#î≈ Óy!í˛¸ñ fli°Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Üœ˛yhs˝ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xhs˝Ó˚#˛õñ xˆÏã˛ly çvÓ˚ ã˛y˛õy ܲyߨyñ ò%ˆÏÎÏ≈yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ çyl°yÈüÈòÓ˚çyÓ˚
!SÈê˛!ܲ!l á%ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ V˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ G ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˲o xy§ÓyÓ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ GˆÏ°yê˛ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ°yê˛ ~•z§Ó ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚
çà͈Ïܲ ~ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ xÓÎ˚Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyñ í˛É xÓ˚&î Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– ï˛y•z ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
ÚÚÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ¢£ÏÈ üÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ å1916ä §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xyÇ!¢Ü˛ˆÏcÓ˚ åfragmentaryä °«˛îye´yhs˝ÛÛ
ӈϰ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yG ~•z ÙˆÏlyà•ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ˲yÓly !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ •z!Dï˛ÙÎ˚ !Ó!«˛Æ í˛z˛õfliy˛õlyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ñ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ ˆÎ ≤ÃÌy!§k˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙlhflÏ_¥àï˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly ≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ˆÎ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
àˆÏí˛¸ !lˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !l/§Ç¢Î˚– í˛É xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒG ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ §ÙÌ≈lñ ÚÚÉÉÉÓy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

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 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

ÚÊ˛Ù≈ÛÈüÈ •#lï˛yÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ӈϕ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•– ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •Î˚ xhs˝/§Ç°y˛õñ ˲yÓ!Ó˲ˆÏDÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e Ó˚*˛õñ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xyÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î
!ã˛eܲ“– Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ˆÎl §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çàÍ G ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ˆflÀyï˛
ܲáˆÏlyÈüÈÓy ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆò¢Ü˛y° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §#Ùy ã%˛î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ≤ÃÌy!§k˛ ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚
xy˛õyï˛ÈüÈx§Ç°@¿ ò,¢ƒ!lã˛Î˚ÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyñ í˛É xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–

Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î
ÚÚí˛z˛õlƒy§ Óy lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÙ≈yîÈü!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ÌyˆÏܲ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤çD!ê˛– ܲy!•!l Óy ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ˲yÓ§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚
!l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!Ë˛ÓƒOly!ê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó≈e•z lyˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà âˆÏê˛ Óy ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈ Óƒ_´
•Î˚ñ ~Ùl lÎ˚ÛÛ åˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!° í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“Ó˚*˛õñ ï˛Ó˚&î ˆây£Ïä– ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ܲyÓƒÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚
§Ó≈ydܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚G §•Ùï˛ñ ÚÚlyÙˆÏܲ ÎÑyÓ˚y lyÙÙye ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l xy!Ù ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏ° l•z–ÛÛ
ÓyhflψÏÓ Ü˛yly ˆSȈϰÓ˚ lyÙ ˛õpˆÏ°yã˛l !ܲÇÓy ò%Ó≈° Óƒ!_´Ó˚ lyÙ ¢!_´˛õò •ˆÏ°G xy˛õ!_ ˆl•z– !ܲv @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó!¡∫ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ•zñ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î í˛z˛õÎ%_´ G ≤Ãy§!Dܲ •GÎ˚y•z ÓyN˛l#Î˚–
Ó˚Ó#wÜ,˛ï˛ lyÙܲÓ˚î xyÓyÓ˚ ˲yÓ§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚ G ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ ÓƒOlyÎ˚ §Ù%Iμ°– Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°Ûñ Úl‹Tl#í˛¸Û §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˆÎÙl
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈G ~ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ– Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ~•z Ó•záy!lÓ˚ lyÙ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D– Úçƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zÛ
Ú¢ã˛#¢Û Úòy!Ùl#Û G Ú◊#!Ó°y§Û •z•yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚ xÇ¢–ÛÛ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ çÓy!lˆÏï˛ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ Ó!î≈ï˛– !ܲv ˆ§ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù%áƒ
ã˛!Ó˚e lÎ˚– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xydxy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl xlƒylƒ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~áyˆÏl– !ܲv ˙§Ü˛°
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛î#Î˚ lÎ˚– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xydyl%§¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zñ òy!Ùl# G ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚
Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ §%!l˛õ%î í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ– í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÚÓ˚Ó#wlyÌ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚçƒyë˛yÙ¢yÎ˚ñ ¢ã˛#¢ñ òy!Ùl# G ◊#!Ó°y§ÈüüüÈ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛y!•!lÓ˚
§ÙyˆÏÓ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Ü˛y!•!l•z fl∫Î˚ǧ¡õ)î≈– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛y!•!l !وϰ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óyôy •Î˚!l– ~!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•ƒ §yÌ≈ܲï˛y xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y lyly !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ lyˆÏÙÓ˚
§yÌ≈ܲï˛y !Óã˛yÎ≈–ÛÛ
lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÎ ˲yÓ§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y §¶˛yl !ܲÇÓy ÓƒOlyÙÎ˚ï˛y §,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Tyñ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛G
ˆ§•z ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ °«˛îye´yhs˝– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ܲy!•!l!ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ˆÎÙl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
!ܲÇÓy ~!˛õ@˝ÃyÙôÙ≈# §Ç°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ SÈê˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÙl ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%!k˛ò#Æ Ü˛“lyÓ˚ SÈê˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈló ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ÙˆÏly˲yÓly
í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÎ˚ !e´Î˚y¢#°– ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚D ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚*!ì˛¸ xÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈ x«˛e´#í˛¸y– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ç#ÓlG
xˆÏlܲê˛y x«˛ e´#í˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ܲÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ñ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏD ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆÎ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ç#Ól !lˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D ˆá°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ¢ã˛#¢ G ◊#!Ó°y§ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ~ܲÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÓƒÓ•*ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä òy!Ùl#ˆÏï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ ◊#!Ó°y§G xÓ¢ƒ•zñ !ܲvñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ lyÙ!ê˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ G ÓƒOlyÓ• •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ ¢ã˛#¢– ¢ã˛#¢ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ á%Ñ!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ÚçàˆÏÙy•lG
ï˛yˆÏܲ ~Ù!l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ó!§ˆÏ°l ˆÎl ˆ§ ï˛ÑyÓ˚•z ˆSȈϰ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˆ«˛ˆÏe çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÙyÙ°yÎ˚ Îál
•!Ó˚ˆÏÙy•l çÎ˚°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°yñ ï˛ál !ï˛!l !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°l ÈüüüÈ~ÓyÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ly ~ˆÏ§ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ ˲yÓly
§¡õ)î≈ ºyhs˝ ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •ˆÏ°yñ Îál ¢ã˛#¢ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•z çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚°– xyˆÏÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ
çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ Ó˚§§yôlyÎ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏç ˆà° ˆÎñ =Ó˚&ç# ï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛ §•ˆÏç•z á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ xÓ¢ƒ•z ¢ã˛#¢ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ Ó›Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° Ó¶%˛ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ
•Û°ÚÚ~ܲ!òl Ó%!k˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ˆò!á°yÙ ˆ§áyˆÏl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ §Î˚ lyó xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!òl Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚°yÙ–

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ˆò!á°yÙ ï˛°y Ó!°Î˚y !ç!l§Ï•z ly•z–ÛÛ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îsfîy ܲyï˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ xl%lÎ˚ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ Ó°°ñ ÚÚÎÑyˆÏܲ
xy!Ù á%Ñ!çˆÏï˛!SÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z xyÙyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ly•z– òy!Ùl#ñ ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ï%˛!Ù
xyÙyˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyG–ÛÛ
~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚Èüüü Èí˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈•z ӈϰlñ ÚÚÓ•záy!lÓ˚ ~•z ã˛y!Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ çlƒ•z ~ˆÏܲ
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌÈüüüÈ ~ÈüÈܲÌy ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏ° Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §%!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ÓÓ˚MÈ˛ lyÎ˚ܲÈüÈly!Î˚ܲyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ xyáƒyÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ˆ§!òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ çàˆÏÙy•l §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y x!˲ˆÏÎyà
çàˆÏÙy•l xÇ¢ xlyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ò#â≈ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚G ˆÙˆÏ°– Ó•záy!lÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õyeÈüÈ˛õye# ¢ã˛#¢ G òy!Ùl#– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §%flõ‹T
ã˛y!Ó˚!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚– çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zñ °#°yl®ñ òy!Ùl# ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ≈y_#î≈ xÓfliy– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlG xl%Ó˚*˛õ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ë˛yà Óy ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÷Ó˚&
°#°yl®ñ =Ó˚& !ÓˆÏoy•ñ ¢ã˛#¢ ~ÓÇ ◊#!Ó°y§– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ lyÙ ~•z !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÌ≈ܲÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ä– ~•z ôyÓ˚îy§)e
xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy ly Ó°ˆÏ°•z lÎ˚
ˆÎñ ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ•z !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ùl# !lˆÏç•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ
ˆ§ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ Úˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲_´ Óy ~ܲ Ùï˛°ˆÏÓ ~ܲ ӈϮyÓ› ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÓlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲_´ Óy xyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ùï˛°ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚
~ܲ ӈϮyÓ› ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÓlÈüüüÈ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl xy!Ù !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢ÈüÈ˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ âÑ%!ê˛⁄ÛÛ x«˛e´#í˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ñ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlG ï˛y ≤Ãܲê˛ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– fl∫yÙ# !¢ÓˆÏï˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •zFSÈye´ˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ï˛y•z òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸° =Ó˚&Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ç#ÓlÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚!§Ü˛ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚î =Ó˚& !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈– !ܲv ~ܲê%˛
à˲#Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Îy °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y •Û° ~•z !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚y°Óï˛≈# âê˛ly •Û° âÑ%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ§•z =Ó˚&Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_•z ˛õ!Ó˚ºÙî–
ÚÚ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ G ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õy¢yÓ˚ òyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ˆ§ ˆÎl !Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– ˛õy¢yÓ˚ òyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ü˛≈ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•z òy!Ùl# ܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸° ï˛yG ï˛Ü˛≈§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ lÎ˚– ◊#!Ó°y§ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yG !lï˛yhs˝ ˜òÓyô#l âê˛ly•zñ
˛õy¢yÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !Óôyï˛y x«˛e´#í˛¸yÓ˚ ~•z âÑ%!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆá°y §yD ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ
í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– ÙylˆÏï˛ !môy ˆl•zñ âÑ%!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ° §Ó≈y!ôܲ «˛ï˛!Ó«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ òy!Ùl#– ï˛y•z ÷ô% ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏl•z
Îál =Ó˚&ç#Ó˚ ˲!_´Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ òy!Ùl# §•l¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z xÓfliyÎ˚G ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Åòy§#lƒ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá
ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ÚÚ~Ù!l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y òy!Ùl# Îál !fliÓ˚ ˆ§Ôòy!Ùl# ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢y˲y ˆò!áˆÏï˛ °y!à°– !ܲv xy!Ù
Ó!°ˆÏï˛!SÈ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ¢y˲y•z ˆò!á°ñ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ ˆò!á° ly– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛y ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ !ò°ñ
¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ˆÎl ˆ§ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#˛õˆÏÓ≈ ç#ÓlÈüÈ˛õy¢yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ âÑ%!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ° ˆ§ ~ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •Û° ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ
~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xÓfliyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˆÎ !fli!ï˛ñ ˆ§ê˛y òy!Ùl#Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°– ï˛Ó% âÑ%!ê˛ˆÏï˛y
ÓˆÏê˛•z– ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç#Ól ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~•z xÓfliyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyK˛ Ùhs˝Óƒñ ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÛÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
˛õyeÈüÈ˛õye# ¢ã˛#¢ G òy!Ùl# ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ SȈÏܲ â%Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛SȈÏܲÓ˚ !e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ SÈܲ=ˆÏ°y ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏ.ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˲y.yÓ˚ !e´Î˚y Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ x!ï˛ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ä–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ò%•z ã˛!Ó˚eÈüüüÈ ¢ã˛#¢ G òy!Ùl#•z ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ çàˆÏÙy•l G ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlG ˛õy¢yÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆá°y Óï˛≈Ùyl– çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ l#Ó˚§ Ó%!k˛ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Óê˛y ˲ˆÏÓ˚ GˆÏë˛ lyñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô G
!Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õÓ≈yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ò,‹Tyv Óï˛≈Ùyl– ll#Óy°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ Ó°y ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ܲÌyˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî ˆÙˆÏ°ñ ÚÚÙyñ xy!Ù flõ‹T•z ˆò!áˆÏï˛!SÈ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ï%˛!Ù ~•z ly!hflÏܲˆÏܲ xy!hflÏܲ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ï%˛!°ˆÏÓ– xy!Ù
xy¢#Ó≈yˆÏò !§!ܲÈüÈ˛õÎ˚§y !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ lyñ !ܲv ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˙ Ù%ááy!l ˆò!áˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ xy¢#Ó≈yò ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •zFSÈy ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ
ÚÚ◊#!Ó°y§G á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢ã˛#¢ñ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yÎ˚ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ Ó˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùy/
xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– xyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ òy!Ùl#G ◊#!Ó°y§ˆÏܲ á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z !òܲ!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î xyˆÏÓ˚y à˲#Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈

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 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

G ÓƒOlyÓ•– í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ܲy!•!l xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z ܲy!•!lÓ˚ !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•ñ lylyÙ%á# xÓfliyÓ˚ §Çâyï˛ G ç!ê˛°
xyÓˆÏï˛≈ñ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ù%≈á# ˲yÓly≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛eÙ%á# ç!ê˛°ï˛y G Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ÈüȧÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !˲ߨydܲ Ó˚*˛õ˜Ï Ó!ã˛eˆÏƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒG ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°Ùylï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ SÈ!Ó Ë˛yÓàï˛ ÓƒOlyÎ˚ !ã˛!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ lyÙܲÓ˚î!ê˛Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xÌ≈Ó•
à˲#Ó˚ï˛y x§yôyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤çˆÏD
xlƒ!Óô ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ܲy!•!lÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!Ó xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §%flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ~•z ˆÎñ §Ü˛° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D ˆá°y !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ã˛ˆÏ° lyó ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ù•_Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒG xyˆÏSÈ–
ˆÜ˛lly Ùyl%£Ï ˛õy¢yÓ˚ â%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !lŸã˛° static lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y ≤ÃFSÈߨ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ– =Ó˚&Óyò G ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛
í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓÑyôl !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z à!ï˛¢!_´ˆÏܲ ådynamic forceä ÓƒÌ≈ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyä– Ó˚Ó#wÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
lyÙܲÓ˚î ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ùyl§≤ÃÓîï˛y G ç#ÓlˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z Ù)!ï˛≈ ˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ ܲ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛eï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓï˛≈lç!lï˛ à!ï˛ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚•z lyÙyhs˝Ó˚– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î lyly
!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛y•z ≤Ãy§!Dܲñ Î%!_´Î%_´ G ܲy!ÓƒÜ˛ ÓƒOlyÎ˚ xͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈–

Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õye˛õye#àî

Ó˚Ó#wÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïc ≤çˆÏD §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ ~•zÓ˚ܲÙñ ÚÚÉÉÉÓ˚Ó#wlyÌ•z
≤ÃÌÙ Óy.y°# Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ñ ÎÑyÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sf ï˛Ìy Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xydy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓï˛≈lôÙ≈# SÈ!Ó §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÑyܲy •Û°–
Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ã˛!Ó˚e ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÌy ï˛y•z Óƒ!_´§_yÓ˚ e´ÙÈüÈí˛zˆÏß√yã˛l ï˛Ìy xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ åÓ˚Ó#w
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî!¢“#ä– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛≈# í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§G Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒ!_´c í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ÚÚÉÉÉ Ó!•Ó˚D ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚y°Óï˛≈# Óƒ!_´ÈüÈã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝/ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ SÈ!ÓÉÉÉÉ ≤Ãy܉˛ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÈüÈ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˆï˛Ùl
ˆÙˆÏ° lyÛÛ åò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l ÓyÇ°y ܲÌy§y!•ï˛ƒñ ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ä– Ó˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ≤çˆÏD §Ù@˝Ã
Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ §¶˛ylˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° idea !ܲÇÓy l#Ó˚§ Ó%!k˛@˝Ãy•ƒ ï˛_¥≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§
§Ù)•ˆÏܲ Úï˛_¥y◊Î˚#Û xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– !ܲv ˆ§ ï˛_¥ !l‹±yî Ùll§Oyï˛ G ç#ÓlˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ!ç≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ÚxÓ˚*˛õÛ Óy abstract ï˛_¥
lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÛ ≤ÃK˛y¢#° ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ç#ÓlˆÏÓyôÈüȧq$ï˛ ~ܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly !ӈϢ£Ï ÈüüüÈ lÓ˚lyÓ˚#Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ !çK˛y§yÓ˚
à)ì˛¸ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÛ åò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l Óy.°y ܲÌy§y!•ï˛ƒñ ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ä– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !Óã˛yÓ˚
≤çˆÏD ~•z ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ܲÌy xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•z ≠
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ l#•yÓ˚Ó˚Ol Ó˚yÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÚË)˛!ÙܲyÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•z çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤çˆÏD Ùhs˝Óƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ÎÑy•yÓ˚y ˲y° ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ˛õ!í˛¸Î˚yˆÏSÈl ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚y•z Ó%!V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏÓl ˆÎñ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•z Óƒ!_´!ê˛
|l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°yܲó ly!hflÏܲñ ˛õ!ç!ê˛!˲fiê˛ ~ÓÇ ly!hflÏܲ Ó!°Î˚y•z !ã˛hs˝y¢!_´ˆÏï˛ ò,ì˛¸ñ !•í˛zÙƒy!lfiê˛ Ó!°Î˚y
!•®%§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ x!ÓŸªy§#–ÛÛ x!_´cÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ≤çˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚
Óî≈ly!ê˛ ~•zÓ˚ܲÙñ ÚÚçàˆÏÙy•l ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ çƒyë˛y– !ï˛!l ï˛álܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ lyÙçyòy ly!hflÏܲ– !ï˛!l {ŸªˆÏÓ˚ x!ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛l
Ó!°ˆÏ° Ü˛Ù Ó°y •Î˚ñ !ï˛!l lyÈüÈ{ŸªˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛l–ÛÛ ~Ùl ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ ly!hflÏܲ çàˆÏÙy•l !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùï˛ G !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl
~ܲ x§yôyÓ˚î Î%!_´ áyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
ÚÚ{ŸªÓ˚ Î!ò ÌyˆÏܲl ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚•z ˆòGÎ˚yó
ˆ§•z Ó%!k˛ Ó!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ {ŸªÓ˚ ly•zóÛÛ
xï˛~Ó {ŸªÓ˚ Ó!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ {ŸªÓ˚ ly•zó
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüȘÓ!¢‹Tƒ í˛zò‰ây!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ á%Ó flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚

39
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ˆÎñ !ï˛!l ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ §ï˛ƒ°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó%!k˛ò#Æ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï åhighly intellectualä– ï˛y•z §Ó !ܲS%ȈÏܲ !ï˛!l Ó%!k˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ Î%!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò,¢ƒÙyl ≤Ãy!îçà͈Ïܲ SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ Óy ◊k˛y !SÈ° ly–ÛÛ
åÓ˚Ó#wlyÌ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– Ó˚_´ÙyLjϧÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï•z ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚y•z ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
Ù)°Ùsfñ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !fliÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ !SÈ° ӈϰ•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó°y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° /
ÚÚÉÉÉxyÙyÓ˚ ~•z ã˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù%§°Ùyl ˆòÓï˛y– ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ xyŸã˛Î≈ ~•z ~ܲ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zˆÏÓñ ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ §yÙ@˝Ã# !òˆÏ° ï˛y•yÓ˚y xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˆ§ê˛y •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï%˛!°Î˚y áy•zÎ˚y ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–ÛÛ
ÙylÓôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ӈϰ•z Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ flõ‹T˲y£ÏyÎ˚ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl /
ÚÚçàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ly!hflÏܲôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãôyl xD !SÈ° ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚y– ˆ§•z ˲yˆÏ°yÈüÈܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚§
Ìyܲ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãôyl Ó˚§ ~•z !SÈ° ˆÎñ ly!hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lSÈܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ§yl SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚
!ܲS%È•z ly•zÈüÈï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ly xyˆÏSÈ ˛õ%îƒ ly xyˆÏSÈ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ñ ly xyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòÓï˛y Óy ¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ Óܲ‰!¢ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓK˛y˛õl Óy
ˆã˛yáÈüÓ˚y.y!l–ÛÛ
§ÓôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙylÓôÙ≈•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §ï˛ƒ Ó› !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ï˛y!àˆÏò ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y•z °«˛ƒ !SÈ° Ú≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ï˛Ù ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ï˛Ù
§%á§yôlÛ– ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ç#Ól í˛zͧà≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~•z ˆçyÓ˚ !SÈ° ӈϰ•z çàˆÏÙy•l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢£Ïƒ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ≠
ÚÚˆòá ÓyÓyñ xyÙÓ˚y ly!hflÏܲñ ˆ§•z =ÙˆÏÓ˚•z xyÙy!òàˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !l‹Ò°B˛ !lÙ≈° ••zˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%ȈÏܲ Ùy!l ly
Ó!°Î˚y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ùy!lÓyÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢–ÛÛ
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÎ˚ܲ ˆÎ ¢ã˛#¢ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•z çàˆÏÙy•l•z !SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&– !Î!l ly!hflÏܲƒôÙ≈ñ Ó%!k˛ôÙ≈ñ
ÙylÓÈüôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õˆÏÌ §ï˛ƒôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_Ë)˛!Ù çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z xyòˆÏ¢≈•z àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ï˛!l Ó¶%˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ !Ù¢ˆÏï˛l ~ÓÇ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xl%§yÓ˚# ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ !ÓŸªy§
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ §ÙÌ≈l /
ÚÚ~ÙlÈüÈ§Ü˛° !ӣψÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD çàˆÏÙy•l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛l Îy•y ˆ°yˆÏܲ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õy !òÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z °•zÎ˚y
ˆÜ˛• xy˛õ!_ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏ° !ï˛!l Ó!°ˆÏï˛lñ ˆÓy°ï˛yÓ˚ Óy§y ˲y!.Î˚y !òˆÏ°•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓy°ï˛y ï˛yí˛¸yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l ~Èü§Ó ܲÌyÎ˚
°Iy ܲÓ˚yê˛y ˲y!.Î˚y !òˆÏ°•z °IyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îê˛yˆÏܲ ˆáòyˆÏly •Î˚ó ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùl ••zˆÏï˛ xy!Ù °IyÓ˚ Óy§y ˲y!.Î˚y !òˆÏï˛!SÈ–ÛÛ
çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!_´ xy§ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢!_´ñ Îy §ï˛ƒ G lƒyÎ˚ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– xyÓ˚ ~•z ¢!_´Ó˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚•z !ï˛!l
ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xlƒyÎ˚ G ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ çÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §y•§ G ï˛y!àò ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛y•z ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Óí˛¸y•zܲyÓ˚# ˆSÈyê˛Ë˛y•z •!Ó˚ˆÏÙy•l
Îál çàˆÏÙy•lˆÏܲ ôÙ≈•#l G xyã˛yÓ˚º‹T ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜˛õï,˛Ü˛ §¡õ!_ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ °yàˆÏ°lñ ï˛ál !ï˛!l
ˆ§•z •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z !fliÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy•zlˆÏK˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ Î%!_´ ˆòáyˆÏ°l /
ÚÚˆÎÈüÈë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ xy!Ù Ùy!l ly ï˛y•yˆÏܲG xy!Ù Ê˛Ñy!ܲ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Ó ly– ˆòÓï˛y Ùy!lÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ó%!k˛ Îy•yˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆòÓï˛yˆÏܲ ÓMÈ˛ly
ܲ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ôÙ≈Ó%!k˛G ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚•z–ÛÛ
ÚÚ!ܲv Îál ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ˆà° ˆÎ •!Ó˚ˆÏÙy•l Ó!°Î˚y ˆÓí˛¸y•zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!áÎ˚y ≤ÃܲyÓ˚yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ çàˆÏÙy•l
•!Ó˚ˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xy!Ì≈ܲ §%!Óôy xyòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈlñ ï˛ál !ï˛!l ã˛Ùܲy•zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏ°lÛÛ åÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ í˛É
§%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§lä– ~Ùï˛yÓfliyÎ˚ çàˆÏÙy•l ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yl x!˲Ùyl≤ÃyÆ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ !Ù̃yÓ˚ |ˆÏk≈˛ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xòÙƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ flõ,•y– ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ï˛y•z xܲ˛õˆÏê˛ Ó°ˆÏ°l /
ÚÚ=í˛Óy•z ¢ã˛#¢ ú

40
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

¢ã˛#¢ Ó%!V˛°ñ ˆÎ ˆÓòly ••zˆÏï˛ çàÙˆÏy•l ~•z !ÓòyÎ˚Óyî# í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲÌy ã˛!°ˆÏÓ ly–ÛÛ
çàÙˆÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ÚˆÓòlyÛ G §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ≤Ãyî˛õî xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲyÓ˚ xòÙƒ Óy§ly ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyàï˛– Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲñ ~•z ˆÓòly ˆÎ
§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù xÇ¢ !ӈϢ£Ï çàÙˆÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ï˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛– §hs˝yl§Ω˛Óy l!lÓy°yˆÏܲ Îál Ú~ܲ
§¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ !ò!òÙyÛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏ°l ï˛ál çàÙˆÏy•l l!lÓy°yˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙÎ≈yòyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l /
ÚÚÙy ˆÎú ê˛yܲyÓ˚ §%!Óôy ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ Ó!°Î˚y•z áyÙܲy ÙyˆÏܲ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ˛õyë˛y•zÓ⁄ÛÛ
í˛É §%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§l ~Ùl ~ܲ x§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤çˆÏD ˆ§•zܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ӈϰˆÏSÈl/
ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xD çƒyë˛yÙ¢yÎ˚Û §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫§¡õ)î≈– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yÎ˚ çàÙˆÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ~•záyˆÏl•z §ÙyÆ–
ˆÜ˛Ó° ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ô ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y !àÎ˚yˆÏSÈ– çàÙˆÏy•l Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ~ܲ Ù•Í
§,!‹T– §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl àˆÏ“ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ˆòáy ˆàˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛•z ~Ùl §%flõ‹T lÎ˚ÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ùyä– !ܲv çàÙˆÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó%!k˛Ùyà≈#Î˚ §yôly•z ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛Ù §yôly !ܲÇÓy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã Ù)!ï˛≈ lÎ˚ñ çàÙˆÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚
Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆ§ ܲÌy ≤ÃÙy!îï˛– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛É §Ó˚ˆÏyç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÏyK˛ xyˆÏ°Ïyã˛ly
çàˆÏÙÏy•l ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lï%˛l xy°ˆÏyܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlÏy xÓܲy¢ ÌyˆÏܲ lyÈüüüÈ
ÚÚçàˆÏÙÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ l#Ó˚§ ly!hflÏܲƒ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˜¢¢ÓÈüÈ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢ÏyÓ˚ ˆÎÔÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙyÇ¢ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ñ ˆ§ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ# xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚° ~ê˛y °«˛î#Î˚– l#Ó˚§ Ó%!k˛ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ áyï˛ ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ç#Ól ˆÎ SȈÏܲ ˆÊ˛°y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚
lÎ˚ñ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•z çàÙˆÏy•l xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛Û åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ä–
çàˆÏÙÏy•l ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚îˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y xyÇ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ ï˛y l!lÓy°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ /
ÚÚÙyñ xy!Ù flõ‹T•z ˆò!áˆÏï˛!SÈ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸Ïy ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ï%˛!Ù ~•z ly!hflÏܲˆÏܲ xy!hflÏܲ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ï%˛!°ˆÏÓ– xy!Ù xy¢#Ó≈yˆÏò !§!ܲ ˛õÎ˚§y
!ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ lyñ !ܲv ˆï˛ÏyÙyÓ˚ ~•z Ù%ááy!l ˆò!áˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ xy¢#Ó≈yò ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •zFSÈy ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚& ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Óhs˝ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çàˆÏÙÏy•l ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ §%x!B˛ï˛–
¢ã˛#¢ ≠
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛Ïy x§yôyÓ˚î ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ôyÓ˚îy ≤çˆÏD
xôƒy˛õܲ ˆàÏy!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃyK˛ Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Îyܲ /
ÚÚï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§# xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ïy«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy !l=ì˛¸ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈Óyò#– ç#Ól ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ã˛MÈ˛° °â%§MÈ˛yÓ˚# lÎ˚ ï˛y ~ܲyhs˝ à˲#Ó˚
ï˛yͲõÎ≈Ó•– ˆ§•z ï˛yͲõÎ≈ §¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §_yˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ó ˛õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyܲyA«˛y ≤Ãàyì˛¸ ӈϰ•z ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ á![˛ï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ñ Ó‡ôy!Ó˲_´ §_yÓ˚ Îsfîy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xˆÏlܲáy!l
§ˆÏï˛ç– Ó°yÓy‡°ƒñ ~•z§Ó ã˛!Ó˚e xÓ¢ƒ•z ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ Úx§yôyÓ˚îÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî!¢“ä–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ã˛!Ó˚eñ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÎ˚ܲñ çàˆÏÙÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ºyï%˛flõ%e !¢£Ïƒ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ã˛!Ó˚e ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚
=îyÓ!°ˆÏï˛ x§yôyÓ˚î– ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÎ xyÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ê˛y §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï lÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ•ÈüÈÙˆÏlÈüÈxyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ˆ§ ˆÎ x§yôyÓ˚îñ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
ˆòáyÓ˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî /
ÚÚ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎl ~ܲê˛y ˆçƒy!ï˛‹Òï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá çμ!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈó ï˛yÓ˚ °¡∫y §Ó˚& xy.%°=!° ˆÎl xy=ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢áyñ

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ï˛yÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚. ˆÎl Ó˚. lˆÏ•ñ ï˛y•y xy˲y–ÛÛ

~Ùl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°Ïy ly ˆÓˆÏ§ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyÈüüüÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲv Ó¶%˛ ˲_´ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ÓŸªy§ ôyE˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ïy!_´ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ܲÌy ˆÙˆÏ° /
ÚÚ¢ã˛#¢ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆàyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z xy!Ù ò%•zê˛y ÙhflÏ ây áy•zÎ˚y!SÈ– xy!Ù ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˆò!áÎ˚y•z ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°yÙñ ˆ§ Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆSȈϰ–
ÉÉÉ !ܲv çy!lÎ˚y!SÈñ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆ§ÏylyÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !l¤˛yÓyl ܲyÎ˚ˆÏfliÓ˚ âÓ˚ çy!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ§ÏylyÓ˚ÈüȈӈÏlˆÏܲ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD
â,îy ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ìy!ܲ– xyÓ˚ñ ly!hflÏܲˆÏܲ lÓ˚âyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ ~Ùl !ܲñ ˆàyÈüÈáyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G ˛õy!˛õ¤˛ Ó!°Î˚y çy!lï˛yÙ–ÛÛ
çyï˛ÈüÈ˛õyï˛ñ !ÓŸªy§ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ •ë˛yÍ òÙܲy •yGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ly ˆàˆÏ°G ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚îc
ç!lï˛ xòÙƒ xyܲ£Ï≈îˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ó˚•z° ly– x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%?˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl Ó¶%˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy °y˲
ܲÓ˚°– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚îˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~•z§Ó lyly =îyÓ°#ˆÏï˛ !Ó!¢‹T–
~Ùl !Ó!¢‹T Ùyl%£Ï Ú¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÎ˚°y =Ó˚& ï˛yÓ˚ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yÎ˚ çàÙˆÏy•lñ ˛õÎ˚°y l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ly!hflÏܲ– ÉÉÉçàÙˆÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ò#«˛y ly!hflÏܲï˛yÎ˚– ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙylÓï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò#«˛y ï˛yÓ˚•z ܲyˆÏSÈÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyñ xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ááy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ~•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛y•z §hs˝yl§Ω˛Óy l!lÓy°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚ §y•§ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#¢–
ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ú≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ï˛Ù ˆ°ÏyˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ï˛Ù §%á§yôlÛÈüÈΈÏK˛ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÎ ~ܲ°«˛ƒÙ%á# §yôlyÎ˚
Ó ï˛# •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ÷‹Ò Ó%!k˛ÙyˆÏà≈Ó˚ §yôly ~Ùl ôyE˛y ˆá° ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚ ê˛y° §yÙ°yˆÏï˛ ly ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚
¢ã˛#¢ !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfliyÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î Óî≈ly !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ /
ÚÚï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ÓˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ ¢)lƒï˛y ≤ÃÌÙê˛y ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ùlï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ïy ˆë˛!ܲÎ˚y!SÈ° ï˛y ˲y!ÓÎ˚y Gë˛y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆ§•z x§•ƒ
ÎsfîyÓ˚ òyˆÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z Ó%!V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ° ˆÎñ ¢)lƒ ~ï˛ ¢)lƒ ܲáˆÏlÏy•z ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyó §ï˛ƒ ly•z ~Ùl
˲Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy ˆÜ˛yÌyG ly•zó ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Îy•y lyÛ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y•y Î!ò •ÑyÛ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z !SÈo !òÎ˚y §ÙhflÏ çàÍ
ˆÎ à!°Î˚y Ê%˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y Îy•zˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˲yÓly•z xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ– ˆ§•z xye´Ùî ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆÊ˛°y ˆï˛Ïy ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢!_´G !SÈ° ly çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ Ó%!k˛Ùyà≈#Î˚ §yôlyÎ˚– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ# ¢)lƒï˛y G !lÓ˚y◊Î˚ˆÏÓÏyô ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ
K˛ylÙyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ !SÈê˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛!_´ÙyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çß√yhs˝Ó˚ G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ §y!ôï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ˆÙˆÏ° í˛É §%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ /
ÚÚçàˆÏÙÏy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎ ò#«˛y ••zÎ˚y!SÈ° ï˛y ly!hflÏܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛ÈüÈÙsf lÎ˚– ï˛y ˆfl¨•≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ §%ò,ì˛¸ xy!hflψÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!fliï˛≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ï˛y•z çàˆÏÙy•ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z Ó%!k˛Ó˚ !˲!_ ôÁ!§Î˚y ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏ° ï˛y•yÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !l/§#Ù à•¥Ó˚ •y•y ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y
í˛z!벰 ï˛y•y ˆ§ ˜Ó£èÓ§yôlyÓ˚ Ó˚§ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆl¢y ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ˲Ó˚y•zˆÏï˛ ã˛y!•°– Ù%_´ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó•D xy!§Î˚y °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚
òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏá°yÓ˚ áÑyã˛yÎ˚ ôÓ˚y !ò°ÛÛ åÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ä–
flõ‹T•z xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏl Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ç#Ól ò¢≈l ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛– ï˛y•z flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ù%á !òˆÏÎ˚
í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ≠
ÚÚxyÓ˚ §Ó !ç!l§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ °GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !ܲv ôÙ≈ Î!ò !lˆÏçÓ˚ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•y ÙyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓÑyã˛yÎ˚ ly–ÛÛ
xÌ≈yÍ ÚÚçƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ˛ṏÏܲ•z Î!ò ¢ã˛#¢ ~ܲÙye ˛õÌ ÓˆÏ° ˆÙˆÏl !lï˛ñ ï˛y •ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ xhs˝Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ §ÙhflÏ §_y
!òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛˛õ§ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ ˆã˛lyÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚Ïyçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ܲ!Ó ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆ§•z!ê˛•z ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛–ÉÉÉÉ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
lyÈüÈ{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Û !ÓŸªy§# çƒyë˛yÙ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢£Ïƒ ¢ã˛#¢ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ òˆÏ° ˆÎÏyà !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲ#ï˛≈ˆÏl
ˆÙˆÏï˛ ˆáy°ÈüÈܲÓ˚ï˛y° Óy!çˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyí˛¸y x!fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏã˛ ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– !ܲv

42
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚ !¢£Ïƒ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃôylÈüÈ!¢£Ïƒ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlñ ÎyÓ˚˛õÓ˚ly•z !Ó!fløï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ç#Ó ÙylÓôÙ≈
SÈyí˛¸y x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ x≤ÃÙy!îï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÎ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ï˛y !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xl%àyÙ# !¢£Ïƒ ¢ã˛#¢ xyç °#°yl®
fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ܲ#ï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§ ÙyˆÏï˛yÎ˚yÓ˚yñ ˆ§ xyç =Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛õòˆÏ§ÓyÎ˚ G ï˛yÙyܲ §yçyÎ˚ !lˆÏÓ!òï˛≤Ãyî– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ùl ˲yÓyhs˝Ó˚ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ x§•ƒ ˆë˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ˆ§ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !çˆÏK˛§ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
ÚÚ¢ã˛#¢ñ çß√ܲy° ••zˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ù%!_´Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl%£Ïñ xyç ï%˛!Ù ~ !ܲ Ó¶˛ˆÏl !lˆÏçˆÏܲ çí˛¸y•zˆÏ°⁄ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ !ܲ
~ï˛ Óí˛¸ Ù,ï%˛ƒ⁄ÛÛ
¢ã˛#¢ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Ó%!k˛Ó,!_§Ù,k˛ fl∫˲yÓ!§k˛ ˲D#ˆÏï˛ /
ÚÚ!Ó◊#ñ çƒyë˛yÙ¢yÎ˚ Îál ÓÑy!ã˛Î˚y !SȈϰl ï˛ál !ï˛!l xyÙyˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%!_´ !òÎ˚y!SȈϰlñ ˆSÈÏyˆÏê˛y ˆSȈϰ
ˆÎÙl Ù%!_´ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ xy!.lyÎ˚ó çƒyë˛yÙ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ï˛!l xyÙyˆÏܲ Ù%!_´ !òÎ˚yˆÏSÈ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ù%ˆÏoñ ˆSÈÏyˆÏê˛y ˆSȈϰ
ˆÎÙl Ù%!_´ ˛õyÎ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°– !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yܲyÓ˚ ˆ§ Ù%!_´ ï˛ ˆË˛yà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ– ~ál Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°yܲyÓ˚ ~ Ù%!_´•z Óy SÈy!í˛¸
ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~ ò%ˆÏê˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚•z ˆ§•z xyÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲy[˛ ~ ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚ çy!lˆÏÎ˚y–ÛÛ
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•zܲÌy ÷ô% ܲÌyÓ˚ ܲÌy lÎ˚ñ !ܲÇÓy lÎ˚ñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ñ !ÓÓï˛≈lܲyÙ# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÙÔl ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ~•z Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó!¡∫ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲê˛y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÌyܲˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ly– lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÌ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎ §ï˛ƒyl%§¶˛yˆÏl ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ¢ã˛#¢ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ ~•z ˲yÓly G ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛–
xôƒy˛õܲ xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ /
ÚÚã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓï˛≈l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ §¡õ)î≈ lï%˛l Ó_´Óƒ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°l– çàˆÏÙÏy•lÈüÈ!¢£Ïƒ xyÓ˚ °#°yl®ÈüÈ!¢£Ïƒ ¢ã˛#¢
~ܲ lÎ˚ñ ò%•z– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl çàˆÏÙy•l– ~ál Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ù%ˆÏo Ù%!_´ !òˆÏ°l °#°yl®ÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ùyä–
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˲yÓyˆÏÓ¢ ˆÓ¢# !òl fliyÎ˚# •Î˚!l– ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ V˛ˆÏí˛¸ !SȈÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÙÏy•çy°ñ ~ܲê˛y ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ~•z ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚G xyÇ!¢Ü˛ï˛y– ˆÜ˛llyñ ÚÚÓ˚§ §yôlyÎ˚ Ùyòܲï˛y ï˛#Ó – xy•z!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆl¢yÎ˚ ˆË˛ÏyÓ˚ ••zÎ˚y Ìyܲy §Ó≈«˛î
âˆÏê˛ lyñ Îá!l Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛á!l ˆ§•z ˆl¢yÓ˚ ˆâyÓ˚ í˛zjyÙ ˆÓˆÏà ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ôyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ôƒyl ••zˆÏï˛ ly!ÙÎ˚y ï˛y
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆË˛ÏyˆÏà ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ï˛y ˆáÑyˆÏçÛÛ åÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ §%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§lä– ~•z xÓfliyÎ˚ !ÓôÓy ï˛Ó˚&î# òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ =Ó˚&
ˆÙˆÏl ¢ã˛#¢ í˛z_#î≈ •Û°ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ÓyhflÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yôlyÎ˚– l!lÓy°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤Ã!ï˛ï%˛°ly ˆê˛ˆÏl ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ/
ÚÚl!lÓy°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy!Ù lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ~ܲ !ÓŸªÓ˚*˛õ ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈ ÉÉÉòy!Ùl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓŸªÓ˚*˛õ ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈó
ˆ§ lyÓ˚# Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛• lÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ç#ÓlÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚!§Ü˛– ÉÉÉ ˆ§ §ß¨ƒy§#ˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚ fliyl !òˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚yçó ˆ§ í˛z_%ˆÏÓ˚ •yGÎ˚yˆÏܲ
!§!ܲÈüÈ˛õÎ˚§y áyçly !òˆÏÓ ly ˛õî ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ó!§Î˚y xyˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
í˛É xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáÏy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ÚÚ~•z òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ¢ã˛#¢ ç#Ól§yôlyÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÉÉÉÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ fl∫à≈ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ
xyÓk˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ê˛yˆÏl ˆ§ fl∫à≈ˆÏ°Ïyܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆà°– ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ÙylˆÏï˛ •Û° Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛•z Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yñ òy!Ùl# ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy– òy!Ùl# ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õܲ lÎ˚ñ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)!ï˛≈Ùï˛# ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy– òy!Ùl# ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚&ñ ¢ã˛#¢
òy!Ùl#Ó˚ =Ó˚&– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ò%/áˆÏÓòlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyl®ˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ó ~•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#¢ÛÛ
åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyä––
ÓyhflÏÓ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l ¢ã˛#¢– ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏî ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !SÈê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õí˛¸y ¢ã˛#¢ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ xq$ï˛ ˆá°yÎ˚ Ù_ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ

43
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ê˛yl xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢– xyÓ˚ òy!Ùl#G ˆ§•z ˛õˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏà ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓày≤’%ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî
ˆ§•z ˲Î˚B˛Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸°– ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z âê˛lyÓ˚ Óî≈ly!ê˛ x§yôyÓ˚î /
ÚÚÉÉ ¢ã˛#¢ ܲ# ~ܲê˛y ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî x§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢yÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y ˆã˛ÔܲyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ã˛Ù!ܲÎ˚y òÑyí˛¸y•z°– ˆò!á° òy!Ùl# ï˛yÓ˚
ã%˛° ~°y•zÎ˚y !òÎ˚y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ%í˛¸ ••zÎ˚y ˆÙˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙyÌy ë%˛!ܲˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ó!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈñ ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ GˆÏày ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ GˆÏày õyÌÓ˚ñ òÎ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïyñ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïyñ xyÙyˆÏܲ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°Ïy–ÛÛ
òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ S%ȈÏê˛ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •Î˚ˆÏï˛Ïy ï˛áˆÏlÏy òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛y°Óy§yÓ˚ Ó¶˛l àˆÏí˛¸
ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü%˛Z˛y !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî˛õî ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
ÚÚòy!Ùl# ˲y°Óy!§Î˚y §Ù%oï˛#Ó˚¢yÎ˚# =•yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚y!eÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ °%ê˛y•zˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y!SÈ°– K˛yˆÏl •í˛zܲ
xK˛yˆÏl •í˛zܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ •í˛zܲ x˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒ •í˛zܲ ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ°ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyñ l#•yÓ˚Ó˚Ol
Ó˚yÎ˚ä– !ܲv òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˆÎ «%˛ôyÓ˚ ˛õ%OÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ¢ã˛#¢ °y!Ì ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#˛õˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z «%˛ôy•z ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ xy@˝Ãy§# ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy !ò°– xyÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ§ !ܲ xy≤Ãyî ˆã˛‹Tyú ◊#!Ó°y§
Îál ӈϰñ ï%˛!Ù Îy•yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó!°ˆÏï˛SÈ ˆ§ê˛y ˆï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ç!l§ó ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°G §Ç§yÓ˚ ••zˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ï˛ï˛ Óyò
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly–ÛÛ ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ çylyÎ˚ñ
ÚÚÉÉÉ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ‡Ü%˛Ù ï˛y!Ù° ܲ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ•z lyly §yˆÏç §y!çÎ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ÙlˆÏܲ ˆË˛Ïy°y•zˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty
ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈˲yÓ G x≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xyÓk˛ Ó˚yáy lÎ˚ñ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ
fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆà°– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l!ê˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛Ïy /
ÚÚçˆÏ˛õ ï˛ˆÏ˛õ xã˛≈lyÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyÙy•z ly•zñ !ܲv ˆã˛yá ˆò!áˆÏ° ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÛÓ˚ ˛õy ê˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
~Ùl xÓfliyÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÷ô% ˛õy ê˛°y lÎ˚ñ •*òÎ˚G ܲ!¡õï˛ •°– Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙy•ê˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ° ≤ÃÓ° xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó¢ï˛/ ¢ã˛#¢ Ó°ˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ •Û° /
ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï%˛!Ù ˆÎyà òyGñ ~Ù!l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛Ê˛yÍ ••zÎ˚y Ìy!ܲG ly–ÛÛ
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z §ÇÜ˛ê˛˛õ)î≈ xÓfliyÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î SÈ!Ó Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ l#•yÓ˚Ó˚Ol Ó˚yÎ˚ /
ÚÚòy!Ùl# e´Ù¢ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl §ï˛ƒ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!벰ñ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛Ù%° xhs˝m≈®μ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ °y!à°ñ
!ܲv !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ!Ó•¥°ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚.#l Ê˛yl%§ ~ܲ !¢ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ flf#Ó˚ xyd•ï˛ƒy í˛z˛õ°«˛ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ê˛y!ê˛Î˚y ô)°yÎ˚ °%ê˛y•z°– !ܲv
ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy !Ù!ê˛° lyñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ xhs˝ò≈®μ Óy!í˛¸Î˚y•z ã˛!°°ñ •*òÎ˚Ó,!_Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ §_yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ç@˝ÃyÙ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˛õ#í˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ °y!à°–ÛÛ
åÓ˚Ó#w §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyä–
~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲê˛y mˆÏ®μÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛y ã˛!Ó˚e ¢ã˛#¢– !ܲv ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ §_yˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l
¢ã˛#¢– Îï˛•z ˆã˛yá Ó%ˆÏç ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy çyˆÏàñ ÓyhflÏÓ ï˛ï˛•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ =Ó˚&
ӈϰ ˆÙˆÏlˆÏSÈ òy!Ùl#ñ ˲yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÷k˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yôlyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ òy!Ùl#–
¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ï˛Ó% ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l ӈϰ•z ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏSÈñ
ÚÚÉÉ ï%˛!Ù•z xyÙyÓ˚ =Ó˚& •G– xy!Ù xyÓ˚ ܲy•yˆÏܲG Ùy!lÓ ly– ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ùsf òyG Îy ~ §ÙˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ

44
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ç!l§ÈüüüÈÎy•yˆÏï˛ xy!Ù ÓÑy!ã˛Î˚y Îy•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyÙyÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛yˆÏܲG ï%˛!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ùçy•zˆÏÎ˚y ly–ÛÛ
~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ çylyÎ˚ñ ÚÚï˛y•z ••zˆÏÓ–ÛÛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ)çy ï˛y Îï˛•z =Ó˚&Ó˚ ◊k˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy§%ܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ~•z ÓyhflÏÓ
≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ¢ã˛#¢– ç#Ól§yôlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÎ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yôlyñ ~Ùlê˛y ly
˲yӈϰG ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ G Ó˚*˛õÙ%?˛ï˛y ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛G í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ Ó› lÎ˚– ◊#!Ó°y§ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ܲÌy çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚxyÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ òy!Ùl# Îál ~Ù!l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y•z lï˛ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ° ï˛ál ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyô%Î≈ˆÏܲ•z ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈ°ñ Ùô%Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ly•z–
~ÓyÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç òy!Ùl# ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~Ù!l §ï˛ƒ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ ˆÎ àyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòñ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ §ÙhflψÏܲ ˆë˛!°Î˚y ˆ§ ˆòáy
ˆòÎ˚– !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õy ˆòGÎ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° ly–ÛÛ
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ m®μ !Ó«%˛∏˛ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ xÙˆÏÓ˚¢ òy¢ /
ÚÚ!ܲv ï˛Ó% ¢ã˛#¢ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õ° ly !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˜fliÎ≈ñ ï˛ß√Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° ly Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yôlyÎ˚– ÉÉÉ ~•z xyd!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô Îál ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ
!SȈÏí˛¸ á%шÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏSÈ ï˛ál âê˛° =Ó˚&˲y•z lÓ#ˆÏlÓ˚ flf#Ó˚ xyd•ï˛y– ÉÉÉ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàê˛y ~ï˛!òl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ܲˆÏÙ !ê˛ˆÏܲ !SÈ° ˆ§ê˛y ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !SȈÏí˛¸ ˆà° ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˲yÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §ÇâyˆÏï˛
«˛ï˛!Ó«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ~ÓyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl á%Ñç° xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ ˆ§ xyÓ˚ x◊k˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !ܲv ˆÎ ˆ≤ÈÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚
xyôƒy!dܲ í˛zÍܲZ˛yÓ˚ !lÓ˚§l ˆl•zñ ˆÎ ˆ≤ÃÙ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚ï˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ê˛yˆÏlñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚
í˛z˛õlƒy§/ lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lä
~•z xÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yôlyÎ˚ Ù_ xyÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ §ˆÏï˛ƒy˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ¢ã˛#¢ ~ܲ!òl §Ó ã˛MÈ˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ í˛zÍܲZ˛y ˆV˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°
Úl#Ó˚ˆÏÓ ¢yhs˝ ••zÎ˚y Ó!§°ÈÈüüüÈ Ü˛# Ùy!l° xyÓ˚ ܲ# ly Ùy!l° ï˛y•y ˆÓyV˛y ˆà° ly– ˆÜ˛Ó° •z•y•z ˆòáy ˆà° xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyÓyÓ˚
ˆ§ ܲyˆÏç °y!àÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ V˛àí˛¸y!ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ V˛Ñyç !ܲS%È•z ly•z–ÛÛ í˛É xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z §yôlyÓ˚
fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xyŸã˛Î≈ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ /
ÚÚ!ܲv ¢ã˛#¢ ~áyˆÏl•z ˆÌˆÏÙ ˆà° ly ˆ§ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ◊#!Ó°y§ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒyÜ%˛°ï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ¢ã˛#¢ §yôlyÓ˚ xy=ˆÏl çμ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ólê˛y ~ܲ!òܲ •ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ!òܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó˚y.y
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yôly ò%Ó˚*ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ xydÈüÈxy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˆ§ ˛õˆÏÌ ¢ã˛#¢ !l/§D ˛õ!Ìܲñ
ˆ§áyˆÏl òy!Ùl#Ó˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆl•zÛÛ åܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyä–
Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yôlyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ¢ã˛#¢ !lˆÏçÓ˚
Ù%ˆÏá•z– ˆ§•z §yôlyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚGˆÏày xyÙyÓ˚ ≤ðÎ˚ñ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã%˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲÓÈüÈ!ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ô!Ó˚Î˚y– Ó¶˛l xyÙyÓ˚ lÎ˚ Ó!°Î˚y•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó¶˛lˆÏܲ ô!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ lyñ xyÓ˚ Ó¶˛l ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚•z Ó!°Î˚y•z xlhs˝Ü˛yˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù §,!‹TÓ˚ ÓÑyôl SÈí˛¸y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ°
ly– ÌyˆÏܲyñ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ °•zÎ˚y ï%˛!Ù Ìyܲñ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í%˛Ó Ùy!Ó˚°yÙ–ÛÛ
§yôlyÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒyÜ%˛°ï˛y !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z x§#ˆÏÙÓ˚ §yôlyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xyܲyCyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ¢ã˛#¢ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ/
ÎyˆÏܲ xy!Ù á%Ñ!çˆÏï˛!SÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z xyÙyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ly•z– òy!Ùl#ñ ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyG–ÛÛ
¢ã˛#¢ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ó¶%˛ ◊#!Ó°y§ˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ÚÚˆÎ Ü˛!Ó ˆ§ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ••zˆÏï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˛õyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ܲ!Ó lÎ˚ ˆ§ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ܲySÈ ••zˆÏï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y ˆlÎ˚–ÛÛ
~•z !ӈϢ£Ï §ÇK˛yÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ܲ!Óñ xôƒyd §yôlyÓ˚ ÙÓ˚!ÙÎ˚y §yôܲ– ~•z ¢ã˛#¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !ܲv ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z lÓ

45
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

lÓ xÓfliyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yôlyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ñ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ §yôlÈüÈ˲yÓlyÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÎl ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈
≤Ã!ï˛Ù)!ï˛≈– ÚÓ˚*˛õ G xÓ˚*˛õÛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl /
ÚÚxyôƒy!dܲ §yôly ܲáˆÏly•z Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yôly ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•y §ÙhflÏ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òÎ˚y ã˛MÈ˛° Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ó¶˛l x!ï˛e´Ù
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ô &Ó§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
~•z xÓ˚*˛õñ xlhs˝ñ x§#Ù ~ÓÇ ô &Ó§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §yôly•z ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yôly– xyÓ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ÚÚˆ§ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ Úxydò#˛õ xllƒ§yôyÓ˚î–ÛÛ
åò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l Óy.°y ܲÌy§y!•ï˛ƒÈüȈày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ä–
òy!Ùl# / Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ly!Î˚ܲy òy!Ùl#G x§yôyÓ˚î lyÓ˚# ã˛!Ó˚e– ˆ§ ˆÎl çß√yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏly!òl#– ÚÚò%•z çˆÏß√Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl
ˆÎ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §Ω˛Óñ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ lÎ˚– lÓçˆÏß√ ˆ§ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó!°¤˛ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y }ç%ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y ï˛#«¯˛ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚
í˛z˛õlƒy§ G lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lñ xÙˆÏÓ˚¢ òy¢ä– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e˜ÏÓ!¢‹Tƒ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛– í˛É xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈•z
ӈϰlñ
ÚÚ!Óò%ƒÍ ˆÎÙl Ü,˛£èˆÏÙˆÏâÓ˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ò#!Æ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ òy!Ùl#G ˆï˛Ù!l =Ó˚&Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚yàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲG
ï˛yÓ˚ x§yÙylƒ ≤Ã˲y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ !ÓˆÏoy!•l# lyÓ˚# Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ˆ§ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çμˆÏ° çμˆÏ°
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
=Ó˚&Ó˚ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy=l ã˛y˛õy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !l– ~•z !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ xy=l ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°
ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yÙ# !¢ÓˆÏï˛y£ÏÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyä–
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈÓ˚§ÈüÈÓ˚!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ~•z ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xlƒyÎ˚ çÓÓ˚ò!hflÏ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ Ùï˛
ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ~•z Ó_´Óƒ•z §Ù!Ì≈ï˛ •Î˚ /
ÚÚï˛y•yˆÏܲ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ˲!_´Ó˚ ò§%ƒÓ,!_Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoy!•l# lyÓ˚#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆò!áÈüÈfl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˆÎ x¶˛ôˆÏÙ≈y¡øyò ï˛y•yˆÏܲ =Ó˚&ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚
ã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !ã˛Ó˚ÈüÈ¢,C!°ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y !òÎ˚y !àÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y G ò,ì˛¸ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚•z ï˛y•yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ÛÛ
åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yä–
òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ ◊#!Ó°y§ ÎÌyÌ≈•z ӈϰˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚòy!Ùl# ˆÎl ◊yÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ òy!Ùl#– Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˛õ%O ˛õ%O ˆÎÔÓˆÏl ˛õ)î≈ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛MÈ˛° xy=l !V˛Ü˛‰!Ùܲ‰ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y
í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
xyÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈó l!lÓy°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ï%˛°lyÎ˚ /
ÚÚòy!Ùl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ !ÓŸªÓ˚*˛õ ˆò!áÎ˚y!SÈñ ˆ§ lyÓ˚# Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛• lÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ç#ÓlÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚!§Ü˛– Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ%‹õÓˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y °yÓˆÏîƒ àˆÏ¶˛ !•ˆÏÕ‘yˆÏ° ˆ§ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z ˲Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ !ܲS%È•z ˆÊ˛!°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ lyñ ˆ§ §ß¨ƒy§#ˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚ fliyl
!òˆÏï˛ lyÓ˚yçó ˆ§ í˛z_%ˆÏÓ˚ •yGÎ˚yˆÏܲ !§!ܲÈüÈ˛õÎ˚§y áyçly !òˆÏÓ ly ˛õî ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ó!§Î˚y xyˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
òy!Ùl# ˆÎ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ• !ÓˆÏly!òl#Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y !Óhfl,Ïï˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ï˛y òy!Ùl#Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î G ã˛!Ó˚e˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏ‹Tƒ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛– ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚
ˆï˛ˆÏç•z =Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆfl¨• G §y!ߨôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x§•ƒ ˆë˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ˆÎ Ù%‡ˆÏï˛≈ =Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆfl¨• G xy¢#Ó≈yò Ó!£Ï≈ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲÇÓy
~•z x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ =Ó˚&!ç ˲!_´Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ܲÇÓy ~•z §¡∫¶˛#Î˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ï˛Í«˛îyÍ Úç#ÓlÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚!§Ü˛Û òy!Ùl#Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ÚxyÙyÓ˚ ÙyÌy ô!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ–Û xy§ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆl¢yÎ˚ Ó%Ñò •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ç#Ól §Ç§yÓ˚ G !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x§Ω˛Ó– ˆ§ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xyl® §%ôyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ G ˆ≤ÃÙ ≤Ãyî˲ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyl xyfl∫yòl G xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ§•zܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Úxhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛MÈ˛° xy=l ~ÓÇ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%O ˛õ%O ˆÎÔÓl !lˆÏÎ˚ òy!Ùl# ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlñ àˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÉÉÉ

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 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

~•z ã˛MÈ˛° òy!Ùl# !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá– fl∫yÙ#ˆÏܲ ˆ§ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lñ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ˆ§ ˛õyÎ˚!lñ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ
ˆ§ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§°Û åÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ / lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lñ xÙˆÏÓ˚¢ òy¢ä– ˲yˆÏ°yˆÏӈϧ ÓòˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y ~•z òy!Ùl#Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ◊#!Ó°y§
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚ!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲܲ≈¢ xyÓÓ˚îê˛y ˆÜ˛ylˆÏ˲yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !l/¢ˆÏ∑ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛Ô!ã˛Ó˚ ••zÎ˚y Ê˛y!ê˛Î˚y ˆà°ñ xyˆÏdyͧˆÏà≈Ó˚
Ê%˛°!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !¢!¢Ó˚ÈüÈ˲Ó˚y Ù%á!ê˛ ï%˛!°Î˚y ô!Ó˚°ÛÛ–
ÚÚ!ܲv ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛y•yˆÏܲ Ó˚_´ÙyLjϧÓ˚ àí˛¸y lyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ùï˛ ly ˆò!áÎ˚y ï˛y•yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye x¢Ó˚#Ó˚# ˆ§Ô®Î≈ G ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z
ˆò!áÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ xO!° ˲!Ó˚Î˚y °•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ˆ§ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ó˚yˆÏáñ ~ ôyÓ˚îy ï˛y•yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲálG í˛z!òï˛
•Î˚ ly•zÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yñ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– ˆ≤ÈÏÙÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ~•zôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y x§Çà!ï˛ñ ~ܲê˛y ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y
Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G òy!Ùl#Ó˚ •*òÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ•z í˛zß√%_´ ï˛y•z ˆ§ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÌy ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ÚÚ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ GˆÏày ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ GˆÏày ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
òÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ xyÙyˆÏܲ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÊ˛°°–ÛÛ
òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy•z ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ñ ˆÎ ˆ≤ÃÙ !lÓ˚y◊ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ •y•yܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÚÚ!ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛y ˆÎ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚– ~•záyˆÏl•z ï˛yÓ˚ åòy!Ùl#Ó˚ä §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓƒÌyñ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%O#Ë)˛ï˛ ˆÓòly
~ܲ!òl ÓÑyô ˆË˛ˆÏ.!SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ =•yÎ˚– !ܲv !lÙ≈Ù xyâyˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰ñ xyÓyÓ˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ Ë%˛Ó˚&Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
º&Ü%˛!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy !òˆÏ°ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– ~•zÓyÓ˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó˚*˛õ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛– ˆ§
=Ó˚&!çˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §!e´Î˚ï˛yÎ˚
~ÓÇ lyÓ˚# ÙlhflψÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e ç!ê˛°ï˛yÎ˚ ê˛ylyê˛y!l ~ÓÇ SÈ°yܲ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚° ◊#!Ó°y§ˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ òy!Ùl#Ó˚
ÓƒÌ≈ ˆ≤ÃÙyܲyCy xyÓyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ê˛îy í˛zÑã%˛ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ– òy!Ùl# xyÓyÓ˚ à,!•î#Ó˚ ܲï˛≈ˆÏÓƒ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ Ó˚&k˛
≤ÃîÎ˚yˆÏÓà ˆ˛õy£Ïy ˛õ÷ÈüÈ˛õyá#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyòˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ !l/§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!•Î˚yˆÏSÈÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yñ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~Ùl xyŸã˛Î≈ lyÓ˚#≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !Ó!fløï˛ ◊#!Ó°y§ x§yôyÓ˚î òy¢≈!lܲ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó
ÚÚlyÓ˚#Ó˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒ çy!lÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x!˲K˛ï˛y xyÙyÓ˚ ••z° ly– !lï˛yhs˝•z í˛z˛õÓ˚ ••zˆÏï˛ñ Óy!•Ó˚ ••zˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆò!á°yÙ
ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ~•z !ÓŸªy§ ç!ß√Î˚yˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ò%/á ˛õy•zˆÏÓ ˆ§•záyˆÏl•z ï˛yÓ˚y •*òÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛–ÛÛ
◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyë˛Ü˛G xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~•z ˆÓòly ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ çlƒñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyï˛ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚
ˆÓòly– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x§yôyÓ˚î ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ lyÓ˚#Ó˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° Îy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~•z ˆÓòlyÓ˚ xlƒ!Óô ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ÷ô%
~•zê%˛Ü%˛•z ˆÎñ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚îˆÏcÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~•z ˆÓòlyˆÏ˲yˆÏàG ~ܲê˛y x§yôyÓ˚îˆÏcÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ~ܲê˛y
ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ ˆÎñ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ =•yÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ òy!Ùl# ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ó˚!_´ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ xˆÏlܲê˛y §ÇÎï˛ñ
˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°# xy=ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ò«˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏoy•#– ï˛y•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ mˆÏ®μ «˛ï˛ÈüÈ!Ó«˛ï˛ ¢ã˛#¢ Îál
Ó˚_´ÙyLjϧÓ˚ §ç#Ó ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ ӈϰñ ÚÚï%˛!Ù Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyd#Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !àÎ˚y Ìyܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y áÓ˚ã˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ
ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y !òÓ–ÛÛ ï˛ál Óƒ!_´cÙÎ˚# òy!Ùl# Ê%Ñ˛ˆÏ§ í˛zˆÏë˛ çÓyÓ ˆòÎ˚ñ
ÚÚˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲_´ Óy ~ܲ Ùï˛°ˆÏÓ ~ܲ ӈϮyÓhflÏ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲_´ Óy xyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ Ùï˛°ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ܲ ӈϮyÓhflÏ
ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÓlÈüüüÈ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl xy!Ù !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢Èü˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ â%Ñ!ê˛⁄ÛÛ
◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ G òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ °#°y ˆá°yÓ˚ Óï˛≈Ùyl xÓfliyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xq$ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ
ÚÚ~•zÓyÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy°y– ï˛y•yÓ˚ ~ܲyhs˝ ôÙ≈!l¤˛y G xÜœ˛yhs˝ =Ó˚&ˆÏ§Óy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y xK˛yï˛ x˲yÓ

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !Óã˛!°ï˛ ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈó òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲê˛y xfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î e´Ù¢/ ÙyÌy ï%˛!°Î˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ– ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ §•çñ ≤Ã#!ï˛üxl%ˆÏÎyà˛õ)î≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ܲê˛y {£Ï≈yÓ˚ ˲yÓ çyày•zÎ˚y ï%˛!°Î˚yˆÏSÈÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yä–
~•z çyï˛#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî òy!Ùl#Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã˲yÓ Óï˛≈Ùyl ~ÓÇ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛Ü˛!Ù!◊ï˛ ˆÓòlyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xl%Ë)˛!ï˛
òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲçl lyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ◊#!Ó°y§ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS È/
ÚÚ¢ã˛#¢ ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚ Ó%!V˛° ly ˆÎñ ˆ§ òy!Ùl# G xyÙyÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ˆÎ xyí˛¸y°ê˛y ly•z Ó!°Î˚y {£Ï≈y ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z xyí˛¸y°ê˛y
xyˆÏSÈ Ó!°Î˚y xy!Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ {£Ï≈y ܲ!Ó˚–ÛÛ
òy!Ùl# xy§ˆÏ° ˆ§•z lyÓ˚#≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÎñ ÚÚˆÜ˛í˛z ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Óy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ° !ܲÇÓy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ§ çμˆÏ°
GˆÏ벖 Îï˛«˛î ly ¢ã˛#¢ òy!Ùl#ˆÏܲ lyÓ˚#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ◊k˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ólï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î òy!Ùl#Ó˚ òy• !lÓ≈y!˛õï˛ •Î˚!l– §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ¢ã˛#¢ Îál òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ «˛Ùy ã˛y•z°ñ ã˛y•z° ï˛yÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ ï˛ál §ˆÏD §ˆÏD òy!Ùl# !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÇÓÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈÛÛ
åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xçyly lÎ˚ ˆÎñ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ «˛îfliyÎ˚# xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ÷ô%•z ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ xy˲y§
ˆÙˆÏ°– !ܲv ˆÎ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÌ ã˛°yÓ˚ ï˛y!àò xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~•z «˛î •z!DˆÏï˛•z ˛õÌ ã˛ˆÏ°– xy§ˆÏ° Úòy!Ùl# ≤Ãyî≤Ãyã%˛ˆÏÎ≈˲Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ñ
ï˛y•z ˆ§ ÎyÓ˚•z §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚•z ÙˆÏl xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l ~ˆÏl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ã˛yMÈ˛°ƒˆÏܲ ≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyG !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ òy!Ùl#•z– lÓ#ˆÏlÓ˚ flf#Ó˚ xyd•ï˛ƒyÎ˚ Ó˚§§yôlyÓ˚ !Ó˛õò §%flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛•z òy!Ùl# ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ =Ó˚& ӈϰ ˆÙˆÏl
!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÙl !lˆÏçˆÏܲG Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛Ù!l ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲG Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ òy!Ùl# ˆÎ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ã!ÙܲÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ xy•¥yl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ =Ó˚&Ó˚ ˛õˆÏò ~ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚î ܲÓ˚°–
¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ òy!Ùl# Ó°° /
ÚÚï%˛!Ù•z xyÙyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •G– xy!Ù xyÓ˚ ܲy•yˆÏܲG Ùy!lÓ ly– ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ùsf òyG Îy ~ü§ÙˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ç!l§ÈüüüÈ Îy•yˆÏï˛ xy!Ù ÓÑy!ã˛Î˚y Îy•zˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyÙyÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛yˆÏܲG ï%˛!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ùçy•zˆÏÎ˚y ly–ÛÛ
Úˆ≤ÃÙ ï˛Ó% Ó˚•z°– ˆ§Óyñ Îbñ ˲!_´ G ◊k˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z° ˆ≤ÃÙÛ åÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ / lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lä–
Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°G ˆË˛y°y §Ω˛Ó •° ly– •*òÎ˚ÈüÈxyÓ˚!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆçˆÏà Ìyܲ° ˆ≤ÃÙ– ï˛y•z ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓ˚*˛õ
§yôlyÓ˚ ÓƒyÜ%˛°ï˛yÎ˚ x!fliÓ˚ Ó˚&@¿ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ܲÌyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l ˆ≤Ã!Ùܲy G lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲˆÏZ˛ òy!Ùl# ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰñ
ÚÚxy!Ù ˆÎ flf#çyï˛ÈüÈ ˙ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆï˛y ˆò• !òÎ˚y ≤Ãyî !òÎ˚y à!í˛¸Î˚y ˆï˛y°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ôÙ≈– G ˆÎ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ#!ï˛≈– ï˛y•z Îál ˆò!á ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ê˛y ܲ‹T ˛õy•zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛ál ~ï˛ §•ˆÏç xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ܲÑy!òÎ˚y í˛zˆÏ벖ÛÛ
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ xÙˆÏÓ˚¢ òy¢ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ x§yôyÓ˚î xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ≠
ÚÚ!ܲv ï˛álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ G ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ çyly •Î˚ !l §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– çyl° ˆ§•z!òl ˆÎ!òl ¢ã˛#¢ §!ÓlˆÏÎ˚
!l‹,Ò!ï˛ ã˛y•z° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– xòÙƒ ÎyÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ í˛zÍܲZ˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ òy!Ùl# ˲yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ ӈϰ•z ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚
í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ó lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lä–
¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü˛í˛¸y ܲÌy ï˛y•z xyçG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z §•ƒ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 ly òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ù•_¥ˆÏܲ ˛õ)çy !lˆÏÓòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚° ≠
ÚÚ ÉÉ ˆòˆÏáyñ ï%˛!Ù ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyÙyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl xÙl ܲÌy Ó!°ˆÏÎ˚y ly– !ï˛!l xyÙyˆÏܲ ܲ# ÓÑyã˛yl ÓÑyã˛y•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ï%˛!Ù ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ#
çyl⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÙyÓ˚•z ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyGñ xyÙyˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y !ï˛!l ˆÎ ò%/áê˛y ˛õy•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈl ˆ§ !òˆÏܲ Ó%!V˛

48
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ò,!‹T ly•z⁄ §%®Ó˚ˆÏܲ Ùy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àÎ˚y!SÈ° ï˛y•z x§%®Ó˚ê˛y Ó%ˆÏܲ °y!Ì áy•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ÓƒÌyÓ˚ Úˆày˛õl ˙ŸªÎ≈Û Ó%ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ òy!Ùl# ò,!‹T !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲñ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xÓ°¡∫l !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ◊#!Ó°y§ˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyey !ÓÓy• ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !àÎ˚y ˆë˛!ܲ°– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ~ál
ˆÎ xê˛° !l˲≈Ó˚ G !lÓ˚y˛õò xy◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y•y ~ܲ !ÓÓy• SÈyí˛¸y xlƒe !Ù!°ÓyÓ˚ lˆÏ•ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ x!˲˲yÓܲ
fl∫˲yÓï˛•z fl∫y!ÙˆÏc ˆ˛õÔÑ!SÈ°– òy!Ùl#Ó˚G xyÓ˚yÙòyÎ˚ܲ ¢yhs˝ !l!Ÿã˛hs˝ï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤ÃîˆÏÎ˚ Ù%Ü%˛!°ï˛ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!벰– ~•z !ÓÓyˆÏ• xy¢#Ó≈yòÓ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ =Ó˚&ÈüÈ!•§yˆÏÓ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛yܲ ˛õ!í˛¸°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ xyܲ!fløܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yñ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
òy!Ùl# ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒy§ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ xllƒ §yôyÓ˚î §,!‹T– ç#ÓlÓ˚§Ó˚!§Ü˛ï˛y G Óƒ!_´cñ !ÓôÓyÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó§ç≈l !òˆÏÎ˚
˛õ%l!Ó≈Óy•ñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ˆÙy• ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò xlƒ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yl òy!Ùl# ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ xlƒ Ùyey òyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ùl#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ◊#!Ó°y§ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏS È/
ÚÚxy!ÙÉÉÉÉà,•# ••zÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õy•z°yÙ lyó ÉÉÉÉ xy!Ù ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õy•z°yÙ ˆ§ à,!•î# ••z° ly– ˆ§ ÙyÎ˚y ••z° lyñ ˆ§ §ï˛ƒ
Ó˚!•°ñ ˆ§ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ òy!Ùl#ÛÛ
◊#!Ó°y§ ≠
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈü í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚– xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ Ó_´y ◊#!Ó°y§– !ܲv ◊#!Ó°y§ ¢ã˛#¢G lÎ˚ñ òy!Ùl#G
lÎ˚– ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ§ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢£Ïƒc °•zÎ˚y!SÈ°ñ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z ˆ§ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚
xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ xy!§Î˚y ç%!ê˛Î˚y!SÈ°ñ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ê˛yˆÏl•z ˆ§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆflÀyˆÏï˛ !˲!í˛¸Î˚y !àÎ˚y!SÈ°– !ܲv !Ó°y§ ܲálG ï˛ ÚÚˆË˛òK˛yl!Ó°%Æ
~ܲyܲyÓ˚ ÓlƒyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆì˛í˛z Ùye ••zˆÏï˛ ã˛yˆÏ• ly•z– ~•z Ó˚§§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ í˛z_y° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ÙôƒfliyˆÏl Ó!§Î˚y ˆ§ ~ܲ!òl ˲y!ÓÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ
~ Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚D ï˛y•yÓ˚ §!•ˆÏÓ lyñ S%È!ê˛Î˚y ˆ§ ˛õy°y•zˆÏÓÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyñ l#•yÓ˚Ó˚Ol Ó˚yÎ˚ä–
◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ~•zçyï˛#Î˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î xl%§¶˛yˆÏl xôƒy˛õܲ ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ Ùï˛!ê˛ ~•zÓ˚ܲÙñ
ÚÚÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó¶%Èüã˛!Ó˚e °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# fl∫˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyï˛ƒ!hs˝Ü˛
~ܲÙ%á#lï˛yÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˜Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ƒ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˆÎl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §,!‹T– ~Ó˚y lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ÓyhflÏÓ˛õsi# G ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒÎ%_´ÈüüüÈ
Ù,!_ܲyflõ¢≈# ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §!ߨ!•ï˛– ˆàyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó¶%˛ !ÓlÎ˚ñ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó¶%˛ ◊#!Ó°y§ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛‹T ò,‹Tyhs˝Û åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
!lÙ≈yî !¢“ä–
◊#!Ó°y§ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z Óƒyáƒy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˆÎl !Ù°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ly– ÷ô% ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yôly Ùyà≈ !ܲÇÓy ç#Ól §yôlyÓ˚
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ•z ÷ô% ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ §,!‹T lÎ˚– ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ◊#!Ó°y§ ˆÎl ˛õò≈yÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚y ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲÇÓy
xˆÏlܲê˛y ˆ§•z ÚSÈy•z ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y.y Ü%˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚Û Ùï˛ xÓfliy– ï˛y•z xy◊Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ SÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚Gñ ¢ã˛#¢ òy!Ùl#Ó˚
§Ù@˝Ã °#°y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚G ˆ§ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ú!Ó◊#Û !ܲÇÓy ï˛Ü˛≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌÓy xy•z!í˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õye Ùye– xyÎ˚ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ§ !lï˛yhs˝•z §yôyÓ˚î–
◊#!Ó°y§ ã˛!Ó˚e˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏ‹Tƒ !ܲv ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z §yôyÓ˚î ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚– ˆ§ ÚÓ˚yÎ˚ã˛Ñyò ˆ≤ÃÙã˛Ñyò Ó,!_GÎ˚y°yÛ V˛yí˛¸y •zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ Ó_,´ï˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §ˆÏÓÏ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ§ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~•z ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ê˛yˆÏl•z ˆï˛y çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !lá%Ñï˛ Ùsf!¢£Ïƒ
°#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ òˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ ˆÎyà ˆòÎ˚– ˲yÓ Óy ˲!_´Ó˚ ˆl¢yÎ˚ ◊#!Ó°y§ ˆÎ ~áyˆÏl xyˆÏ§!l ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚
Óî≈lyÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏ°– çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ !Ó°y§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚ¢ã˛#¢ ï˛yÙyܲ §y!çÎ˚y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !òÎ˚y ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó!§°– fl∫yÙ# ï˛ál•z ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õy
SÈí˛¸y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏ°l– ¢ã˛#¢ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ Ó%°y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ °y!à°– ˆò!áÎ˚y xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ï˛ÓˆÏí˛¸y ~ܲê˛y xyâyï˛
°y!à° Óy!ç° ˆÎ âˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚°yÙ ly–ÛÛ

49
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

◊#!Ó°y§ çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùsf!¢£Ïƒ– ï˛y•z ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚_´ÙyLjϧÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z ˆ§ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢ÓˆÏï˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ Óyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ ï˛y•z Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ ˆ§ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚•z §¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ ˆï˛y G•záyˆÏl•z ÈüÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§•z ÓyÙ#Ó˚ xÑyã˛ˆÏ° âÓ˚ܲߨyÓ˚ ã˛y!ÓÓ˚ ˆàySÈy Óy!çÎ˚y GˆÏë˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚ ••zˆÏï˛
Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ à¶˛ í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl âÓ˚ V˛Ñyê˛ !òÓyÓ˚ ¢∑ ÷!lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó ï%˛FSÈ !ܲv §Ó §ï˛ƒñ §Ó Ùô%ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛#ˆÏÓ 
fli(ˆÏ° §)ˆÏ«¯˛ ÙyáyÙy!áÈüüüÈ ˆ§•záyˆÏl•z Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ fl∫à≈–ÛÛ
ò,!‹T˲D#àï˛ ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !ܲÇÓy ç#Ól §yôlyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ x§¡õ)î≈ §yôlyˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !l– ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ xܲ˛õˆÏê˛ ˆ§ ܲÌy çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ◊#!Ó°y§ /
ÚÚï%˛!Ù Îy•yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó!°ˆÏï˛SÈ ˆ§ê˛y ˆï˛y ~ܲê˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ç!l§ó ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°G §Ç§yÓ˚ ••zˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˆï˛y
Óyò ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly–ÛÛ
ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ñ ˆ§•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xàyô Åͧ%ܲƒ– Ó%!k˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Î%!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ç#Ó ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî lyly!Óô !e´Î˚yˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y âˆÏê˛– âÓ˚SÈyí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÎ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
ê˛yl xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §ï˛ƒÈüüüÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ_ !ӈϢ£Ï xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §MÈ˛yÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆ§ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
§ˆÏ¡∫yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏá /
ÚÚGˆÏÓ˚ G ◊#!Ó°y§ñ çß√yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎl §,!‹TSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ òˆÏ° çß√ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚§ ~Ùl ˛õ%îƒ Ü˛Ó˚–ÛÛ
òy!Ùl#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÙ°#°y Îï˛ !Ó!ã˛e •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓ#Î˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛ï˛ !e´Î˚yÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y °«˛
ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛llyñ ÚÚòy!Ùl#Ó˚ •*òÎ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ¢!_´ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ !SÈ° ly– ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò,!‹TG xyFSÈߨñ
~ܲÙye ◊#!Ó°y§•z ï˛yÓ˚ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ÉÉÉ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲ xyí˛¸y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ òy!Ùl# Îál ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆá°yÎ˚
ˆÙˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛álG ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ¢ã˛#¢ñ ˆ§•z ܲ!ë˛l §ï˛ƒG ˆ§ çyˆÏl– ï˛Ó%G í˛z˛õ°«˛ƒ ˆ§ˆÏç ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ làò !ÓòyÎ˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛ ˆ§ê%˛Ü%˛Ó˚
ˆ°y˲ ˆ§ §yÙ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– •ë˛yÍ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!_´c•z ˆl•zÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ xã˛≈ly
Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ä–
◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~Ùlê˛y•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ •Û° òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲçyï˛#Î˚ ˆfl¨•!Ù!◊ï˛
xyܲ£Ï≈î !SÈ° ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyܲ£Ï≈î G §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ܲ!òl òy!Ùl#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙy•
ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ òy!Ùl#G ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yˆÏܲ !ÓÓyˆÏ• fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ◊k˛y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ x“ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§
Ù,ï%˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° òy!Ùl# ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÅòyÎ≈ñ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G ˆ≤ÃÙÈüÈ≤Ã#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •zFSÈy ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈ /
ÚÚ§yô !Ù!ê˛° lyñ çß√yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˛õy•z–ÛÛ
◊#!Ó°y§ ï˛y•z ÷ô% í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ !ܲÇÓy í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó_´y lÎ˚– !ܲÇÓy lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xl%§yÓ˚# SÈyÎ˚y Ùye xÌÓy òy!Ùl#Ó˚
Ü,˛˛õyÓ˚ ˛õye ã˛!Ó˚e– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ◊#!Ó°y§G ΈÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆ§ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlˆÏhs˝Ó˚
§yôlyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹Tƒ x§yôyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lñ !ܲv Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏî ˆÎ ¢ã˛#¢ˆÏܲG SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÈ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ≤Ãôyl ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ lyly˲yˆÏÓ ˙ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ xhs˝/
ÓyhflÏÓï˛y í˛zò‰âyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ x!˲lÓ !¢“Ó˚#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•z ˛õ%Ó˚®Ó˚ñ •!Ó˚ˆÏÙy•l
≤ÃÙ%á ã˛!Ó˚e=!° âê˛lyÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ §¡õyòˆÏl ~ÓÇ ¢ã˛#¢ G çàˆÏÙy•l ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚îc ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÎ˚ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ã˛!Ó˚e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~§ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °#°yl® fl∫yÙ#ÈüüüÈ Ë˛!_´Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ ˲yÓly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ Óy•l •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y
~ÓÇ í˛z˛õlƒy§àï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛–

50
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“ܲ°y

Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“ܲÓ˚î ÷ô% x!˲lÓ lÎ˚ñ xllƒ§yôyÓ˚î– Úˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!°ÛÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ó˚Ó#wlÿÏܲ ˙
çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ !°áˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚D ˆ§•z !lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ê˛§°– ~•z lï%˛l Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲lÓ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛
!ܲv §Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy §y!•ï˛ƒÓ˚!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ §v‹T Óy ï,˛Æ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !l– ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~•z
òˆÏ°Ó˚– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ
ÚÚÓ˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ¢£ÏÈüÈÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D å1916ä §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xyÇ!¢Ü˛ˆÏcÓ˚ åfragmentaryä °«˛îye´yhs˝ñ
•z•yÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ Ë˛yÓà˲#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ °â% G o&ï˛§MÈ˛yÓ˚# ã˛ê%˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚î
Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ ˆÎÓ˚*˛õ à˲#Ó˚ òy!Î˚cˆÏÓyô G §Ó≈ˆÏï˛yÙ%á# §ï˛Ü˛≈ï˛yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ ï˛Ñy•yÓ˚ñ §,‹T ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õܲ≈ G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ~áyˆÏl ï˛òl%Ó˚*˛õ !ܲS%È ly•zÛÛ åÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yä–
~ܲÌy !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎñ !lˆÏê˛y° à“ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùï˛ §Ó≈K˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ òy!Î˚cˆÏÓyô G §ï˛Ü˛≈ï˛y Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓ°!¡∫ï˛
Ó˚#!ï˛ lÎ˚– !ï˛!l ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ Óƒ!_´Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙlhflÏy!_¥Ü˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y G ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝/ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¶˛yl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ Ó˚Ó#wlyÌñ ÚÚxá[˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛# !SȈϰl– !ï˛!l çylˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ Óƒ!_´Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ç#Ól xyòƒhs˝ ~ܲáyly ç#Ól– ~ܲê˛y âê˛ly ÷Ó˚& •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ ç#Ól Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•yj#˛õܲ •Î˚ ly–
Óƒ!_´ÈüüüÈç#Ól xyòƒhs˝ §Ù@˝Ãï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ Å˛õlƒy!§Ü˛ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ê˛yl
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ܲòyã˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ç#Ólyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õƒyê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆ§ ê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ó#ç !l!•ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ñ í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä–
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüí˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ã˛!Ó˚e Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l•z Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲê˛y xy•z˲Ó˚ •z˲y™ÈüÈí˛z_´ Úexploration of the individual personalityÛÈüüüÈÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÓ!¢– ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ
ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÈüÈ~ ~ˆÏ§ ˆòá°yÙ Ú§Ó≈K˛Û ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî xyÓ˚ ˆl•z– âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙMÈ˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú§Ó≈K˛Û ˆ°áܲ !ÓòyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
xvï˛ñ !ï˛!l xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ӈϢ£Ï å§Ó≈K˛ä Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ò,¢ƒÙyl lÛl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ≤ÃÎ%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ lï%˛l ò,!‹TˆÏܲyîÈüÈ ˆ§!ê˛
G•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚– !ܲv ˆ§•z ã˛!Ó˚e í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e lÎ˚ñ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢≈ã˛!Ó˚e–
ˆ§ lyÎ˚ܲ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó¶%˛ Èüüü È◊#!Ó°y§ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚•z çÓyl#ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈yÍ í˛z_Ù ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî !¢“ä–
ï˛y•z ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Îál ӈϰlñ ÚÚ¢ã˛#¢ G òy!Ùl#Ó˚ o&ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l=!° ˆÎl xˆÏlܲê˛y !lÎ˚Ù•#l í˛zjyÙ ˆáÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚•z
xl%Óï˛≈l ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ Ó!°Î˚y ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆÎl ~ܲê˛y ˛õyà°y •yGÎ˚y Îò,FSÈye´ˆÏÙ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°ˆÏܲ •zï˛hflÏï˛/ !Ó!«˛Æ G ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õܲ≈!ê˛ˆÏܲ x!fliÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ â)î≈yÓˆÏï˛≈ §Ó≈òy !ÓÓ!ï˛≈ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÈüÈà˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ §Ó≈e•z ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ÛÛñ
ï˛ál ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y x§¡õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ xy˲y§ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xy§ˆÏ° ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ÓyÓ% ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly Ó˚#!ï˛ñ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly
Óî≈ly˲!DÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÎ í˛z˛õlƒy§ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yl ly ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ñ ~Ùl Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒ í˛zͧy• ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛñ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛
ˆÎ xyòƒhs˝ ˆàyê˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ñ ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# ˛õˆÏÌ•z ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ñ §Ó≈yˆÏ@˝Ã ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó G xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ l#•yÓ˚Ó˚Ol Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆ§•z xl%ôyÓˆÏlÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !fliÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚l /
ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛yÛÛ çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§=!° ≤Ãôylï˛ Ó%!k˛àÙƒñ •z•yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§y˛õ°!∏˛ Ó%!k˛§yôƒ– §•ç§ÇflÒyÓ˚
••zˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ˲yÓyˆÏÓà ••zˆÏï˛ ˆÎ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï˛≈ xyl® í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§ÈüÈxyl® xy•Ó˚î ~•z í˛z˛õlƒy§=!° ••zˆÏï˛ xy¢y
ܲÓ˚y xlƒyÎ˚ó ˆ°áܲ ï˛y•y ã˛yˆÏ•l ly•zñ ÉÉÉ !ï˛!l ã˛y!•Î˚y!SȈϰlñ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ò#!Æ !òÎ˚y•z ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ¢ã˛#¢ñ òy!Ùl#ñ ◊#!Ó°y§ˆÏܲ

51
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

Ó%!V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚&ܲÛÛ åÓ˚Ó#wÈüȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyä–

ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#G ~•z ~ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏî !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤çˆÏD !ӈϢ£Ï Ùï˛yÙï˛
ˆòl /
ÚÚ!lSÈܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ !e´Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈ!lÙ≈yî lÎ˚ñ !Óàï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çàÍ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ≈y!§ï˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚
í˛z˛õÙ%° xydá![˛ï˛ §_yÓ˚ xy˛õl Úxy•zˆÏí˛l‰!ê˛!ê˛ÛÈüÓ˚ xß∫£ÏîÈüȧ)ˆÏe Óƒ!_´Ó˚ !môyÈüÈm®μ !çK˛y§yÓ˚ñ Îsfîy G xy!ï˛≈Ó˚ reality
ˆÜ˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y•z ~ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Å˛õlƒy!§ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ß∫‹T– ~•z inner realityüÓ˚ SÈ!Ó !lSÈܲ Óî≈lyÎ˚ ˆÊ˛yˆÏê˛lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z
Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ñ ÓƒOlyÎ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲ– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ Ùll¢#° xy•z!í˛Î˚yÈü!l˲≈Ó˚ lyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏ°Ï≈yˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xÓˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚
lylyl‰ §)- Ó˚•§ƒÓ˚*˛õ ï˛y•z Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ñ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÛÛ åò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l Óy.°y ܲÌy§y!•ï˛ƒä–
í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ≤Ãï˛#ܲÈüȧLjÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ Óî≈lyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Ü˛!Óc¢!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ– ÚÚ!ܲv ~ ܲ!Óc
≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ °#°yÙye lÎ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ àòƒ˜ÏÓË˛Ó ˆÜ˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ òy!Ùl# ~ÓÇ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#ÓlÓ˚*˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y °«˛î#Î˚ÛÛ åÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ñ í˛É §ˆÏÓ˚yç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ä– xÌ≈yÍ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ Óy•l •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ
Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÛÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy– ˆ§•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ /
ÚÚˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yí˛¸yñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çÓyÓ ly•zñ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y §#Ùyly•yÓ˚y Ê˛ƒyܲyˆÏ¢ §yòyÓ˚
ÙyV˛áyˆÏl òÑyí˛¸y•zÎ˚y òy!Ùl#Ó˚ Ó%ܲ ò!ÙÎ˚y ˆà°– ~áyˆÏl ˆÎl §Ó Ù%!SÈÎ˚y !àÎ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ÈüȈ§•z ÷ܲˆÏly §yòyÎ˚ !àÎ˚y
ˆ˛õÔÑ!SÈÎ˚yˆÏSÈ– ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õ!í˛¸Î˚y xyˆÏSÈ ~ܲê˛y ÚlyÛ– ï˛yÓ˚ ly xyˆÏSÈ ¢∑ñ ly xyˆÏSÈ à!ï˛ó ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ly xyˆÏSÈñ
Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ °y°ñ ly xyˆÏSÈ àySÈ˛õy°yÓ˚ §Ó%çñ ly xyˆÏSÈ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ l#°ñ ly xyˆÏSÈ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆàÓ˚&Î˚y– ˆÎl ~ܲê˛y Ùí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙyÌyÓ˚
≤Ãܲy[˛ G¤˛•#l •y!§ñ ˆÎl òÎ˚y•#l ï˛Æ xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó˛õ%° ~ܲê˛y ÷ÕÒ !ç•¥y ÙhflÏ ~ܲê˛y ï,˛£èyÓ˚ òÓ˚áyhflÏ ˆÙ!°Î˚y
ô!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
~•z ≤çy!ôï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy xyÓyÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ÓƒOlyÓ•ñ ï˛#- ܲ!ÓcôÙ≈# §Ç°y˛õ– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚ˆÏDÛÓ˚ Ùï˛ xhs˝/ÓyhflÏï˛y§Ù,k˛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ã˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ù%áFSÈ!Ó ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó!¡∫ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈ– ¢ã˛#¢ ӈϰˆÏSÈñ
ÚÚÉÉÉ xyÓ˚ÈüÈ§Ó !ç!l§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ °GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !ܲv ôÙ≈ Î!ò !lˆÏçÓ˚ ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•y ÙyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓÑyã˛yÎ˚ ly– xyÙyÓ˚ ˲àÓyl
xˆÏlƒÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù%!‹T!˲«˛y lˆÏ•ló Î!ò ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˛õy•z ˆï˛y xy!Ù•z ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ˛õy•zÓñ l!•ˆÏ° !lôlÇ ˆ◊Î˚/–ÛÛ
~•z §Ç°yˆÏ˛õ ¢ã˛#ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e V˛°Ù° ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲê%˛G ˆò!Ó˚ •Î˚!l– í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
àë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ ~•z§Ó !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“§yÊ˛°ƒ ï˛yÓ˚
x!˲lÓ àë˛lÓ˚#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚¢#°– Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÈüÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ §¡õ)î≈ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§–

í˛z_Ó˚ !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛ylˆÏyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ß¿

1– ˆã˛ï˛ly≤ÃÓy•ôÙ≈# í˛z˛õlƒy§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Úã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yÌ≈ܲï˛y !lÓ˚*˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïy–
2– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ÎÌyÎÌ !ܲly xyˆÏ°Ïyã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïy–
3– ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eÙy°yÎ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ x!˲lÓ– ~•z x!˲lÓˆÏcÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ=!° !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢ã˛#¢ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛
xyˆÏ°Ïyã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4– ÚÚã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ òy!Ùl# ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚îc ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy•# ÙˆÏlÏy˲yˆÏÓ G ç#ÓlÓ˚§ Ó˚!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ÛÛ ÈüüüÈ Ùhs˝Óƒ!ê˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ òy!Ùl# ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ xyˆÏ°Ïyã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïy–

52
 ã˛ï%˛Ó˚D

5– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛÛ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§ ◊#!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÷ô% Ü˛ÌˆÏܲÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ âê˛ly !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ~•z ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛Ó˚G !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏSÈ–
◊#!Ó°y§G ~•z í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ã˛!Ó˚e– Ùhs˝Óƒ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïy–
6– çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– çƒyë˛yÙ¢y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e xy°ˆÏyã˛ly ≤çˆÏD
Ùhs˝Óƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ÎyÌyÌ≈ƒ !lÓ˚*˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïy–
7– ã˛ï%˛Ó˚DÛ ÈüÈ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢“§yÊ˛°ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲lÓ àë˛lÓ˚#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚¢#°– àë˛lÓ˚#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ùhs˝Óƒ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ïy–

§•yÎ˚ܲ @˝Ãsi˛õO#
1– ÓD§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y ÈüÈ ◊#Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
2– ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲy°yhs˝Ó˚ ÈüüüÈ §Ó˚ˆÏyç ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
3– ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùy ÈüüüÈ xÓ˚&îÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
4– ÓyDy°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ å4Ì≈ á[˛ä ÈüüüÈ §%Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆ§l–
5– Ó˚Ó#w §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÈüÈ l#•yÓ˚Ó˚Ol Ó˚yÎ˚–
6– Ó˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùy ÈüüüÈ xã˛≈ly Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚–
7– Ó˚Ó#w í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî!¢“ ÈüüüÈ ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#–
8– ò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛y°#l Óy.°y ܲÌy§y!•ï˛ƒ ÈüüüÈ ˆày!˛õܲylyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#–
9– Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ G lÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ÈüüüÈ xÙˆÏÓ˚¢ òy¢–

53
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã ≠ üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚

!Ólƒy§ e´Ù
v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
¶)˛!õÑ˛y
 ˆúÖÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
 v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó!í≈ì˛ ¢õyã!â˛e
òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y
ïõ≈ ¶˛yÓòy
x˜ÏÓï ≤ÃíÎ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e
õyì,˛â˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#
˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï â˛!Ó˚e
Öú â˛!Ó˚e
˛ôÕ‘#¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ â˛!Ó˚e
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O
xyîü≈ ≤ß¿õyúy

v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ
xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¢,ãòü#úì˛yÓ˚ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ â˛y!£îy äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zˆÏjüƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
òy– Î!îÁ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ãß√ £Î˚ ˆÎ !ü“#Ó˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ¢£z ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ Ó!B˛õâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!¶˛õì˛ !äÈú ˆÎñ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ
£úñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ú!â˛_÷!k˛ãòòÛ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ~£z v˛zˆÏjüƒ ≤Ãí!îì˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ¢ò– !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Úˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Óy!úÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ãyòyò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyòy£z £ú xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
v˛zˆÏjüƒ– Óyày!úÈÙÙÙÈã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏ̈ÏÑ˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúò üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ î,!‹TˆÏÑ˛yí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚
ˆÎÔì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ !â˛eˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛ô›˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy–
~!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ òÎ˚ñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ–
!Ñ˛ls˛ xyõÓ˚y ÎÖò üÓ˚Í¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚¢yfl˛∫yîˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ !õˆÏü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã!â˛eˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã
ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y ˆÎõò !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚ !â˛e x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÈÙÈ£z £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ äÈy˛ô
õyÓ˚y ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ Ö%§!›˛ Ö!â˛ì˛ ïyòˆÏ«˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Ôo äÈyÎ˚yõÎ˚ xì˛#ì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢–
¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ £z§îÓ% ˚ÈÙÙÙˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ Ñœ˛yhs˛ õò ä%È!›˛Ó˚ xÓÑ˛yˆÏü Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ xy!îÜhs˛ v˛zß√%_´ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚ xyÑ˛yü
~ÓÇ Ñ˛«˛ˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy xyõÓ˚y õ%!‹T!¶˛«˛y ä%ȧˆÏv˛¸ !î£z ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú õyò%°Ï=ˆÏúyÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏîÔ ãy!ò òy ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛

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¢õyã!â˛eˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z x¢£yÎ˚ õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ õò%°ÏˆÏcÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !òÎ˚ˆÏõ Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yú Á õ® Ó,!_– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊!í˜ÏӰψÏõƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò– x!ü«˛yÓ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ ïõ≈#Î˚ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛– xyõÓ˚y Î!î ¢£¢y
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓy ÓˆÏú òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!v˛¸ ì˛ˆÏÓ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚Á ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ £ˆÏÓ üÓ˚Íâ˛w
â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú˛ôÕ‘#¢õyãÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y–
~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤Ã̈Ïõ£z Ó%ˆÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúy £ú ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛yú Á õˆÏ®Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ !õˆÏüú– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á
ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%_´ ã#Óò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü!«˛ì˛ @˘Ãyõ#ò Óy òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yú Á õ®ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛ˆÏÓ£z xyõÓ˚y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Óñ Úxy!õ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚£z ˆúyÑ˛Û– xyÓ˚ ~›˛y£z £ú Ú˛ôÕ‘#¢õyãÛ
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ–

¶)˛!õÑ˛y
¶)˛!õÑ˛y xÇüˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y î%Û¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!FäÈ– ˆ¢£z ¶˛yÜ î%!›˛ £úÈÙÙÙÈ
 ˆúÖÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛    v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
 ˆúÖÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ≠
üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ S1876ÈÙÈ1938 !Ö ‹Ty∑V !äȈÏúò Óyày!úÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏ̈ÏÑ˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy!ü“#– ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# fl˛∫òyõïòƒ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó!B˛õâ˛w
â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò#!ì˛ÓyÜ#üì˛y Á Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛ ¢%¢yõO¢ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛
¢õyã!â˛e Á ˆÎÔÌÈÙÙÙÈ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ â˛!Ó˚e=!úˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ¢%fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äȈÏúò– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ Ú˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÛÈÙÈÓ˚ myÓ˚y
!òˆÏ‹ô!°Ïì˛ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏR˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ≠
1– üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓÜ≤ÃÓí Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚–
2– !ì˛!ò xy¢ˆÏú Óyày!úÓ˚ ˆÎÔì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !â˛eˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ Îy Óyày!ú ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !üÑ˛v˛¸ £ˆÏúÁ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò !Óú#Î˚õyò–
3– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
4– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Úò#!ì˛ˆÏÓyïÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí !òˆÏ‹ô!°Ïì˛ !ÓïÓy â˛!Ó˚e Á ÓyÓ˚yDòy â˛!Ó˚e=!ú !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
5– ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ v˛zˆÏÕ!‘ Öì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓÜ≤ÃÓíì˛y Á ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒ ã܈Ïì˛
òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e ¢,ãˆÏò ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
6– üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y!‡˛ˆÏòƒ òÎ˚ñ õ%_´ ËîyˆÏÎ≈ !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãïyòì˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊k˛yÓòì˛–
üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy¢Ω˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
 ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÓ≈ ≠ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ 1907ÈÙÙÙÈ1917 ¢yú ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ü“ Á v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ
Óv˛¸!î!î S1913Vñ !ÓÓ˚yãˆÏÓÔ S1914Vñ !Ó®%Ó˚ ˆäȈÏú S1914Vñ˛ô!Ó˚í#ì˛y S1914Vñ ˛ô![˛ì˛õüy£z S1914Vñ ˆõã!î!î S1915Vñ
˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã S1916Vñ â˛wòyÌ S1916Vñ ˜ÓÑ%˛ˆÏZ˛Ó˚ v˛z£ú z S1916V Ú˛ôÕ‘#¢õyãÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ äÈyv˛¸y ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !ú!Öì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!ú
xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ «%˛o– üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~£z ˛ôÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ˆîò–

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 !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈ ≠ S1917ÈÙÙÙÈ1924V ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !ú!Öì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ =!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ

◊#Ñ˛yhs˛ 1õ ˛ôÓ≈ S1917Vñ â˛!Ó˚e£#ò S1917Vñ î_y S1918Vñ ◊#Ñ˛yhs˛ 2Î˚ ˛ô˛ôÓ≈ S1918Vñ Ü,£îy£ S1920Vñ Óyõ%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚
S1920Vñ ˆîòy˛ôyÁòy S1923Vñ òÓ!Óïyò S1924V ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!ú xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óv˛¸– ᛲòyÓ˚ ã!›˛úì˛y Á â˛!Ó˚e=!ú
ã!›˛ú– Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyã Á õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ã!›˛ú !îÑ˛=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
 ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈ S1931ÈÙÙÙÈ1935V ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !ú!Öì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆü°Ï ≤ß¿ S1931V !Ó≤Ãîy¢ S1935Vñ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ S1935V x¢¡ô)í≈ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ì˛y ˆîò Ó˚yïyÓ˚yí# ˆîÓ#–
üÓ˚Í¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~ˆÏì˛y ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú Á ~Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ~ˆÏì˛y ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyÑ,˛‹T £ò ~ÓÇ ~£z Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛e !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
 v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ≠
x!ì˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ú˛ôÕ‘#¢õyãÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÜì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú Óúy ÎyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛y_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú 1916 !Ö ‹TyˆÏ∑
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~Ñ˛ xòòƒ ˛ô!Ó˚¢õy!Æ ˆîò– Ó˚õy Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !£ì˛yˆÏÌ≈ Ó ì˛# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛yü# Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#
Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ¢ì˛ƒ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò–
Ó˚ˆÏõü ~£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆäȈÏú £ˆÏÎ˚Á Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ~£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õDú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!òñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ £yãì˛Óy¢ Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ xydì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ õ!£õyÎ˚ v˛zIμú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆîÓˆÏcÓ˚ xy¢ò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ
Ñ%˛Î˚y˛ô%Ó˚ Á ˛ô#Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛–

˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó!í≈ì˛ ¢õyã!â˛e

Ú˛ôÕ‘#¢õyãÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ õ%!™Î˚yòyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ ˛ôÕ‘#ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !â˛e ì%˛ˆÏú
ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ%˛Î˚y˛ô%Ó˚ Á ˛ô#Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õyã!â˛e v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õyÏõ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢õyã!â˛e
~ÓÇ òÓãy@˘Ãì˛ Á ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õyã!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ!›˛ ¢%fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ˆÏõü Ñ%˛Î˚y˛ô%Ó˚

56
 ˛õÕ‘#§Ùyç ≠ ¢Ó˚Íã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚

@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢hs˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚Á òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ¢£¢y ˆ¢£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚£z ¢õ¢ƒy=!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!ò–
ì˛#Ó  Ó%!k˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y Îy xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚# Á Ó˚õy–
~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó!í≈ì˛ ¢õyã!â˛eˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏì˛y=!ú ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢£z ¶˛yÜ=!ú £ú ≠
Ñ˛– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊!í˜ÏÓ°Ïõƒ
Ö– Ñ˛Î≈ Á xy£zò# ¢õ¢ƒy
Ü– ïõ≈#Î˚ ˆ◊!í ˜Ó°Ïõƒ
á– !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iy
à– òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyò
Ñ˛– xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊!í ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ≠
@˘Ãyõ ÓyÇúy ÓúˆÏì˛£z ˆÎ î!Ó˚o ¢Ó˚ú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !â˛e xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ îy!Ó˚o ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò
¢õ¢ƒyÁ òÎ˚– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÖyˆÏò î%¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÌõì˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊!í ˜Ó°Ïõƒñ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ îy!Ó˚oƒ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ îy!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
≤ÃÌõ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ïò# ˆÓí# ˆáy°Ïyú xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
Ó y·˛íÓÜ≈ Á xòƒyòƒ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ òÓyÜì˛ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z v˛z_õˆÏí≈Ó˚ îy!«˛íƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyüyˆÏì˛£z
ˆ¢£z Ó y·˛í ÓÜ≈ !mãˆÏcÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú x!¶˛õyò Á ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ¶%˛ˆÏú Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ â˛y›%˛Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyˆÏõ !õ̃y ¶˛y°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~õò!Ñ˛
â%˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚Á ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚ˆÏõü ÎÖò õ%_´ £ˆÏhfl˛ îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ Á @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !Ó˛ôî ¶˛Oò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛Öò ~£z î!Ó˚î @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚y£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
õˆÏò õˆÏò ˆÓyÑ˛y ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ õ%òyö˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ îy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õyò!¢Ñ˛ îy!Ó˚oƒ–
Ö– Ñ˛Î≈ Á xy£zò# ¢õ¢ƒy ≠
ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈñ î!Ó˚oƒ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚y !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ !Ñ˛ls˛ x!ú!Öì˛ â˛e´Ó,!k˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚
£yˆÏÓ˚ ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò– ~õò£z ~Ñ˛ Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó˚ˆÏõü– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z Óƒ!_´Ó˚ !õ̃y ¢y«˛#ˆÏì˛ ˆãú
£ú ì˛yÓ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Óy xyd#Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ !õ̃y õyõúyÎ˚ ãv˛¸yˆÏòy Óy !õ̃y ¢y«˛# ˆîÁÎ˚y !äÈú ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òì˛ƒ xyâ˛yÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ !õ̃y ¢y«˛#
!îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚⁄ ÷ï%£z !Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí⁄ òy ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚– ˆ¢£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# xò%ˆÏFäȈÏî xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ–
Ü– ïõ≈#Î˚ ˆ◊!í ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ≠
@˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ ïõ≈#Î˚ ˆ◊!í˜ÏÓ°Ïõƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ ≤Ãïyòì˛ !£®% õ%¢!úõ î%£z ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚y £ˆÏì˛y– ~£z î%£z ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ä%Èì˛õyˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛
ÓƒÓïyò !äÈú– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyÁ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛y– ˆÎõòñ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ%˛Î˚y˛ô%Ó˚ !äÈú !£®% @˘Ãyõ ~ÓÇ ˛ô#Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚ !äÈú õ%¢úõyò @˘Ãyõ–
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏõü ~£z ä%Èì˛õyˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ !ӈ϶˛î õyòì˛ òy–
!£®% ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú òyòy ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãò– ˆÎ Ó y·˛íc Ñ˛õ≈Üì˛ ì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ãß√Üì˛– ˛ôy![˛ì˛ƒ Á v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛y£#ò
~£z Ó y·˛íÓ˚y£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xò%üy¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ò xòƒyòƒ ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó y·˛í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓˆÏí≈£z ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜ !äÈú–
Ó˚ˆÏõü ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈúñ ~£z ïõ≈#Î˚ ˆ◊!í ˜Ó°Ïõƒ£z Ó%!G˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õ)ú ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í– !Ñ˛ls˛ õyì,˛fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô x!¶˛K˛ !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚

57
ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

ˆîò ˆÎñ v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ◊k˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xïÉ ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò úIy ˆò£z– ì˛y =Ó˚&ãòˆÏÑ˛ ◊k˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚£z ¢õyò– xy¢ú ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛
!ò!£ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ïõ≈#Î˚ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏ x!ü«˛y Á xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ îy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~£z Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãß√ £Î˚– v˛zFâ˛!Ó_ ˆ◊!í xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛ôƒ§yˆÏâ˛
î!Ó˚oƒ Ó y·˛íˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚yFäÈߨ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚=!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ≤Ãïyòì˛ òyÓ˚# Á !ÓïÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚
~£z ˆüy°Ïí ˆòˆÏõ xyˆÏ¢– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆïy˛ôy òy!˛ôì˛ Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~Ñ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xò%üy¢ò– ˆ¢£z ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !õ̃y
¢y«˛# ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ ˆ¢£z ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z Ó˚õyÁ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫¶˛yÓ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
á– !ü«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iy ≠
Ó y·˛í ˛ô![˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ›˛yˆÏú ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ òyÓ˚# !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z £Î˚!ò– !ü«˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü !˛ô!äȈÏÎ˚ !äÈú õ%¢úõyò ¢õyã– ì˛y£z Ó˚ˆÏõü ˛ô#Ó˚˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !òˆÏã ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏì˛
÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
à– òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyò ≠
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ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ Ó˚ˆÏõü òÎ˚ñ Ó˚õy Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÁ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒÓyˆÏí– ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ ˆÓí# Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ £yãì˛ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ᛲòyˆÏÑ˛
~õò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢%¢!Iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏì˛ îyÎ˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚õy– ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ≤Ãõñ x˛ôõyò Á î%ÉÖ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó˚õy£z Ñ˛yü#Óy¢# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
!ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ–
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v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ◊!í¶%˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ˆÑ˛yòy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ≤Ãïyòì˛ !ì˛ò ïyÓ˚yÎ˚–
Ñ˛– â˛!Ó˚eˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í SÖV !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í SÜV ¢yLjÏÑ˛!ì˛Ñ˛ Óy ÓƒOòyïõ≈# òyõÑ˛Ó˚í
Ñ˛– â˛!Ó˚eˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í ≠
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â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z ~õò v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ £úñ â˛wòyÌñ ◊#Ñ˛yhs˛ñ !Ó≤Ãîy¢–
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~Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏõü ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚–

x˜ÏÓï ≤ÃíÎ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛

üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú˛ôÕ‘#¢õyãÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ x˜ÏÓï ≤ÃíÎ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÏõü Á !Óïõy Ó˚õyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ÓïÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ Á !ÓÓy£ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ x˜ÏÓï £ˆÏúÁ fl˛∫Î˚Ç !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ õ£yüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÑœ˛yhs˛ ≤ÈÏⲋTyÎ˚ ì˛y ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò
xy£zò!¢k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ xyîyúì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÕ‘#@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ î)Ó˚c ˆÎ !Ó˛ô%ú– ö˛ˆÏú ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyˆÏã ì˛y â˛Ó˚õ ˛ôy˛ô ÓˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚Ü!íì˛
£ˆÏì˛y–
!ÓïÓy õyˆÏò£z ˆ¢ !äÈú Ÿª÷Ó˚Ñ˛% ˆÏú xÓ˚«˛í#Î˚y– Ó˚õyÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !˛ôì,˛Ñ%˛ˆÏúÁ ˆÑ˛v˛z ã#!Óì˛ !äÈú òy– ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚
ÓyúÑ˛ ¶˛y£z Îì˛#ò– ì˛yÓ˚£z ¢¡ô!_ ˆîÖyˆÏüyòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y Ó˚õy– ì˛Ó% ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛ Îì˛#ò Ó˚õyÓ˚ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛Á Îì˛#ò–
Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï õyò%°Ï ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ xyÇ!›˛ ì˛yÁ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ó§yÑ˛y £Î˚⁄ ì˛ˆÏîy˛ô!Ó˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ x!¶˛¶˛y!ÓÑ˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ~ˆÏ¢ ӈϢòñ
¢¡ô)í≈ xÎy!â˛ì˛ x!ü!«˛ì˛ õ%ÖÓ˚y õy¢#– ö˛ˆÏú ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚õyÓ˚ Óyúƒ ˆ≤Ãõ =Æ£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ò ÷ï%
Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓïÓy x!¶˛K˛ ãƒy‡˛y£zõy !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#– !ì˛!ò !äȈÏúò !ü!«˛ì˛y x!¶˛ãyì˛– Ó˚õyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ x¢#õ ˆfl˛¨£Á ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y !äÈú– !ì˛!ò
Ó˚õyÓ˚ ~£z õyò!¢Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛úˆÏB˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yúÓy¢ˆÏì˛ò ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆfl˛¨ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ
÷¶˛yÑ˛yC# ÓˆÏú ãyòˆÏì˛ò–
Ó˚õy ÷ï% ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Îì˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôy![˛ì˛ƒ Á ËîyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ü“ ÷ˆÏò Ü!Ó≈ì˛ £ì˛– õˆÏò
õˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ v˛zß#¨ ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y !äÈú ˆÜy˛ôò– ì˛y£z ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓí# Ó˚õyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ Ó˚õyÁ Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛áˆÏÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ üB˛yÎ˚ Îì˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ !â˛hs˛yÎ˚ !â˛!hs˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
ˆÓí#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛Ó%Á Ó˚õy£z !äÈú Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ÷¶˛yÑ˛yC#– ì˛y£z !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚# Ó˚õy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ

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 ˛õÕ‘#§Ùyç ≠ ¢Ó˚Íã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚

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òy!úü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏòñ ÷ï% ~£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ xyõyÓ˚ ì%˛£z ¶%˛ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy x!ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛!Ó˚¢ˆÏò ˆÎñ ì˛yÓ˚ Óv˛¸ õDúyÑ˛y!Cò# ˆì˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z
ˆò£z–ÛÛ
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ xòyÌ ˆfl˛¨£yÑ˛yC# Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚# !äȈÏúò ˛ôÓ˚õ ˆfl˛¨£ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚õy !äÈú x›˛ú !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãyÎ˚Üy– ÓúˆÏì˛
ˆÜˆÏú Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~£z î%!›˛ ¢£ã ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xydyÓ˚ xyd#Î˚ !äÈú òy– Ó˝ !îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyúƒ ¢Ö# Ó˚õyˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¢ Óyúƒ òyˆÏõ Ó˚yò# ÓˆÏú£z ¢ˆÏ¡y∫ ïò Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ Î%Óì˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫@˘ÃyˆÏõ Ó˚õyÓ˚ õ%Ö ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò ˆîˆÏÖ!ò– ì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ŸªˆÏÓ˚
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¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚õy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÜˆÏú Ó˚ˆÏõü ¢Ó≈£yÓ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ–
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ˆÓí#Ó˚ °Ïv˛¸ÎˆÏs˛f Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ˆãú £ˆÏúÁ ˆÓí#£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ !ü!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yú ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚
ˆÎ Ó˚õyÓ˚ ¢y«˛#ˆÏì˛£z Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yî[˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚õyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚– ì˛#Ó  õyò!¢Ñ˛ Îs˛fíyÎ˚ Á x˛ôõyˆÏò
üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚õyÓ˚– ì˛Ó% Ó˚õy Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ãyòyÎ˚ òy– ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛úB˛ Á Îs˛fíyˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏõüˆÏÑ˛ !â˛Ó˚ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
!£ì˛yˆÏÌ≈ Ó ì˛# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏã !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛yü#Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ÖyˆÏò ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ î%!›˛– ≤ÃÌõì˛ x˜ÏÓï ≤ÃíˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy!Î˚Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò î,!‹T¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ˆîÖˆÏäÈò ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ x˜ÏÓï
≤ÃíÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ó!B˛õâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú!Ó°ÏÓ«, ˛Û Á ÚÑ,˛°åÑ˛yˆÏhs˛Ó˚ v˛z£ú
z Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ î%£z x˜ÏÓï ≤Ãí!Î˚ò# !ÓïÓy òy!Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!˛ô¤˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò
~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x˛ôáyì˛ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛–
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Úˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Óy!úÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !ÓïÓy !ÓˆÏòy!îò#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y ˆîÖyˆÏúÁ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏ£ˆÏwÓ˚
ˆÓÔ‡˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z Ñ˛yü#Óy¢#ò# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò ~ÓÇ õˆÏ£w ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛f# xyüyúì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ îy¡ôì˛ƒ ã#Óò x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ
~£z ¢Ñ˛ú òyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y£z !ÓÓy!£ì˛ !äÈúñ Ó˚ˆÏõü ì˛y !äÈú òy–
!Ñ˛ls˛ üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚õyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y !äÈú ¢%ܶ˛#Ó˚– Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õyÏõ Ó˚õy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ...¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ fl˛iyò ˆò£z ÓyÓyñ ì˛y£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛ÜÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛£z !òˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FäÈñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !܈ÏÎ˚Á ˆ¢ Ó§yˆÏⲠ!Ñ˛òy ãy!òˆÏòñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ Î!î Ó§yˆÏâ˛ñ ¢yÓ˚y ã#Óò ïˆÏÓ˚ ~£z xì˛ƒhs˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˛≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õ#õyÇ¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚Óñ ˆÑ˛ò ¶˛ÜÓyò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ~ì˛ =í
~ì˛ Óv˛¸ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤Ãyí !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ò£z Óy !Óòy ˆîyˆÏ°Ï ~£z î%ɈÏÖÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛y õyÌyÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚
ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏúòÊ ~!Ñ˛ xÌ≈˛ô)í≈ õDú x!¶˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚£z òy!Ñ˛ ~ ÷ï% xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÖúyÊ ÁˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏõüñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y î%É!Öò#
Ó%!G˛ xyÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ˆò£z–ÛÛ
~ÖyˆÏò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyà%ú ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó˚õyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ Á xydì˛ƒy܈ÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò
Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ ¢õyã Ñ˛úƒyíõÎ˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ õyòÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛y£z !äÈú Ó˚õyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï–

òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e
ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ì¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Óyày!úÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúò üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú¢yïyÓ˚í ˆõˆÏÎ˚Û Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ v˛z!_´Ó˚ myÓ˚y ~Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–

61
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 ˛õÕ‘#§Ùyç ≠ ¢Ó˚Íã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚

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ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢–

õyì,˛ â˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#

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Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !õˆÏü !äÈú xòy!Óú ˆfl˛¨£ õ%_´ !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚í#Á !äȈÏúò !ì˛!ò–
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ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚õyÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yïˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôv˛zˆÏäÈ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã Ó ì˛# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü !ÓïÓy Ó˚õyÓ˚ x˜ÏÓï
≤ÃíÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÖò @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ !ïE˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛Öò õ%_´õòy !ӈϟªŸªÓ˚#£z õyì,˛ ˆfl˛¨ˆÏ£ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yü# Îyey
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–

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ÓyÇ°y ˘ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏÙfiê˛yÓ˚

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˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï â˛!Ó˚e
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Ó!ú¤˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚ˆÏõü â˛!Ó˚e!›˛ xˆÏòÑ˛yLjÏü ¡‘yò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–

¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i
1– ˆ«˛e =Æ– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã £z!ì˛£y¢– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ @˘Ãs˛i!òúÎ˚ñ 2013–
2– ì˛˛ôò õ[˛ú S¢¡ôyîòyV– üÓ˚Íâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã x!¶˛òÓ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Ç¢îñ 2004–
3– ÓD¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÈÙÈ◊# ◊#Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ӈϮƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ õv˛yò≈ Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã™# ≤Ãy£zˆÏ¶˛›˛ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y 2016ÈÙÈ2017
4– ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yúyhs˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ¢ˆÏÓ˚yã ӈϮƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2016–

xyîü≈ ≤ß¿õyúy
1– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó!í≈ì˛ ¢õyã!â˛e Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
2– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˆ◊!íÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚–
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4– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyÏõ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúyÓ˚ ïõ≈ ¶˛yÓòy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚–

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6– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚–
7– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛!ӈϟªŸªÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚–
8– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï â˛!Ó˚eˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
9– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Öú â˛!Ó˚eˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
10– ˛ôÕ‘#¢õyã v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛⁄ â˛!Ó˚e!›˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚–

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â˛úˆÏäÈ– äÈyeã#ÓˆÏò !ì˛!ò ˆõïyÓ# ¢ö˛ú äÈye!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ v˛zIμú– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú# ¢_y ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ã!›˛úì˛yÎ˚ ¢ÇÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
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Ó˚yõâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ õyòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ‹Tò#–
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¢yãyˆÏì˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõÛÛ–
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢Ó›%˛Ñ%˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy =í !îˆÏÎ˚–
xy¢ˆÏú ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ñ Á£z xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ܶ˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ïõ≈˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚íì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w!›˛ !äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚
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ö˛ˆÏ›˛yˆÏö˛  ψÏõ òì%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ,˛!ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛fl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y–
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ÁÓ˚yÁ Ó§yˆÏⲠÓ˚yõyÎ˚íˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚£–z
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 ˆë§˛yv˛¸y£z â˛!Ó˚ì˛ õyò¢ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ≤Ãì˛#ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ ≠
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 ¢ˆÏÓ˚yã ӈϮƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ó ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yúyhs˛Ó˚ó ˆîÛã–
 ¢ì˛#òyÌ ¶˛yî%v˛¸#ó ˆë§˛yv˛¸y£z ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòy›˛ Á xòƒyòƒó õòö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚y–
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