Architectural history and theories v (ASE362)

Dr. tarek Galal

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 Introduction:
The Qur'an, Islam's holy book, was revealed by Muhammad, who also founded the religion.
From the time of his birth in Mecca around the year 570 CE until the time of his death in Medina
in the year 632, Muhammad lived his whole life in what is now Saudi Arabia. A direct record of
God's (Allah) voice, the Qur'an was allegedly revealed to Muhammad in stages by the archangel
Gabriel starting in the year 610, according to Islamic tradition.
 biography:

Who was Muhammad:

The Qur'an, Islam's holy book, was first revealed by Muhammad, who also founded the religion.
From the time of his birth in Mecca around the year 570 CE until the time of his death in Medina
in the year 632, Muhammad lived his whole life in what is now Saudi Arabia. A direct record of
God's (Allah) voice, the Qur'an was allegedly revealed to Muhammad in stages by the archangel
Gabriel starting in the year 610, according to Islamic tradition.

Family of Muhammad:

In accordance with Islamic tradition, Muhammad's mother passed away while he was a little
child and his father passed away before he was even born. Typically, it is claimed that he had 14
wives or concubines in his lifespan. He was monogamously wed to his first wife, Khadijah, until
her passing after around 25 years of marriage, despite the fact that polygamy was then common
in Arabic society. With Khadijah, he had four daughters, at least two boys (both of whom passed
away as newborns), and maybe a third son (who also passed away at an early age) by a later wife
or concubine, Mariyah. His youngest daughter, Fatimah, wed Muhammad's fourth successor as
head of the Muslim community, Al, who was Muhammad's cousin.

Traditional events of Muhammad's life:

Muhammad, who was born in Mecca around 570 CE, wed married Khadijah, a wealthy widow,
around 595. He saw the angel Gabriel in a vision in the year 610. Several clans in his tribe voiced
objection to his public preaching. He made his improbable Night Journey from Mecca to
Jerusalem, where he prayed with other prophets including Moses and Jesus. He fled to Medina in
622 and repelled two attacks by Meccan armies in 625 and 627 after his clan withdrew its
protection. In 628, he reached a ceasefire with Mecca, but later compelled it to succumb. In 632,
the year of his death, Muhammad conducted the Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca, which served as
the model for the hajj.

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 scholarly sources of Muhammad’s biography:

The Qur'an gives very few specifics on Muhammad's life. Hence, the majority of this knowledge
originates from the sirah literature, which consists of biographies of him by numerous authors,
primarily from the 8th and 9th centuries. Yet, those reports vary, and some of them contain
aspects of the miraculous or tales that have definitely been lifted from the Bible. Some basic
details are confirmed by non-Islamic sources (such as a Syriac chronicle and an Armenian
history) that date to the first few decades after his traditional death date. Scholars have identified
common elements that were in circulation by the late 7th century by carefully comparing
accounts, and some common elements have been identified.

 Birth and Rearing:

Muhammad was born on Rabi' Awwal 12, 570 CE, in Makkah. Before he was born, his father
passed away. Muhammad was given to a Bedouin wet nurse to be raised by her in the wholesome
environment of the desert. Muhammad was raised by his mother Aminah bint Wahb until he was
five years old, but she passed away a year later 577 CE. Then Muhammad visited 'Abdul
Muttalib, his maternal grandpa. Muhammad was raised by his uncle Abu Talib after his father
passed away when the youngster was eight years old. He travelled to Syria with his uncle when
he was twelve years old in a trading caravan.

 As a young man:

Muhammad was happy with his job as a shepherd, but his uncle Abu Talib wanted better for him.
As a result, he got him a job working for a wealthy widow named Khadijah bint Khuwaylid ibn
Asad. Muhammad thus found himself in control of a caravan that was transporting goods to Syria
at the age of 25. 595 CE, Khadijah dispatched her sister to extend an offer of marriage to the
young man upon his return because she was so delighted with the way he had handled her
company's affairs and attracted to his honorable nature. As a result of Muhammad's attraction to
Khadijah, arrangements were made quickly. Their 26 years of marriage were the happiest of their
lives. Muhammad kept up his business activities. His reputation as "Al-Amin" was further
reinforced by his fairness (The Trustworthy).

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 First Revelation:

610 CE, When Muhammad was 40 years old, it was during one of these events that he got the
call. Muhammad was given the order to go out and preach one night while he lay in the solitude
of the cave of Hira, deep in thought. To find rest and comfort in Khadijah's compassionate care,
Muhammad hurried home after getting up shakily. She soothed and reassured him. Afterwards,
she spoke with Waraqah ibn Nawfal, one of her relatives. He proclaimed that Muhammad had
received the same divine word that had been sent to Moses and that Allah had selected him to be
a prophet.

 First converts:

The initial person to embrace Islam as true was Khadijah. Then Muhammad told his cousin Ali,
his adoptive son Zayd, and his close friend Abu Bakr about his encounter. The Prophet originally
preached his mission covertly, first to his closest associates, then to his own tribe, and finally in
front of the general population in the city and surrounding areas. The Ka'bah, which brought
tremendous honor and wealth to their city of Makkah, was guarded by the Quraysh tribe. As a
result, they were extremely worried and started becoming aggressive towards Muhammad.

 The Boycott:

616 CE, Muhammad's clan was requested by the Quraysh to renounce their right to seek
retribution for his murder. The Makkans shunned the proud clansmen after they refused to give
up the right at their request. The embargo was lifted three years later. Muhammad lost his uncle
Abu Talib and his wife Khadijah a year later. The final brake on the violence of the Makkans was
removed when Abu Talib passed away. Muhammad took refuge in the nearby city of Ta'if as the
persecution intensified; there, he encountered intense hostility and narrowly avoided death.

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 Hijrah to Madinah:

622 CE, After consulting with his Makkan followers, Muhammad decided that they should move
to Madinah. Muhammad was the last to depart as they did so quietly and gently. The Quraysh
immediately learned of their departure and sought to kill Muhammad before he too fled. Thus,
they conducted a lottery and selected forty men one from each clan who solemnly vowed to kill
Muhammad.

 Treat of Hudaybiyah:

628 CE, In order to maintain peace and uphold neutrality in their disputes with outside parties,
the Makkans and Muslims eventually came to an agreement known as the Treaty of Hudaybiyah.
The Muslims were required by the pact to leave Madinah that year without conducting the
pilgrimage, but they may return to do so the following year when the Quraysh would give them
three days to take over the city.

 Back in Makkah:

630 CE, The Muslims weren't able to put an end to this battle until AH 8, when the Makkans
broke the conditions of their pact, leading to a bloodless triumph for Makkah. Although the
Makkans, who had persistently persecuted Muhammad and his supporters for 21 years, feared
terrible retribution, they were given the greatest magnanimity in the hour of their defeat. They
were allowed to leave after Muhammad said, "Go! You are free!" The Muslim call to prayer was
audible in this historic sanctuary after the Prophet destroyed all of the idols inside and outside of
the Ka'bah, declaring, "The Truth has come and falsehood gone" (Al-Isra: 81).
 His death:

632 CE, at age of 61 Muhammad visited Makkah as a pilgrim in the year 10 AH, and he thought
it was his final trip since the revelation he received there contained the phrase, "This day have I
finished your religion for you." Al-Ma'idah 3 When he got back to Madinah, he had a fatal fever.
It lasted for 15 days, although up until three days before his passing, he presided over the prayers
before appointing Abu Bakr. Muhammad left his room next to the mosque at the early hours on
the final day of his earthly life and participated in the group prayers; however, he passed away
later that day.

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 refrences:

• BBC. (n.d.). Life of the prophet muhammad - authority - AQA - GCSE religious studies revision -
AQA - BBC Bitesize. BBC News. Retrieved February 25, 2023, from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zd6w7p3/revision/3
• Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2023, January 1). Muhammad. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved February 25, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad
• islamonline_en. (2021, December 24). The Prophet's life in brief. IslamOnline. Retrieved
February 25, 2023, from https://islamonline.net/en/the-prophets-life-in-brief/
• His life. IslamOnline. (2022, November 10). Retrieved February 25, 2023, from
https://islamonline.net/en/his-life/
• The life of the prophet Muhammad - al-Rashid Mosque. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2023,
from https://alrashidmosque.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/The-Life-of-The-Prophet-
Muhammad.pdf
• Prophet Mohammed's important events timeline. Timetoast timelines. (622AD, January 1).
Retrieved February 25, 2023, from https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/prophet-
mohammeds-important-events