Environmental & Analytical Khajja et al.

J Environment Analytic Toxicol 2011, 1:4

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000112
Toxicology
Review Article
Research Article OpenAccess
Open Access

Forensic Study of Indian Toxicological Plants as Botanical Weapon (BW):

A Review
Balvant S. Khajja*, Mukesh Sharma, Rajveer Singh and Girish K. Mathur
State Forensic Science Laboratory, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract
Poisons, those silent weapons capable of destroying life mysteriously, secretly and without violence, have ever had
a peculiar fascination for mankind. The plant originated weapons or “BOTANICAL WEAPONS (BW)” were also used by
criminals in burglary, rape and murder cases. The Botanical weapons are may be the part of the toxic and poisonous
plants or may be the toxic constituents of plants.
In India, there are so many cases were available where criminal by mixing it in food material or contact of the
irritating toxic parts of the plants to victim’s body in the buses/trains. Poisonous plants are those biological weapons
which cause serious problems or even death occur.
These weapons are first choice of professional poisoners in toxi-crime because they are easily available and having
no cost. They have played so large a part, in romance as well as in crime, that the subject is one which claims the
attention of even student of human nature. Through this article authors have studied some toxic and poisonous plants
of India, which are generally used by the criminals to commit the crimes. In this paper, all the toxicological substances
of these plants are also mentioned, which provide a prefect database for the forensic toxicologists.

Keywords: Botanical Weapons; Toxic Plants; Toxi-crime; India. He has explained how the poisons are mixed with food, drink,
Bioterrorism honey, and snuff or sprinkled over cloths, beds, couches, shoes,
garlands and jewellary, saddles of horses, etc. Therefore, it may be
Introduction concluded that these practices were in vogue in his time [6]. Gradually,
A poison is a substance which, when administered, inhaled or there arose a class of “professional poisoners” who could ingeniously
ingested, is capable of acting deleteriously on the human body. Thus, mask the bitter taste or strange odours of the poisons with sweet tasting
there are really no limits, between a medicine and a poison, for a and pleasant substances [1].
medicine in a toxic dose is a poison and a poison in a small dose may The incidence of poisoning in India is among the highest in the
be a medicine means, it depends on dose/quantity only. In law, the real world, and it is estimated that more than 50,000 people die every year
difference between a medicine and a poison is the intent with which it from toxic exposure [7]. The causes of poisoning are many - civilian and
is given. If the substance is given with the intention to save life, it is a industrial, accidental and deliberate. The commonest agents in India
medicine but if it is given with the intention to cause bodily harm, it is appear to be pesticides (organophosphates, carbamates, chlorinated
a poison [1]. It is fact that virtually any substances can be harmful at hydrocarbons, and pyrethroids), sedative drugs, chemicals (corrosive
high concentration- as Paracelsus (1493-1541), the father of toxicology acids and copper sulfate), alcohols, plant toxins (datura, oleander,
said in the sixteenth century, “Everything is poison, there is poison strychnos, and gastro-intestinal irritants such as castor, croton,
in everything, only the dose makes a thing not a poison” [2]. In the calotropis, etc.), and household poisons (mostly cleaning agents). [8].
context of biology, poisons are substances that can cause disturbances Poisonous plants of India have been described by few workers [9-10].
to organisms. Throughout human history, intentional application of A lot of work has been reported on toxicology of plants but no work
poison has been used as a method of assassination, murder, suicide, has been done specially on poisonous plants study in terms of forensic
and execution. Poison includes both naturally produced compounds context. In the present study, a review has been performed on almost
and chemicals manufactured by humans. Natural poisons are produced poisonous plants of India about their fatal dose and fatal period. In
by species of bacteria, fungi, protists, plants and animals. Poisonous this article, we reported basic details such as the botanical and family
plants are those which cause serious problems or even death occur, if a names, toxic parts of plant, chemical constituents and information
small quantity of its stem, leaves, seeds, fruits and roots are ingested [3]. about fatal dose and fatal period of the important plants.
Some other plants are normally harmless but they may become toxic if
preparative from them are taken in excess in strong doses or for along
period of time as suggested by Qureshi et al. [4].
*Corresponding author: Balvant S. Khajja, State Forensic Science Laboratory,
Poisoned weapons were used in ancient India, and war tactics Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, E-mail: balvantsingh@yahoo.co.in
in ancient India have references to poison. A verse in Sanskrit Received  September 20, 2011; Accepted November 20, 2011; Published
reads “Jalam visravayet sarmavamavisravyam ca dusayet,” which November 23, 2011
translates to “Waters of wells were to be mixed with poison and thus Citation: Khajja BS, Sharma M, Singh R, Mathur GK (2011) Forensic Study of
polluted.”Chanakya (c. 350–283 BC), also known as Kautilya, was Indian Toxicological Plants as Botanical Weapon (BW): A Review. J Environment
Analytic Toxicol 1:112. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000112
adviser and prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta
(c. 340–293 BC). Kautilya suggested employing means such as Copyright: © 2011 Khajja BS, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
seduction, secret use of weapons, and poison for political gain [5].
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
Susruta Samhita has described several modes of poisoning in ancient source are credited.

J Environment Analytic Toxicol

ISSN:2161-0525 JEAT an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 4 • 1000112
Citation: Khajja BS, Sharma M, Singh R, Mathur GK (2011) Forensic Study of Indian Toxicological Plants as Botanical Weapon (BW): A Review. J
Environment Analytic Toxicol 1:112. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000112

Page 2 of 5

Poisoning in India it can be used as a truth serum or lie detector. Hemlock was Athenian
state-poison by which Socrates died.
There are more than 4000 species of medicinal plants growing as
herbs, shrubs, and trees in India, many of which are poisonous when Characteristics of Ideal Poison
administered in large doses. The toxic principles belong to alkaloids, The characters of an ideal homicidal/suicidal poison should be
glycosieds, toxalbumins, resind, cannabinoides and polypeptides. (i) cheap, (ii) easily available, (iii) colourless, odorless and tasteless,
Suicide in India, as poison can be easily obtained and many poisonous (iv) capable of being administered, either in food, drink or medicine,
plants grow wild, eg.datura, oleanders, aconite, nux vomica, etc. Many without producing any obvious change to prevent suspicion, (v) highly
Indians consider the taking of life by blood-shed a greater crime than toxic (vi) capable of painless death (vii) signs and symptoms should
poisoning, strangling etc. Accidental poisoning occurs from the use resemble a natural disease, or the serious ill effects should be delayed
of philters or love potions and quack remedies containing poisonous sufficiently long for the accused to escape suspicion, (viii) must be
drugs. The incidence of poisoning in India is among the highest in the rapidly destroyed or made undetectable in the body.
world, and it is estimated that more than 50,000 people die every year
from toxic exposure [3]. The causes of poisoning are many - civilian The number of factors, which are affecting the characteristics of
and industrial, accidental and deliberate. One recent study pertaining poisoning any victim’s as dose/quantity given to the victim, in which
to poisoning statistics demonstrated more of such differences between form (physical/chemical) the poison inject to the body, resistivity of
northern and southern Indian states [11]. body and condition of the victim (he/she might be drug addict/ in sleep
or intoxication). Unless the poison is given in liquid form or small
Classification of Poison amount, the greater part of it may be lost by vomiting. However, the
reorganization of poisoning during life is a matter of the first important,
According to their mode of action, poisons are broadly classified in both from the point of view of the medical jurist and as a forensic crime
three groups, these three broad groups are sub-divided on the basis of scene investigator.
their effect on the body, type of composition etc., which are available in
the literature [1-3] and summarized as shown in Figure 1. Review
Criminal Offences in Indian Panel Code (IPC) It is essential to take cognizance of the fact that overuse or abuse
of the medicinal constituents of plants can cause danger [9]. Plants
The administration of a poison is a criminal offence whenever (i) containing glucosides, acids or alkaloids are used as medicines.
It is with intent to kill, (ii) with intent to cause serious injury, (iii) used Thus when taken in excess often have adverse effect. The latex, white
recklessly even though there is no intent to kill, (iv) for stupefying or coloured sap found in families of Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
to facilitate a crime, eg., robbery or rape, (v) to procure an abortion, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Papaveraceae, if used in excess always
(vi) to annoy the victim, (vii) to throw poison on another person with act as poison. Plants of family Araceae have calcium carbonate oxalate
intention to injure him [11]. crystals, which cause intense irritation of mouth and throat, as also
swelling of throat and intestinal lining. This may cause suffocation or
Now a day, in India mostly poisons are used for robbery and suicidal death.
purposes. For example Datura is used by that sect of the thugs who
poisoned wayfarers. Even today the poisoning and robbing of travelers Some plants containing orthophosphoric acids cause painful
was of frequent occurrence in India. By the judicious use of datura a irritation and eruption if they came in contact with skin or mucous
whole household can be so drugged that the thieves can ransack the membrane. There are some plants or products like seeds of Annona
house at their ease. Datura has frequently been detected in the vomit squamosa L. and unripe pineapple when consumed induce abortion in
of the victims of a midnight robbery. Red chilli powder is frequently pregnant women. The review on all toxic plants has been summarized
used in the robbery or a confession of some guilt by introducing it into in Table 1, this table provide a fundamental database for the forensic
the nostrils, eyes, urethra, vagina, or rectum. Hyocyamus is used in community which has been reviewed with the available literature [12 –
war to control shell-shock. Poisoning is generally accidental though an 18], those who are working the field of forensic crime scene and as well
overdose or rarely homicidal as in the crippen case. In forensic work, as toxicologist as standard comparison during laboratory examination,
which plants contains which type of constituents in it. Even plant
toxins were quite low in incidence, which is because of the difficulty
Poison in testing for such toxins in the laboratory, as compared to chemicals.

Conclusion
In this paper, more than 50 poisonous plant species belonging to
Corrosive Irritant Systematic number of families are reported in the present paper. The poisonous
parts of the majority of plants species were seeds, latex and root or root
bark. Besides these poisonous parts of some plants were fruits, stem
bark, tubers or bulbs and sometimes whole plant also. Some plants
Strong Org. Alkalis Nervous Cardio Respiratory causes poisoning to both human beings as well as livestock populations,
Acids Acids System vascular while some causes poisoning to human being only [19].
syetm
There are many plants which have no medicinal value and not
Inorg. Non- Metallic
used for the edible purpose but which are at times ingested through
Irritant Metallic Irritants oversight, particularly by children. Many of these are responsible for
poisoning in cattle. Some of the plants have been used for the poisoning
Figure1: Types of poison in clinical point of view. purposes and for committing suicide.

J Environment Analytic Toxicol

ISSN:2161-0525 JEAT an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 4 • 1000112
Citation: Khajja BS, Sharma M, Singh R, Mathur GK (2011) Forensic Study of Indian Toxicological Plants as Botanical Weapon (BW): A Review. J
Environment Analytic Toxicol 1:112. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000112

Page 3 of 5

Name of Plant/Family Common Name/Hindi

Sr.No. Toxic Parts Toxic Constituents Fatal Dose Fatal period
Name
Abrus precatorius Rosary pea, Crab’s eyes, Roots, seeds and 1 - 2 seed or
1. Abrin, Abrine and Abrasine 3 – 5 days
(Fabaceae) Gunchi (Hindi) leaves 90-120 mg/kg (Abrin)
Aconitine, Pseudo Aconite,
Indian aconite,
Aconitum napellus All parts especially Indaconitine Bhikhaconitine, 1 - 2 gram (root)
2. Monkshood and mitha 2 to 6 h
(Ranunculaceae) Dried tuberous root Picraconitine, 1 - 2 mg (Aconotine)
zahar (Hindi)
and Aconine
Adenia palmata Toxalbumin (Cyanogenic
3. Fruit - -
(Passifloraceae) glycoside) and Emulsin (enzyme)
Aesculus hippocastanum Horse –chestnut, All parts especially
4. Aescin and Aesculin - -
(Hippocastanaceae) conker seeds
Alocasia macrorrhiza Calcium oxalate crystals 1/30 to 1/15 of
5. Giant taro, Elephant ear All parts 15 min
(Araceae) and toxic Proteins a grain
Anamirta cocculus
Picrotoxin and
6. (Menispermaceae) Indian berry or fish berry Fresh fruit - -
Dihydro-picrotoxine

Antiaris toxicaria LD - 0.116 mg/kg i.v. α-

7. Upas tree, Antiaris Leaves and bark α- Antiarin 2 – 3 days
(Moraceae) antiarin
Berberine, Protopine,
Argemone mexicana Argemone and Sial-kanta All parts especially
8. Sanguinarine and - -
(Papaveraceae) (Hindi) seeds
Dihydro-Sangunarine
Atropa belladonna Atropine, Scopolamine,
120 mg (atropine)
9. ( Solanaceae) Deadly nightshade All parts Hyoscyamine, and 24 h
30 mg (hyoscine)
Belladonnine
Uscharin, Calotoxin,
Calotropis gigentea Calotropis and madar,
10. Juice and roots Calactin and 0.12 mg/kg calotropin 12 to 24 h
(Apocyanaceae) akdo(Hindi)
Calotropin
Bhang- Dried
Leaves & fruit
shoots
Majoon- Sweet
10 gm/kg b.wt.-bhang,
Cannabis sativa prepared with Cannabin, Cannabinon
11. Indian hemp Hashish 8 gm-ganja, 5 – 8 Days
(Cannabinaceae) bhang and Cannabinol
2 gram–charas
Ganja- flowers top
of female plant
Charas- resin of
leaves and stems
Capsicum annum
12. Chillies and Mirch (Hindi) Fruit Capsaicin and Capsicin - -
(Solanaceae)
Cerberin, Cerberoside,
Cerbara odollum 1 - 2 days or
13. Dabur , pilikirbir (Hindi) Fruit and seed Odollin, Odolotoxin, Kernel of one fruit
(Apocynaceae) more
Thevetin and Cerapain
Thevetin, Thevetoxin,
Cerbera thevetia Yellow oleander and Pila All parts especially 8 - 10 seeds,15 - 20 g of Depend upon
14. Nerifolin, Peruvoside,
( Apocynaceae) kaner leaves & fruits root, 5 to 10 leaves Quantity
Ruvoside and Cerberin
Cinchona officinalis Quinine, Cinchonine
15. Cinchona Bark 8 - 10 g 2 h to 2 days
(Rubiaceae) and Cinchonidine
Citrullus colocynthis Indian wild gourd or bitter Fruit, Root and
16. Colocynthin 1 - 2 gramColocynthin 24 h to 2-3 days
(Cucurbitaceae) apple, bitter cucumber dried pulp
Cleistanthus collinus
17. - Leaves and Bark Cleistanthin 0.5 mg/kg (animals) -
(Euphorbiaceae)
Colchicum autumnale Similar to
Similar to arsenic
18. (Colchicaceae) Meadow saffron Colchicine arsenic
poisoning
poisoning
Conium maculatum Coniine and
19. Poison hemlock All parts 1 cm piece of plant -
(Apiaceae) Methyl Coniine
Crotolaria spectabilis Jhunjhunia (Hindi)
20. Mono-crotaline 65 mg/kg (chicken) -
( Leguminosae)
Crotin-a toxal-bumine,
Croton tiglium Croton oil seed and 4 - 6 seeds,
21. Seed and oil Tiglinic acids, Crotonic acid and 6 h to 3 days
(Euphorbiaceae) Jamal-gota (Hindi) 1 - 2 ml oil
Crotonoside
Cytissus scoparius Seed, leaves and
22. Yellow broom Cytisine and Sparteine - -
(Leguminosae) twigs
Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Hyscine
Datura fastuosa Thorn apple and datura All parts especially
23. and Dutarin 0.6 - 1 gram 24 h
(Solanaceae) (Hindi) seeds and fruit

Dieffenbachia sp. Dieffenbachia, Cyanogenic Glycosides and

24. All parts - -
(Araceae) dumbcane Calcium oxalate
Digitalis purpurea Roots, leaves and Digitoxin, Digitalin 15-30 mg (Digitalin) 1 h to 24 h
25. Fox glove
(Terophularaceae) seeds Digitalein and Digitonin 4 mg (Digitoxin)
Dioscorea hispida Spiro Alkaloid 120 mg/kg on mice
26. Karukandu (Hindi) Tubers
(Dioscoreaceae) Dioscorine

J Environment Analytic Toxicol

ISSN:2161-0525 JEAT an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 4 • 1000112
Citation: Khajja BS, Sharma M, Singh R, Mathur GK (2011) Forensic Study of Indian Toxicological Plants as Botanical Weapon (BW): A Review. J
Environment Analytic Toxicol 1:112. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000112

Page 4 of 5

Cocaine, Procaine,
Erythroxylum coca
27. Coke, snow Leaves Butacaine and 1 - 1.5 g Cocaine (Oral) 15 min to 10 h
(Linaceae)
Dibucaine
Euphorbia helioscopia Non-Haemolytic Saponin and
28. Sun spurge Milky latex - -
(Euphorbiaceae) Phasin
Colchicine, Superbine,
Gloriosa superba Superb lily, Flame lily and
29. Tubers and roots Gloriosine and - -
(Liliaceae) Kalihari (Hindi)
Glucosine
Gossypium sp. 2.57 g/kg (Rat)
30. Kapas (Hindi) Seed oil Gossypol
(Malvaceae)
Hyoscyamus niger Henbane and Ajwayan Atropine, Hyoscine and
31. All parts 125mg (hyoscyamine) 24 h
(Solanaceae) (Hindi) Hyscyamine
Jatropa multifida
32. Bherenda (Hindi) foliage and fruits Curcin - -
(Euphorbiaceae)
Entire plant,
Lantana camara Lantanine, Lancamarone and
33. Lantana, bunch berry especially the - -
(Verbenaceae) Lantadenes A,B
berries
Lasiosiphon eriocephalus Rameetha Stem, leaves and Lasioside and
34. 0.5 mg/kg roots (cats) -
( Thymeleaceae) (Hindi) bark Lasiocephatin
β-Aminopropionitrile,
β-Cyanoalanine,2,4-diamino
Lathyrus sativus
35. Gross pea, Khesari (Hindi) Seeds Butyric acid, Selenium and - -
(Fabaceae)
3-N-oxalyl-2,3-Di-
aminopropinoic acid
Lobelia nicotiancefolia Indian lobelia and deonal 10 mg (Lobeline),
36. All parts Lobeline 30 min to a day
(Campanulaceae) (Hindi) 3.75 gram(leaves)
Manihot esculenta
37. Sakarkanda (Hindi) Tubers Cyanogenic Glycoside - -
(Euphorbiaceae)
300 gram(adult)
Manihot utilissima Cassava, Linamarin- a Cyanogenic
38. Root and leaves 125 g (child) -
(Euphorbiaceae) tapioca Glycoside
fresh root
Mucuna prurita Velvet bean, Konch Mucunain,
39. Seeds - -
(Leguminosae) (Hindi) Serotonin
Myristica fragrans Nutmeg, 1 - 3 nutmegs (adult)
40. Seeds Myristicin and Elemicin -
( Myristicaceae) Mace tree 2 nutmegs (child)
Nerium odorum White oleander and Kaner Neriodorin, Neriodorein and 15 - 20 g root
41. All parts
(Apocynaceae) (Hindi) Karabin / 24 - 36 hours
60 - 100 mg nicotine or 2
Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco and tambaku All parts except ripe
42. Nicotine gramtobacco 5 - 15 min
(Solanaceae) (Hindi) seeds

LD - 9 mg/kg
Ochrocarpus longifolius Surangin A surangin A and
43. Naag kesar All parts -
(Gutiferae) and Surangin B 1 mg/kg surangin B
(Cats)
Ripe and dried Morphine, 2 gram(opium),
Papaver somniferum Opium poppy and afim
44. capsules, petals Narcotine, Codeine 0.2 gram(morphine) 2 to 6 h
(Papavaraceae) (Hindi)
and seeds and Thebaine and 0.5 gram(codeine)
Parthenium
45. hysterophorus Carrot grass Leaves and seeds Parthenin - -
( Compositae)
Harmaline, Harmine, Harmane, Harmaline-120 mg/kg
Pegnum hermala Harmalol, (rat),
46. Wild rue All parts -
(Zygophyllaceae) Asicine, Harman-200 mg/kg
Vasicinone (rabbit)
Plumbago zeylanica Ceylon leadwort and chitra
47. Root Plumbagin 5 gm Few days
(Plumbaginaceae) (Hindi)
Prunus amygdalus Almond, 20 almonds (adult)
48. Almond Amygdalin
( Rosaceae ) Baadam (Hindi) 10 almonds (Child)
Reserpine, Reserpidine,
Rauvolfia serpentina
49. Chandrabhaga (Hindi) Roots Reserpinine and - -
(Apocynaceae)
Serpentine
Ricinus communis Castor bean, Erandi Entire plant 6 mg of ricin 2 to several
50. Recine and Recinine
(Euphorbiaceae) (Hindi) especially seeds (10 seeds) days
Semecarpus anacardium Marking nut Semecarpol and
51. Juice 5 – 10 gm 12 – 24 h
(Anacardiaceae) And bhilawa (Hindi) Bhilawanol
Solanum nigrum
52. Black nightshade Immature berries Solanine and Steroids - -
( Solanaceae)
Strychnos nux-vomica Poison nut and Kuchila All parts especially 15 – 20 mg/kg
53. Strychnine, Brucine and Vomicine 1–2h
(Loganiaceae) (Hindi) seeds (1 seed - Oral)
Thevetia peruviana Suicide tree and Pila Seeds and milky Thevetin A and Kernel of 01 fruit ,
54. -
(Apocynaceae) kaner (Hindi) juice Thevetin B 2 leaves (child)
Table 1: Review of the toxic/poisonous Indian plants.

J Environment Analytic Toxicol

ISSN:2161-0525 JEAT an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 4 • 1000112
Citation: Khajja BS, Sharma M, Singh R, Mathur GK (2011) Forensic Study of Indian Toxicological Plants as Botanical Weapon (BW): A Review. J
Environment Analytic Toxicol 1:112. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000112

Page 5 of 5

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