date
Ultimate Tensile Strength of
0.4mmØ Copper wire
Student Name:
ADRIEN KHUSHAL MCCANDLESS
Student ID:473269559
SUBMISSION DATE:23rd April 2023
Contents
..........................................................................................................1
Student Name:...................................................................................................................1
ADRIEN KHUSHAL MCCANDLESS................................................................................1
Student ID:473269559......................................................................................................1
Abstract:................................................................................................................................3
Aim:.......................................................................................................................................3
Theory and Analysis:.............................................................................................................3
Equipment and Experimentation Procedure:......................................................................4
Test rig Setup.........................................................................................................................4
Results and Data:..................................................................................................................4
Discussion:............................................................................................................................4
Recommendation:.................................................................................................................4
Conclusion:............................................................................................................................4
References:............................................................................................................................4
References:........................................................................................................................6
PAGE 2
Abstract:
The report indicates the maximum load that 0.4mmØ copper wire will be able to withstand.
When the specimens reach permanent deformation, the report will show the applied stress
and strain. The stress-strain graph illustrates the correlating relationship between the
stress(σ), strain(ε), yield points and points of failure of the specimens. On average, the UTS
achieved 154.183N/mm2 with a maximum load of 2.75L (2.75kg), according to the graph of
the two specimens. In marginal error calculations, human errors were considered as factors
that may have led to questionable results. An accurate measuring device and a mounting
block should be incorporated into a proper test rig to mitigate such errors. In this way, the
specimens will be evenly stretched to prevent premature fractures. A logical suggestion would
be to evaluate these specimens in a lab.
Aim:
This report aims to determine the ultimate tensile strength of copper wires with 0.4mm.
Specimens were assessed on the same test rig. In increments of 250ml (0.25kg), a calculated
load was used. For this practice to take place, it was necessary to have ultimate tensile
strength. The results obtained will then be referred to and compared using this. In ( ), an
estimated ultimate tensile strength of 210Mpa was obtained from this source and applied to
all components of the experiment as well as stress and strain values.
Theory and Analysis:
The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of a material is expressed as the maximum tensile force
per unit of original cross-sectional area of the specimen (). According to , the UTS of an
annealed copper wire varies between 205 to 235N/mm².
Average= 220N
Calculating the simple average between this data it is possible to assume an UTS of 220
N/mm² Assuming this UTS, it is possible to calculate the Estimate Fail Force using the
formula below,
Failure Force= UTS x Cross sectional area
Considering that the specimens given by the client were both measured and had a diameter
of 0.4mm we can isolate the Force(F) and find the maximum load that the wires will hold.
220 x π ( 0.4 /2 ) ² → 27.64 N → 27.64 N ÷ 9.81=2.82 Kg
Following the results, it’s concluded that the specimens will have their fracture point (failure
force) when the weight of approximately 2.82 Kg, which is 2.82L is put into the rig. Dividing
this value by 250ml as it was the volume of my measuring container, this gave me 9.4 which I
round off to 9. Indicating the total number of increments I will use in my experiment.
To calculate the tension stress, strain and young modulus applied to the specimens during
the experiment 3 equations will be used:
1) Stress
F
σ=
A
Σ Tension Stress in MPa (Mega Pascals)
F(N) Force in Newtons
A Cross Section area (mm²) = π x 0.22=0.1256637061
2) Strain
Strain is defined as deformation of a solid due to stress and can be expressed as
stretching(mm) ÷original distance between gauge points(mm)
PAGE 3
Where ΔL = change of length
Lo = initial length
ε = unit less measure of engineering strain
3) Young Modulus
Result of dividing the stress (σ) of a material with its strain (ε. It is a gradient line to the yield
or comparative limit.
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠ሺ𝜎ሻ
Young Modulus = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛ሺ𝜀ሻ
Equipment and Experimentation Procedure:
Chair 2x
Bucket 1x
Mop 1x
Copper wire 0.4mm Ø 2x
Duct tape 1x
30 cm metallic ruler
Test rig Setup
An area between two chairs facing opposite directions was used as a work zone along with a
mop stick. An attachment resembling a clamp was attached to the mop stick above and on
the bucket handle. As a result of these clamps, the specimen was mainly attached to the wire
mounting point and tension at that point was reduced. There were end latches on each
specimen that connected to the existing clamps.
Method:
Results and Data:
Specimen 1
Copper Wire length: 35.5cm
Increments 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Load (ml) 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Load kg 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5
Load N 0 2.45 4.905 7.3575 9.81 12.2625 14.715 17.1675 19.62 22.0725 24.525
25
Elongation 0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.75 0.2 0.6 Failure
Δ Length 35.5 35.8 36 36.4 36.9 37.4 37.7 39.45 39.65 40.25 Failure
(cm)
Stress (σ) 0 19.5 39.0327 58.5491 78.0654 97.5818 117.098 136.614 156.130 175.647 Failure
1637 4979 2469 9959 7448 2494 6243 9992 3741
49
PAGE 4
Strain (ε) 0 0.00 0.01408 0.02535 0.03943 0.05352 0.61971 0.11126 0.11690 0.13380 Failure
845 45 211 6619 11 83 76 1 28169
Specimen 2
Copper Wire length: 45cm
Increments 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Load (ml) 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750
Load kg 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75
Load N 0 2.452 4.905 7.35 9.81 12.2625 14.715 17.1675 19.62 22.0725 24.525 26.9775
5 75
Elongation 0 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.9 1.7 Failure
Δ Length 45 45.4 45.9 46 46.5 46.8 47.2 48 49.6 50.5 52.2 Failure
(cm)
Stress (σ) 0 19.51 39.03 58.5 78.06 97.58187 117.09 136.6146 156.1 175.6473 195.16 Failure
6374 2749 4912 5499 448 82494 243 3099 741 3749
9 79 469 59 92
Strain (ε) 0 0.008 0.02 0.02 0.033 0.04 0.0488 0.054945 0.090 0.109890 0.1472 Failure
8888 222 333 888 05 1098 1099 527473
Discussion:
Recommendation:
Looking at the tests, there are a few factors to consider that may result in the outcome.
1) Test Rig Setup:
The apparatus was a rough setup that did not have proper measuring tools which may have
led to errors. Hooks were used to reducing stress on each end of the specimens.
Unfortunately, the hooks broke out in the first test and were not used in the second test.
2) Measuring devices:
The 250ml measuring container did not have precise measuring units. Measurements of
increments were estimated through assumptions of the earlier level of liquid. These posed a
high chance of inaccuracy when trying to measure the intended volume of 250ml.
3) Specimen lengths
Both specimens of copper wires had different working lengths which may be a factor to
consider when comparing the test results.
4) Faulty equipment
The bucket used to fill the water had a minor hole. This caused the result to be very
inaccurate as the water mass was trickled out throughout the experiment. This caused
inaccurate measures for each of its increments.
Taking into consideration the above faults, I would recommend using a proper testing
apparatus, with more precise measuring devices and a mounting rig. This will ensure that
tension is evenly distributed throughout the specimens under load. In addition, a solid load of
increments should be used instead of liquid, preferably roller bearings or small quantities of
fixed mass weights.
PAGE 5
Conclusion:
References:
https://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?
matguid=9aebe83845c04c1db5126fada6f76f7e
https://www.zion-communication.com/0-4mm-Copper-Clad-Aluminum-Wire-
pd6144043.html
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/job-knowledge/mechanical-
testing-tensile-testing-part-1-069#:~:text=a)%20the%20tensile%20strength%2C
%20also,0%20%3D%20original%20cross%20sectional%20area.
https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Materials/Mechanical/
StressStrain.xhtml#:~:text=Engineering%20strain%20is%20defined%20as,initial
%20length%20of%20the%20material.
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