lOMoARcPSD|18613808

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 3. Predatory Journals

- Science and technology innovations are prevalent in our society (general 4. The HARPA SAFEHOME Proposal
concepts related to science, technology, and society)
5. Class Dojo and Classroom Surveillance
- What is Science?
- Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge’. 6. Grinch Bots
- refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing 7. Project Nightingale
knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, 8. Student Tracking Software
experimentation or both. 9. The Corruption of Tech Ethics
 The Nature of Science 10. Deep fakes
- It is important to understand the nature of science because it is a critical
component of scientific literacy. MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- It enhances your understanding of science concepts and enables you to ANTECENT DEFINED
make informed decisions about scientifically-based personal and societal Antecedents, which, according to Quinto, et al (2019), are “factors
issues. that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific
and ethnological innovations today.” The study of these historical
The following sums up the nature of science: antecedents is important because they help us better understand how to
 The World is Understandable develop new scientific and technological innovations and help us make better
- Science presumes that the things and events in the universe occur in decisions based from our experiences.
consistent patterns that are comprehensible through careful, systematic
study.
DRIVING CONDERNS FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
 Transportation
 Science Explains and Predicts
One of the greatest needs that people need to address is how to
- Scientists strive to make sense of observations of phenomena by
move ourselves and our goods from one place to another.
constructing explanations that are
 Communication
 Science Demands Evidence
Aiming to create understanding, prevent conflicts, facilitate
- The validity of scientific claims is settled by referring to observations of
business transactions, provide entertainment, expand our knowledge, and
phenomena.
broaden our vision, science and technology has made great leaps in the area
- Such evidence is obtained by observations and measurements.
of communication.
 Scientific Ideas are Open to Change
- Science is more of a process than a set body of knowledge.  Food production, agriculture and industry
Food is a basic need for the human race to survive , and
 Science is a Complex Social Activity innovations and inventions that advance its production and processing is a
- Scientific work involves many individuals doing many different kinds of great step towards the continued survival of human societies.
work and goes on to some degree in all nations of the world.
 Science Cannot Provide Complete Answers to All Questions  Military and Defense
- There are many matters that cannot usefully be examined in a scientific Naturally, humans also see the need for defending itself. As such,
way. science and technology has made efforts in improving military and defense
efforts.
 What is Technology?
- comes from the Greek word techne, meaning ‘art, skill or cunning of hand’.  Conservation of life, medicine, and health
- involves the development and use of materials, tools, and approaches for By creating medicines to fight off or prevent illnesses , developing
solving human problems and helping to fulfill human needs and desires.
processes that prevent us from acquiring diseases, discovering knowledge of
- is both a form of knowledge that uses concepts and skills from other
the human body, and inventing new ways to maintain good health, science
disciplines and the application of this knowledge to meet an identified need
and technology helped humans to extend human life.
or to solve a specific problem using materials, energy, and tools.

 Relationship between Science, Technology, and Society  Engineering and architecture

- Science, technology and society are closely linked, especially through Advances on engineering and architecture has not only filled the
scientific inquiry, technological problem solving, and communication. need of society, it also showed how inventive and organized humans are.
Power and energy
HISTORICAL ROOTS OF STS AS AN ACADEMIC FIELD Without power and energy, all other human efforts in improving
task efficiency will be in vain.
• Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is a relatively young field that
combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history
 Observation and measurement
of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science.
It has been extremely difficult for humans to imagine magnitude,
especially in terms of time and space. Through science and technology, we
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF STS
have attempted to quantify and understand something that we cannot
• STS seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive cultures --- move, manipulate, or change.
humanities (interpretive) and natural sciences (rational) --- so that humans  Aesthetics
will be able to better confront the moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas Humans also saw the need to make itself more visually
brought by the continued developments in science and technology. appealing and presentable. This may be for diverse reasons, may it be
• STS also calls for educating you (our students) so that you will be able to cultural, biological, psychological, or religious. Science and technology
apply science and technology (tools, knowledge, process and products) to helped humans in this endeavor and made sure that improving human
solve problems in your environment. aesthetics does not only serve the purpose that it wants to achieve,
• STS is an important academic discipline to help you do science so as to be but also made it safe and economical.
functional and not just graduates who are alien to your own society. ANCIENT PERIOD

ETHICAL DILEMMAS THAT REINFORCE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF STS Sumerian Civilization
• Human beings are by no means perfect – we struggle with ethical dilemmas Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient
on a daily basis and fail in doing what we think or believe to be the right Mesopotamia and is considered the oldest civilization in the world. The
thing more often than we would like to admit. ancient civilization of the Sumerians were the people of southern
“Mesopotamia” whose civilization flourished between c. 4100-1750 BCE.
 The top 10 ethical dilemmas of science and technology as identified by the The Sumerians lived in “Sumer” which was not a political entity but rather a
John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values at the University region of city-states each with its own king. Sumer was in the southern
of Notre Dame for 2020:
counterpart to the northern region of “Akkad” whose people gave the Sumer the
1. The Pseudoscience of Skincare
2. AI and Gamification in Hiring
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

same meaning “Land of the civilized kings”. Which the Sumerians gave them a 1. PAPYRUS. Papyrus is the precursor of paper. It is made from the
name too which was “The land of the black-headed people”. papyrus plant (Cyperus papyrus) that grew abundantly along Nile
River in Egypt. They were able to process the plants in order to
Their contributions include the following: produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.
1. CUNEIFORM. The first writing system that utilizes word pictures and 2. INK. By combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of
triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments different colors, it was used to record history, culture, and codified
and then left to dry. laws.
2. FIRST TRUE CITY. Uruk City is first true city on the world. The 3. HIEROGLYPHICS. It is a system of writing using symbols
Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the (logographic system), believed by Egyptians to be provided to
river which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks. them by gods.
4. CALENDAR. The ancient Egyptian calendar was originally invented
3. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR. Also called the mountain of God, it
based on the 12-month lunar cycle. The Egyptians devised the solar
served as the scared place of their chief god where only their priest were
calendar by recording the yearly reappearance of Sirius (the Dog
allowed to enter.
Star) in the eastern sky.
4. IRRIGATION and DIKES. Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to 5. COSMETICS. These were used for both health and aesthetic
bring water to farmlands and at the same time control of flooding of the reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl, eye cosmetic created by mixing soot
rivers. Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy or malachite with mineral galena to cure diseases. Egyptians
year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil
production. and that beauty was a sign of holiness.
5. SAILBOATS. These were used to carry large quantities of products and 6. WIGS. They were worn for health and wellness rather than for
were able to cover large distances. aesthetic purposes. They were used to protect the shaved heads
6. WHEEL. The first wheels were not made for transportation but farm of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays from the sun.
work and food processes. Farmers were able to mill grains with less 7. SIMPLE MACHINES. The ramp and the lever were a couple of the
effort in less time. most famous construction inventions that the ancient Egyptians
7. PLOW. It is used to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. developed, and the principles that guide them are still widely used
Farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to in construction today.
mass produce food without taking so much effort and time 8. CLOCK. Ancient Egyptians were also one of the first groups of
8. ROADS. It made the flow of traffic become faster and more organized. people to divide days into equal parts through the use of
They made the roads with the same technology they used in making the timekeeping devices. In order to tell the time, Egyptians invented
sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the ground two types of clocks, obelisks and water clocks or clepsydra (utilizes
gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other.
9. JEWELRY. They are ones who made their own jewelries using gold, silver
The amount of water remaining in the device determines how
and gems.
much time has elapsed since it is full.)
10. BRONZE TOOLS. Sumerians tools are made by bronze to make weapons 9. SHADOOF. It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water for
much stronger. the purpose of irrigating land.

Babylonian Civilization Greek Civilization

The Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Greece is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe. It is
Euphrates Rivers. Babylonia was a state in ancient Mesopotamia. The city of known as the birthplace of western philosophy. The Greeks made major
Babylon, whose ruins are located in present-day Iraq, was founded more than contributions in mathematics like ideas about basic geometry and the
4,000 years ago. Known for their engineering and architecture, one of their concept of mathematical proof from ancient Greek mathematicians. Among
major contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven their contributions are the following:
wonders of the ancient world, made by King Nebuchadnezzar II for Queen 1. ALARM CLOCK. They made used of water or small stones or sand that
Amytis. dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to
Among their contributions include: have utilized an alarm to signal the start of his lecture.
2. WATER MILL. It was commonly used in agricultural processes like
1. FIRST MAP. An ancient Babylonian cartographer created the world’s first milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing.
map on a clay tablet in 2300 BC. The map covers a small region of 3. ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM. Retrieved from Antikythera, Greece, it is
Babylonia during the Akkadian Empire. The Babylonian Map of the similar to mantel clock, with a round face and rotating hands. The
World is circular and depicts mountains, rivers, canals, and swamps. The movement of knobs allowed it to display celestial time. It was believed
that it was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. It is
seven small circles on the map represent the seven Babylonian cities. It
believed to be the antecedent of the modern clockwork.
can now be found in the British Museum.
4. AEOLIPILE. Also known as the Hero's engine, named after Hero of
2. ASTROLOGY AND HOROSCOPY. In ancient Babylon, it was thought that Alexandria who demonstrated it. It is the precursor of the steam
the celestial bodies had divine powers which directed people’s lives. engine. It is steam-powered turbine which spun when the water
Constellations were used to determine the weather, climate, and the container it has is heated.
seasons, and to help people decide which crops should be sown when.
The concept of the horoscope was introduced by the Babylonians as Roman Civilization
they believed in the divinity of the celestial bodies. They mapped the The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and
position of astronomical bodies so that they could foretell their social entity in the west and was considered to be the cradle of politics and
daily lives and those of their kings. governance. It was large and other civilizations looked up to it as their model
in terms of legislation and codified laws. Among their contributions were the
Egyptian Civilization following:
The Egyptian civilization is located in North Africa. It was the 1. NEWSPAPER. First called gazettes, they were made before the
preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. It occurred as a series of invention of paper. They were engraved in metal or stone tablets and
stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as then publicly displayed.
Intermediate Period. 2. BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX. According to sources, Julius Cesar started
The ancient Egyptians are known for their massive constructions the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on,
and outstanding architecture. The ones that are remain marvels of they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus
3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. This was considered a continuation of Greek
architecture, such as the Great Pyramid of Giza , which is one of the Seven
architecture. Probably the biggest innovation that Roman architecture
Wonders of the World. The first truly triangular shaped pyramids are counted
brought with it was the widespread use of concrete
among the many ancient Egyptian inventions, although it took them 4. ROMAN NUMERALS. Romans devised their own number system
several tries in order to achieve an ideal model. The great pyramids that specifically to address the need for standard counting method.
the ancient Egyptians built required some knowledge of mathematics, 5. SURGICAL TOOLS. Romans pioneered in precision instruments that gave
especially of geometry. birth to many modern-day surgical tools. They were intrigued to know
that such tools could also become helpful to soldiers who have been
Among their many contributions include the following: injured in battles there and then. Hence, Roman armies had medics who
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

were in use for any complications in the battlefield. boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed
6. WAR WEAPONS. They had weapons like the ballista (catapult) and the that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Emperor. Tea production was
scorpion (long range crossbow), which were brilliantly engineered to developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that
bring down the toughest of enemies. They re- engineered the ballista was ablw shred tea leaves into strips.
and made a cost-effective version of it called the Onager.
5. COMPASS. The Chinese invented the magnetic compass to help
determine the correct direction. They used this in city planning at first,
Mayan Civilization
but it became very important to map makers and for the navigation of
A Mesoamerican civilization, this civilization lasted for about 2 000
ships.
years. The Mayan civilization included southeastern Mexico and northern
Central America. This area included the entire Yucatán Peninsula and all of 6. GREAT WALL OF CHINA. The largest and most extensive infrastructure
the territory now incorporated into the modern countries of Guatemala and that the nation built, it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders
Belize, as well as the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. and control the borders of China.
7. GUNPOWDER. Known as huoyao ("fire potion"), it was developed
They were known for the following: originally by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality.
1. understanding of astronomy (predicting eclipses, using astronomy in They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate but instead of
agriculture, calendar systems) creating an elixir of life they accidentally invented a black powder that
2. engineering and architecture (building of cities, hydraulic systems, could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
religious structures, such as Chichen Itza in Mexico) Gun powder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
3. agriculture which cause countless deaths. Gun powder is also used in fireworks
4. arts (looms for weaving, paints made from mica, Mayan hieroglyphics) during important celebrations in China.
5. mathematics (number system based on the number 20, and concept of 8. OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS. These include traditional
zero and positional value) medicine, iron plow, wheelbarrow, propeller, bridges, seismological
detector, dry dock facility, and advances in astronomy, mathematics,
Inca Civilization logic, and philosophy.
A Mesoamerican civilization, it included modern-day Peru,
followed by a large portion of western South America. They were known for Indian Civilization
the following: The ancient Indian civilization were known for the following:
1. stone-paved roads 1. metallurgical works, especially iron
2. stone buildings strong against disasters 2. medicine (exemplified by Ayurveda, who developed a system of traditional
3. irrigation system medicine still practiced today, and the text Susruta Samhita, which
4. 12-month calendar for religious and agricultural purposes described medical procedures)
5. first suspension bridge 3. astronomy (theories on the configuration of the universe, spherical Earth,
360-day year with 12 months, and the text SIddhanta Shiromani, which
6. quipu, system of knotted ropes to keep records
contained astronomical topics)
7. textiles
4. mathematics (development of the Mohenjodaro ruler, and mathematicians
such as Aryabhata, (who introduced trigonometric functions, tables, and
Aztec Civilization
techniques, and algebra algorithms), Brahmagupta (who explained the use
A Mesoamerican civilization located in central Mexico; the Aztec
of zero and a system of numbers), and Madhava (considered the founder of
civilization has the following contributions:
mathematical analysis))
1. mandatory education
2. chocolates (which was used as currency) Middle East Civilizations
3. antispasmodic medication Middle Eastern countries are predominantly occupied by Muslims. In
4. chinampa, a form of agricultural farming in which the land was contrast with the Greeks, they focused on science experiments rather than
divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals though experiments. Among their contributions are:
5. calendar system 1. beginnings of the scientific method
6. canoe 2. concept of algorithm and algebra (from Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi)
Chinese Civilization 3. refinement of the numeral system of Indians and introduction of decimal
Considered the oldest civilization in Asia, it was known as the Middle point notation
Kingdom and located on the far east of Asia. Among its contributions are as 4. founding of chemistry (where some consider Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the
follows: Father of Chemistry)
PAPER AND PAPER MONEY. Paper was invented by the Chinese as well as many 5. experimental medicine and clinical trials, contagious ature of
interesting uses for paper like paper money and playing cards. The first paper infectious disease, and clinical pharmacology (from Ibn Sina)
was invented in the 2nd century BC and the manufacture later perfected around African Civilizations
105 AD. Paper money was an offshoot of the invention of block printing, this Some contributions of African civilizations include the following:
replaced the use of jewels and precious stones as currency. 1. calendars (solar, lunar, stellar, and combinations of these)
1. PRINTING. Wood block printing was invented in AD 868 and then
2. metallurgy
moveable type around 200 years later. This was actually hundreds of
years before the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg in Europe.
3. mathematics (proof of which is the Lebombo Bone which may be a
mathematical tool)/ MIDDLE AGES
2. SILK. Naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones
MIDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to
The Middle Ages, which occurred between the collapse of the Roman
produce paper and clothing. Silk was a soft and light material much
Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in
desired by the wealthy throughout the world. It became such a valuable
late 15th century AD, was an age of which started with wars, migrations, and
export that the trade route running from Europe to China became
population rise and fall. These events led to new technologies needed in the
known as the Silk Road. The silk trade opened China to the outside
fields of weaponry, transportation and navigation, mass food and farm
world making way for cultural, economic and scientific exchanges
production, and health.
bridging the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom.
1. HEAVY PLOW. This allowed tilling of clay soil, which was more fertile but
3. WHEELBARROW. The wheelbarrow is taken for granted today, but in
very heavy.
the time of the Han. It looks simple; one wheel and a piece of iron, but
could save farmers more work. The main purpose of this amazing yet
2. MECHANICAL CLOCK. The development of mechanical clock is
the antecedent of modern clockwork, and changed the way on work
simple invention was to transport farmers' goods from one place to
patterns.
another easier. The harvest of crops potentially could speed up because
farmers could carry more supplies faster and easier than they used 3. SPINNING WHEEL. This machine was used for transforming fiber into
to.FM yarn or thread and eventually woven into a cloth on a loom. This
ushered the breakthrough in linen technology.
4. TEA PRODUCTION. Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

4. PRINTING PRESS. Invented by Johann Gutenberg, it was a more reliable 13. Edgardo Gomez. Outstanding contributions to marine science
way of printing using a cast type. It utilized a wooden machine that 14. Fabian Dayrit. Outstanding contributions to herbal medicine
extracted from juices. It was used to address the need for publishing 15. Gregory Tangonan. Outstanding contributions to communications
books that would spread information to many people at faster rate. technology
5. WAR WEAPONS. For open area battles, people developed cross bows 16. Jose Cruz, Jr. Outstanding contributions to electrical engineering
and long bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, 17. Josefino Comiso. Outstanding contributions to Antarctica satellite imaging
keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. In 18. Lilian Patena. Outstanding contributions to plant biotechnology
close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to 19. Lourdes Cruz. Outstanding contributions to sea snail venom
protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body
20. Mari-Jo Ruiz. Outstanding contributions to education and graph theory in
armors. mathematics
21. Rafael Guerrero III. Outstanding contributions to tilapia culture
MODERN AGES
According to Quinto, et al (2019), the Modern Ages was marked with
22. Ramon Barba. Outstanding contributions to tissue culture in Philippine
mangoes
a steady increase in population that emphasizes the “importance of
increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production”.
23. William Padolina, outstanding contributions to chemistry

1. TELESCOPE. Invented by Galileo Galilei, it is an optical instrument that

helps in the observation of remote objects. MODULE 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS AND SOCIETY
2. MICROSCOPE. Invented by Zacharias Janssen, it is the key in discovering
new means in preventing and curing various illness.  What is an intellectual revolution?
3. PASTEURIZATION. Invented by Louis Pasteur, it is the process of heating
• Intellectual revolution refers to series of events that led to the
dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that fast spoilage.
emergence of modern science and more current scientific thinking
4. PETROLEUM REFINERY. Samuel M. Kier, by refining petroleum, across critical periods in history.
invented kerosene, which was used at first to provide lightning at homes
(which led to it being named illuminating oil) and then was used for • It reveals how society was transformed by science and technology
heating purposes. for it has a lot of improvements in astronomy, chemistry,
mathematics and physics.
5. TELEPHONE. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, it allowed a way to
easily maintain connections and communicate with each other in real • It is also the period where paradigm shifts occurred.
time. ▪ It is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced
6. CALCULATOR. It was invented to make easier way for arithmetic and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed.
calculations
7. JACQUARD LOOM. Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, it was used to
▪ It is the time period when advancements of science and
technology changed people’s perception and beliefs.
simplify textile manufacturing (which, prior to this invention, required
the use of a drawloom which needed two people, a weaver and a
drawboy). It used punch cards, which is an antecedent to modern  Scientific RevolutionFM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-Jul
computer technology. - was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of
8. ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE. Invented by Orville and Wilbur Wright, science and mathematics transformed the views of society about
they demonstrated an aircraft can be used to fly without airfoil-shaped nature.
wings. - explained the emergence of modern science.
- In a Kuhnian sense, scientific revolutions are paradigm shifts.
9. TELEVISION. Mostly associated with John Logie Baird, the television
televised outlines of objects (1924), recognizable human faces (1925),
A paradigm is a framework which contains the accepted views
moving objects (1926), and colored images (1928).
about a certain field, including the subject of observation and measurement,
THE INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
the questions asked about these subjects, how they are investigated, how the
1. Manuel Guerrero. Studied beriberi in infants in the Philippines during results are interpreted, and which instruments can be used in the
Spanish era. measurement. The philosopher Thomas Kuhn suggested that a paradigm
2. Leon Ma Guerrero. First licensed pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of includes “the practices that define a scientific discipline at a certain point in
the most eminent botanists in the country in his time. time.” Paradigms allow us to determine whether a result belongs to a field or
3. Anaclento del Rosario. Leading chemist in the Philippines during the not.
Spanish era, regarded as the "Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory" ,
and invented the formula for producing a pure kind of alcohol from tuba in COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
a nipa palm. • The Copernican Revolution refers to the paradigm shift of how the Earth
4. Abelardo Aguilar. Invented Erythromycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces and Sun were placed in the universe. This idea rejected Ptolemaic Model or
erythreus. geocentric model (earth is the center of the solar system) proposed by
5. Aisa Mijeno. Invention of Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp (SALt Claudius Ptolemy and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of
lamp), an environment friendly light source that runs on saltwater. It is the Solar System having the Earth revolving around it) proposed by
safer as it poses no risk of fire and emit no toxic gases and it benefits those Nicolaus Copernicus
from far-flung barrios. • The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened through the
6. Rolando dela Cruz. Invented a local mole remover from extracts of cashew contributions of the following intellectual persons:
nuts.
▪ Tycho Brahe’s careful observation of the star, Cassiopeia. He
7. Maria Orosa. Invented the banana ketchup.
developed a compromise between the heliocentric and
8. Fe del Mundo. Invention of medical incubator from indigenous and cheap geocentric models of the universe.
materials which did not run-on electricity by placing a native laundry
basket inside a bigger one abd inserting hot water bottles between the
▪ Johannes Kepler’s said that all planets move in elliptical orbits
baskets to provide warmth and makeshift hood to allow oxygen and the sun at the center
circulation. She was the first Asian woman who admitted into Harvard ▪ Galileo Galile’s developed his own telescope and observed
Medical School. Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to Venus
Del Mundo include her works on the immunization and treatment of
jaundice and the BRAT diet (includes banana and rice) for curing diarrhea.
▪ Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

9. Dominic Chung, Lamberto Andrada, and Antonio Llave. Invention of the • Heliocentrism was eventually accepted by people and marks the birth of
Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets modern astronomy which resulted in the transformation of society’s
but also rivers and lakes. thoughts and beliefs.
10. Enrique Ostrea, Jr. Invention of the meconium drug testing. • The Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study of
11. Angel Alcala. Outstanding contributions to marine science cosmology and astronomy making it a truly significant intellectual
12. Caesar Saloma. Outstanding contributions to physics revolution.
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations
• This Darwinian Revolution started when Charles Darwin Darwin derived from traditional knowledge and practices that guide human societies in
their numerable interactions with the natural milieu, such as astronomy,
(18091882) published his book “On the Origin of Species” which
metallurgy, agriculture, medicine, food technology, naming and explaining
emphasizes that organisms are the result of an evolution, a change in the
natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments. It
heritable characteristics of biological population over successive has developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between
generations. This work of him entitled “On The Origin of Species” changed the society and the environment.
how people approach biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on
modern science, religion, and other aspects of the society. THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
• He theorized that species of organisms arise and develop through the Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing,
natural selection of small inherited variations that increase individual’s comparing, classifying, measuring, problem-solving, inferring, communicating
ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. and predicting. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values
such as the following:
• Natural selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where fitness
refers to the ability to survive and reproduce. • The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.
• This theory of evolution has two main points: • The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as
▪ All life on Earth is connected and related to each other people.

▪ This diversity of life came about because of the

• All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with
each other.
modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection.
• The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed
• Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural
resources.
and accepted the biblical version of the Earth’s creation.
- This caused conflict among people. Some believed that the theory • Nature is a friend to human beings – it needs respect and proper care.
explained the origin of life, while the religious and faithful contradicts it. According to Johnston (2000), indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values
This caused a debate between science and religion. that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes, such as motivating,
cooperating, practical, and reflective attitudes.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION An indigenous knowledge system is embedded in the daily life experiences of
• According to MacNamara, et al. (2018), the field of psychology was young children as they grow up.
considered more of an art rather than science and was classified under the Brief Historical Background Of Science And Technology In The Philippines
area of philosophy. Colonial Period
The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth of science and
• According to Quinto, et al. (2019), psychoanalysis is “a scientific method of
technology in the archipelago
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s
Spanish Colonial Period
personality, springing from free associations, dreams and fantasies of the
individual.” The Spanish colonial period is regarded as the time when modern science and
technology in the Philippines began. During this era, the Spanish colonizers
• Sigmund Freud - Austrian neurologist
changed the way that the Filipino society works. They used of reduction in
- most known as the founder of psychoanalysis which, defined as a set of
consolidating scattered communities into larger and fewer communities within
psychological theories and therapeutic methods with the belief that all
hearing distance of church bells and adopted how Filipinos rule. They created
people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
towns, which made tax collection, forced labor, and economic activities much
- According to his theory, personalities arise because of attempts to resolve
conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal easier to implement.
demands to restrain these impulses. Science Education
Schools were established which were primarily managed by priests
THREE PARTS OF PSYCHE and missionaries. Thus, religious education was given focus. The establishment
1. ID - unconscious realm of primitive instincts and desire for immediate of schools introduced concepts in science and technology, which began formal
gratification. science and technology education.
- “I want it now” Higher education was centered in cities such as Manila. However,
- Dominated by pleasure principle only a select few have access to these institutions, such as Spaniards, mestizos,
- part of the unconscious mind and comprises the two instincts: and a few select Filipinos. Medicine and advanced sciences were introduced in
Eros and Thanatos formal colleges and universities established by Catholic orders, though training
2. EGO - conscious self were generally poor. Biology, medicine, and pharmacy were given focus. For
- Formed to channel socially unacceptable urges of the ID Bachiller en Artes degrees, science subjects include physics, chemistry, natural
history, and mathematics.
- Operated based on reality principle Other schools were also established. Vocational education was introduced by
- “I need a bit of planning to get it” the latter part of 19th century.
3. SUPEREGO – unconscious reals of higher morality
- suppresses any urges or desires of the ID Agriculture, Trade, and Industry
The opening of the Suez Canal allowed the penetration of liberal
- “You can’t have it. It’s not right” ideas to the Philippines from Europe and eased communication and
transportation. This also allowed select Filipinos were able to go to Europe and
FRUED COMPARED MIND TO AN ICEBURG
study science and technology. Prominent ones include Jose Rizal and Antonio
1. The conscious - the small amount of mental activity we know about. Luna.
Thoughts and perceptions Galleon trade allowed both goods and ideas from the West to reach
2. The subconscious – things we could be aware or tried. Memories and the country, though this benefited the colonizers and the Chinese merchants
stored knowledge more than the Filipinos. Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial
3. The unconscious – things we are unaware of and cannot be aware of. authorities due to the prospect of big profits. These trades allowed other ideas,
Instincts – sexual and aggressive crops, tools, cultural practices, technology and Western practices to reach the
country. Because of the Galleon trade, the shipbuilding industry progressed.
Initially, agriculture and industry were neglected and its progress was
MODULE 4: SCIENCE, TENCHNOLOGY, AND NATION-BUILDING
slow. However, the founding of the Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del
Brief Historical Background Of Science And Technology In The Philippines: Paris de Filipinas encouraged its eventual development. Many crops were
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD cultivated and some industries were developed. When the Philippines became
Pre-colonial Filipino science and technology is basically folk science and open for foreign trade, industries such as embroidery, tobacco, and weaving
indigenous knowledge. There was also no pressure for a large science and flourished. Trade and commerce also led to the establishment of public
technology development because of the relatively small population, simple amenities, such as transportation, lighting, banking, and information services,
needs, and abundant natural resources. especially in Manila.
Indigenous Science
According to Pawilen (2005) and Sibisi (2004), indigenous science Other Aspects
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

Hospitals became centers for research work, especially in terms of the By 1957, the state of science and technology in the Philippines was
causes and treatments of infectious diseases, such as malaria, cholera, and still declining. Due to this, the Science Act of 1958 was enacted. This
leprosy. Herbal medicines were researched and catalogued. Sanitation was also established the National Science Development Board, the Philippine Atomic
given importance for public health purposes. Laboratorio Municipal Ciudad de Energy Commission, and the National Institute of Science and Technology. By
Manila was created in 1887 for public health concerns and medical analysis. 1960s, the Philippine Inventor’s Commission and Philippine Coconut Research
Meteorological studies were promoted by the Jesuits, who founded Institute were also established. Also, by 1964, the Philippine Science High School
the Manila Observatory. These studies became important and frequent that started its operation through Republic Act 3661 signed by President Diosdado
public typhoon warnings were able to be issued. The Observatory also led to Macapagal.
seismological and astronomical studies. Research on Philippine flora, agronomy, One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and
geology, and chemistry was also done during the Spanish era though very little of technology was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. During his
the results and activities of these are known. term, many agencies were established such as the Philippine Textile Research
Some contributors in science and technology during this period are Fr. Institute, National Grains Authority (now the National Food Authority), Plant
Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, Breeding Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Philippine Council for
chemist Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr, Agricultural Research (now the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and
Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado. Natural Resources Research and Development), Philippine Atmospheric
Though the Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than 300 Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, National Committee on
years, science and technology did not fully grow and reached its full potential. Geological Sciences, Philippine National Oil Company, National Academy of
This is due to superstitions and Catholic doctrines and poor administration of the Science and Technology. The current site of the Department of Science and
Spanish government, among others. Technology in Taguig was then proclaimed as the Philippine Science Community.
It was during Marcos’s term that the National Science Development Board and its
American Colonial Period and the Commonwealth Period agencies were reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority to
The American colonial period saw a rapid growth in science and provide central direction and coordination of scientific and technological
technology in the Philippines. These are due to progress in public education and research and development.
research and science public services. In terms of science education, the Marcos regime encouraged the
The Americans established the public education system and created a Department of Education and Culture to promote science education. The
Department of Public Instruction in 1901. Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science high schools were
It was during the American colonization period that the University of established and salaries of both teachers and administrators were increased.
the Philippines was established. The University started with mostly foreign Among other manifestations of his support in science and technology education
teachers and professors. Filipinos were sent overseas for education and training are listed below:
and later on, replaced many of the foreign professors of the University of the
Philippines.  SECOND SONA (January 23, 1967): He declared that science was necessary
Science and technology focused on agriculture, food processing, for the development programs, and thus, directed the Department of
forestry, medicine and pharmacy. The Americans established the Bureau of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools.
Government Laboratories in 1901 to deal with the study of tropical diseases and  THIRD SONA (January 22, 1968): He recognized that technology was the
laboratory projects. This was replaced with the Bureau of Science in 1905 to leading factor in economic development, and channeled additional funds to
nurture the development of science and technology. In this bureau, serums and support projects in applied sciences and science education
prophylactics needed by the Philippine General Hospital and Bureau of Health
were manufactured and diseases were studied.  FOURTH SONA (January 27, 1969): He gave a big part of the war damage
Reorganization of different offices based on their specializations were fund to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science
also done during this time, such as the Weather Bureau, Bureau of Health, Mines, and technology and to research. The government also conducted seminars
Forestry, Agriculture, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Plant Industry, and Animal for public and private high school and college science teachers, training
Industry. programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science
The American colonial government also improved engineering works scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography.
and health conditions by creating more public hospitals than the Spaniards and  FIFTH SONA (January 26, 1970): He emphasized that the upgrading of
by doing research to control diseases. science curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the science
During the Commonwealth period, where a transitional government development program. He also assisted 107 institutions in undertaking
was established for Philippine’s eventual independence, the Constitution actually nuclear energy work by sending scientists to study nuclear science and
acknowledged the importance of science and technology. Other government technology abroad, and providing basic training to 482 scientists, doctors,
corporations and councils were created, such as the National Economic Council, engineers, and technicians.
National Power Corporation, National Development Company, and National  SEVENTH SONA (January 24, 1972): He spoke about his major development
Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation. projects in reforming sectors of education. Such projects included research
The Americans have more influence in the development of science and development schools, technical institutes, science education centers,
and technology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards. and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools.

Brief Historical Background Of Science And Technology In The Philippines: The presidency of Corazon Aquino saw the replacement of NSTA to
DOST. She also created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The
After colonization by Japan, the country focused on building goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country
institutions and public facilities such as schools, hospitals, and transportation status by the year 2000.
systems as well as providing technological training and human resource During Fidel Ramos’ presidency, the number of science and
development. Human resource development focused on producing engineers, technology personnel increased, more Philippine High Schools were established
scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other professionals. (in Visayas and Mindanao), and health care services were given importance
Though limited in resources, the country focused in improving science through programs such as "Doctors to the Barrio Program." His administration
and technology. One way is through the use of Overseas Development also saw the establishment of the Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Allocations (ODA) to help in scientific productivity and technological capability. Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439), Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
In the sector of education, private institutions remained the main 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687), Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic
source of higher education by Filipinos. Still, the number of students pursuing Act No. 7459), and The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act
physical sciences, engineering medicine, and agriculture is inadequate to meet No. 8293), and the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development
the needs of the country. (STAND) was established.
Nevertheless, professional organizations such as the Philippine The presidency of Joseph Estrada saw the legislation of Philippine
Medical Association and Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers which aimed Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) and Electronic Commerce Act of
to review and revise the curriculum for their respective fields to improve 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792). He also has a full-scale program for cost-effective
instruction and professional training. irrigation technologies and programs for social and social services for those in
Also, many more government agencies were established such as the need.
Institute of Science, Institute of Nutrition, Science Foundation of the Philippines, During Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo’s term, projects for the environment
and Commission on Volcanology and science and technology (like the “Biofuels” act) was given focus to increase
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

economic level. "Filipinnovation" was also coined to help the Philippines to be an Philippine Development Plan
innovation hub in Asia. The STI was developed further by strengthening the The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 (PDP) is a massive
schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS).. undertaking in improving the country’s infrastructure, increasing energy access,
During Benigno Aquino III’s term, he conferred four new National lowering costs for citizens, keeping up with economic growth, and staying within
Scientist for their contribution in the scientific field. the bounds of global agreements for climate change and sustainable growth. It
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHN was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Board and President Rodrigo Duterte on February 20th, 2017. The impact will be
The Philippine government introduced and implemented several manifested in the following outcomes:
programs, projects and policies to boost the area of science and technology. The  The Philippines will be an upper middle-income country by 2022.
goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a  Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a lower poverty
technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven incidence in rural areas – from 30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in
by science. 2022.
 The Philippines will have a high level of human development by 2022.
Department of Science and Technology  The unemployment rate will decline from 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the key in 2022.
government institution for science and technology. DOST has sought the  There will be greater trust in government and in society.
expertise of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult  Individuals and communities will be more resilient.
various sectors in the society to study how the country can prepare itself in  Filipinos will have greater drive for innovation.
meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. As a result of the consultation, NCRP is expected
to recommend policies and programs that will improve the competitiveness of The pillars of the said program are
the Philippines in the ASEAN Region. The following were the policies that were 1. Malasakit: refers to the goal to regain people’s trust in public institutions
the results of the consultation. and each other. These strategies aim to promote awareness of anti-
corruption measures, invigorate the public sector, increased access to legal
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and aid, and promoting culture sensitive governance.
Governance 2. Pagbabago: aimed at reducing inequality by increasing opportunities for
a. Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding growth and transformation. The popularized term has been ‘inclusive
to the curriculum growth’. Universal social protection, basic education, and other social
b. Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue services will be improved upon while also raising the country’s status in the
c. Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT global market for more opportunities.
broadband 3. Patuloy na Pag-unlad: focuses on economic growth. The Philippines have
d. Local food security seen massive growth in the past decade or so through their change from an
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and agricultural economy to industry and manufacturing focused powerhouse.
Mathematics The Philippines plan to focus on continued growth of their technology, R&D,
a. Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities and innovation sectors.
b. Outright grants for peer monitoring
c. Review of RA 9184 Philippine Congress has also created laws that serve as legal
d. Harnessing science and technology as independent mover of framework for science and technology. Some other areas that the country is
development looking forwards related to science and technology include:
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1. Use of alternative and safe energy
a. Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN- 2. Harnessing mineral resources
harmonized standards by full implementation of the Food and 3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness
Drug Administration 4. Fighting climate change and global warming
b. Creating an educational council dedicated to standardization of 5. Increasing food production
pharmaceutical services and care 6. Preservation of natural resources
c. Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based 7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
research as pool of information 8. Infrastructure development
d. Allowing two percent of the GDP to research GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNO
e. Legislating a law supporting human genome project Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. The
a. Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters.
existing laws Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore
b. Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical
c. Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous environment. Among these inventions are a mosquito ovicidal / larvicidal trap
people’s conservation system called OL trap by DOST for the dengue problem and e-jeepney, which
d. Formulation of common food and safety standards evolved from the military jeeps left by the Americans after World War II but
utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.
Other programs supported by the Philippine government through DOST include:
1. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and Below is a list of scientists and their contributions.
technology
2. Providing scholarships for studies of students in science and
- ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JR.
o He is a neonatologist who has significantly impacted science and
technology
technology in the Philippines for his contributions to the field of
3. Establishing more branches of Philippine Science High School System
pediatrics, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and neonatal drug
4. Creating and developing science and technology parks addiction, including his pioneering work on the detection of fetal
5. Establishment of Balik Scientist Program exposure to drugs, tobacco, alcohol and environmental
6. Establishment of National Science Complex and National Engineering toxicants, by analysis of meconium, a newborn’s first stools.
Complex
- JOSE BEJAR CRUZ JR.
o He has made major contributions to the theory and practice of
Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering
automatic control. His work in the 1970s and 1980s on the
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering identify control of leader follower systems is still considered one of the
several capacity building programs such as: major contributions of the half-century in the theory of
1. Establishment of national centers of excellence hierarchical control systems. He was also elected as officer of the
2. Manpower and institutional development programs famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
3. Establishment of regional centers to support scientific industries
- CAESAR A. SALOMA
4. Establishment of science and technology business centers o He is an internationally renowned physicist recognized for his
5. Strengthening of science education at an early age contributions to photonics and signal processing that were
accomplished with colleagues and students at the National
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

Institute of Physics. He led the development of a method to as the love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about
generate high-contrast images of semiconductor sites via one nature and creativity (Lind, 1997), and develops a strong foundation for studying
photon optical beam-induced current imaging and confocal science and for considering science-related careers in the future.
reflectance microscopy. The project received a US patent on
June 26, 2007. In the field of science education, several science-related programs
- LILIAN FORMALEJO PATENA and projects were created to develop scientific literacy. These include:
o She is known for discovering the seedless breed of lime and 1. Special science classes
pomelo, and for doing research on plant biotechnology. 2. Special science elementary schools
- FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT 3. Philippine Science High School System
o He is known for his phytochemical work for the development of 4. STEM track of the K-12 educational system
lagundi as part of the National Integrated Research Program on
5. PICARI project (Philippine-California Advanced Research Institute)
Medicinal Plants.
6. Offering basic science courses in the General Education curriculum
- MARI-JO PANGANIBAN RUIZ SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES
o She is known for being an outstanding educator and graph
1. PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEMS (PSHSS)
theorist.
The PSHS System offers an education that is humanistic in spirit,
- EDGARDO GOMEZ global in perspective, and in orientation.  It is based on a curriculum that
o He is a Professor Emeritus for marine biology at the University of emphasizes science and mathematics and the development of well-rounded
the Philippines Marine Science Institute(UPMSI). He saw the individuals.
need to protect the Philippines archipelago’s vast marine The PSHS System prepares its students for careers in Science and
resources in particular that of coral reefs. He also pioneered Technology and contributes to nation building by helping the country attain a
giant clam (Tridacna gigas) breeding stationed in Bolinao and
critical mass of professionals and leaders in Science and Technology. It is a
other protective areas for coastal communities of the
government program for gifted students in the Philippines. It is the service
Philippines.
institute of the DOST whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for
- LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ secondary course with emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with the
o She is a Filipino biochemist whose research has contributed to end-view of preparing its students for a science career (Republic Act No. 3661)
the understanding of the biochemistry of toxic peptides from the
venom of fish-hunting Conus marine snails. Her research shed
light on the effects of conotoxins on the central nervous system 2. SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS (SSES) PROJECT
and how it can cause muscular paralysis, sleepiness, or The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with
drowsiness, involuntary motion and more. scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values.

- JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO

o He was instrumental on a global project observing the planet for 3. QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Established on September 17, 1967, it was originally named Quezon
rapidly declining perennial sea ice cover, and produced a paper
on the subject that has been cited over one thousand times. His City Science High School. It was appointed as the Regional Science High School for
work has revealed the extraordinary rate at which Arctic ice is the National Capital Region since 1998.
affected by global warming, at approximately three times the
intensity of the global average. 4. MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
- WILLIAM PADOLINA It was established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila Science High
o He was a former president of National Academy of Science and School (MSHS). It was also the first science high school in the Philippines. The
Technology (NAST). He is recognized for his significant curriculum of the school puts more emphasis on science and mathematics. It
contributions in the field of natural products chemistry, coconut aims to produce scientists with souls.
chemistry, biotechnology and in management of research and The school administers an entrance exam, the Manila Science High
development. School Admission Test (MSAT), for students who wish to enroll. The MSAT has
- RAMON CABANOS BARBA five parts: aptitude in science, aptitude test in mathematics, problem-solving test
o He is known for his invention of flower induction of mango trees. in science, problem-solving test in mathematics, and proficiency in English.
The impact and importance of his discoveries, along with his self-
motivation to help others, led him to change how mangoes and 5. CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION
other crops are grown around the world, thus improving the It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation
livelihood for those who work in agriculture industry. known as the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP), which is a synthesis of classical
- ANGEL ALCALA and modern pedagogical theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning,
o He contributed to the country’s marine development and creativity and productivity.
concerns. He is known for his fieldwork to build sanctuaries and It takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP)
to promote biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the established in 1992, which organizes small international workshops to foster the
Philippines. informal but intense exchange of ideas and perspectives on outstanding
- GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN problems in physics and mathematics.
o He is known for his research in the field of communications
technology. He has been instrumental in developing applications MODULE 5: TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
of optoelectronics in radar, optical networking and analog
systems. • Technology has been viewed in varying ways across time.
- RAFAEL DINEROS GUERRERO III
• The ancient Greek philosophers viewed technology as something which
o He was recognized because of his scientific and technical
imitates products of nature or completes what nature cannot.
contributions to the growth of Sex Reversal and Hatchery
Techniques that help the commercial fabrication of high yielding • Aristotle viewed technology as a means to an end, a way to accomplish a
market-size tilapia in the Philippines and other nations. goal.
• Some philosophers and historians view technology positively, some
John Dewey argued that “education and learning are social and negatively, while some view technology as neither.
interactive processes, and thus school itself is a social institution through
which social reform can and should take place. In addition, he believed that
• Technology can be defined instrumentally (manufacturing and utilizing
equipment, tools, and machines, the things themselves, and the needs and
students thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and
ends these things serve) and anthropologically (positing ends and
interact with the curriculum, and all students should have the opportunity to
procuring and utilizing the means to them). However, Heidegger believed
take part in their own learning.” (Talebi, 2015)
that though this must be correct, it does not necessarily mean it is true.
Science education in basic science helps students learn important
concepts and facts that are related to everyday life (Carale & Campo, 2003;
A BACKGROUND ON MARTIN HEIDEGGER
Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman, 2003); includes important skills such as
Martin Heidegger, born in Messkirch, Germany, on September 26, 1889,
process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed in coping up
is a German philosopher hailed for his works in existentialism, hermeneutics, and
with daily life activities (Chaille & Britain, 2002); develops positive attitude such
phenomenology. He first studied theology, but switched to philosophy in 1911.
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

Influences of his philosophy were Aristotle, Kant, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Dilthey, • Not using technology will not enable us to see the truth that it reveals.
and Husserl. Among his works were Being and Time, published in 1927, which
was an important work in European Philosophy and refers on his philosophy of • It is important to realize that by understanding the essence of technology,
being and existence. By 1930s to 1940s, there was a supposed change in his type this opens the opportunity for a new way on how to view the world.
of work, which mainly focused on poetry and technology. During this time, he •
wrote The Question Concerning Technology, published in 1954. Heidegger died ART AS THE SAVING POWER
in 1976 in Freiburg. • `Since technology is a way of revealing, Heidegger suggests that art is a way
out enframing.
INSTRUMENTAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF TECHNOLOGY
• Why art? Remember that in enframing, we usually use calculative thinking,
• The progress of science and technology is similar to the progress of human a way of thinking which involves ordering and systematizing nature so one
civilization: as man flourishes, so does science and technology. can better understand it. It avoids unpredictability, which is what humans
usually prefer or use.
• However, in the pursuit of progress, man may acquire, consume, or
destroy, unknowingly or not, things that he or she should not. • However, in art, we usually employ meditative thinking, a way of thinking
which allows nature to reveal itself to us without forcing it.
• Thus, in order to appreciate the benefits that humans get from science and
technology, we must examine not only their utility or use but their greater
impact on humanity as a whole.
 Heidegger concluded his work by saying that “questioning is the piety of
thought.”
MARTIN HEIDEGGER  Piety, according to Heidegger, means obedience and submission.
• in his work The Question of Technology, aimed to characterize technology  He said that through questioning, we gain understanding of what we are in
and how humans relate to it. the greater scheme of things and what modern technology has brought us.
Through questioning, we build the way of knowing the truth of who we are
• He argued the importance of understanding the essence of technology
in the world.
because no matter what we do, we will always be intertwined with
technology.
• According to Heidegger, technology is commonly understood as both a MODULE 6: HUMAN FLOURISHING IN PROGRESS AND DE-DEVELOPMENT
means to an end: HUMAN FLOURISHING
 an instrumental characterization of technology
 a human activity (an anthropological characterization of
 What is human flourishing?
Eastern and western conceptions regarding society and human flourishing seem
technology)
to differ:
• He said that this characterization of technology is correct, even for both
• western civilization seemed to be more individualistic (exemplified by
traditional and modern technology, but may not the whole truth.
the Aristotelian view of a good life)
• However, it is important to note that knowing what is “correct” may lead to
the “truth”. C • eastern civilizations are more centered on the community (such as
the Chinese and Japanese emphasis on learning for the greater good).
THE FOUR CAUSES AND THE CONCEPT OF POIESIS • However, in the context of globalization, this apparent difference in
• To have a better understanding of what technology is when it is seen as a perspectives seems to disappear.
means to an end, he delved in the question of causality. • However, it is important to note that human flourishing is still given
• He used the ancient Greek’s way of looking at causality to initially focus.
determine the essence of technology. According to Bandarlipe, et al. (2019), the following are some characteristics of
In his work, he discussed what we mean of cause by using the concept of the human flourishing:
four causes: 1. All humans aim to flourish.
1. causa materialis - the material by which something is made up of 2. Human flourishing involves putting into action one’s capacities,
2. causa formalis - the form of the material that makes it what it is capabilities, and virtues.
3. causa finalis - the purpose of the thing 3. Human flourishing depends on free will.
4. Human flourishing is sustained over time.
4. causa efficiens - the one which caused for the thing to be formed.
5. Human flourishing involves doing well in broad domains of human life.
Poeisis has two forms: • Humans have attained certain progresses that we lack before.
1. bringing-forth through an external influence or poeisis • Mortality rates are lowered due to less death due to diseases and
2. bringing-forth that occurs naturally. childbirth.
• Life spans have increased because of better medical care and health
 Heidegger characterized poiesis as a kind of unveiling, or a way of conditions.
revealing; discloses the truth.
• Literacy rates also increased through better access to education and
 In Greek, revealing is aletheia, which can be translated as “truth”. more alternatives or modes of learning.

THE ESSENCE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF ENFRAMING • Productivity has also increased, though differing in levels in many
countries, which increased food supply and income of families.
• However, according to Heidegger, modern technology is different since its
way of bringing forth is not the same as that of poiesis, since the bringing- • However, determining the ways on how to attain a flourishing human
forth of modern technology may not be as harmonious as premodern life is not an easy endeavor, especially in the context of science and
technology. technology.
• The bringing-forth is more of a challenging forth. • Though, as from previous lessons, we have learned that science and
• Heidegger described modern technology as the age of switches, standing technology are instrumental in human flourishing, some may say that
reserve, and stockpiling for its own sake. overdependence to the point in deifying science may pose a threat to
human flourishing.
THE DANGERS OF TECHNOLOGY
THE CONCEPT OF DE-DEVELOPMENT
• According to Heidegger, the danger lies “with the possibility that it could be
denied to him to enter into a more original revealing and hence to • Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of Economics,
experience the call of a more primal truth”. also questioned this in the context of economics.
• If we try to enframe technology, we block poiesis ; that is, we fail to • Recent reports show that the gap between developed and developing
appreciate the beauty of technology and their development since we only countries continues to widen.
see them according to how they are used and the linear progression of
their development. • There is also an unclear way on how to measure these gaps.
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

• Jason Hickel proposed a solution that is different from what is usually To read Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, you may open this link:
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.html. In the course of this
thought of.
module, you will be repeatedly referred to this text.
• In his article Forget ‘developing’ poor countries, it’s time to redevelop THE CONCEPT OF EUDAIMONIA
rich countries, he looked into poverty and how current measures in
eradicating this global problem fails and instead the gap between rich
• Everyone has their own concept of what characterizes what “good” is.

and poor countries are continuing to widen. • Ancient Greeks believed that good can be:
• He questions the need for continuing growth and how this growth  intrinsic- something which is valued for themselves and not for
negatively affects countries. something else.
• He also introduced the concept of de-development as a way of  instrumental - something which is valued for something else
bridging the gap between countries of different levels of and not for themselves.
development.
• In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discussed his concept of what good is,
what a good life is, and how to attain it.
MODULE 7: THE GOOD LIFE • This concept of eudaimonia (from the Greek eu meaning good and daimon
ARISTOTLE AND HIS PHILOSOPHY meaning spirit), which can be translated as the good life, is the subject of
- Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC, is probably the most important Book 1 of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics.
ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. To understand the concept of eudaimonia in Aristotle’s work, please read Book 1
of Nicomachean Ethics. In reading the said book, take note of the following:
- He was a student of Plato, who was then a student of Socrates.  Together, a.What good means
they were considered the 'Big Three of Greek Philosophy.'  Aristotle was b.What happiness means
the teacher of Alexander the Great. c.What a good person is
- Aristotle’s background in biological subjects made him more of an d.What a good life is
empiricist (truth discovered primarily by the senses) as compared to the e.The difference between humans and other living things
mathematician Plato’s rationalism (truth discovered primarily by reason.) ATTAINING EUDAIMONIA
- Aristotle attended Plato’s academy but founded his own school, the • Now that you have learned the concept of what a good life is, we
Lyceum, later in his life. should now consider how to attain it.
- Aristotle wrote on an amazing range of topics including logic, metaphysics, • Aristotle argued that the way to bridge the gap between knowledge
physics, epistemology, astronomy, meteorology, biology, psychology, of the good life and actually living it was through the development of
ethics, politics, law, and poetics. a good moral character and this entails developing good habits.
• A good habit allows us to perform certain actions without effort.
• We can say that Aristotle influenced more subjects for a longer period of
time than any thinker in the history. • Aristotle calls good habits virtues or excellences. Humans have both
excellences of intellect (theoretical and practical reason), a.k.a.
• His scientific ideas were orthodoxy for 2000 years, his logic is still used, and
intellectual virtue or virtue of thought, and excellences of character,
his influence in many areas of philosophy is still felt.
a.k.a moral virtue or virtue of character.
• His thought in multiple fields was considered definitive for millennia, and To understand the concept of virtues and excellences, please read Book 2 of
his work in ethics and politics is still widely influential today. Nicomachean Ethics. In reading the said book, take note of the following:
• He is one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western philosophy. a.What virtue and vice means
b.The types of virtues and their characteristics
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS AND THE GOOD LIFE
In the video, it is said that “science must be guided by some ethical basis SUMMARY
that is not dictated by science itself.” The work of Aristotle entitled The following learning points summarize what you have learned in this section:
Nicomachean Ethics may be one of these ethical bases. • According to Aristotle, every act is aimed at the good and thus the
Aristotle’s work contains two works that mainly concern ethics: good may be expressed in different ways. However, the good life is a
• Nicomachean Ethics - which may refer to one of his sons named different thing. He said that the attainment of the ultimate good is
Nicomachus. what constitutes the good life.

• Eudemian Ethics - which may refer to one of his friends, Eudemus of • Eudaimonia means the good life, which is marked by happiness and
Rhodes. excellence. It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors
that empower the human person to be the best version of
- Some of the Books in the Eudemian Ethics are identical to that himself/herself.
of the Nicomachean Ethics, and it was thought Eudemian Ethics
was written first before Nicomachean Ethics.
• According to Aristotle, man’s “form” comprises a soul, which has a
plantlike part, an animal part, and a rational part.
- Nicomachean Ethics, however, is the more popular of these two
Aristotelian works.
• Man can only achieve happiness by using all his abilities and
capabilities or living a life of virtue.
• The Nichomachean Ethics (abbreviated as NE or sometimes EN)
• Virtue is the excellence of character that empowers one to do good
- is a work that deals with “the nature of moral life and human and be good. Its opposite is called vice.
happiness based on the unique essence of human nature”.
• According to Aristotle, there are two types of virtue: intellectual and
- It is concerned with the "end of the things we pursue in our moral.
actions," what he calls the "best good" for a human being ( NE
I.2.1094a ).
• Aristotle held that there are three forms of happiness. The first form
of happiness is a life of pleasure and enjoyment. The second form of
This work containing ten books were originally lecture notes that he taught at
happiness is a life as a free and responsible citizen. The third form of
the Lyceum. The outline of the said book is as follows:
happiness is a life as thinker and philosopher. Aristotle then
NE I.1095a-I.1096a. The best good
emphasized that all three criteria must be present at the same time
NE I.1097b-I.1098a. The argument from function
for man to find happiness and fulfillment.
NE I.1102a-II.1109b. Virtue and the soul
NE III.1109b-1115a. Necessary conditions for virtue • Aristotle advocated the “Golden Mean.” The ethics of Aristotle
NE III.1115a-IV.1128b. Virtues of character contain echoes of Greek medicine: only by exercising balance and
NE V.1129a-1138b. Justice temperance will I achieve a happy or “harmonious” life. He rejected
NE VI.1138b-1145a. Virtues of thought all forms of imbalance.
NE VII.1145a-1154b. Continence, pleasure • Martin Heidegger consider modern technology’s way of revealing as a way
NE VIII.1155a-IX.1172a. Friendship of challenging forth because ______. 
NE X.1172a-1181b. Pleasure, happiness, legislation
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

- It prompts people into dominating and enframing the earth natural ____________ puts the planet and society at risk . 
resources.  -Overconsumption 

• The president who mandated the Department of Education and Culture to  Representing the inventions and or discoveries during the Roman
promote science courses in public high  schools.  Civilization
- Ferdinand Marcos  -Newspaper, bound books or codex, aqueducts, coliseums, numerals, etc. 

• Indegenous knowledge that was NOT influenced by foreign colonization  Considered as an adverse impact of science and technology on the
- The famous rice terraces was constructed by hand  environment.
-depletion of natural resources 
• It is established as the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise in
the country.   Main objective of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations
-NAST ( National Academy of Science and Technology) according to the article
entitled “Forget developing poor countries, it’s time to de-develop rich
• Our planet only has enough resources for each of its habitants. How many countries” by Jason Hickel.
global hectares should each of us   - Eradicate poverty by 2030 
consume annually based on the resources available in the planet? 
- 1.8 global hectares   This government office is responsible for the coordination and funding of
different researches by Filipino
 According to Hickel’s article, Economist Peter Edward argues that instead of scientists and inventors, which can potentially help the progress of science
urging poor countries to “catch up”  with rich ones we should __________.  and technology in the Philippines. 
-Think of ways to get rich countries to catch down to more appropriate - DOST (Department of Science and Technology)
levels of development. 
 This government agency was certified to promote the modernization of the
 A majestic architectural design which the Cordillerans built by hand for to coconut industry.
cultivate crops on the mountainside is famously known as ____________.  - PHILCORIN (Philippine Coconut Research Institute)
- Banaue Rice Terraces 
 Illustrates the theory of psychoanalysis introduced by Sigmund Freud.
 In 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was changed to -Was developed in the late 19th century 
_____________ and became the main   -Explains human behaviour 
research center of the Philippines. 
- Bureau of Science   The famous philosopher and astronomer who stated that the planets as
well as the sun and the moon moved in a  
 It refers to characteristic of science that requires interactions among circular motion around the Earth. 
practitioners which implies that generation and   - Claudius Ptolemy 
constant refinement of knowledge is not done by one individual. 
-Social   According to Heidegger, what is an anthropological definition of
technology?
 _____ referring to the constant practice of the good?  - The production and invention of technological equipment, tools and
-Virtue  machines is considered a human activity. 

 Statement about STS that is considered INCORRECT  The language tells the modern world of the history and culture of the
-STS primarily concerns students of science and technology programs and ancient Egyptians. 
not non-science students.  -Hieroglyphics 

 Heidegger’s view on modern technology’s way of revealing  as a way of  In the technological Advancement during the medieval ages, a wooden
challenging forth machine that extracted juices from
- It makes people think how to do things faster, more effectively with less fruit attached to a metal impression of letters and pressed to a paper is
effort.  called
- It prompts people into dominating the earth’s natural resources.  -Printing press 
- It is a means towards fulfilling our needs while respecting nature's
 ___________ is the piety of thought. 
needs.
-Questioning 
 It is widely believed that the Nichomachean Ethics was named after
 It refers to the endless cycle of co-dependency, co-influence, co-production
____________. 
of technology and society upon the other. 
-one of the author’s son 
-Science, Technology and Society 
 What does Aletheia mean? 
  Indian mathematician and astronomer. First mathematician to provide the
- Truth or disclosure 
formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral. His contributions to geometry
are significant. He is the first person to discuss the method of finding a
 Who was the ancient Greek Philosopher known for Nicomachean Ethics? 
cyclic quadrilateral with rational sides.
-Aristotle
-Brahmagupta
 Area best illustrate science? 
-Generating knowledge on how electricity is produced   One of the greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages,
Madhava made pioneering contributions to the study of infinite series,
 ____refers to the human ability to make and perform?  calculus, trigonometry, geometry, and algebra.
- Episteme  -Madhava Sangamagrama

 Two satellite launched by the Philippine Space Technology Program  Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.
-Diwata 1 and Diwata 2  Referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant
contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. 
 The following illustrates virtue -Ibn Al-Haytham
-Virtue makes one function well. 
- Happiness is only possible by living a life of virtue.   Filipino physician and medical representative who co-created the drug
- Wisdom and understanding are moral virtues.  Erythromycin (Ilosone) from Iloilo soil. 
-Abelardo Aguilar
 Characteristic of Science  Bone tool made of a baboon fibula with incised markings discovered in the
- It seeks to understand how nature operates  Lebombo Mountains located between South Africa and Eswatini.
-Lebombo Bone
 In the article written by Jason Hickel, according to the majority of people in  Language of the central Italy known as Latium (modern Lazio), and Rome
middle-and high-income countries,  
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

was one of the towns of Latium. The earliest known inscriptions in Latin resulting in further environmental degradation and, above all, heightened
date from the 6th century BC and were written using an alphabet adapted vulnerability.
from the Etruscan alphabet. • In other words, human rights-based approaches should not be treated as
-Latin merely decorative moral dimensions to policy or scientific and technological
innovation. They can form the very heart of sustainable futures.
 Vast kingdom of the ancient world. Unified around 3100 B.C.E. and lasted • For science and technology, the approach requires scientists to go beyond
as a leading economic and cultural influence throughout North Africa and knowing how their work relates to human rights, and demands that they
parts of the Levant until the Macedonians in 332 B.C.E. conquered it. strive to secure and affirm human rights through the knowledge they
-Egypt produce.
 She built and has managed the Reilly Center’s Top 10 List of Ethical • A human rights perspective also affirms that access to scientific information
Dilemmas and Policy Issues in Science and Technology since 2013. is a human right. This implies that the benefits of scientific advancement
-Jessica Baron should be shared openly, free from restrictions by social groups, corporate
 Mathematician and astronomer who deduced the approximate value of pi, entities or states. Above all, a rights-based approach to science seeks to
which he found it to be 3.14. create the conditions for equitable participation
-Arybhata • There are certain issues on humanity on robotics. Issues on safety, blame,
rights, and value of humanity are just some of the issues that can one can
 Basic principle, generalization, regularity or rule that holds true universally
identify. He said that some are concerned regarding robots that can show
under particular conditions.
and perceive emotion, which might make us feel more machine-like. He
-Scientific Law
questioned on whether imposing the right of humans to robots might
 Carefully thought-out explanation for observations of the natural world decrease our own specialness. He was also worried on the use of robots in
that has been constructed using the scientific method, and which brings the military.
together many facts and hypotheses. •The internet and other gadgets also impose some issues on humanity. These
-Scientific Theory include issues on communication, behavioral influence, information, and effects
on intelligence.
MODULE 8
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
• According to Dylan Evans in his article The ethical dilemma of robotics,
S. Romi Mukherjee, a senior lecturer in Political Theory and the History of some countries are drawing ethical codes and legislation regarding human abuse
Religions at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, explained this approach to robots and vice versa. The development of emotional robotics, which allows
in his article Linking science and human rights: Facts and figures. According robots to recognize human expressions of emotion and to engage in behavior
to Mukherjee (2012), a human rights-based approach to science that humans readily perceive as emotional also, contributes to the ethical
technology, and development: dilemma regarding robots and humans.

“seeks to place a concern for human rights at the heart of how the
international community engages with urgent global challenges. The UN Module 9
Development Programme characterizes this approach as one that ‘leads to
better and more sustainable outcomes by analyzing and addressing the WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US
inequalities, discriminatory practices and unjust power relations which are
often at the heart of development problems. It puts the international • Bill Joy, the author of the article “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us?”,
human rights entitlements and claims of the people (the 'right-holders) and discussed about how advance technology could affect the human race. His
the corresponding obligations of the state (the 'duty-bearer) in the center views about the rapid progress of technology, specifically GNR technologies,
of the national development debate, and it clarifies the purpose of capacity embody a negative relation between humanity and technologies.
development.’” • He cited the work of Theodore Kaczynski, entitled Unabomber Manifesto, to
illustrate the dangers of these technologies. In his work, he said that there
are two possibilities that could occur when intelligent machines that can
In his article, Mukherjee also identified some international statutes, declarations, eliminate human effort in doing work: either we let these machines do
and decrees to ensure human rights are protected in the pursuit of science decisions or we retain control. Either way, the result would be the same: the
and technology development. Among these are the following: ending of humanity and the loss of the purpose of life.

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) - 1948. The United Nations

• He asserted that biological species will lose against competition with new
General Assembly proclaimed the UDHR as the standard of human rights on technologies. Gradually, but eventually, new technologies will take over.
December 10, 1948. The UDHR tells us that one’s worth is because of being • Critics of Joy believed that Joy showed only one part of the bigger picture. In
human at that human dignity is an ultimate core value of our existence. this case it is preeminently necessary that the scientific community,
2. UNESCO Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers - 1979. governments, and businesses engage in a discussion to determine the safe
The UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers sets guards of humans against the potential dangers of science and technology.
the standards by which science should operate and asserts that for science • In the article entitled A Response to Bill Joy and the Doom-and-Gloom
to progress, proper support should be given to it. This also emphasizes the Technofuturists by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, they argued that
need to develop policies to ensure that developments are aimed towards although new technologies needed to be contemplated thoroughly,
to betterment of society. technology and social systems shape each other and that social systems have
3. UNESCO Declaration on the Use of Scientific Knowledge -1999. This the capacity to direct these new technologies.
document touches on several important issues that touches both humanity
and science and technology.
Among other documents cited in his article include the following: Module 10
4. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) THE INFORMATION AGE
5. Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969) The Information Age is now upon us. The pace at which technology is evolving is
6. Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the ever increasing – and people are eager to embrace it. Through the use of
Interest of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind (1975) computers, cell phones, pagers, calculators, video game consoles and many
7. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005) other technologically advanced products, communication has changed
8. The Declaration of Dakar (2007) dramatically. The information age is changing peoples every day activities
9. The Cairo Declaration (2006) and making tedious tasks run more efficiently.

The contents of the said documents and their implications, Mukherjee believed, Information age is the modern time in which information has become a
should not be only written on paper but practiced by the different nations that commodity that is transmitted freely, easily and quickly by using personal
impose them. By applying a human rights-based approach, the society will computer networks. This period is also called the Computer Age, the Digital
flourish as science and technology does. Age and the New Media Age. It is the period that started in the last quarter
of the 20th century.
• Human rights are central to discussions on how science, technology, and
development can promote human well-being. Human rights are also rights According to James R. Messenger who proposed the theory of Information age in
to sustainability, serving to protect the poor and vulnerable from the 1982, “the Information age is true age based upon the interconnection of
excesses of market-driven science and technology. Without a human rights computers via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on
approach to science, technology, and development, the uneven distribution both a real time and as needed basis.
of goods — from services and natural resources to intangible resources
such as human dignity and autonomy — would only grow exacerbated, THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON SOCIETY
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

The impacts of the INFORMATION AGE can be felt in virtually every area of Genetically Modified Organisms
people’s lives. These changes have the potential to increasingly influence One that has acquired by artificial means (through recombinant DNA
how people communicate, live, work or even spend time for leisure now and methods, gene modification, or transgenic technology) one or more genes from
even in the future. another species or even from another variety of the same species.
Roles of GMOs
The Challenges of Social Media
Social media has been blamed for promoting social ills such as: I. Food and Agricultural products
1. Pest resistance (e.g., Bt corn, where corn has been modified with gene from
Cyberbullying: Bacillus thuringensis which is toxic to corn borers)
Teenagers have a need to fit in, to be popular and to outdo others. This process 2. Virus resistance (e.g., rainbow papaya, where protein from papaya ringspot
was challenging long before the advent of social media. Add Facebook, virus was introduced to papaya)
Twitter, Snapchat, and Instagram into the mix and you suddenly have 3. Herbicide tolerance (e.g., Roundup Ready soybean, where the herbicide
teenagers being subjected feeling pressure to grow up too fast in an online glyphosphate was introduced to soybeans)
world. 4. Fortification (e.g., Golden Rice, where beta-carotene was introduced to rice
which fortified it with vitamin A)
Michael Hamm, a researcher from the University of Alberta conducted a study 5. Cosmetic preservation (e.g., Arctic apple, where the apple does not brown
that showed the effects of social media on bullying. 23% of teens report easily)
being targeted and 15 percent said they’d bullied someone on social media. 6. Increase growth rate (e.g., AquAdvantage salmon, where genes from ocean
Teenagers can misuse social media platforms to spread rumors, share videos pout was introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon to make them grow faster)
aimed at destroying reputations and to blackmail others.
II. Non-Food crops and microorganisms
Lack of Privacy:
Stalking, identity theft, personal attacks, and misuse of information are some of 1. Flower production (e.g., Blue Rose, where 31,51-hydroxylase gene was
introduced)
the threats faced by the users of social media. Most of the time, the users
themselves are to blame as they end up sharing content that should not be in 2. Paper production (e.g., poplar trees, where genes that code for ferulic acid
was inserted to modify lignin structure)
the public eye. The confusion arises from a lack of understanding of how the
private and public elements of an online profile actually work. 3. Pharmaceutical production (e.g., periwinkle plant, where bacterial genes was
modified to enhance the production of vinblastine that is used for cancer
Fake News treatments such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma)
4. Bioremediation (e.g., Nicotiana glauca or shruc tobacco, where it was
It is popular wisdom that people today suffer information overload. A lot of
information available on the internet that spreading fake news. People spend modified with phytochelatin TaPCSI1 to help it accumulate high levels of zinc,
lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produce high biomass)
more and more of time absorbing information without validating if it is
reliable or not. 5. Enzyme and drug production (e.g., cyclomaltodextrin, which is used as a food
flavor enhancer that was produced by Bacillus modified by
DATA PRIVACY ACT Thermoanaerobacter)
6. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases (e.g., Humulin, genetically engineered
Information and communications technology play a vital role in nation-building insulin for Type I diabetes patients developed by National Medical Center
and Genentech Biotechnology Company)
and development of the country. In the information age, he who holds
information holds power. From macro-economic perspective, the free flow of
information is concededly vital to the growth of any nation, and key to the Benefits of GMOs
success of any business. With the power that follows information. Hence, it is 1. Higher efficiency in farming
in the interest of the State to govern the parameters by which such power 2. Increase in harvest
will be held, while at the same time ensuring the free flow of information to 3. Control in fertility
promote innovation and growth. 4. Increase in food processing
5. Improvement of characteristics
What has the country done to ensure privacy and data protection? 6. Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
7. Reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides
In 2012, the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of
2012 (DPA) “to protect the fundamental human right to privacy of Potential Risks of GMOs
communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote 1. There are inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the
innovation and growth [and] the [State’s] inherent obligation to ensure that environment
personal information in information and communications systems in 2. Genetic engineering promotes mutation with unknown long-term effects.
government and in the private sector are secured and protected”. 3. GMOs consumed by humans might cause or create allergic reactions, gene
mutations, antibiotic resistance, and change in the balance of
The DPA and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) apply to all acts done microorganisms in the digestive system.
or practices engaged in and outside of the Philippines if: 4. GMOs might also have change in nutritive value of the food or might produce
• If the person, either an individual or an institution, involved in the processing toxins
of personal data is located in the Philippines; 5. There is a risk that the modified gene might be transferred from the GMO to
• The act or practice involves personal data of a Philippine citizen or Philippine its wild relative or other organisms.
resident; 6. There is a risk of new pest or weed resistance. Alteration of agricultural
• The processing of personal data is done in the Philippines; or practices for GMOs might also cause this.
• The act, practice or processing of personal data is done by an entity with links 7. There is a risk that the modified gene may be transferred to viral and
to the Philippines, subject to international law and comity. bacterial genes, which may cause new diseases. Genetically-modified
bacteria and viruses might also be more resistant to treatment.
“Personal data” refers to all types of personal information. 8. Introduction of GMOs to the environment might cause competition or
interference.
“Processing” is any operation/s performed upon personal data. These operations 9. There is a potential that GMOs might become pests or post threats to the
include, but are not limited to the collection, recording, organization, environment.
storage, updating or modification, retrieval, consultation, use, consolidation, 10. There is a risk in interfering with natural biochemical processes.
blocking, erasure, or destruction of data. 11. There is a risk that the modified genes might persist after its harvest and
might cause negative effects.
Module 12 12. There are ethical issues regarding GMOs, such as man “playing God” and
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS AND GENE THERAPY violation of nature.
13. Because GMOs are novel life forms, biotechnology companies patent their
Biotechnology processes and products which restrict their use, enabling them to sue
According to Bragdon in the module released by Biodiversity International farmers whose field has been contaminated with these organisms, even by
entitled “Law and policy of relevance to the management of plant genetic natural processes.
resources”, biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or 14. There is worry of creating biases and giving much power to those who hold
derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. genetic information (e.g., issues on the Human Genome Project)
Biotechnology includes such early practices as selective breeding of farm
animals and using microorganisms to make wine and cheese.
Golden Rice is one of the more controversial GMOs that have been developed.
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

may require a journey back through developmental time to an ES cell-like state,

Initiatives on Safety from GMOs then to specialize anew as a different, desired cell type. Or, cells can be
1. Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). Created by the Food and reprogrammed directly into another cell type. Deriving iPS cells does not
Agricultural Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), this require the use of any cells from an embryo.
is an intergovernmental body that develops the International Food Code. For
GMOs, Codex developed the Codex Principles for the human risk analysis of 3. Adult or tissue-specific or somatic stem cells are found in the tissues of
GM food products, such as pre-market assessments and effect evaluation. fetuses, embryos and children, and not just in adult bodies. Adult stem cells
2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. This is an international environmental self-renew, but most are multipotent, giving rise to a few types of specialized
treaty that regulates the transboundary movements of Living Modified daughter cells. Many potentially valuable adult stem cells are routinely
Organisms (LMOs). It requires exporters to seek consent from importers discarded as medical waste.
before its first shipment of LMOs.
3. International Trade Agreement on labeling of GM food and food products.
Stem Cell Applications
Exporters are required for GM food products to be labeled and importers
may accept or reject these products. 1. Drug discovery and development. Stem cell cultures supply the human cells
that are affected in a particular disease, which may be difficult or impossible to
The Philippines and GMOs culture. Drugs are tested on these cells. Using stem cells in drug development
can minimize the need to experiment on animals and can weed out drugs with
adverse effects before they are tested on people.
GMO concern in the Philippines started in the 1990s, with the creation
of National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines through Executive Order
No. 430 of 1990. The NBCP developed guidelines on the planned release of 2. Observation for the earliest signs of a disease. Diseases may begin long
before symptoms appear in a person. Researchers are now observing the
GMOs and potentially harmful exotic species in 1998.
In 2002, the Department of Agriculture (DA) released Administrative beginnings of hundreds of diseases—and discovering new ways to treat them.
Order No. 8, the guideline for the transportation and release to the
environment of GM plants and plant products 3. Implants and transplants for treatments. This approach is not new—the
In 2005, the Negros Organic Island was established through a oldest such treatment, a bone marrow transplant, has been around for more
memorandum of agreement (MOA) between Negros Occidental and Negros than half a century. Many other uses of adult stem cells, delivered as implants,
Oriental. This MOA bans the entry of GMOs to their provinces. transplants, or simply infusions into the bloodstream, are being tested.
In 2010, the Organic Agriculture Act was issued, encouraging organic-
agriculture rather than GMO-related agriculture. Similar to the Negros provinces, 4. Reprogramming proteins directly into the body to stimulate stem cells in
Davao City passed the Organic Agriculture Ordinance in 2010, which prevented their natural niches. Once we understand the signals, we might not need the
the field testing of Bt eggplant in UP Mindanao. Eventually, the Bt eggplant field cells. The applications of stem cells seem limited only by our imaginations.
testing was put to an end through the Supreme Court in December 2015,
nullifying Administrative Order No. 8 of DA. MODULE 13
In March 17, 2016, the DA, DENR, DOST, DOH, and DILG passed Joint NANOTECHNOLOGY
Department Circular No. 1, on rules and regulations for the research and
development, handling and use, transboundary movement, release in the Nanotechnology utilizes the unique properties of nanomaterial, which has at least
environment, and management of GM plants and plant products using modern one dimensional size of a material between 1 nm to 100 nm to produce Nano
biotechnology. This joint circular paves way to issuances for planting and scale devices, components, and systems. Applications utilizing nanotechnology
importing GM crops in the country. includes manufacturing various products, measuring, imaging and manipulating
matter on the Nano scale. Nanotechnology is of considerable interest by
GENE THERAPY scientists in the fields of Nano composites, bio composites, optical, biomedical,
Gene therapy is a therapeutic technique that aims to transfer normal and electronic manufacturing. Nanoparticles are currently being developed
genes into a patient’s cells. In theory, the normal genes will be transcribed and fervently, and one novel application includes polymer based composite
translated into functional gene products, which, in turn, will bring about a normal materials used in the aircraft and wind industries. Nano scale materials can be
phenotype. different in properties compared to bulk materials for two reasons:

1. Nano-scaled particles have relatively larger surface area per unit mass which is
Human gene therapy began in 1990 with the treatment of a young girl
named Ashanti DeSilva, who has a heritable disorder called severe combined the critical factor to increase mechanical modulus and other physical and
chemical properties.
immunodeficiency (SCID). Individuals with SCID have no functional immune
system and usually die from what would normally be minor infections
2. Basic material properties are changed at nanoscale due to the dominance of
Types of Gene Therapy quantum effects and lesser imperfections
I. According to the way that healing genes are delivered and to which cells they
are sent EXAMPLES OF NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
1. Germline gene therapy alters the DNA of a gamete or fertilized ovum. As a
result, all cells of the individual have the change. Germline gene therapy is 1. Semiconductors on the nanoscale. Semiconductor particles with diameters
from 1 to 10 nm are called quantum dots. Making quantum dots is most easily
heritable—it passes to offspring.
2. Somatic gene therapy corrects only the cells that an illness affects. It is non- accomplished using chemical reactions in solution.
2. Metals on the nanoscale. At nanoscale dimensions, silver has properties
heritable; a recipient does not pass the genetic correction to offspring.
analogous to those of gold in its beautiful colors, although it is more reactive
than gold. Currently, there is great interest in research laboratories around the
II. According to invasiveness world in taking advantage of the unusual optical properties of metal
1. Ex vivo gene therapy is when cells are altered outside the body and then nanoparticles for applications in biomedical imaging and chemical detection.
infused.
2. In situ gene therapy is when the functional gene plus the DNA that delivers 3. Carbon on the nanoscale. OSince the discovery of C60, other related
it (the vector) are injected into a very localized and accessible body part. molecules made of pure carbon have been discovered. These molecules are
3. In vivo gene therapy is when the gene and vector are introduced directly now known as fullerenes. The smallest possible fullerene, C20, was first
into the body. detected in 2000. Because fullerenes are molecules, they dissolve in various
organic solvents, whereas diamond and graphite do not. This solubility permits
Stem Cell Gene Therapy fullerenes to be separated from the other components of soot and even from
Stem cells renew tissues so that as the body grows, or loses cells to one another. It also allows the study of their reactions in solution.
apoptosis, injury, and disease; other cells are produced that take their places.
BENEFITS FROM NANOTECHNOLOGY
Stem Cell Sources
1. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are not actually cells from an embryo, but are 1. Lower energy consumption
created in a laboratory dish using certain cells from a region of a very early 2. Cost saving on materials
embryo called an inner cell mass (ICM). Some ICM cells, under certain 3. Less waste on raw materials
conditions, become pluripotent and can self-renew—they are stem cells. 4. Environmental monitoring and protection
5. Biological applications
2. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are somatic cells that are 6. Biomedical applications
“reprogrammed” to differentiate into any of several cell types. This change
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

The process of creating a hybrid by connecting two or more DNA molecules.

1. Cleaner, more efficient industrial processes - Recombinant DNA
2. Improved ability to detect and eliminate pollution by improving air, water, and
soil quality Which of the following is the root of ethical concerns regarding genetic
3. High precision manufacturing by reducing amount of waste engineering and gene therapy?
4. Clean abundant power via more efficient solar cells - Humans are playing gods in the alteration of genes of organisms.
5. Removal of greenhouse gases and other pollutants from the atmosphere
6. Decreased need for large industrial plants
Why are forests important for mitigating climate change?
7. Remediating environmental damages
- Forests serve as a sink in the carbon cycle.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
The manipulation of materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build
1. High energy requirements for synthesizing nanoparticles causing high energy microscopic devices.
demand -Genetic engineering
2. Dissemination of toxic, persistent nano-substances originating environmental
harm It is a term that includes any kind of precipitation with acidic components like
3. Lower recovery and recycling rates sulphuric acid or nitric acid that fall on the ground from the atmosphere in wet or
4. Environmental implications of other life cycle stages also not clear dry forms.
5. Lack of trained engineers and workers causing further - acid deposition
Critics of Bill Joy accused him of being a neo-Luddite. What is the meaning of
neo-Luddite? It was developed in the Philippines to address vitamin A deficiency in the year
- someone who rejects new technologies and shows technophobic learnings. 2000.
- Golden rice
.It refers to the range of global phenomena caused by burning of fossil fuels that
add heat-trapping gases to the Earth’s atmosphere. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
- climate change I. The cessation of existence of a species increases biodiversity.
II. The more diverse the organisms are, the more the society will benefit.
Which of the following statement is the negative effect of using nanotechnology? - only II is correct.
- Lower recovery and recycling rates
Which of the following is the purposeful clearing of forested land?
These are species which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future. - Deforestation
- Threatened Species

The process of producing individual organisms with identical or virtually identical

DNA, either by natural or artificial means. Which of the following article established the principles of social development,
- Cloning its objectives, and the methods for accomplishing those objectives, the United
Nations General Assembly endorsed and officially proclaimed it?
Which of the following phenomena is an effect of climate change? - Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969)
- Glacial retreats
The prefix “nano” comes from a …
Which of the following is a technique that aims to transfer normal genes into a - Greek word meaning dwarf.
patient’s cells?
- gene therapy This paper asserts that proper education and research programs should be used
It is described as a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s to build up adequate and evenly distributed scientific and technological
atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased competence.
levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 27)
- global warming
What exactly does ozone depletion imply?
This refers to the modern time in which information has become a commodity -The thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere.
that is transmitted freely, easily, and quickly by using personal computer
networks. What is the focus of a human rights-based approach to science, technology, and
- information age society?.
- Protecting the well-being and dignity of a person
Who stated that “the effect of climate change is also expected in the society”?
- Bradford and Pappas This occurs in some coastal areas due to the upwelling of cold water that lowers
surface temperature
This layer of the earth serves as a protection from the ultraviolet rays which are -Thermal inversion
very harmful to humans and plants.
- Ozone Which of the following is discovered by a group of researchers led by R. Smalley,
R. Curl, and H. Kroto in 1985?
Why do we use nanotechnology? - C60
-.Use as cleaner, more efficient industrial processes
- High precision manufacturing by reducing amount of waste Who state that the human rights-based approach to science, technology and
-Remediating environmental damages development identified science as a socially organized human activity which is
value-laden and shaped by organizational structures and procedures?
Why do machines demonstrate artificial intelligence? - S. Romi Mukherjee
- AI are capable of doing tasks for humans by programming them with specific
information. .An international agreement set to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by
phasing out the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.
Which of the following is NOT a product of genetically modified organisms - Montreal Protocol
-.Bassitaw
Which of the following is an international treaty that regulates the transboundary
Which of the following choices are referred to the plants or animals whose movements of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs)?
genetic materials have been altered by adding, removing, or changing their DNA A. International Trade Agreement on labeling GM food and food products
sequences in ways that are not naturally occurring B. Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)
- Genetically modified Organisms C. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
D. All of the given options
 lOMoARcPSD|18613808

Which of the following best describes germline gene therapy?

- It alters the DNA of a gamete or fertilized ovum.

It refers to the variation among organisms of the same species.

-Genetic diversity

It includes the worldwide extinction of different species, as well as the local

reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat. .
- Biodiversity loss

It refers to the varieties of ecosystems and the interactions of species.

-Ecological diversity

Which article stated that when intelligent robots can reduce human effort in
accomplishing tasks, there are two options: either we allow these machines make
decisions or we keep control?
-Unabomber Manifesto

The following are benefits of gene therapy, EXCEPT…

-It may unlock unethical forms of science.

The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating

its genetic material.
-Genetic engineering

Who wrote the article The Ethical Dilemma of Robotics?

- D. Evans

The process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism.

-Genetic modification

An interdisciplinary branch of computer science and engineering and design

machines that can help and assist humans.
-Robotics

In his work, Theodore Kaczynski cites what?

- He illustrate the dangers of the technologies

Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of biodiversity?

- It plays a crucial role in exploitation.

Which of the following statements illustrate the positive effects of artificial

intelligence?
I. Uplifts economic status due to old, invented AI machines.
II. Enables easy and fast negotiations.
III. Helps improve the efficiency of workplaces.
IV. Creates problems due to misuse of technology.

An international agreement that extends the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change in which the Philippines is one of the signatories.
- Kyoto Protocol

Which of the following is NOT an effect of climate change?

- Greenhouse gas emissions

The right to participate in and profit from scientific discoveries, as well as to be

protected against scientific misapplications, is affirmed in what article?
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 27)