TOPIC KNOW THE MOTIVATIONAL PATTERN OF ENTREPRENEURS
Introduction
Motivation and the, role it plays in the conduct of entrepreneurship and how it positively affect the entrepreneur is very significant to the
study and practice of entrepreneurship. In this section efforts is made to highlight the assessment of these motivational patterns in
relation to the process of entrepreneurial practice. Students should be able to explain motivątion, objectives, merits and demerits as well
as carryout analysis on the motive strength from Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) scores. Also they should be able to explain the spirit of
Achievement Motivation Test, (AMT)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Define motivation;
2. List the objectives of motivation;
3. Identify barriers to motivation and achievement;
4. Explain Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) Scores;
5. Explain how to analyse motive strength from TAT Score;
6. Explain the spirit of Achievement Motivation Test (AMT).
CONTENT:
1. MOTIVATION
Motivation starts with the desire to be free, to be free from dependency on others, freedom to live the lifestyle we dream of, freedom to
explore our ideas. Total freedom is not possible or desirable, but the struggle to achieve that ideal is the basis for motivation.
Motivation is built on three basic elements:
1. Motivation starts with a need, vision, dream or desire to achieve the seemingly impossible. Creativity is associated with ideas, projects
and goals, which can be considered a path to freedom.
2. Developing a love-to-learn lifestyle, become involved with risky ventures and continually seek new opportunities. Success is the result of
learning what works and what does not work.
3. Develop the ability to overcome barriers and to bounce back from discouragement or failure. Achievers learn to tolerate the agony of
failure. In any worthwhile endeavour, barriers and failure will be there. Bouncing back requires creative thinking as it is a learning process.
In addition, bouncing back requires starting again at square one. A loss of any one part and motivation is on the rocks. For example:
If you like to be creative and love to learn but cannot face up to failure, you deassa POIVTECUNIA will not go back and try again.
Persistence is associated with bounciig bac,
• if you have a unique idea but don't like taking risks, idea is all you will ever have. There must be something in your life that turns you on.
You can start by analysing the lifestyle of your dreams. Remember, money is not.a goal; it is a reward for achieving a goal.
7 Rules of Motivation
Set a major goal, but follow a path. The path has mini goals that go in many directions, When you learn to succeed at mini goals, you will
be motivated to challenge grand goals.
Finish what you start. A half finished project is of no use to anyone. Quitting is a habit. Develop the habit of finishing self-motivated
projects.
Socialise with others of similar interest. Mutual support is motivating. We will develop the attitudes of our five best friends. If they are
losers, we will be a loser. If they are winners, we will be a winner. To be a cowboy we must associate with cowboys. Learn how to learn.
Dependency on others for knowledge supports the habit of procrastination. Man has the ability to learn without instructors. In fact, when
ve learn the art of self-education we will find, if not create, opportunity to find success beyond our wildest dreams.
Harmonise natural talent with interest that motivates. Natural talent creates "motivation, motivation creates persistence and persistence
gets the job done.
Increase knowledge on subjects that inspires. The more we know about a subject, the more we want to learn about it. A self-propelled
upward spiral develops.
Take risk. Failure and bouncing back are elements of motivation. Failure is a learning tool. No one has ever succeeded at anything
worthwhile without a string of failures.
sating a Vision
en you begin the process of strategic planning, visioning comes first. When ioning the change, ask yourself, "What is our preferred
future?" and be sure to:
Draw on the beliefs, mission, and environment of the organization.
Describe what you want to see in the future. Be specific to each organization.
Be positive and inspiring.
Do not assume that the system will have the same framework as it does today.
Be open to dramatic modifications to current organization, methodology, teaching techniques, facilities, etc.
Components for Your Vision
rporate Your Beliefs
Your vision must be encompassed by your beliefs, i.e.
Your beliefs must meet your organizational goals as well as community goals.
Your beliefs are a statement of your values. Your beliefs are a public/visible declaration of your expected outcomes.
Your beliefs must be precise and practical.
Your beliefs will guide the actions of all involved.
Your beliefs reflect the knowledge, philosophy, and actions of all.
Your beliefs are a key component of strategic planning.
Create a Mission Statement
Once you have clarified your beliefs, build on them to define your mission statement which is a statement of purpose and function.
Your mission statement draws on your belief statements.
Your mission statement must be future oriented and portray your organisation as it will be, as if it already exists.
Your mission statement must focus on one common purpose.
Your mission statement must be specific to the organisation, not generic.
Your mission statement must be a short statement, not more than one or two sentences.
Here is an example mission statement: "By providing quality education, we empower individuals to become caring, competent,
responsible citizens who value education as a lifelong process."
Benefits of Visioning
The process and outcomes of visioning may seem vague and superfluous. The long-term benefits are substantial, however. Visioning:
Breaks you out of boundary. thinking.
Provides continuity and avoids the stutter effect of planning fits and starts. Identifies direction and purpose.
Alerts stakeholders to needed change. Promotes interest and commitment. Promotes laser-like focus.
Encourages openness to unique and creative solutions.
Encourages and builds confidence.
Builds loyalty through involvement (ownership). Results in efficiency and productivity.
Vision Killers
As you engage in the visioning process, be alert to the following vision killers:
Tradition
Fear of ridicule
Stereotypes of people, conditions, roles and governing councils
Complacency of some stakeholders
Fatigued leaders
Short-term thinking
"Nay-Sayers"
Exercise in Creating a Vision
Take the time to assimilate this information, use the following example to exercise your planning techniques:
It is five years from today's date and you have, marvellously enough, created your most desirable district. Now it is your job, asa team, to
describe it as if you were able to see it, realistically around you.
Respond to the following questions:
How has the job market changed?
What have we done to prepare our students for success in this world?
What do we (including teachers, parents, and local government administrators) spend most of our time doing?
How are our meetings structured?
Intrinsic motivation is when people engage in an activity, without obvious external incentives, such as a hobby.
Intrinsic motivation has been studied by educational psychologists and found it to be associated with high achievement and enjoyment.
There is currently no universal theory to explain the origin or elements of intrinsic motivation, thus it is thought that people are more likely
to be intrinsically motivated if they:
Attribute their results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in an act),
Believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by dumb luck),
Are interested in mastering a task, rather than mindless acts to achieve good results. Note that the idea of reward for achievement is
absent; since rewards are an extrinsic factor.
In knowledge-sharing communities and organizations, people often cite altruistic reasons for their participation, including contributing to a
common good, a moral obligation to the group, mentorship or giving back. In work environments, money may provide a more powerful
extrinsic factor than the intrinsic motivation provided by an enjoyable workplace.
The most obvious form of motivation is coercion, where the avoidance of pain or other negative consequences has an immediate effect.
While coercion is considered morally reprehensible in many philosophies, it is widely practiced on lots of employees by their employers.
Critics of modern capitalism charge that without social safety networks, non-living wages are inevitable. Successful coercion sometimes
can take priority over other types of motivation. Self-coercion is rarely substantially negative (typically only negative in the sense that it
avoids a positive, Such as forgoing an expensive dinner or a period of relaxation), however it is interesting in that it illustrates how lower
levels of motivation may be sometimes tweaked to satisfy higher ones.
The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence; a person may be highly intelligent according
to a more conservative definition, as measured by standard intelligence tests, yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain
tasks.
Drives ad. desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behaviour that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. These are
though to originate within the individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the behaviour. Basic drives could be sparked
by delicacies such os hunger, which motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire tor praise and
approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others, By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be
seen in the example of training annals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to
purloin the trick consistently, even later when the treat is moved from the process.
Drive Reduction Theories
There are a number of drive theories. The Drive Reduction Theory grows out of the concept that we have certain biological needs, such as
hunger. As time passes the strength of the drive increases as it is not satisfied. Then as we satisfy that drive by fulfilling its desire, such as
eating, the drive's strength is reduced. It is based on the theories of Freud and the idea of feedback control systems, such as a thermostat.
There are several problems, however, that leave the validity of the Drive Reduction Theory open for debate. The first problem is that it
does not explain how Secondary Reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money and the desire to succeed in the business sense does not
satisfy any biological need. Secondly, if the drive reduction theory held true we would not be able to explain how hungry human being can
prepare a meal without eating the food before they finished cooking it.
Achievement Theory
David MeClelland's achievement motivation theory envisages that a person has need for three things but people differ in degree in which
the various needs influence their behaviour: Need for achievement, Need for power, and Need for affiliation.
Entrepreneurs are usually highly motivated individuals who seem to enjoy work regardless of what they do. Most people are able to
accomplish goals which are similar to what they want to do. However, entrepreneurs are able to motivate themselves to produce high
output in the work they have to do.
Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) scores;
The Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) is similar to the Rorschach inkblot test. Subjects are shown pictures and asked to tell a story based
on what they see. Both these projective assessment tools elicit important information about underlying psychological fears and needs. The
TAT was developed in 1935 by Morgan and Murray. Ironically, it was initially used in a study of normal personalities done at Harvard
Psychological Clinic.
The test comprises 31 cards. One card is blank and the other thirty include blurred but emotionally powerful (or even disturbing)
photographs and drawings. Originally, Murray came up with only 20 cards which he divided to three groups: B (to be shown to Boys Only,
G (Girls Only) and M-or-F (both sexes).
The cards expound on universal themes. Card 2, for instance, depicts a country scene. A man is toiling in the background, tilling the field; a
woman partly obscures him, carrying books; an old woman stands idly by and watches them both. Card 3BM is dominated by a couch
against which is propped a little boy his head resting on his right arm, a revolver by his side, on the floor.
Card 6GF again features a sofa. A young woman occupies it. Her attentıntn riveted by a pipe-smoking older man who is talking to her. She
is looking bar i him over her shoulder, so we don't have a clear view of her face. Another greti young woman appears in card 12F. But this
time, she is juxtaposed aganst mildly menacing, grimacing old woman, whose head is covered with a shawl. Men and boys seem to be
permanently stressed and dysphoric in the TAT. Card 13MF. for instance, shows a young lad, his lowered head buried in his arm. A woman
is bedridden across the room.
With the advent of objective tests, such as the MMPI and the MCMI, projective tests such as the TAT have lost their clout and luster.
Today, the TAT is administered infrequently. Modern examiners use 20 cards or less and select them according to their "intuition as to the
patient's problem areas. In other words, the diagnostician first decides what may be wrong with the patient and only then chooses which
cards will be shown in the test! Administered this way, the TAT tends to become a self-fulfilling prophecy and of little diagnostic value.
The patient's reactions (in the forn of brief narratives) are recorded by the tes'e: verbatim. Some examiners prompt the patient to describe
the aftermath a: outcomes of the stories, but this is a controversial practice. The TAT is scored and interpreted simultaneously. Murray
suggested to iden:; the hero of each narrative (the figure representing the patient); the inner staics and needs of the patient, derived from
his or her choices of activities or gratifications; what Murray calls the "press", the hero's environment which imposes constraints on the
hero's needs and operations; and the thema, or the motivations developed by the hero in response to all of the above.
Clearly, the TAT is open to almost any interpretative system which emphasies inner states, motivations, and needs. Indeed, many schools
of psychology have their own TAT exegetic schemes. Thus, the TAT may be teaching us more about psychology and psychologists than it
does about their patients!
How to analyse motive strength from TAT Score;
Thematic Apperception Test is quite similar to Story Sequence Analysis. The subject is shown a series of 31 ambiguous photographs and
asked to write a story for each photograph describing what happened, how the photographed people feel, and how things will end. The
story is analyzed for recurrent motivational themes that are thought to reflect the motivation of the author (McClelland and Alschuler,
1971; Rossini and Moretti, 1997).
Survey
Most Achievement Motivation surveys are constructed in the same manner. They ask a number of questions designed to explore certain
behavioral characteristics. The surveys have related groups (or components) of questions that are scattered throughout the questionnaire.
The questions may ask the respondents their likes and dislikes of various topics. Other questions may ask respondents to rate themselves
or their abilities. By having related groups of questions, the survey can ask the respondent the same question in different manners and
compare how the student answered each time. In this manner the consistency of the respondents answers can be checked. The answers
to the questions are presented as a Likert -type scale. Typically, there are between five and seven answers the respondent can select
(Chiu, 1997; Jagacinski & Duda, 2001; Sagie, 1993; Wagner, Powers & Irwin, 1985).
Summary
Some individuals have a need to achieve. They want to be successful at whatever they attempt. They have a high attitude toward success
and work hard to ensure they are successful. If they are intrinsically motivated, they participate in the activity for the sake of learning that
activity or improving their ability at that activity. If they are extrinsically motivated, they participate in the activity with the expectation of
reward (Eskeles-Gottfried, Fleming, and Gottfried, 1998).
Other individuals have a fear of failure. They will avoid failure at all costs. Usually the individual will not even attempt the task. In this
manner they save face with their pears. If the task is not attempted, it cannot be failed (Atkinson and Feather, 1966; Atkinson, 1974).
The probability of success also has bearing on an individual's achievement motivation. An individual may not need to put forth much effort
to accomplish an easy task. A difficult task may be thought to take too much effort. Tasks of moderate difficulty seem to be preferred by
individuals with high achievement motivation. An individual's perception of the outcome also affects their achievement motivation. If the
outcome of a task is not viewed as unimportant, little or no effort may be made in attempting the task.
Achievement Motivation on the Job: Key Factor in Professional Success.
The professional motivation test (Achievement motivation test - AMT) is a written test enabling the differentiated measurement of
professional achievement motivation, one of the most important aspects of professional success. With this instrument, a diagnostic profile
is drawn up dealing with 17 different aspects of achievement motivation, including confidence, perseverance and goal orientation. An
evaluation in the formn of a standardized total value is also performed.
The diagnostic results of the test can be used for personnel selection purposes as well as for identifying individual training needs as part of
personnel development. AMT can be successfully applied where a large number of applicants are concerned, for example for the selection
of managerial staff, industrial workers, and for the founders of new businesses.
AMT has been developed in many years. It consists of 51 career-related questions with excellent statistical values guaranteeing
psychometric quality. The level of acceptance among participants is high. And, taking just 10 minutes (approx.) to complete, AMT is very
economical in terms of time requirement. The test can be carried out either in paper-and-pencil format, or on the internet.
As well the graphic presentation of results in a net chart, also a text feedback especially for individual assessment is available. AMT has a
broad norm basis of people from a wide cross-section of professions. Ongoing renorming processes and the creation of customer-specific
norms enable broader application to meet individual needs.
MT-B is a target group-specific further development of AMT for measuring the achievement motivation of trainees and professionally
inexperienced employees. 1e item format and the content are specifically intended for applicant groups which have no previous work
experience. Brief descriptions of situations frustrated by photographs make it easier for applicants to work through the test, eating an
appealing and readily accepted test. Validation work has shown that sing AMT-B significantly increases the predictive validity of classical
test test itteries for trainees: Norms specific to trainees in industrial and commercial branches are available.
NATIONAL BOARD FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
The Simple Science of Entrepreneurship
The 5 Laws:
The Law of Straight Lines
The Law of 'Clear End Vision'
The Law of Focused Attention
The Law of Focused Energy
The Inescapability of Action/Reaction
The Scientific Formula for Success:
See your Target Clearly
Keep it in Your Sight
Hit it (Until You Make the Desired Mark)
The 3 Sources of Power:
1. Time
2. Energy
3. Money
All sources can be increased exponentially through Leverage
The 2 Most Important Decisions of an Entrepreneur:
1. Will I choose to take action that brings me closer to or further away from my desired Target?
2. Will I make decisions that strengthen my Power or weaken my Power?
Begin and end each day by reflecting on the day's activities. Then you will get twice 5as much done, increase your Power, and hit your
targets faster. Always take the Esyaight nath to, yqur Target, always making .the Strengthening Decision,
DAILY TARGET SETTING
TO DO LIST DO IT
DELIBERATE (Mental Box)
DUMP IT (Focused Attention)
DO IT
(Focused Attention)
NATIONAL BOARD FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ENTREPRENEURSHIPEDUCATION
tivational Quotes for your meditation:
èrgy is the essence of life. Every day you decide how you're going to use it by
Ning what you want and what it takes to reach that goal, and by maintaining
s."
at this power is I cannot say; all I know is that it exists and it becomes available when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows
exactly what he wants
s fully determined not to quit until he finds it."
most successful men in the end are those whose success is the result of steady
tion... It is the man who carefuly advances step by step, with his mind
ning wider and wider - and progressively better able to grasp any theme or
tion- persevering in what he. knows to be practical, and concentrating his
ght upon it, who is bound to succeed in the greatest degree."
achievement of one goal should be the starting point of another."
I makes all things difficult; but industry, all things easy. He that rises late must
l day, and shall scarce overtake his business at night; while laziness travels so
that poverty soon overtakes him."
thou love life? Then do not squander time; for that is the stuff life is made of."
3y and persistence conquer all things."
e what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit."
cerns us to know the purposes we seek in life, for then, like archers aiming ata
e mark, we shall be more likely to attain what we want."
have a definite, clear practical ideal; a goal, an objective. Second, have the
ary means to achieve your ends: wisdom, money, materials, and methods.
adjust all your means to that end."
1at is the best choice, for each individual is the highest it is possible for him to.”
ten become what they believe themselves to be. If I believe I cannot do
ing, it makes me incapable of doing it. But when I believe I can, then I acquire
ity to do it even if I didn't have it in the beginning."
«The diference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems.
"You may never know what result comes of your action, but if you do nothing there will be no result."
The victory of suCcess is half won when one gains the habit of setting goals and achieving them. Even the most tedious chore will become
endurable as you parade through each day convinced that every task, no matter how menial or boring, brings you closer to fulfilling your
dreams."
"It is those who concentrate on but one thing at a time who advance in this world.
The great man or woman is the one who never steps outside his or her specialty or foolishly dissipates his or her individuality."
"Action will destroy your procrastination."
"A day merely survived is no cause for celebration. You are not here to fritter away your precious hours when you have the ability to
accomplish so much by making a slight change in your routine."
"It is always your next move."
"Create a definite plan for carrying out your desire and begin at once, whether you're ready or not, to put this plan into action."
"Effort only fully releases its reward after a person refuses to quit."
"I do not know anyone who has got to the top without hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get you to the top, but should get
you pretty near."
"Look at a day when you are supremely satisfied at the end. It's not a day when you lounge around doing nothing, it's when you've had
everything to do and you've done it."
"what is success? I think it is a mixture of having a flair for the thing that you are doing; knowing that it is not enough, that you have got to
have hard work and a certain sense of purpose."
"Success follows doing what you want to do. There is no other way to be successful."
"If you expect nothing, you're apt to be surprised. You'll get it."
The best vision is insight."
"Thinking well to be wise: planning well, wiser: doing well wisest and best of all”.
"Diamonds are nothing more than chunks of coal that stuck to their jobs."
Work is love made visible. And if you cannot work with love but oniy with distaste,
is better that you should leave your work and sit at the gate of the temple and take
Ims of those who work with joy."
March on. Do not tarry. To go forward is to move toward perfection. March on, and
far not the thorns, or the sharp stones on life's path."
prefer to be a dreamer among the humblest, with visions to be realized, than lord
mong those without dreams and desires."
'o understand the heart and mind of a person, look not at what he has already
khieved, but at what he aspires to."
he only thing worse than being blind is having sight but no vision"
long to accomplish a great and noble task, but it is my chief duty to accomplish
nall tasks as if they were great and noble."
little knowledge that acts is worth infinitely more than much knowledge that is
Mle."
Ane can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar."
cannot do everything, but still I can do something; and because I cannot do
erything, I will not refuse to do something that I can do."
o not think of today's failures, but of the success that may come tomorrow. You
jve set yourself a difficult task, but you will succeed if you persevere; and you will
pd a joy in overcoming obstacles."
jefore everything else, getting ready is the secret of success."
t has been my observation that most people get ahead during the time that others
h Aste."
here is joy in work. There is no happiness except in the realization that we have
la
complished something. "
ailure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently."
e
am looking for a lot of men who have an infinite capacity to not know what can't
done."
B
you can dream it, you can do it."
he way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing."
re's one last quote from Walt Disney: "All our dreams can come true, if we have
2.courage to pursue them."
"He who conquers others is strong; He who conquers himself is mighty."
"At the center of your being you have the answer; you know who you are a know what you want."
"Great acts are made. up of small deeds."
"If you do noț change direction, you may end up where you are heading.
Here's one last quote from Lao Tzu: "A journey of a thousand miles must begin WL with a single step."
"There are three classes people: those who see, those who see when they are shown, those who do not see.
It had long since come to my attention that people of accomplishment rarely sat back a and let things happen to them. They went out and
happened to things."
"Iron rusts from disuse; stagnant water loses its purity and in cold weather becomes frozen; even so does inaction sap the vigor of the
mind."
"Divide each difficulty into as many parts as is feasible and necessary to resolve it."
"It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve; and bad
things are very easy to get."
The difference between a successful person and others is not a lack of strength, not a lack of knowledge, but rather a lack of will."
"We would accomplish many more things if we did not think of them as impossible."
"Our goals can only be reached through a vehicle of a plan, in which we must fervently believe, and upon which we must vigorously act.
There is no other route to success."
Here's one last quote from Pablo Picasso: "Action is the foundational key to all Success."
"It is far more important to be able to hit the target than it is to haggle over who makes a weapon or who pulls a trigger."
"In preparing for battle I have always found that plans are useless, but planning is indispensable."
"We succeed only as we identify in life, or in war, or in anything else, a single overriding objective, and make all other considerations bend
to that one objective.
Here's one last quote from Dwight Eisenhower:
'essimism never won any battl
Hever won any battle: No one can defeat us unless we first defeat
rselves."
oThing is more difficult. and therefore more precious, than to be able to decide."
he truest wisdom isa resolute determination."
ake time to deliberate, but when the time for action has arrived, stop thinking and
in."
you want a thing done well, do it yourselt."
ciory belongs to the most persevering."
ur goals are the road maps that guide you and show you what is possible for your
u must remain focused on your journey to greatness."
e's one last quote from Oprah Winfrey: "Every day brings a chance for you to
w in a breath, kick off your shoes, and dance.
11
philosophy is that not only are you responsible for your life, but doing the best
ais moment puts you in the best place for the next moment."
the one thing you think you cannot do. Fail at it. Try again. Do better the second
•. The only people who never tumble are those who never mount the high wire."
big secret in life is that there is no big secret. Whatever your goal, you can get
eif you're willing to work."
's one last quote from Les Brown: "We must look for ways to be an active force
r own lives. We must take charge of our own destinies, design a life of substance
truly begin to live our dreams."
Ivise you to say your dream is possible and then overcome all inconveniences,
e all the hassles and take a running leap through the hoop, even if it is in
2s.
ating something is not enough. You must hunger for it. Your motivation must be
utely compelling in order to overcome the obstacles that will invariably come
way."
more I want to get something done, the less I call it work."
are never given a dream without also being given the power to make it true. Youlave to work for it, however."
The fishermen know that the sea is dangerous and the storm terrible, but they have
ever found these dangers sufficient reason for remaining ashore."
Nhoever I am, or whatever I am doing, some kind of excellence is within my reach."
i's a job that's never started thạt takes the longest to finish.
rue happiness involves the full use of one's power and talents."
n my experience, there is no such thing as luck."
ither do, or do not, there is no try."
u didn't ereate your body, nor are you able to control the body's functions. An
telligence greater than the human mind is at work. It is the same intelligence that
stains all of nature. You cannot get any closer to that intelligence than by being
rare of your own inner energy feld -- by feeling the aliveness, the animating
esence within the body. Tolle
ou have to find something that you love enough to be able to take risks, jump over
hurdles and break through the brick walls that are always going to be placed in
nt of you. If you don't have that kind of feeling for what it is you're doing, you"ll
p at the first giant hurdle."
'orking hard is very important. You're not going to get anywhere without working
remely hard."
u simply have to put one foot in front of the other and keep going. Put blinders on :
i plow right ahead."
1e must work and dare, if one really wants to live."
