LINKING WORDS
ADDITION
1. I love football AND tennis.
2. She BOTH writes English well AND speaks it well.
3. They are fluent in French and ALSO in Spanish.
4. She practises the guitar AS WELL AS the piano.
5. She NOT ONLY sang very well BUT ALSO danced perfectly.
6. She is my girlfriend and a very good friend AS WELL.// TOO.
7. We were reading our essays. MOREOVER, BESIDES, FURTHERMORE, IN ADDITION, we were doing some
activities on the board.
8. BESIDES // IN ADDITION TO being my partner in class, she’s my best friend.
TO GIVE EXAMPLES
1. You can see lots of wild animals there, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR INSTANCE, lions and panthers.
2. She loves extreme sports SUCH AS bungee jumping or parachuting.
ALTERNATIVE
1. Would you like tea OR coffee?
2. You can have EITHER and ice-cream OR a coffee as a dessert.
3. I NEITHER speak German NOR French.
CONTRAST
1. It was a very cold day BUT we didn’t stay at home.
2. ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH we didn’t have a ticket for the concert, we could see our favourite singer.
3. She was very good at English. HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, she didn’t graduate.
4. IN SPITE OF / DESPITE the rain, we went out for a walk.
5. IN SPITE OF / DESPITE being raining, we went out for a walk.
6. IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT it was raining, we went out for a walk.
7. NOTWITHSTANDING his hard work, he failed. (preposition)
I didn’t like it. NOTWITHSTANDING, I remained calm. (adverb)
8. WHILE / WHEREAS some students got very good marks, others failed with a very low grade.
In the UK the hottest month of the year is usually July WHEREAS in Spain the hottest period is August.
9. ON THE ONE HAND, she is a very intelligent person, but ON THE OTHER HAND, she doesn’t get on very
well with children.
REASON
1. He went to sleep early BECAUSE he was really tired.
2. They were late BECAUSE OF the fog.
3. BECAUSE / SINCE / AS we couldn’t find her for a long time, we called the police.
4. He was punished DUE TO / OWING TO his bad behaviour.
5. DUE TO his having a temperature, they took him to the hospital.
6. He was very ill. FOR THIS REASON, THAT IS WHY, they called an ambulance.
RESULT
1. We were very hungry SO we decided to look for a restaurant .
2. We couldn’t find a place to eat in. THEREFORE, AS A RESULT, CONSEQUENTLY, we bought a sandwich in
a kiosk and ate it on a bench beside the bar.
PURPOSE
1. I had a coffee TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO feel a bit better.
2. I held onto a bar IN ORDER NOT TO / SO AS NOT TO fall down
3. I stood up on the bus SO THAT an elderly woman could sit down.
TO START
1. AT FIRST , FIRSTLY, TO BEGIN WITH, we can say that learning a foreign language is a must in our society
nowadays.
TO ENUMERATE
1. THEN, AFTER THAT, NEXT, SECONDLY, it is something that enrich us a lot.
*AFTERWARDS
The play lasts for two hours. Afterwards, you can meet the actors.
We all had lunch together. Then / afterwards we went to the beach.
My main aim is to graduate. Afterwards, I’d like to go and work in London.
TO CONCLUDE
1. IN CONCLUSION, IN SHORT, TO SUM UP, IN THE END, ON THE WHOLE, we should admit that going to
other countries is the best option to learn a language.
TO GENERALIZE
1. IN GENERAL, GENERALLY SPEAKING, we can say that travelling by plane is safer.
TO GIVE AN OPINION
1. IN MY OPINION, IN MY VIEW, AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED, people should look for a job every day and
not stay sitting on the sofa.
2. PERSONALLY, I THINK that you should go out and meet people.
3. IT SEEMS TO ME THAT people who do not practise the language cannot improve.
TO GIVE REFERENCE
1. AS REGARDS / WITH RESPECT TO / REGARDING / AS FOR / CONCERNING my hobbies, I’d like to point
out that I don’t have much free time although I try to find some time to relax and read.
TO INSIST ON AN EARLIER POINT
1. AS I HAVE ALREADY SAID, AS I HAVE NOTED, AS I HAVE SAID BEFORE, AS I HAVE POINTED OUT
BEFORE, . . .
_________
IN CASE to talk about things we should do in order to be prepared for possible future situations
I will take the umbrella IN CASE I need it in the future
OTHERWISE We often use or and otherwise with conditional meanings
We’d better send it express, otherwise it’ll take days. (If we do not send it express, it will take days)
