MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
“THIRD EYE FOR BLIND PEOPLE USING ARDUINO
NANO AND ULTRASONIC SENSOR”

JORHAT
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
AND
TECHNOLOGY
JORHAT-
785010

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
AFFILATED TO ASSAM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED BY,
RAKTIM DEB (190810026037)
DEBASISH DAS BISWAS (190810026012)
GAYATRI BORAH (190810026017)
REESHAV KRISHNATRAYYA (190810026038)

1
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the mini project work, “Third eye for blind people using Arduino Nano and
ultrasonic sensor” submitted by the student, Raktim Deb, Debasish Das Biswas, Gayatri Borah,
Reeshav Krishnatrayya of 6th semester from Electronics and Telecommunication department in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering has been approved.

By Supervisor,
Swati Singh. Pranjal Das
Assistant professor of ETC dept. HOD of ETC dept.
Signature Signature

2
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over our life
throughout the period and also to our mentor Swati Singh for her moral care towards our team also
for her academic advice she often gives to us. May almighty God shield them from the peril of this
world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the
encouragement of our mentor and our team member. Our immensely appreciation goes to our humble
and able supervisor Miss Swati Singh for her kindness in supervising this project. Our warmest
gratitude goes to our parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout our study in
this institution under Assam Science and Technology University.

We are also grateful to our teachers for their constant support and guidance. At the end we would
like to express our sincere thanks to all friends and others who helped us directly or indirectly during
this project work. A special thanks to Assam Science and Technology University to give us this
opportunity to improve our practical knowledge throughout this 6th semester syllabus.

4
 ABSTRACT

Third eye for blind is an innovation with the help of the multidiscipline subjects like electronics,
computer science and health science which helps the blind people to navigate with speed and
confidence by detecting the nearby obstacles using the help of ultrasonic waves and notify them with
a buzzer sound or vibration. According to WHO 39 million people are estimated as blinds worldwide.
They are suffering a lot of hardships their daily life. The affected ones have been using the tradition
white cane for many years which although being effective, still has a lot of disadvantages. This will
be a wearable technology for the blinds. One of the main peculiarities of this device is that it will be
affordable. The Arduino nano of length 45mm and a width of 18mm board is worn like a device. This
will be equipped with ultrasonic sensors, consisting of module. Using the sensor, visually impaired
can detect the objects around them and can travel easily. When the sensor detects any object, it will
notify the user by beep. Thus, this is an automated device. Thus, this device will be of a great use for
the blinds and help them travel different places.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
5
Cover page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract

Chapter 1: Introduction
➢ Background of the study
➢ Aim of the project
➢ Objective of the project
➢ Purpose of the project
➢ Significance of the project
➢ Scope of the project
➢ Limitation of the project

Chapter 2: Literature review

Chapter 3: Components
➢ Arduino Nano
➢ Ultrasonic sensor
➢ Buzzer
➢ Zero PCB
➢ Battery cap
➢ 9volt battery
➢ Solder wire and solder iron
➢ Connecting wires
➢ Switch (toggle switch)

Chapter 4: Design methodology

➢ Circuit diagram
➢ Working operations
➢ Wiring instructions
➢ Making the modules
➢ Program code

Chapter 5: Testing and results

➢ Result and discussion

6
 ➢ Benefits

Chapter 6: Summing up
➢ Conclusion
➢ Future enhancement
➢ References

7
CH-1/ Introduction:

Third eye for blinds is an innovation which helps the blinds people to navigate with speed and
confidence by detecting the nearby obstacles using the help of ultrasonic waves and notify them with
buzzer sound or vibration. They only need to wear this device as a band or cloth. According to WHO
39 million peoples are estimated as blinds worldwide. They are suffering a lot of harder ship in their
daily life. The affected ones have been using the traditional white cane for many years which although
being effective, still has a lot of disadvantages. Another way is, having a pet animal such as a dog,
but it is really expensive. So, the aim of the project is to develop a cheap and more efficient way to
help visually impaired to navigate with greater comfort, speed and confidence.

Third eye for the blind using ultrasonic sensor is a special wearable device based on the Arduino
board which can be worn like a cloth for blinds. This device is equipped with five ultrasonic sensors,
consisting of five modules which are connected to the different parts of the body. Among them, two
for both solders, another two for both knees and one for the hand. Using the five ultrasonic sensors,
blind can detect the objects in a five-dimensional view around them and can easily travel anywhere.
When the ultrasonic sensor detects obstacle, the device will notify the user through vibrations and
sound beeps. The intensity of vibration and rate of beeping increases with decrease in distance and
this is a fully automated device.

• Background of the study:

With the improvement of the living standards of the people, we have become so materialistic that we
have forgotten how the physically disabled people live a tough life. They undergo rigorous, apathetic
and indifferent behaviour towards them for being physically disabled. They become dependent on
other people in a way for their day-to-day routine chores. Blind and impaired persons always depend
on other people for their locomotion. Eye are prime sense of organ in perceiving the outside
environment; dysfunction of such prime sense organ severely effects the knowledge perceiving
capability of the outside environment. Therefore, going around to places in such environment is a
very big challenge because the blind people cannot depend on their own eyes and thus face many
difficulties.

According to WHO or the World Health Organization, 39 million people are estimated as blinds
worldwide. They are suffering a lot of hardship in their daily life. The physically disabled ones have
been using the traditional way that is the white cane for many years which although being effective,
still has a lot of disadvantages and limitations. Another way is, having a pet animal such as a dog, but
it is really expensive. Thus, the aim of the project Third eye for the Blind is to develop a cheap,
8
affordable and more efficient way to help the blind people to navigate with greater comfort, speed
and confidence. This is the wearable technology for the blinds which helps resolve all the problems
of the existing technologies. Now a days there are so many technologies, things and smart devices
for the visually impaired people for the navigation, but most of them have certain problems for the
blind people and the major drawbacks are that those things need a lot of training and efforts to use.
One of the main peculiarities of this innovation is, it is affordable for everyone, the total cost being
less than $25 or ~1500 INR. There are no such devices available in the market that can be worn like
a cloth and having such a low cost and simplicity. With the use of this improvised device in a large
scale, with improvements in the prototype, it will drastically benefit the community of the visually
impaired or the blind people. The walking cane is a simple and purely mechanical device dedicated
to detect the static or the constant obstacles on the ground, uneven surfaces, holes and steps via simple
tactile-force feedback. This device is light, portable but limited to its size and it is not used for
dynamic obstacle detection.

These devices operate like the radar and the system of the device uses the ultrasonic waves fascicle
to identify the height, direction and the speed of the objects. The distance between the person and the
obstacle is measured by the time of the wave travel. However, all the existing systems inform the
blind the presence of the object at a specific distance in front of or near to him. These details help the
user or the blind people in detecting the obstacles and thus change the way and walk accordingly.
Information about the objects and their place in the way of the walking like an obstacle and their
characteristics can create additional knowledge to enhance the space manifestation and memory of
the blind or the visually impaired people. To overcome, the above-mentioned limitations this work
offers a simple, efficient, configurable virtual for the blind.

• Aim of the project:

It allows the user those who are visually impaired to walk freely by detecting the obstacles. Thus, the
aim of the project Third eye for the blind is to develop a cheap, affordable and more efficient way to
help the blind people to navigate with greater comfort, speed and confidence.

• Objective of the project:

At the end of this project “The third eye for the blind using Arduino nano and ultrasonic sensor”,
student involved shall be able to design a product which is very much useful to those people who are
visually impaired and those who often have to rely on others.

• Purpose of the project:

9
The purpose of this work is to provide an efficient way to help the blind people to navigate with
greater comfort, speed and confidence.

• Significance of the project:

By using this device, they can fully avoid the use of white cane and such other device. This device
will help the blind to navigate without holding a stick which is a bit annoying for them. They can
simply wear it as a band or cloth and also used in the Strick and it can function very accurately and
they only need a very little training to use it.

• Scope of the project:

This is the first wearable technology for blinds which resolves all the problems of existing
technologies. Now a days there are so many instruments and smart devices for visually impaired
peoples for navigation but most of them have certain problems for carrying and the major drawbacks
is those need a lot of training to use. The one of the main peculiarities of this innovation is, it is
affordable for everyone. There are no such devices available in the market that can be worn like a
cloth and having such a low cost and simplicity. When used on a large scale, with improvements in
the prototype, it will drastically benefit the community. This device:

a. Is the first wearable technology for blinds.

b. Uses ultrasonic waves to detect the obstacles.
c. Notifying the user through vibrations/ buzzer sounds.
• Limitations of the project:
I. Not designed for underwater use: ultrasonic sensors get spoil when use underwater, this means
that the user is not permitted to use this device when it is raining.
II. Sensing accuracy is affected by changes in temperature of 5-10 degrees or more: under-
temperature or higher temperature affect the system operation. Most ultrasonic sensors have
a working range of -25° C to +70° C.
III. Have a limited detection range: ultrasonic sensor has a maximum range of 10 meters.

10
CH-2/ Literature review:

In the past few years, there has been innovations and development of various techniques and device
or gadgets guiding visually impaired people, thus towards attaining their independent or free
movement around the surroundings without any other individual’s support. Few parameters are there
but they are having some limitations and restrictions.

D. Dakopoulos, N.G. Bourbakis, “wearable obstacle avoidance electronic travel aids for blind; A
survey” proposed that a relative survey among mobile obstacle detection systems in order to inform
the research community and users regarding the abilities of this project and regarding the innovation
in adaptive technology for the sightless people. This study is based on different attributes and
performances specifications of the system that arranges them in categories, offering quantitative-
qualitative analysis.

M. A. Unger, proposed methods for the unsighted people of urban areas. But they didn’t consider the
people who cannot afford equipment of high cost. This drawback overcome in third eye for blind.

Today’s innovation world is providing many solutions to the visually impaired for e.g., White-cane
having a tip for assisting the movement of the blind people. The cane has different types use in today’s
technological world in the form of white-cane, laser-cane and smart-cane. Dogs trained for this
purpose are too expensive and unaffordable for certain people. The study discovered that the remote
guidance system being very hard to move hence device will act as most optimized version.

11
CH-3/Components:

Components used in this project “The third eye for blind people using Arduino nano and ultrasonic
sensor” are as follows,

1. Arduino nano
2. Ultrasonic sensor
3. Buzzer
4. Zero PCB
5. Battery cap
6. 9volt battery
7. Soldering wire and soldering iron
8. Connecting wires
9. Switch (toggle switch)
10. LED
11. Breadboard
12. Resistor, capacitor, both side tape
13. USB cable, jumper wires, stick

The components are described as follows,

1. Arduino nano:
Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board, and it is designed by Arduino.cc. It can be built
with a microcontroller like Atmega328. This microcontroller is also used in Arduino UNO. It is a
small size board and also flexible with a wide variety of applications.

This board has many functions and features like an Arduino Demilunes board. However, this Nano
board is different in packaging. It doesn’t have any DC jack so that the power supply can be given
using a small USB port otherwise straight connected to the pins like VCC & GND. This board can
be supplied with 6 to 20volts using a mini-USB port on the board.

The communication of an Arduino Nano board can be done using different sources like using an
additional Arduino board, a computer, otherwise using microcontrollers. The microcontroller using
in Nano board (ATmega328) offers serial communication (UART TTL). This can be accessible at
digital pins like TX, and RX. The Arduino software comprises of a serial monitor to allow easy textual
information to transmit and receive from the board.

12
The programming of an Arduino nano can be done using the Arduino software. Click the Tools option
and select the nano board. Microcontroller ATmega328 over the Nano board comes with pre-
programmed with a boot loader. This boot loader lets to upload new code without using an exterior
hardware programmer. The communication of this can be done with the STK500 protocol.

Fig: Arduino nano Fig: Arduino nano pinout

Arduino nano pin configuration is shown in the above fig. and each pin functionality is discussed
below,

• Power Pin (Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND): These pins are power pins.

· Vin is the input voltage of the board, and it is used when an external power source is used from 7V
to 12V.

· 5V is the regulated power supply voltage of the nano board and it is used to give the supply to the
board as well as components.

· 3.3V is the minimum voltage which is generated from the voltage regulator on the board.

· GND is the ground pin of the board

• RST Pin (Reset): This pin is used to reset the microcontroller.

Analog Pins (A0-A7): These pins are used to calculate the analog voltage of the board within the
range of 0V to 5V

I/O Pins (Digital Pins from D0 – D13): These pins are used as an i/p otherwise o/p pins. 0V & 5V

Serial Pins (Tx, Rx): These pins are used to transmit & receive TTL serial data.

External Interrupts (2, 3): These pins are used to activate an interrupt.

PWM (3, 5, 6, 9, 11): These pins are used to provide 8-bit of PWM output

2. Ultrasonic sensor:
13
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound
waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back
information about an object's proximity.

The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR and RADAR system which is used to
determine the distance to an object. An ultrasonic sensor generates the high-frequency sound
(ultrasound) waves. When this ultrasound hits the object, it reflects as echo which is sensed by the
receiver. Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a frequency too high for humans to
hear.

They then wait for the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on the time required.
This is similar to how radar measures the time it takes a radio wave to return after hitting an object.

While some sensors use a separate sound emitter and receiver, it’s also possible to combine these into
one. For ultrasonic sensing, the most widely used range is 40 to 70 kHz. The frequency determines
range and resolution; the lower frequencies produce the greatest sensing range. At 58 kHz, a
commonly used frequency, the measurement resolution is one centimetre (cm), and range is up to 11
meters having an ultrasonic element alternate between emitting and receiving signals. This type of
sensor can be manufactured in a smaller package than with separate elements, which is convenient
for applications where size is at a premium.

Ultrasonic sensors are used around the world, indoors and outdoors in the harshest conditions, for a
variety of applications. Our ultrasonic sensors, made with piezoelectric crystals, use high frequency
sound waves to resonate a desired frequency and convert electric energy into acoustic energy, and
vice versa.

3. Buzzer:
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or
piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. When current is applied to the buzzer
it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing the This then causes the surrounding disc
to vibrate. That's the sound that you hear.

By changing the frequency of the buzzer, the speed of the vibration’s changes, which changes the
pitch of the resulting sound. Piezo buzzers are simple devices that can generate basic beeps and tones.
They work by using a piezo crystal, a special material that changes shape when voltage is applied to
it. If the crystal pushes against a diaphragm, like a tiny speaker cone, it can generate a pressure wave

14
which the human ear picks up as sound. (Operating voltage: Normally, the operating voltage for a
magnetic buzzer is from 1.5V to 24V, for a piezo buzzer is from 3V to 220V).

4. Zero PCB:
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the boards that are used as the base in most electronics – both as a
physical support piece and as the wiring area for the surface-mounted and socketed components.
PCBs are most commonly made out of fiberglass, composite epoxy, or another composite material.
There are several overall types of PCB boards each with their own particular manufacturing
specifications, material types and usages: Single-layer PCBs, Double-layer PCBs, Multi-layer PCBs,
Rigid PCBs, Flexible PCBs, Rigid-Flex PCBs, High-frequency PCBs, Aluminium-backed PCBs. A
printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic
components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated
onto a non-conductive substrate. As its name suggests, general purpose PCBs are widely used to
embed circuits randomly for running of hardware. Its layer is coated with copper and allows proper
soldering without any short circuit. General purpose board, connections are not built so connections
are to be created.

5. Battery cap:
A battery assembled cap, a cylindrical battery with the cap and a method for making the same. The
vent cap is attached to the battery cover by a hinge connection which allows for play between the
vent cap and the battery cover and which allows for rotation of the vent cap. A battery holder is one
or more compartments or chambers for holding a battery. For dry cells, the holder must also make
electrical contact with the battery terminals. For wet cells, cables are often connected to the battery
terminals, as is found in automobiles or emergency lighting equipment. The purpose of the vent caps
is to allow for the escape of gases formed when the battery is charging. In addition, the vent caps
allow water and acid levels of the battery to be checked during maintenance. Lead-acid batteries can
produce explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen gases when they are being charged. Battery can
play an important role in achieving the target of universal access to clean, reliable and affordable
electricity services. Battery is an energy storage device consisting of two or more electrochemical
cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy and used as a source of power.

6. 9volt battery:

15
A battery is an electrochemical device that produces a voltage potential when placing metals of
different affinities into an acid solution (electrolyte). The open circuit voltage (OCV) that develops
as part of an electrochemical reaction varies with the metals and electrolyte used a battery is a device
consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical
devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. A battery is a device
consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical
devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked
negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive
terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-
energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external
circuit as electrical energy.

7. Solder wire and soldering iron:

Solder is a fusible alloy used to join less fusible metals or wires, etc. Solder wire is comprised of
different alloys, or of pure tin. Each metal requires a certain type of soldering wire to create strong
bonds, because the combinations of metals that comprise soldering wire melt at different
temperatures. A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that
it can flow into the joint between two workpieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip
and an insulated handle. The basic purpose of a soldering iron is to create a bond between two
workpieces using electronically heated soft metal (i.e., the solder). The soldering iron supplies heat
to the soldering tip, which is used to melt the solder. The melted solder forms a bond in the joint
between two workpieces.

8. Connecting wires:
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to another because
electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the connecting wires are made up of
copper or aluminium. Copper is cheap and good conductivity. Connecting wires provide a medium
to an electrical current so that they can travel from one point on a circuit to another. In the case of
computers, wires are embedded into circuit boards to carry pulses of electricity.

16
 9. Switch (toggle switch):
Toggle switches should take immediate effect and should not require the user to click Save or Submit
to apply the new state. As always, we should strive to match the system to the real world. Consider
my tea kettle: I should not have to flip the switch off and unplug the cord to experience the change in
state. Consequently, users expect the same immediate results from a digital toggle as they do from
their real-world counterparts (e.g., light switches). Immediate results are a fact of toggle switches that
grants users the freedom and control to update their preferences as needed.

CH-4/ Design methodology:

• Circuit diagram:
17
 • Working operation:

Fig: Flow diagram of operation of third eye for blind using Arduino nano and ultrasonic sensor
This proposed system consists the equipment like Arduino mini pro, ultrasonic sensor, prefer board,
buzzers for detecting the obstacles and letting the user know about the obstacle, Red LEDs, Switches,
Jumper cable, power bank, Male and female header pins, 3.3-volt old mobile battery which is unused
or discarded, some elastic and stickers to make the device wearable as a band for wearing for the
users. The wiring of the device is done in a following manner. The Ground of LED, buzzer and

18
vibration motor are connected to GND of the Arduino. The +ve of the LED and the middle leg of
switch is connected to the Arduino pin 5. The +ve of the Buzzer is wired to the first leg of the switch
and the +ve of the Vibration motor is wired to the third leg of the switch. The Ultrasonic sensor are
wired accordingly. The Ultrasonic sensor pin VCC is connected to the Arduino pin VCC, Ultrasonic
sensor pin GND is connected to the Arduino pin GND, Ultrasonic sensor pin Trig is attached to the
Arduino pin 12, Ultrasonic sensor pin Echo is connected to the Arduino PIN 12. The switch used here
is for selecting the mode. (Buzzer or vibration mode.) We first cut the prefer board in 5 X 3 cm
dimension and solder the female headers for the Arduino to the board. Then soldering of the buzzer
is carried out. Then using the glue connect the vibrating motor and solder the wires to it. Then
connection of the LED is done. Then connect the switch. Connect the header pins for ultrasonic
sensors and for the battery input. Then solder all the things and connect the Arduino and ultrasonic
sensor to the board. Also connect the elastic band to all the modules. For making the module for the
hand, connect the ultrasonic sensor to the board by using 4 jumper cables. Then connect a 3.7-volt
mobile battery to this module. Then connect the elastic band. In the end after all the connections are
done to the Arduino board, upload the code to each Arduino board and power the 4 other modules
using a power bank.

The US sensor is a transducer, and is used in pair as trans receiver. The transmitter emits the US
waves and if obstacles are present in the path, the US waves hits the obstacles and gets reflected back,
the reflected wave is received by the receiver. The US sensor is a combination of one transmitter and
receiver. The time interval between sending and receiving of the US signal is calculated, this time
interval is used to calculate the distance between sensor and the obstacle.

The sensors which are placed in waist belt are in such a manner that the Ultrasonic pulses of sensors
must not be overlapped one over the other. Sensors has a field of view (coverage) of about 60 degrees
for 4 feet distance, as the distance from the sensor increases, the coverage angle decreases. Thus, the
objective is to cover a wide angle to detect the obstacles with the help of the ultrasonic sensors to
help the blind and make it easy for them to move around easily without any hassle.

➢ Wiring instructions:
• Ground of LED and Buzzer to GND of Arduino.
• +ve of LED and middle leg of switch to Arduino pin 5.
• +ve of Buzzer to first leg of switch.
• Ultrasonic sensor
• Ultrasonic sensor pin Vcc to Arduino pin Vcc.
• Ultrasonic sensor pin GND to Arduino pin GND.

19
• Ultrasonic sensor pin Trig to Arduino pin 12.
• Ultrasonic sensor pin Echo to Arduino pin 13.

➢ Making the modules:

• First cut the prefer board in 5*3 cm dimension and solder the female headers for the Arduino
to the board.
• Then solder the buzzer.
• Then connect the LED.
• Then connect the switch.
• Then connect header pins for ultrasonic sensors and for battery input.
• Then solder everything as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Now connect the Arduino and ultrasonic sensor to the board.

➢ Program code:

const int TRIG_PIN = 2; // Arduino pin connected to Ultrasonic Sensor's TRIG pin
const int ECHO_PIN = 4; // Arduino pin connected to Ultrasonic Sensor's ECHO pin
const int BUZZER_PIN = 3; // Arduino pin connected to Piezo Buzzer's pin
const int DISTANCE_THRESHOLD = 50; // centimeters

// variables will change:

float duration_us, distance_cm;

void setup() {
Serial.begin (9600); // initialize serial port
pinMode(TRIG_PIN, OUTPUT); // set arduino pin to output mode
pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT); // set arduino pin to input mode
pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT); // set arduino pin to output mode
}

void loop() {
// generate 10-microsecond pulse to TRIG pin
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);

// measure duration of pulse from ECHO pin

20
 duration_us = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);
// calculate the distance
distance_cm = 0.017 * duration_us;

if(distance_cm < DISTANCE_THRESHOLD)

digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH); // turn on Piezo Buzzer
else
digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW); // turn off Piezo Buzzer

// print the value to Serial Monitor

Serial.print("distance: ");
Serial.print(distance_cm);
Serial.println(" cm");

delay(500);
}

21
CH-5/ Testing and result:

➢ Result and discussion:

The presented system is designed and configured for the use of the blind and visually disabled people.
This device is able to handle several states that the visually impaired people face. This device
responds to the user in all the circumstances which is faced by the blind people with the help of the
use of the Ultrasonic sensors and the Arduino Board.

When the obstacle is in front, at a 50 cm distance from the device, the device will say: the obstacle is
in front. The buzzer forms the alarm sound and the device warning the user to change the direction to
avoid collision with the obstacle. It is affordable and more efficient way to help the blind people to
navigate with greater comfort, speed and confidence.

➢ Benefits:
Third eye for blinds is an innovation to help blind people to navigate with greater comfort, speed and
confidence, while making use of ultrasonic waves to detect nearby obstacles and to notify the user
through vibration.

This is the first wearable technology for blinds which resolves all the problems of existing
technologies. Now a days there are so many instruments and smart devices for visually impaired
peoples for navigation but most of them have certain problems for carrying and the major drawbacks
are: Those need a lot of training to use.

The one of the main peculiarities of this innovation is, it is affordable for everyone, the total cost
being less than $25 (~1500INR).

There are no such devices available in the market that can be worn like a cloth and having such a low
cost and simplicity. When used on a large scale, with improvements in the prototype, it will drastically
benefit the community.

22
CH-6/ Summing up:

➢ Conclusion:
Thus, this project proposed the design and architecture of a new concept of Arduino based Virtual
Eye for the blind people. A simple, cheap, efficient, easy to carry, configurable, easy to handle
electronic guidance system with many more amazing properties and advantages is proposed to
provide constructive assistant and support for the blind and visually impaired persons. The system
will be efficient and unique in its capability in specifying the source and distance of the objects that
may encounter the blind. It is able to scan and detect the obstacles in the areas like left, right, and in
front of the blind person regardless of its height or depth. With the proposed architecture, if
constructed with at most accuracy, the blind will be able to move from one place to another without
others help.

The project as a whole was successful in developing a more durable navigation technique apart from
the existing ones. This was just a prototype of the original idea that had to be presented here. The
project, if used on a wider scale and distributed to blind people, really has the ability to make an
impact to the community.

➢ Future enhancement:
In future with the advancement of quicker response of sensors, like the usage of top notch sensors it
can be made highly useful and also the modules that one needs to wear as a bracelet or in any part of
the body can be transformed into a wearable clothing like a coat, so that it can be made fit for working
and there can be more advancement in this device for instance we can be use piezo electric plates in
the shoes of the user which can generate sufficient electricity that the modules can run on.

The technology behind the innovation of the visually impaired are upgrading day by day and our
model ensures one thing that is making the task of moving a blind person easy and comfortable. The
gadget will be very light and handy to carry. The components or parts that we will use in this gadget
will be also easily available and less in cost. The manufacturing cost of this model will be also quite
low, that will make the gadget affordable for people of all class and age. Some of the techniques in
which this gadget can be modified are given below:

• More sensors can be used for further applications.

• Image processing can be used for knowing about the volume of obstacles and object patterns.
• High range ultrasonic detector can be used.

23
• It can be further enhanced and improved by using VLSI technology to design the PCB unit.
This makes the system furthermore compact.

➢ References:
1) Johann Borenstien, Shraga Shovel, Iwan Ulrich. Guide cane and the Nav Belt, IEEE
Transactions on robotics & Automation.2003; 10(1):9-20.
2) Pooja Sharma, Shimi SL, Chatterji S. A review on obstacle Detection and vision, International
Journal of Science and Research Technology. 2015; 4(1):1-11.
3) Bolgiano D, Meeks Jr E. A Laser cane for the blind, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.
View at Google Scholar. 1967; 3(6): 268.
4) Sabarish S. Navigation Tool for blind people using Microcontroller, International Journal of
engineering and Advancd Technology (IJEAT), 2013; 2(4):139-143.
5) Lalit Kumar, Mahesh Kamthe, Namrata Mohakud, Pankaj Sharma, Kamlesh Singh Yadav,
“Text to Speech using Arduino Nano”, ISSAN 2321 3361 @ 2021 IJESC.

************

24