(3) Nepen nponyckom y texcri crore monansie alecnoso “can, axe rpamatwsio noensyerecA 3 B, C, D, E. Ane natn Bipiy Bianosine aonomarac cama crpyktypa peveHtn, Ake no- ‘anviaeTeca 3 however’ Le osHatae, wo B uboMy peventt Byne ‘Rata inopmaui, nporunextta inopmauil 3 nonepentboro even, Pevoanta mome B6wTa Bipyci i napasui, Aki po3- HocATBCA KoMaxaMit. MonianbHe Aiecno8o “can” rpaMatMuio ‘noeAHYETECA 3 AlecnoBoM “kil'y Bapiant B, One, npaBHnt- ‘a signosint B — kill the viruses and parasites they carry. passa sianosia» —B. (5) Mlepeg nponycxom y rexcri croirs “peptides; syo 3a smic- ‘Tom nigxonwTe no sapianty F. Orxe, npaswnena signosins F —were active against parasites. Npasnnena signosine — F. UL Ut hay (4) Mepeg nponyckom y Texcri croirs"in order to’ wo mone ‘noearysaracn ¢ B, C, D, E. 3a amicrom nigxonmte sapiahT E, ToMy ilo BHB4aTH MORHA AANA Toro, WO WoC a'AcyBaTH. Orxe, npasunia sianosige E— find out more about the Apasunia signosige — E. (6) Mepea nponyckom y Texcti croin» sainmennn"which’, Ait 3aMinioe IMeHHUK" mosquitoes 3a microM niaxonMTe ‘eapiant A, Tomy wo Mera BueHIK — reHETAYHO SMiNMTH Komapis, a6n BOHM He nowMproBann xeopoby. One, npa- sunbia sinnosins A — were incapable of spreading the disease. Mpapnnota Binnosine — A. Here are some training tasks. They are placed into two levels: B7 and B2. Level B1 Task 1 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). ‘There are two choices you do not need to use. Card playing has brought pleasure to millions of people for some six centuries and is popular the world over, so it is not surprising to discover that thousands of games have been invented. There is a widespread belief that all card games have official rules but the situation is complex and this idea is best ignored, Widely played games (1) in much the same way. National and regional games may have official rules published by an organisation devoted to the game, butt chose (2) in local and family play. Of course, itis essential to establish a set of rules for club or tournament play, but these (3) as the rules of the club, not the rules of the game. In homes people play cards for enjoyment and (4) and drop rules to suit their tastes. It is because tastes (5) no longer evolve become extinct. and generation to generation that card games evolve. Games that No book can do more than (6) , oF are said by other books to be played. Nor should it expect to, The only important thing is that everybody playing around the same table at the same time should be following the same rules, 4 played in its country of origin © tend to be played everywhere 8 should be regarded & never did lay down official rules © will naturally introduce © vary from place to place are happily ignored describe how games are played LEVEL BY ‘UNIT 2. READING SKILLS FOCUSTask 2 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. Michael and Ralf Schumacher are pethaps (1) Formula One racing brothers in the world but, until recently, Ralf has always been overshadowed by his older brother. Now Ralf is winning too. So what has changed? Many people think that the change started when (2) « This was a very important moment for Ralf, who was particularly close to her. Others suggest that he has been affected by the criticism he had received over the years from his brother, and (3) Or perhaps itis simply that he is driving a faster car. “Lwouldn't ateribute i all co Ralf” Michael told the German newspaper Bild am Sonntag. He's finally got a car he can get something out of. The relationship (4) may be changing on the track but it stays the same off it: very warm and friendly. “We were fighting (5) in the last few years in Formula One and our relationship didn’t change so I see no reason why it should change now”, said Ralf. “I love my brother even if ’'m batting him for championship", The main difference seems to be that they discuss racing a lot less these days. “We have been talking less about Formula One since I’ve been (6) as my brother”, Ralf said. “T'll give you an example, In Australia we went out for dinner and spent three hours together and I swear we didn’t say a single word about Formula One, And that hasn't changed” A between two brothers © against each other 8 inthe same league F their mother died “the most famous © from the media ‘0 started racing Won the erack Task 3 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. Reading is a particularly crucial skill, especially in our modern society. In fact most, if not all, employers expect reading (1) . However, the sad truth remains that while most people can read, not all of them can comprehend properly the passage or body of the text being read. Reading comprehension (2) regarding a certain passage or text. This can be improved by several methods, but at the normal reading rate of about 200-220 words per minute, the satisfactory level of comprehension is 75 % or above. Self-assessment of reading comprehension is not entirely impossible, and be aware that faulty self-assessment tests often lead (3) In fact, reading comprehension is a good starting point in discerning passive readers from active readers. Passive readers are usually those that simply read the text, but fail to understand the details as well as the general idea (4) j Active readers, on the other hand, interact with the text through the manifestations of the following signs: « Skilled readers actively participate in the story by predicting story outcomes (5) « They tend to generate questions regarding the content of the text. » Skilled readers notice litele details such as recurring events within the story's plot. « They come back to part of the text (6) and try to analyze it until a complete understanding of the text has been attained. ‘A which may have confused them 5 is the reader's level of understanding © of what is being said who calculated the speed at which galaxies move using clues and symbolisms presented by the author"to incorrect assessment of reading abilities G asa required skill “Ht who misunderstands the text Task 4 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. ‘The world of sports can present us many (1) - Itis difficult to imagine our life without sports. Every person needs relaxation after hard work, and one of the best ways of doing it is to do sports. Sport can be 2 useful and interesting hobby or an unusual constant job. As the English proverb says, “Variety is the spice of life’, and with sports (2) i ‘The world of sports is really varied and rich. The people's tastes are differen, but, nevertheless, everybody can choose a kind of sports (3) : We can enjoy sports at any time of the year: in summer we can choose tennis, football, swimming, etc.; in winter we can do skating, skiing or snowboarding. Sports exist everywhere: on the ground, in the water and even in the sky. To ground sports we ean attribute running, rock-climbing, golf, etc. We can enjoy rafting, diving, water polo and other sports in water. There are many extreme sports lovers in the world. They are adventure seekers and (4) trying to experience something more than their everyday life can offer. (5). can do parachuting, paragliding and other kinds of sports in the sky. ‘They enjoy unusual sports, for example, windsurfing, skydiving, scuba-diving, while others can prefer “normal” sports, such as skiing, swimming and others. Finally, cooperative people can choose team sports, such as basketball, volleyball, and hockey. People, (6) , can choose badminton, table tennis, etc. “who prefer individual sports 8 our life becomes more interesting and amazing © everyone is fond of scuba-diving thrilling moments and an unforgettable time © to his liking and abilities -F take sport to its most dangerous limits -G Extreme sports lovers ‘tt his parents advised Task 5 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. Last summer when we arrived at our holiday destination we had such a fright. We had (1) in a picturesque village, where we would be able to spend a quiet fortnight alone. However, when we arrived at the address we could not believe our eyes. The house was opened by a thin old lady, who was wearing a dirty old dress. She showed us into the living room, and then left us (2) As it was late we went up to the bedroom, which was so hot we couldn't bear it. We tried to open the windows, but they were tightly shut, so we got into the bed, and tried to get to sleep. After a short time we heard a noise. We looked up and saw a young man trying desperately to open the window jase as we had done. When he saw us, he (3), Our immediate reaction was (4) » grab our things and spend the night in the car ‘Thenext day we discovered that the man had committed suicide by jumping out of the window in ourbedroom forty years before. Every year since then, on (5)___, he had been seen in the room trying to open this n“UNIT 2. window. Since then, however, his wife, the woman who had opened the door for us, (6). » which is why nobody could open it. had kepe the window locked © whose eyes seemed to be full of tears © disappeared through the door D imagined a country cottage we had seen the night before © the anniversary of his death § without saying anything to jump out of the bed 8 without the blankets Task 6 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. As culture shocks go, facing your first earthquake must count as one of the rudest, Panic-sticken, I didn’t know what to do first: grab my toddler, take cover under the rable, or head out the door. Several quakes later, ook up the position by the table, (1) And now that I have been in Tokyo over a year, I often don'teven bother to put down my cup ofa tea. Earthquakes are as much a part of life in Tokyo as rain in the UK. They strike about 50 times a year. Most are tiny, (2) . The odd few last up to five minutes and can reach 7.2 on the Richter scale, setting floors vibrating, furniture shaking and light bulbs quivering. My house, like many houses here, is wooden and supposedly earthquake proof. This should be reassuring, @) . There’ nothing more disconcerting than feeling your house wobbling like a jelly at the slightest eremor, even if you know it is supposed to. Night quakes are the most rerifying. (4) struck at 2 am. Isat bole upright in my bed, frantically rummaging for my flashlight and shaking my husband awake, By the time I had figured out that I should probably grab my daughter and head downstairs, the tremors had stopped. Since then, there have been so many night tremors that I have given up assuming the flight position. While quakes may be the scuff of daly life in Tokyo, it doesn’t do to be complacent. Seismologists reckon that Tokyo is hit by a big quake (5) By this reckoning, the Big One is way overdue, In Tokyo's last big earthquake in 1923, 140,000 people were killed. (6) that the Big One will kill more that 7,000 people. but it is not it is not an easy thing to do every 70 years or so virtually imperceptible tremors bur didn’t go any further My second Tokyo quake People were scared to death Tis estimated Task 7 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. Ie was during a radar-related research project around 1946 that Dr. Percy Spencer, while working for Raytheon Corporation, noticed that a candy bar in his pocket melted during the testing of a new vacuum tube called a magnetron. This intrigued Dr. as (a . This time he placed some popcorn kernels near the tube and watched (2) rcs“The next morning Spencer decided to put the magnetron tube near an egg. Spencer and a colleague both watched (3) | Spencer’ colleague moved in for a closer look just as che egg splattered yolk all over his face, Dr Spencer concluded that if you can cook an egg that quickly, (4) . He began experimenting, Dr. Spencer enclosed the food to be cooked in a metal box that he fed the microwaves into. He had invented what was to revolutionize cooking and form the basis of a multimillion dollar industry — the microwave oven. In 1947, Raytheon demonstrated the world first microwave oven and called ita Radarange.’The first microwave ovens cost between $2,000 and $3,000. Around 1952-55, Tappan introduced the first home model priced at $1295, In 1967 Raytheon owned Amana Refrigeration introduced the first countertop microwave oven, Sp ee By 1975, sales of microwave ovens had, forthe firs time, exceeded those of gas ranges. In 1976, the microwave coven became 2 more commonly owned kitchen appliance than the dishwasher, (6) ; ‘Amerie’ cooking habits were being dramatically changed by the convenience of the microwave oven. Once considered a luxury, the microwave oven has developed into a practical necessity for a fast-paced world of today. as the popcorn sputtered, cracked and popped so he decided to ask for help so he tried another experiment reaching nearly about 52 million US households which was smaller, safer and more reliable than previous models as the egg began to tremor and shake then you could cook other foods as well as the egg disappeared san monee Task 8 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. “Tonight I want to celebrate Britishness. Sadly, ic has become fashionable for some to argue that British idencity is under siege, (1) want to argue that where the pessimists identify a threat, we should instead see developments that will strengthen and renew British identicy. “The British are not a race, but a gathering of countless different races and communities. It is not their purity that makes the British unique, but the sheer pluralism of their ancestry. London was frst established as the capital of a Celtic Britain by Romans from Italy. They were in turn driven out by Saxons and Angles from Germany. ‘The great cathedrals of this land were buile mostly by Norman bishops, bur the religion in them (2) . Outside our Parliament, Richard the Lionheart proudly sts astride his steed, a symbol of courage and defiance. ‘The global era has produced population movements of a breadth and richness without parallel in history. Today's London is a perfect hub of the globe. In this city tonight, over 300 languages will be spoken by families over their evening meal at home. Legitimate immigration is the necessary and unavoidable result of economic success. Our cultural diversity is one of the reasons why Britain continues to be the preferred location for multinational companies setting up in Europe. ‘And it isn’ just our economy (3) . Our lifestyles and cultural horizon reaches into every aspect of our national life. Chicken Tikka Massala, an Indian dish, is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because itis perfect illustration of the way (4) , B ‘LEVEL BY omir2.‘The modern notion of national identity cannot be based on race and ethnicity, (5) » Some of the most successful countries in the modem world, such as the United Seates and Canada, (6) ‘ ‘Their experience shows how cultural diversity, allied to a shared concept of equal citizenship, can be a source of enormous strength. We should draw inspiration from that experience. A that has been enriched by the arrival of new communities B perhaps even in a state of terminal decline © because of the linguistic variety of the population -D. Britain absorbs and adapts external influences “was secured by the succession of a Dutch prince -& but must be based on shared ideals and aspirations -G are immigrant societies “were built mostly by Norman bishops Task 8 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. Glossary: henge — 2 prebistoric monument consisting of a circle of massive stone or wood uprights Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument. ‘The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called “Bluestonehenge”, after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of (1) Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded bya henge —a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield, ‘The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in (2) indicate that this was acircle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away. ‘The standing stones marked the end of the avenue (3) a F%mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier. Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating (4) whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction. Pearson said, “The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.” He added: “We speculated in the past (5) at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle.” Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated (6) was central to the religious lives ofthe people who buile Seonchenge. “Old theories about Stonehenge that do notexplain | the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,” he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as “incredible” ‘A which could reveal “8 which they stood © which it was once made up -D that this stretch of the river Avon “that there might have been something 'F that it should be considered as integral part “G that leads from the rivet Avon to Stonchenge Ht about the necessity of excavations 4Task.10 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. The necessity for telephones is unquestionable; they have become, especially since the 1950s, an essential tool in modern life. Can you imagine your life without one at home, even in your car, or when on holiday in the ‘mountains, for instance? Hardly anybody would give (1). In recent years smart phones have become particularly fashionable. Technically called cellular phones, they are one of the great contributions of technology to our lives. Although it has taken along time to make them avail- able to everybody, itis now clear that (2) Calls can now be made from far away areas of the world. Smart phones perform a lot of necessary functions. They allow business people to remain within their offices reach, and drivers to travel alone safely. With their help you've got access to the Internet. Smaller and lighter models allow users to take their telephones almost everywhere, You may go to the forest, be on board a ship, ina gym, (3) Nowadays, throughout the world, the smart phone has become a status symbol, without which in some culcures it is assumed that you belong to a ‘lower class’ of ‘ess successful’ people. Yer, itis often amusing to hear such ‘successful’ people using their phones to call friends from bars and rescaurants (4) wis simply a way of showing off and making oneself look important to others. Obviously, smart phones are convenient but this convenience also has its price. Although today’s cellular telephones (5) «they still remain more expensive to buy and use than regular telephones. On average, cellular phone ealls are about twice as expensive as those from regular phones and additionally, you have to pay a monthly fee to use your phone. Sill, (6) , and prices should continue to decrease, It may not be long before the cellular phone is as basic as a calculator in the lives of many people around the world. you'll be in touch with all the people you need are much cheaper than the frst model available a positive answer to this question they enable us to communicate with the most distane places when cheaper public payphones are nearby mobile phones will continue to improve in quality the basic phones in use today are not used smart phones will be replaced by other gadgets Banameae> Level B2 Task 1 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. On the whole, Cambridge is much quieter than Oxford, although what really sets it apare from its scholarly rival is ‘the Backs, providing exquisite views over the backs of the old colleges. At the front, the handsome facades of these same colleges dominate the layout of the town centre, lining up along the main streets. Most. of the colleges date back to the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Many of the buildings are extraordinarily beautiful, but the most famous is King’s College, (1) of late Gothic architecture. “There are thirty-one university colleges in total. Each one is an independent, self-governing body, proud of its achievements and attracting a close loyaley from ies seudents, (2) i 5& é During the nineteenth century, the university finally los its ancient privileges over the town, (3) ‘The university expanded too, with the number of students increasing dramatically, More recently, change has been much slower, (4) ~ The first two women’ colleges were founded in the 1870s, but it was only in 1947 that women were actually awarded degrees. In the meantime, the city and university had been acquiring a reputation as a high-tech centre of excellence. Cambridge has always been in the vanguard of scientific research, (5) (Cambridge is an extremely compact place, and you can walk round the centre, visiting the most interesting colleges, in an afternoon. A more thorough exploration covering more of the colleges and a leisurely afternoon ona pune will, however, take at least a couple of days. If possible you should avoid coming in high summer, © - Faced with such crowds, the more popular colleges have restricted their opening times and have introduced admission charges. whose alumni have garnered no less than ninety Nobel prizes amongst whom privately educated boys remain over-represented because of the development of industry whose magnificent chapel is one of the greatest statements which was expanding rapidly thanks to the arrival of the railway particularly when it comes to equality of sexes when the students are replaced by crowds of sightseers particularly when you watch the sporting events =zanrmenes Task 2 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. The banking profession doesn’t have a very good reputation for customer service at the moment, and it’s nor just due to loss of savings. High street branches are shutting down and where banks are available, their opening hours are inconvenient. Staff at the desks are surly, increasingly under-qualified and often unable to answer questions. And if customers try to contact the bank by telephone, (1) where they have to speak slowly in order to be understood . Astonishingly, however, 86 % of the customers at one bank are either ‘extremely satisfied’ ot ‘very satisfied’ with the service they receive. And what is even more surprising is that the bank in question has no High Street outlets at all. First National bank is run entirely through the telephone and the Internet. And its success shows that customer service is just about face-to-face contact with clients. The primary concern of the bank is recruiting the right people. They have the atticude (2) but a member of staff can't be taught to be a nice person. So they only recruit people who already exhibit good communication skills. And unlike other services that operate primarily over the telephone, the staff at First National do not use scripts, The managers recognise (3) + What this bank asks for is that staff be themselves and establish a rapport with their customers. Part of this is recognizing people's needs. (4) a chatty, friendly service. Some want the process to be swift and efficient, The member of staff has to pick up on the caller’ mood and react accordingly. First National is also preparing (5) «The idea that customer service can be improved on a medium where there is no actual contact with a member of staff may seem strange at first. However, the website designers at First National spend a great deal of time understanding their customers and offering services which meet their needs. (6) . this will change in the future, First National is already taking steps to fill this demand. They already offer a service in which customers receive a text when funds ate received or when their account falls below a certain level. In the future, online systems may pre-empt customers’ needs in even more sophisticated ways. ‘4 Although people do not expect much from the Internet these days ‘© that customers find them impersonal and unnatural © to adope this personal approach to its internet banking 76that some skills, such as keyboard skills and so on, can be taught because staff are speaking to people on their own territory they are put through to a call centre in another country Not everyone wants telephones are very personal Task 3 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. In the 1930s, when radio was still in its infancy, broadcasting stations in the USA wondered what type of programmes they should put on during the daytime, They came up with the idea of producing serials that would be on the radio every afternoon telling a continuous story. ‘To keep the listeners’ interest, (a) «Knowing that the majority of the audience would be women, the broadcasters decided that the women in the serials would be strong characters and the men weak. The serials were an instant success with listeners, As the radio stations were paid for by advertising, these programmes always carried advertisements and, since one of the most frequently advertised products was soap, the programmes became known as Soaps or Soap Operas. (2) that the soap opera appeared in Britain, The BBC had no inverest in producing this type of programme but during the Second World Warie was thought that the Americans should be shown how well the British people were standing up to the war. For this reason, (3) __sTewas called Front Line Family and showed how a typical English family the Robinsons, was living during the wat. (4) and asked for it ro be broadcast for the British audience. The BBC were unwilling to do this but finally agreed and broadcast che programme in Britain, but changed the name to The Robinsons. The programme ran for six years. Other soaps were introduced later, one telling the life ofa doctor’ family and another, The Archers, about life ina country village. The original aim of The Archers was o inform farmers of new developments in agriculture, The serial began in 1951 and is still ro be heard on five evenings every week. Some attempts at soap opera began to appear on television in Britain in the mid-1950s, but it was nor uneil 1961 that the first real soap opera appeared. This was shown not by the BBC, (5) «The serial, called Coronation Street was about the lives of people ivingin a working-class street near Manchester. Although the serial was planned to run for only thirteen weeks, ics sil to be seen several nights every week and almost every week (6) “The BBC never managed to produce a really successful soap opera until 1984, when it introduced Eastenders. This programme is about life in the area of the east end of London. For a time it had more viewers than Coronation Street and stil rivals it as the most popular programme on the British television. There is a major difference between the two programmes, Eastenders concentrates on rather depressing realism whilst Coronation Street, although having serious storylines, always contains a strong clement of comedy. |. but by commercial television there would be far more crisis happening than in real life Some people in Britain managed to hear the programme Te was really by chance hhas more viewers than any other programme on British television a soap opera was written for the North American service of the BBC the most popular programme on television never been shown on TV. sammene WT 2. READING SKILLS FOCUSTask 4 Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each ‘space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. A thousand years ago York was one of the largest, richest and most famous cities in the whole of Britain, A monk a that time described it as packed with a huge population, rich merchandise, and traders “from all parts, especially Danes’. People in the 10* cencury called it Jorvik, and knew it (1) and one of Europe’ greatest trading pors. I owed its prosperity to the hard work and commercial enterprise of Viking settles from Scandinavia who had captured it in AD 866 and almost totaly rebuilt it Viking Jorvik has now completely disappeared. (2) and have long since been demolished, or have burnt down or rotted away. In some parts of modern York, however, near the rivers Ouse and Foss, which run through the centre of the city, archaeologists have found that remains of Jorvik do still survive, They ae buried deep below the streets and buildings of the 20° century city. Here the damp soils have preserved the timber buildings, (3) are to be found, often still standing shoulder high. All the debris and rubbish left by the people of Jorvik in and around their homes is still there, awaiting discovery Between 1976 and 1981 archaeologists from the York Archaeological Trust excavated a part of this lost and all-but-forgotten city. The dig took place in Coppergate, before the city’s new Coppergate Centre was built Four rows of buildings were found, running back from Coppergate itself, (4) «The remains were s0 well preserved — even down to boots and shoes, pins and needles, plants and insects — that every aspect of life at the time could be reconstructed. York Archacological Trust decided to try to tell the story of Jorvik as it was a thousand years ago. To do so it built the Jorvik Viking Centre in the huge hole created by the dig, Two of the rows of buildings (5) . A farther two were preserved just as the archaeological team discovered them, the ancient timbers set out as they were found in the late 1970s, deep below the new shopping centre, where they have lain for centuries. In the Jorvik Viking Centre people from the 21" century journey back in time to the 10° century. The journey is done in time-cars, which silently glide back through the years, past some of the thirty or so generations of York’s people who have walked the pavements of Coppergate, until time stops, on a late October day in 948. For a while, modern time-travellers explore Coppergate and (6) . The neighbourhood is fall of che sights and sounds and smells of 10" century Jorvik. Townspeople are there, buying and selling, working and playing. “A alittle alley, Lundgate, which runs off it almost exactly in the same positions as their modern successors ( Jorvik has become 0 Most of the city’s buildings were made of wood Eas the capital of the North of England were reconstructed as we think they were © Whole streets of houses, shops, workshops and warehouses “Ht gives the idea of the future of York Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each ‘space (1-6). There are two choices you do not need to use. Stories and shymes about a band of robbers led by a man called Robin Hood have been popular for over 600 years, ive hundred years ago, a man called Wynken de Worde collected the rhymes together and printed a book about Robin Hood’ life, Since then, thousands of other books have been based on the rhymes — as wal a television programmes, films and computer games. All these things have spread his fame throughout the world. 78“The Robin Hood stories were certainly very popular with King Henry VIII, who ruled England at the start of the 16# century. Henry wasa child when the stories first appeared in print, but they fascinated him for the rest of his life. As a man he sometimes wore Robin Hood costumes (1) ‘Afger all this time it is hard to tell how the stories began, Some people think that Robin Hood is a fictional character; others think he really lived, and they argue about which part of England he was from. (2) were thieves who pounced on wealthy travellers in lonely woods. The idea that they were stealing from rich Polk to give to the poor has saved them from being branded as villains. They certainly chose their victims carefully, sparing the poor and picking on those who were wealthy and proud. One story says that Hood (3) . A porter is someone who has to do fetching and carrying work, and the idea fits in badly with all the other stories about his life and character. Enthusiasts prefer to believe that he spent the whole of his life in the woods. They say that most of the stories about him are perfectly rue — but nor this particular episode. Cy who was free and defiant from birch until death, On the other hand, they cannot explain why anyone would ever invent such a story, which ruins the whole Robin Hood romance. Historians have tried to check the facts (5) «They have studied Edward II’s accounts, which show the wages he paid to his workers — including porter called Robin Hood. In November 1324, Hood received his final payment: ‘five shillings because he could no longer work: (6) but it seems very likely. If so, Robin Hood was a genuine outlaw who lived in the reign of Edward I, His carcer of crime was apparently brought to a sudden end when he was capcured and made to work as a servant, “A by looking for clues in all sorts of places “Finally pensioned off in old age “© was captured and made to work as a porter at the court of King Edward II According to the stories, Robin Hood and his men “| They prefer the idea of a Robin Hood “pretending that he was Hood the robber “6 We cannot be sure that this is the famous Robin Hood “) for dances and May Day celebrations