KANO STATE COLLEGE OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY

SCHOOL OF NURSING KANO

CLASS 108

PRESENTATION BY
GROUP 5 STUDENTS

TOPIC
MECHANICAL VENTILATION FOR RESPIRATORY DISORDER
1ST SEMESTER SECOND YEAR
COURSE TITLE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (BNRES) 212
MEMBERS
1) Abdulbaki Danlami Inuwa BN/21/108/0946
2) Isham Aliyu BN/20/106/0
3) Abdullahi Ja`afar Lawan BN/21/108/1000
4) Sadiya Gali Sadiq BN/21/108/0971
5) Asma`u Nasidi Muhammad BN/21/108/1013
6) Zainab Mukhtar Musa BN/21/108/1015
7) Aisha Nazir Nasidi BN/21/108/0947
8) Maryam Abdullahi Ahmad BN/21/108/0925
9) Khadija Aliyu Musa BN/21/108/0940
10) Hannatu Rabi`u Isah BN/21/108/0984
11) Khadija Mukhtar Sale BN/21/108/0
12) Hauwa`u Abubakar Ibrahim BN/21/108/0986
13) Fatima Ado Ahmad BN/20/106/0845
14) Maimuna Ibrahim Sarki BN/21/108/0999
15) Assalamiyya Badamasi BN/20/106/0834
16) Fiddausi Sa`id Shanono BN/21/108/0997
17) Aisha Murtala Hussain BN/21/108/1012
18) Aminu Ali Baba BN/21/108/1009
19) Fatima Yahaya Sharif BN/21/108/0988

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INTRODUCTION

Mechanical ventilation is a form of life support. A mechanical ventilator

is a machine that takes over the work of breathing when a person is not
able to breathe enough on their own. The mechanical ventilator is also
called a ventilator, respirator or breathing machine.

Mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace

spontaneous breathing. This may involve a machine called a ventilator or
the breathing maybe assisted by a registered nurse, physician, physician
assistant, respiratory therapist, paramedic or other suitable person
compressing a bag or set of balloons.

Mechanical ventilation is termed invasive if it involves any instrument

penetrating trough the mouth (such as an endotracheal tube) or the skin
(such as tracheostomy tube). However, the mechanical ventilation (MV)
works by applying a positive pressure breathe and is dependent on the
compliance and resistance of the air way system. During spontaneous
inspiration, the lung expands as trans-pulmonary pressure (P) is produce
mainly by a negative pleural pressure generated by the inspiratory
muscles.

Definition

Mechanical ventilation can be defined as the technique through which gas

is moved towards and from the lungs through an external connected
directly to the patient.

Types of mechanical ventilation

There are many different types or style and method of giving a breath to
sustain life. Among the types are as follows:

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1) Manual ventilator: - such as bag valve masks and anesthesia bags that
required the user to hold the ventilator to the face or to an artificial air
way and maintain breaths with their hands.
2) Mechanical ventilator: are ventilator not requiring operator effort and
are typically computer controlled or pneumatic controlled also required
power by a battery or wall outlet. (DC or AC) through some ventilators
work on a pneumatic system not requiring power.
3) Transport ventilators: - these ventilators are small and more rugged
and can be powered pneumatically or via AC or DC power source.
4) Intensive care ventilator: - These ventilators are large and usually run
on AC power (through virtually contain a battery to facilitate intra facility
transport and as a backup in the event of a power failure) this style of
ventilator often provide greater control of a wide variety of ventilation
parameters (such as inspiratory rise time). Many (ICU) ventilators also
incorporate graphics to provide visual feedback of each breath.
5) Neonatal ventilators: designed with the pretermneonate in mind these
area a specialized subset of ICU ventilator that are designed to deliver the
smaller or more precise volumes and pressure required to ventilate these
patient.
6) Positive airway pressure ventilators (PAP): these ventilators are
specifically designed for non-invasive ventilation. This includes
ventilators for use at home for treatment of chronic conditions such as
sleep apnea or COPD.

FUNCTIONS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATIONS

1) It help to breathes properly when you can’t breathe on your own

2) It works on surgery if someone lungs are not working properly
3) It help to keeps your airway open
4) Also help to delivers oxygen and removed carbon dioxide
5) It maintain gas exchange and acid base balance.

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INDICATIONS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATIONS

1) Bradypnea or apnea with respiratory arrest

2) Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress system
3) Tachypnea (respiratory rate ≥ 30breaths per minutes
4) Vital capacity less than 15ml/kg
5) Minute ventilations ≥ 10 L /min
6) Acute respiratory acidosis
7) Refractory hypoxemia 1.0
8) Inability to protect the airway associated with depressed levels of
consciousness
9) Shock associated with excessive respiratory work
10) Patient with congested heart failure (CCF)

CONTRA INDICATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATIONS

1) Patient with intracranial pressure (ICP) >15mmHg

2) Hemodynamic instability
3) Recent facial, oral or skull surgery
4) Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
5) Recent esophageal surgery
6) Nausea
7) Air swallowing
8) Active untreated tuberculosis (AUTTB)
9) Radiographic evidence of bleb
10) Singulation (Hiccups)

MODE OF VENTILATION

1) Controlled

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 a) Pressure control (PC)
b) Volume control (VC)

2) Supported
a) Continue positive air way pressure (CPAP)
b) Pressure support (PS)
3) Combined
a) SIMV (PC)+PS
b) SIMV(VC)+PS

NURSING DIAGNOSIS

- Impaired spontaneous ventilation

- Ineffective airway clearance
- Anxiety related to unknown outcome
- Deficient knowledge
- Risk for complications related mechanical ventilation

NURSING INTERVENTION

- Elevate head of bed 60 – 900. This position moves the abdominal contents
away from the diaphragm which facilitates its contraction.
- Monitor ABG`s determine acid base balance and need for oxygen
- Observed skin colour and capillary refill. Determine adequacy of blood
flow needed to carry oxygen to tissue

NURSING MANAGEMENT

- Promote respiratory function

- Monitor for complications
- Prevent infection
- Provide adequate nutrition
- Monitor GI bleeding

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 NURSING RESPONSIBILITY

- Check ventilation setting

- Highly observation, HR, RR, BP, SPO2 lung sounds
- Maintain adequate face/mask seal
- Observed Patient level of consciousness chest wall movement,
coordination of patient respiratory effort with the ventilator work of
breathing.
- Pressure area on the skin beneath the mask.

COMPLICATIONS

- Hypotension patient
- Pneumothorax (Alveolar rupture)
- Decreased cardiac output
- Nosocomial Pneumonia
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Alarms turned off or non-functional
- Purulent sinusitis
- Psychological problems
- Laryngeal damage
- Tracheal necrosis

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