CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Session Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the participants would
be able to:
Discuss the fundamental concepts of IH and
describe the functions of an industrial
hygienist;
Identify the different environmental hazards;
Identify the specific measuring equipment for
particular hazards; and
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
The science that deals with the
recognition, evaluation and control
of environmental hazards and
stresses arising in and from the
workplace, which may impair
health, cause illness or discomfort,
and inefficiency among workers.
Contamination of Work Environment
Vapours
Gases Fumes
Work Dispersion
Dust Environment
Generation Contamination
Diffusion
Chemical Substance Noise
Raw Materials Mist
Heat
Entrance Injury
to
Human Accumulation
Illness
Body Excretion
Death
Metabolic
Reaction
Types of Health Hazards
Chemicals Ergonomics
Biological
Physical
Physical Hazards
Temperature Extremes
Pressure Extremes
Radiation
Noise
Illumination
Vibration
Chemical hazards and toxic substances pose a wide range of
health hazards (such as irritation, sensitization, and
carcinogenicity) and physical hazards (such as flammability,
corrosion, and explosibility).
Solvents / Vapors
Dust / Particulates
Heavy Metals / Fumes
Gases / Smoke
Acids / Mist
Biological Hazards
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Enzymes
Micro-organism
Biological Hazards
Sources of biological hazards may include bacteria, viruses, insects,
plants, birds, animals, and humans. These sources can cause a variety
of health effects ranging from skin irritation and allergies to infections
(e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS), cancer and so on.
Histoplasmosis
Anthrax
Indoor Air Quality - Moulds and Fungi
and Organisms Influenza
Avian Influenza Legionnaires' Disease
Bed Bugs in the Workplace Lyme Disease
Clostridium Difficile Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Common Cold Needlestick and Sharps Injuries
Flood Clean-up Pandemic Influenza (Flu)
HIV/AIDS (11) Psittacosis
Q Fever
Hantavirus
Rabies
Hepatitis A Toxoplasmosis
Hepatitis B Tuberculosis
Hepatitis C Working Safely around Stinging Insects
Zika Virus
Ergonomics Hazards
Improperly designed tools or
workareas
Improper lifting or reaching
Poor visual conditions
Repeated motion in awkward position
Hazards Recognition
Recognition of the different hazards can be accomplished
by…
• Walk-through survey/ocular inspection
• Reviewing process involved
• Knowing the raw materials used, products
and by-products
• Gathering of worker’s complaints
• CSDS/MSDS
What is CSDS/MSDS?
A summary of the important health, safety
and toxicological information on the
chemical or the mixture ingredients.
Contents of the CSDS/MSDS
1. Identification of the Chemicals
2. Composition/Information on Ingredients.
3. Hazards Identification.
4. First-aid Measures.
5. Fire-fighting Measures.
6. Accidental Release Measures
7. Handling and Storage
8. Personal Protection
Contents of the CSDS/MSDS
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
10. Stability and Reactivity
11. Toxicological Information
12. Ecological Information
13. Disposal Considerations
14. Transport Information
15. Regulatory Information
16. Other Information
Work Environment Measurement
(WEM)
Refers to the determination of environmental
stresses and their hazardous effects on
worker’s health through direct measurement of
the working environment using IH equipment.
Purposes of WEM
Work Environment Measurement
To monitor worker’s exposure to
harmful substances;
To evaluate the effectiveness of
environmental control measures
adopted to improve the workplace;
and
To maintain favorable environment
conditions.
Types of Environmental Monitoring
Area/Environmental Sampling
Personal Sampling
Biological Monitoring
Area/Environmental Sampling
Actual Personal Air Sampling
Equipment Set-up
Sampling Pump
Low Flow – 50- 350 mL/min -
High Flow - 1 - 5 L/min
Sampling Media
Filter Cassettes
Sorbent Tubes
Impingers
Sample Bags
WEM Equipment
Lux Meter - Illumination
Psychrometer - Humidity
Anemometer - Air Movement
Smoke Tester - Air Direction
Sound Level Meter - Noise
Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer - Heat
Sound Level Meter
Direct-Reading Instruments
(Gas Detection Instruments)
Instruments like:
Combustible Gas Detector
Oxygen Monitor
Toxic Gas Detector
Detector Tube Pump can be use for
on-the spot assessment of ambient
air
Evaluation
Determination of the
magnitude or level
of hazards with the
use of IH
equipment;
Analysis of samples
Comparison of
measurement results
to standards called
TLV
Analysis of Samples
Analytical equipment Sample
–Gas Chromatograph –Solvents
–High Performance –Inorganic chemicals
Liquid Chromatograph
–Atomic Absorption –Metals
Spectrophotometer
–X-ray Diffractometer –Mineral dust
–Asbestos fibers
–UV-Vis –Acids and Other
Spectrophotometer Chemicals
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
Threshold Limit Value(TLV) – exposure
guidelines established for airborne
concentration of many chemical
compounds.
Categories:
– TLV/TWA - Time Weighted Average
– TLV/STEL - Short Term Exposure Limit
– TLV/C - Ceiling
Permissible Noise Exposure
Duration/day Sound Level
Hours (hr) dB(A)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115
Permissible Heat Exposure
Threshold Limit Values
Work-Rest Workload Workload Workload
Regimen Light Moderate Heavy
Continuous 30.0 oC 26.7 oC 25.0 oC
75% work - o o o
30.6 C 28.0 C 25.9 C
25% rest
50% work - o o o
31.4 C 29.4 C 27.9 C
50% rest
25% work -
32.2 oC 31.1 oC 30.0 oC
75% rest
Recommended Illumination Levels
A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor,
warehouse
A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms;
toilets and washrooms
A minimum of 200 lux – canning and preserving;
planing of lumber and veneering
A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection;
office deskwork with intermittent reading and
writing for filing and mail sorting.
Recommended Illumination Levels
A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection,
fine woodworking, accounting, drafting,
stenographic work.
A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine
assembling; jewelry and watch mfg;
proofreading in printing plants
TLV of Airborne Contaminants
Particulates Mists
Asbestos –2 fibers/cc HCl - 5 ppm
Dust (resp.)- 5 mg/m3 H3PO4 - 0.25 ppm
H2SO4 - 0.25 ppm
Dust (total)- 10 mg/m3
HNO3 - 2 ppm
TLV of Airborne Contaminants
GASES VAPORS
CO 50ppm Acetone 1,000ppm
Benzene 25ppm-C
CO2 5,000ppm
Toluene 100ppm
Cl2 1ppm
Methanol 200ppm
O2 19.5 % Ethanol 1,000ppm
H2S 10 ppm Methyl 500ppm-C
Chloride
ANY QUESTIONS???
