EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE
PHYSICS Dr. Ludolf von Alvensleben
Laboratory Experiments
Summary
1.4.03 Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids
1 Mechanics (rotary viscometer)
1.4.04 Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer
1.1 Measurement Techniques 1.4.05 Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method)
1.1.01 Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time 1.4.06 Surface tension by the pull-out method with PC interface
1.1.02 Force measurement with PC interface 1.4.07 Barometric height formula
1.1.03 Measurement of rotational velocity 1.4.08 Drag (resistance to flow)
1.1.04 Measurement of minimal force differences 1.4.09 Lift and drag
1.2 Statics 1.5 Mechanical Vibration Acoustics
1.2.01 Moments 1.5.01 Vibration of strings
1.2.02 Modulus of elasticity 1.5.03 Velocity of sound in air and in metal rods w. PC-interface
1.2.03 Mechanical hysteresis 1.5.04 Acoustic Doppler effect
1.5.05 Acoustic Doppler effect with PC interface
1.3 Dynamics
1.5.06 Velocity of sound using Kundt’s tube
1.3.01 Hooke’s law
1.5.07 Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube
1.3.02 Hooke’s law with PC interface
1.5.08 Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators
1.3.03 Newton’s law / Air track with PC interface
1.3.04 Uniformly accelerated linear motion / 1.5.09 Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves
Air track with PC interface and diffraction at a slot with PC interface
1.3.05 Laws of collision / Air track 1.5.10 Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids
1.3.07 Free fall 1.5.11 Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids
1.3.08 Free fall with an interface system 1.5.12 Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquids
1.3.10 Atwood’s machine with PC interface
1.6 Applied Mechanics
1.3.11 Projectile motion
1.6.01 Notch bar impact test
1.3.12 Ballistic pendulum
1.6.02 Material testing: Tensile test / Compression test
1.3.13 Moment of inertia and angular acceleration
1.3.14 Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with 1.7 Handbooks
PC interface
1.7.01 Physics Demonstration Experiments –
1.3.15 Moment and angular momentum Magnet Board Mechanics 1
1.3.16 Centrifugal force 1.7.02 Physics Demonstration Experiments –
1.3.17 Dependence of central force on angular velocity, Magnet Board Mechanics 2
track radius and mass with PC interface
1.3.18 Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell’s wheel
1.3.19 Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope 2 Optics
1.3.20 Laws of gyroscopes / Cardanic gyroscope
1.3.21 Mathematical pendulum 2.1 Geometrical Optics
1.3.22 Reversible pendulum 2.1.01 Measuring the velocity of light
1.3.23 Variable g pendulum 2.1.02 Laws of lenses and optical instruments
1.3.24 Variable g pendulum – 2.1.03 Dispersion and resolving power of the prism
Pendulum oscillations with PC interface 2.1.04 Dispersion and resolving power of a grating /
1.3.25 Coupled pendula Grating spectroscope
1.3.26 Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs –
Springs linked in parallel and in series
2.2 Interference
1.3.27 Forced oscillations – Pohl’s pendulum 2.2.01 Interference of light
1.3.28 Parallel axis theorem / Steiner’s theorem 2.2.02 Newton’s rings
1.3.29 Moments of inertia of different bodies / 2.2.03 Interference at a Mica plate according to Pohl
Steiner’s theorem with PC interface 2.2.04 Fresnel’s zone construction / Zone plate
1.3.30 Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus 2.2.05 Michelson interferometer
1.3.31 Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations 2.2.06 Coherence and width of spectral lines with
1.3.32 The propagation of a periodically excited Michelson interferometer
continuous transverse wave 2.2.07 Refraction index of air and CO2 with
1.3.33 Phase velocity of rope waves Michelson interferometer
1.4 Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies 2.3 Diffraction
1.4.01 Density of liquids 2.3.01 Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
1.4.02 Surface of rotating liquids 2.3.02 Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge
Summary
2.3.03 Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular 3.3 Calorimetry, Friction Heat
obstacles
3.3.01 Heat capacity of metals
2.3.04 Determination of diffraction intensity due to multiple slits and
grids 3.3.02 Mechanical equivalent of heat
2.3.05 Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit 3.3.03 Heat of formation for CO2 and CO (Hess’ Law)
systems 3.3.04 COBRA – Calorimetry
2.3.06 Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire – Babinet’s theorem
3.4 Phase Transitions
2.4 Photometry 3.4.01 Vapour pressure of water at high temperature
2.4.01 Transmission of colour filters – Absorption of light 3.4.02 Vapour pressure of water below 100°C / Molar heat of
(UV-VIS spectroscopy) vaporization
2.4.02 Photometric law of distance 3.4.03 Boiling point elevation
2.4.03 Photometric law of distance with PC interface 3.4.04 Freezing point depression
2.4.04 Lambert’s law 3.4.05 Phase transitions / Differential thermoanalysis
2.4.05 Lambert-Beer law – Diode array spectrometer
3.5 Transport and Diffusion
2.5 Polarisation 3.5.01 Stefan-Boltzmann’s law of radiation
2.5.01 Polarisation by quarterwave plates 3.5.02 Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals
2.5.02 Polarimetry 3.5.03 Diffusion potentials / Nernst equation
2.5.03 Fresnel’s equations – Theory of reflection
3.6 Applied Thermodynamics
2.5.04 Malus’ law
3.6.01 Solar ray collector
2.6 Applied Optics 3.6.02 Heat pump
2.6.01 Faraday effect 3.6.03 Heat insulation / Heat conduction
2.6.02 Kerr effect 3.6.04 Stirling engine
2.6.03 Recording and reconstruction of holograms
3.7 Handbooks
2.6.04 CO2-laser
2.6.05 LDA – Laser-Doppler-Anemometry 3.7.01 Glass jacket system
2.6.07 Helium Neon Laser 3.7.02 Air cushion table
2.6.08 Optical pumping 3.7.03 Physics Demonstration Experiments –
Magnet Board Thermodynamics
2.6.09 Nd-YAG laser
2.6.10 Fibre optics
2.6.11 Fourier optics – 2f Arrangement 4 Electricity
2.6.12 Fourier optics – 4f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction
4.1 Stationary Currents
2.7 Handbooks
4.1.01 Measurement of low resistance
2.7.01 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Optics
4.1.02 Wheatstone bridge
2.7.02 Laser Physics I – Experiments with coherent light
4.1.03 Internal resistance and matching in voltage source
2.7.03 Laser Physics II – Experiments with coherent light –
Holography 4.1.04 Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes
2.7.04 Laser Physics III – Experiments with coherent light – 4.1.05 Working definition of voltage
Interferometry 4.1.06 Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor
2.7.05 Diode array spectrometer 4.1.07 Semiconductor thermogenerator
4.1.08 Peltier heat pump
4.1.09 Characteristic curves of a solar cell
3 Thermodynamics 4.1.10 Characteristic curves of electron tubes (diode, triode)
4.1.11 Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser
3.1 Thermal Expansion
3.1.01 Thermal expansion in solids and liquids 4.2 Electric Field
4.2.01 Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor
3.2 Ideal and Real Gases
4.2.02 Charging curve of a capacitor
3.2.01 Equation of state of ideal gases
4.2.03 Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor
3.2.02 Heat capacity of gases
4.2.04 Coulomb’s law / Image charge
3.2.03 Maxwellian velocity distribution
4.2.05 Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres
3.2.04 Thermal equation of state and critical point
4.2.06 Dielectric constant of different materials
3.2.05 Adiabatic coefficient of gases – Flammersfeld oscillator
3.2.06 Joule-Thomson effect
Summary
4.3 Magnetic Field 5.2.02 Law of radioactive decay
4.3.01 Earth’s magnetic field 5.2.03 Influence of the dead time of the counter
tube on the pulse distribution
4.3.02 Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart’s law
5.2.04 Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber
4.3.03 Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement
5.2.05 Poisson’s distribution and Gaussian
4.3.04 Magnetic moment in the magnetic field distribution of radioactive decay
4.3.05 Magnetic field outside a straight conductor 5.2.06 COBRA – Radioactivity
4.3.06 Magnetic field inside a conductor 5.2.07 COBRA – Statistics of the radioactive decay
4.3.07 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system 5.2.21 Rutherford experiment
5.2.22 Fine structure of the a-spectrum of 241Am
4.4 Electrodynamics
5.2.23 Study of the a-energies of 226Ra
4.4.01 Transformer
5.2.24 Energy loss of a-particles in gases
4.4.02 Magnetic induction
5.2.31 Electron absorption
4.4.03 Inductance of solenoids
5.2.32 b-spectroscopy
4.4.04 Coil in the AC circuit
5.2.41 Law of distance and absorption of gamma rays
4.4.05 Capacitor in the AC circuit
5.2.42 Energy dependence of the g-absorption coefficient
4.4.06 RLC Circuit
5.2.43 Absorption of g-quantums and their dependence
4.4.07 Rectifier circuits on the material density
4.4.08 RC Filters 5.2.44 Compton effect
4.4.09 High-pass and low-pass filters 5.2.45 Internal conversion in 137mBa
4.4.10 RLC measuring bridge 5.2.46 Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section
4.4.11 Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits 5.2.47 X-ray fluorescence and Moseley’s law
4.5 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves 5.3 Solid-state Physics
4.5.02 Coupled oscillating circuits 5.3.01 Hall effect in p-germanium
4.5.04 Interference of microwaves 5.3.02 Hall effect in n-germanium
4.5.05 Diffraction of microwaves 5.3.03 Hall effect in metals
4.5.06 Diffraction and polarization of microwaves 5.3.04 Band gap of germanium
4.5.08 Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves 5.3.05 Superconductivity / Transition temperature
4.5.09 Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves 5.3.06 Superconductivity / Influence of current and B-field
4.6 Handbooks 5.4 X-ray Physics
4.6.01 Electrical Energy and Power 5.4.01 Characteristic X-rays and Bragg scattering with higher order
5.4.02 X-ray monochromatization
5.4.03 Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck’s “quantum of action”
5 Physical Structure of Matter 5.4.04 X-ray absorption
5.4.05 K and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley’s law and
5.1 Physics of the Electron Rydberg constant
5.1.01 Elementary charge and Millikan experiment 5.4.06 Planck’s “quantum of action”
5.1.02 Specific charge of the electron – e/m 5.4.07 Compton scattering of X-rays
5.1.03 Franck-Hertz experiment 5.4.08 X-ray investigation of structures / Debye-Scherrer and Laue
5.1.04 Planck’s “quantum of action” from photoelectric effect methods
(line separation by interference filters) 5.4.10 X-ray dosimetry
5.1.05 Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect 5.4.11 Physics Demonstration Experiments –
(line separation by defraction grating) Magnet Board Optics
5.1.06 Fine structure and one-electron spectrum 5.4.12 COBRA – X-ray Spectroscopy
5.1.07 Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg’s constant
5.1.08 Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg
5.1.09 Two-electron spectra with the prism spectrometer 6 Handbooks
5.1.10 Zeeman effect
5.1.11 Stern-Gerlach experiment 6.1.01 Science with COBRA
5.1.12 Electron spin resonance 6.1.02 COBRA – Force
5.1.13 Electron diffraction
6.1.03 COBRA – Movement recording
5.2 Radioactivity 6.1.05 COBRA – Pulse Rate, Frequency and Time
5.2.01 Half-life and radioactive equilibrium
6.1.06 COBRA – Lux and Oxygen
1
Mechanics
Contents
1.1 Measurement Techniques 1.3.27 Forced oscillations – Pohl’s pendulum
1.1.01 Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time 1.3.28 Parallel axis theorem / Steiner’s theorem
1.1.02 Force measurement with PC interface 1.3.29 Moments of inertia of different bodies/Steiner’s theorem with PC interface
1.1.03 Measurement of rotational velocity 1.3.30 Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus
1.1.04 Measurement of minimal force differences 1.3.31 Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations
1.3.32 The propagation of a periodically excited continuous transverse wave
1.2 Statics
1.3.33 Phase velocity of rope waves
1.2.01 Moments
1.2.02 Modulus of elasticity 1.4 Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies
1.2.03 Mechanical hysteresis 1.4.01 Density of liquids
1.4.02 Surface of rotating liquids
1.3 Dynamics
1.4.03 Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer)
1.3.01 Hooke’s law
1.4.04 Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer
1.3.02 Hooke’s law with PC interface
1.4.05 Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method)
1.3.03 Newton’s law / Air track
1.4.06 Surface tension by the pull-out method with PC interface
1.3.04 Uniformly accelerated linear motion / Air track with PC interface
1.4.07 Barometric height formula
1.3.05 Laws of collision / Air track
1.4.08 Drag (resistance to flow)
1.3.07 Free fall
1.4.09 Lift and drag
1.3.08 Free fall with an interface system
1.3.10 Atwood’s machine with PC interface 1.5 Mechanical Vibration Acoustics
1.3.11 Projectile motion 1.5.01 Vibration of strings
1.3.12 Ballistic pendulum 1.5.03 Velocity of sound in air and in metal rods with PC-interface
1.3.13 Moment of inertia and angular acceleration 1.5.04 Acoustic Doppler effect
1.3.14 Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with PC interface 1.5.05 Acoustic Doppler effect with PC interface
1.3.15 Moment and angular momentum 1.5.06 Velocity of sound using Kundt’s tube
1.3.16 Centrifugal force 1.5.07 Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube
1.3.17 Dependence of central force on angular velocity, track radius and mass 1.5.08 Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with PC interface
with PC interface 1.5.09 Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves and diffraction at a
1.3.18 Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell’s wheel slot with PC interface
1.3.19 Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope 1.5.10 Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids
1.3.20 Laws of gyroscopes / Cardanic gyroscope 1.5.11 Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids
1.3.21 Mathematical pendulum 1.5.12 Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquids
1.3.22 Reversible pendulum 1.6 Applied Mechanics
1.3.23 Variable g pendulum 1.6.01 Notch bar impact test
1.3.24 Variable g pendulum – Pendulum oscillations with PC interface 1.6.02 Material testing: Tensile test / Compression test
1.3.25 Coupled pendula 1.7 Handbooks
1.3.26 Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs – Springs linked in parallel and in 1.7.01 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Mechanics 1
series 1.7.02 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Mechanics 2
2
Optics
Contents
2.1 Geometrical Optics 2.4.04 Lambert’s law
2.1.01 Measuring the velocity of light 2.4.05 Lambert-Beer law – Diode array spectrometer
2.1.02 Laws of lenses and optical instruments 2.5 Polarisation
2.1.03 Dispersion and resolving power of the prism 2.5.01 Polarisation by quarterwave plates
2.1.04 Dispersion and resolving power of a grating / Grating spectroscope 2.5.02 Polarimetry
2.2 Interference 2.5.03 Fresnel’s equations – Theory of reflection
2.2.01 Interference of light 2.5.04 Malus’ law
2.2.02 Newton’s rings 2.6 Applied Optics
2.2.03 Interference at a Mica plate according to Pohl 2.6.01 Faraday effect
2.2.04 Fresnel’s zone construction / Zone plate 2.6.02 Kerr effect
2.2.05 Michelson interferometer 2.6.03 Recording and reconstruction of holograms
2.2.06 Coherence and width of spectral lines with Michelson interferometer 2.6.04 CO2-laser
2.2.07 Refraction index of air and CO2 with Michelson interferometer 2.6.05 LDA – Laser-Doppler-Anemometry
2.3 Diffraction 2.6.07 Helium Neon Laser
2.3.01 Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 2.6.08 Optical pumping
2.3.02 Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge 2.6.09 Nd-YAG laser
2.3.03 Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular 2.6.10 Fibre optics
obstacles 2.6.11 Fourier optics – 2 f Arrangement
2.3.04 Determination of diffraction intensity due to multiple slits and grids 2.6.12 Fourier optics – 4 f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction
2.3.05 Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit 2.7 Handbooks
systems
2.7.01 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Optics
2.3.06 Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire – Babinet’s theorem
2.7.02 Laser Physics I – Experiments with coherent light
2.4 Photometry 2.7.03 Laser Physics II – Experiments with coherent light – Holography
2.4.01 Transmission of colour filters – Absorption of light 2.7.04 Laser Physics III – Experiments with coherent light – Interferometry
(UV-VIS spectroscopy)
2.7.05 Diode array spectrometer
2.4.02 Photometric law of distance
2.4.03 Photometric law of distance with PC interface
3
Thermodynamics
Contents
3.1 Thermal Expansion 3.5 Transport and Diffusion
3.1.01 Thermal expansion in solids and liquids 3.5.01 Stefan-Boltzmann’s law of radiation
3.2 Ideal and Real Gases 3.5.02 Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals
3.2.01 Equation of state of ideal gases 3.5.03 Diffusion potentials / Nernst equation
3.2.02 Heat capacity of gases 3.6 Applied Thermodynamics
3.2.03 Maxwellian velocity distribution 3.6.01 Solar ray collector
3.2.04 Thermal equation of state and critical point 3.6.02 Heat pump
3.2.05 Adiabatic coefficient of gases – Flammersfeld oscillator 3.6.03 Heat insulation / Heat conduction
3.2.06 Joule-Thomson effect 3.6.04 Stirling engine
3.3 Calorimetry, Friction Heat 3.7 Handbooks
3.3.01 Heat capacity of metals 3.7.01 Glass jacket system
3.3.02 Mechanical equivalent of heat 3.7.02 Air cushion table
3.3.03 Heat of formation for CO2 and CO (Hess’ Law) 3.7.03 Physics Demonstration Experiments – Magnet Board Thermo-
3.3.04 COBRA – Calorimetry dynamics
3.4 Phase Transitions
3.4.01 Vapour pressure of water at high temperature
3.4.02 Vapour pressure of water below 100°C / Molar heat of vaporization
3.4.03 Boiling point elevation
3.4.04 Freezing point depression
3.4.05 Phase transitions / Differential thermoanalysis
4
Electricity
Contents
4.1 Stationary Currents 4.3.05 Magnetic field outside a straight conductor
4.1.01 Measurement of low resistance 4.3.06 Magnetic field inside a conductor
4.1.02 Wheatstone bridge 4.3.07 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system
4.1.03 Internal resistance and matching in voltage source 4.4 Electrodynamics
4.1.04 Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes 4.4.01 Transformer
4.1.05 Working definition of voltage 4.4.02 Magnetic induction
4.1.06 Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor 4.4.03 Inductance of solenoids
4.1.07 Semiconductor thermogenerator 4.4.04 Coil in the AC circuit
4.1.08 Peltier heat pump 4.4.05 Capacitor in the AC circuit
4.1.09 Characteristic curves of a solar cell 4.4.06 RLC Circuit
4.1.10 Characteristic curves of electron tubes (diode, triode) 4.4.07 Rectifier circuits
4.1.11 Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser 4.4.08 RC Filters
4.2 Electric Field 4.4.09 High-pass and low-pass filters
4.2.01 Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor 4.4.10 RLC measuring bridge
4.2.02 Charging curve of a capacitor 4.4.11 Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits
4.2.03 Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor 4.5 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves
4.2.04 Coulomb’s law / Image charge 4.5.02 Coupled oscillating circuits
4.2.05 Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres 4.5.04 Interference of microwaves
4.2.06 Dielectric constant of different materials 4.5.05 Diffraction of microwaves
4.3 Magnetic Field 4.5.06 Diffraction and polarization of microwaves
4.3.01 Earth’s magnetic field 4.5.08 Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves
4.3.02 Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart’s law 4.5.09 Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves
4.3.03 Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement 4.6 Handbooks
4.3.04 Magnetic moment in the magnetic field 4.6.01 Electrical Energy and Power
5
Physical Structure of Matter
Contents
5.1 Physics of the Electron 5.2.31 Electron absorption
5.2.32 b-spectroscopy
5.1.01 Elementary charge and Millikan experiment
5.2.41 Law of distance and absorption of gamma rays
5.1.02 Specific charge of the electron – e/m
5.2.42 Energy dependence of the g-absorption coefficient
5.1.03 Franck-Hertz experiment
5.2.43 Absorption of g-quantums and their dependence on the material
5.1.04 Planck’s “quantum of action” from photoelectric effect
density
(line separation by interference filters)
5.2.44 Compton effect
5.1.05 Planck’s “quantum of action” from the photoelectric effect
(line separation by defraction grating) 5.2.45 Internal conversion in 137mBa
5.1.06 Fine structure and one-electron spectrum 5.2.46 Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section
5.1.07 Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg’s constant 5.2.47 X-ray fluorescence and Moseley’s law
5.1.08 Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg 5.3 Solid-state physics
5.1.09 Two-electron spectra with the prism spectrometer 5.3.01 Hall effect in p-germanium
5.1.10 Zeeman effect 5.3.02 Hall effect in n-germanium
5.1.11 Stern-Gerlach experiment 5.3.03 Hall effect in metals
5.1.12 Electron spin resonance 5.3.04 Band gap of germanium
5.1.13 Electron diffraction 5.3.05 Superconductivity / Transition temperature
5.2 Radioactivity 5.3.06 Superconductivity / Influence of current and B-field
5.2.01 Half-life and radioactive equilibrium 5.4 X-ray physics
5.2.02 Law of radioactive decay 5.4.01 Characteristic X-rays and Bragg scattering with higher order
5.2.03 Influence of the dead time of the counter tube on the pulse 5.4.02 X-ray monochromatization
distribution 5.4.03 Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck’s “quantum of action”
5.2.04 Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber 5.4.04 X-ray absorption
5.2.05 Poisson’s distribution and Gaussian distribution of radioactive decay 5.4.05 K and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley’s law and Rydberg
5.2.06 COBRA – Radioactivity constant
5.2.07 COBRA – Statistics of the radioactive decay 5.4.06 Planck’s “quantum of action”
5.2.21 Rutherford experiment 5.4.07 Compton scattering of X-rays
5.2.22 Fine structure of the a-spectrum of 241Am 5.4.08 X-ray investigation of structures / Debye-Scherrer and Laue methods
5.2.23 Study of the a-energies of 226Ra 5.4.10 X-ray dosimetry
5.2.24 Energy loss of a-particles in gases 5.4.11 Experiments of the X-ray unit
5.4.12 COBRA – X-ray Spectroscopy
6
Handbooks
Contents
6.1.01 Science with COBRA
6.1.02 COBRA – Force
6.1.03 COBRA – Movement recording
6.1.05 COBRA – Pulse Rate, Frequency and Time
6.1.06 COBRA – Lux and Oxygen
