Siteworks and Foundation
Master Format
a standard which is used throughout the construction industry to format specifications for construction contract documents
Specifications Group
Division 01 General Requirements
Facility Construction Subgroup
Division 02 Existing Conditions Division 09 Finishes
Division 03 Concrete Division 10 Specialties
Division 04 Masonry Division 11 Equipment
Division 05 Metals Division 12 Furnishings
Division 06 Wood, Plastics and Composites Division 13 Special Construction
Division 07 Thermal and Moisture Protection Division 14 Conveying Equipment
Division 08 Openings
Major Parts of A Building
the habitable portion of the building found below the ground
Slab on Fill
slab which rests on the ground
and not suspended
Crawl Space
Substructure unfinished accessible space
below the first floor which is
usually less than a full storey
height
Basement
lower storey of a building either
partly or entirely below grade
the structural portion of the building that transfer the buildings load into the soil
Construction Below Grade footing courses, basement walls, etc. forming the lower section of a structure
Foundation
Natural Material particular part of the earth's surface on which the construction rests
Special Construction piling or piers used to transmit the loads of the building to firm the substrata
Superstructure the portion of the building above the ground
Roof Walls
Parapet Floor
Lintels Stairs
Beams Plinth Beam
Columns Foundation
Damp Proof Course Plinth
Preparation for Construction
1. Staking out the Building
Driving of stakes for batterboards to locate the
corners and foundations of a building for excavation
2. Laying the Batterboards
This establishes the height of the footing trenches,
foundations and the height of the finish floor levels
Tools
Spirit Level Plastic Hose filled with Water
an instrument or tool capable of a method of leveling horizontally
vertical and horizontal line check batterboards without transit
water always finds it level
Plumb Bob 3-4-5 Multiples with the Use of
a weight attached to a string used Steel Tape Measure
for vertical line check a manual method of squaring the
corners of building lines in staking
3. Formwork and Shoring
Formwork used to shape and support fresh concrete until cures and able to support itself
Shoring temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs
**see Concrete and Concrete works for Forms of Concrete Reinforcements**
Site Layout Process
1. Clearing and Excavation 6. Heating and Ventilation
Removal of trees, boulders or any other obstacles
Vents, ductwork and the heating and cooling unit
that are in the way of your building, and leveling or
are all installed
grading the ground
2. Foundation 7. Ceiling Works
Includes foundation layout marking, excavation for
consists of adding ceiling, finishes up adding
the column footing, laying of formworks, pouring
outlets and lighting fixtures
of concrete and curing
3. Framing 8. Fixtures
This is where the framing for the floor system, walls installing toilet and bath fixtures, cabinetry, windows,
and roof system (known as the shell/skeleton) are doors, kitchen equipment, and others items that
completed are fixed in place
4. Rough-in 9. Finishes
involves installing the pipes and wires and lines are
involves installing flooring, painting the walls,
laid out, but final connections are not made until
adding mouldings, and any other interior finishes
other stages of the project are completed
5. Roofing
needs to be done before any further work inside of
the building can take place, as rain and outdoor
elements can damage the work that is taking place
Foundation Loads
a constant load in a structure that is the weight of the members, the supported structure and the fixed attachments
Dead Load ex. walls, plasters, ceilings, floors, beams, columns, roofs and fixtures
Computation: Dead load = volume of member x unit weight of materials
refers to loads that can change over time
Live Load
ex. people, furniture
Wind Load load placed on the exterior of the structure by wind
Soil
Classes Features
Course Grained Soil must have stability during wet and dry season
consists of relatively large particles wisible to the naked eye must have good structure and physical properties that can give stability
Fine Grained Soil must have balanced chemistry to be able to withstand any building
consists of much smaller particles such as silt and clay must be able to capture precipitation to withstand erosion
Types
composed of fine mineral materials and little organic materials
Clay often sticky when wet and does not drain well
drilled pier or a slab-on-grade foundation technique
found in the wetlands with a low-bulk density, and consists of decaying or organic matter
Peat can absorb a large amount of water and can become extremely dry during the dry season
worst soil to build a structure or foundation on
can be found near the river, lake, and other water bodies and made up of rock and other mineral materials
Silty very smooth and fine soil when felt with the hand and can hold water for a long period
does not dry out quickly or easily when it holds wate
ideal soil to build a foundation due to its sand, silt, and clay constituents
Loam handles moisture appropriately as it absorbs moisture and dries out at an even rate
allows for air circulation and drains nicely
right choice to use for the construction of larger buildings like skyscrapers, duplex, and multistory buildings; this is because of its high bearing capacity
Rock or
offer a limited risk of the formation of cracks or fissures in a building because they have a high bearing capacity
Bedrock
offer a limited risk of the formation of cracks or fissures in a building because they have a high bearing capacity
sand and gravel are suitable because they have large particles, which aid the quick drainage of water
Sand and
can be compacted with other good soil types like loam soil
Gravel
oundation technique for this soil type is screw piles or helical plier to prevent sand from washing away
Criteria of Strength of Soil bed
Allowable Bearing Capacity
the amount of load the soil can
take without experiencing shear
failure or exceeding the allowable
amount of settlement
Density
critical factor determining the bearing capacity of granular soils
Standard Penetration Test
measures the density of soils and consistency of clay
records the number of blows required by a
hammer to advance a standard soil sampler
Maximum Dry Density
measures the density of soil after it has been heated
at a temperature of 221 deg F to a dry condition
Shearing Strength Test
measure of the ability to resist
displacement when an external
force is applied
Water Table Test
level beneath which the soil is
saturated with groundwater
Soil Mixing
Excavation and Earthworking
1. Excavating Excavation, Leveling and Grading Tools
process of digging the earth to Hand Tools
provide a place for the foundation Spade Shovel Hoe
of the building Trowel Rake Pickaxe Mattock
2. Leveling and Grading Machinery Tools Excavator
processes that change land Tracked Excavator Bulldozer
elevation and slope by filling in low Wheeled Excavator Dragline Excavators
spots and shaving off high spots Back Hoe Trenchers
3. Stabilizing the Soil Compacting Tools
process of compacting the soil Hand Tools Machinery Tools
on which the structure will rest Hand Tamper Smooth Wheeled Rollers Grid Rollers
Vibrating Plate Sheepsfoot roller Tamping Rollers
Rammer Pneumatic Tyred Rollers Impact Roller
law that states that any person shall be responsible to any damages incurred to the
4. Protection of Adjoing Structure
adjoining property during excavation
5. Shoring process of transferring a portion of the load of the wall to temporary footings
Sheet Piles Wales
Timber, steel or pre cast planks Continous horizontal beams
driven side by side to retain earth which tie the sheet piles in place
and prevent water from seeping
Soldier Piles Lagging
Steel H-sections driven vertically Heavy timber planks joined
into the ground together horizontally toretain the
face of an excavation
Crossbracing or Rakers Tiebacks
diagonals which support the wales secured to rock or soil anchors
and soldier piles bearing on footings when crossbracing or rakers would
interfere with the excavation
procedures
6. Needling and Underpinning is a process where needles or girders are used in cases where part or
all the weight of the wall has to be carried
Needle Dead Shore
is a short beam passed through an upright timber for supporting
a wall as a temporary support while a dead load during the structural
the foundation or part beneath is alteration of a building especially
repaired, altered or strengthened one or two supports for a needle
07 Dewatering process of lowering a water table or preventing an excavation from filling with groundwater
It is accomplished by driving perforated tubes called wellpoints into the ground to collect
water from the surrounding area so it can be pumped away
Foundation
Types of Deep Foundation
Pile Foundations used to transfer heavy loads from the structure to a
hard rock strata much deep below the ground level
used to prevent uplift of the structure due to lateral
loads such as earthquake and wind forces
generally used for soils where soil conditions near
the ground surface is not suitable for heavy loads
not suitable for soils where caving formations are
difficult to stabilize, soils made up of boulders,
artesian aquifer exists
high capacity cast-in-situ foundations
Drilled Shafts or resists loads from structure through shaft resistance,
Caisson toe resistance and can transfer loads larger than pile
Foundation foundations
not suitable when deep deposits of soft clays and
loose, water-bearing granular soils exist
constructed by driving a closed-ended hollow steel
or concrete casing into the ground and then filling
it with concrete
Types of Shallow Foundations
most common type of foundation used for
building construction
is selected when the foundation experiences
Isolated Footing moments due to the eccentricity of loads or due to
horizontal forces
are spread footings supporting free-standing columns
and piers (block or square / slope or pyramidal)
constructed when two or more columns are close
enough and their isolated footings overlap
Combined combination of isolated footings, but their structural
Footing design differs
used when loads from the structure is carried by
the columns
are those whose base is wider than a typical
load-bearing wall foundations
spreads the weight from the building structure over
more area and provides better stability
Spread and used for individual columns, walls and bridge piers
Wall Footings where the bearing soil layer is within 3m from the
ground surface
should not be used on soils where there is any
possibility of a ground flow of water above bearing
layer of soil which may result in scour or
liquefaction
may be used in place of combined footing under the
same conditions
Cantilevered
Footings The footings of the interior and exterior are connected
by a tie beam or strap which is extended to support
the exterior column
Continous
Footings may be supporting a line of columns or supporting all
the columns by strips at right angle to each other
may be inverted slab or inverted tee continous footings
types of foundation which are spread across the
entire area of the building to support heavy structural
loads from columns and walls
used to prevent differential settlement of individual
Raft or Mat footings, thus designed as a single mat of all the
Footings load-bearing elements of the structure
suitable for expansive soils whose bearing capacity
is less for the suitability of spread and wall footings
should not be used where the groundwater table is
above the bearing surface of the soil
Slabs
Types of concrete Slabs
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose
length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two generally supported on all sides of walls or beams,
and it bends in only one direction while it is and whose length to breadth ratio is less than two
transferring the loads to the two supporting walls and it twists or bends in both direction while
or beams transferring the loads to the walls or beams
Ribbed Slab Hollow Core Slab
made up of wide band beams running between
columns with narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used
direction in the construction of floors in multi-story buildings
Waffle Slab Hardy Slab
built with hardy bricks which is made of hollow bricks
is a concrete slab made of reinforced concrete with and concrete
concrete ribs running in two directions on its
underside used to fill thick slab areas, which saves the amount
of concrete, thus reducing the slab's weight
commonly found in Dubai and China
Flat Slab Bubble Deck Slab
two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does voided structural slab design that uses recycled
not have beams and girders, and the loads are plastic spheres sandwiched between layers of
transferred directly to the supporting concrete reinforcing steel lattice to introduce “voids” into the
columns two-way slab
Composite Slab consist of profiled steel decking with an in-situ
reinforced concrete topping
The decking acts as permanent formwork to the
concrete and provides sufficient shear bond with the
concrete so that, when it has gained strength, the two
materials act together compositely
