International Financial Management

13th Edition
by Jeff Madura

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 5 Currency Derivatives
Chapter Objectives

• Describe the characteristics and use of forward

contracts.
• Describe the characteristics and use of currency
futures contracts.
• Describe the characteristics and use of currency call
option contracts.
• Describe the characteristics and use of currency put
option contracts.

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 What is a Currency Derivative?

A currency derivative is a contract whose price is

derived from the value of an underlying currency.
Examples include forwards/futures contracts and
options contracts.
Derivatives are used by MNCs to:
• Speculate on future exchange rate movements
• Hedge exposure to exchange rate risk

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 Forwards

 Forwards are contracts containing the right and full

obligation to conduct a transaction involving another
security or commodity - the underlying asset - at a
predetermined date (maturity date) and at a
predetermined price (contract price)
 This is a trade agreement
 3 Part Definition of a Forward Contract:
an agreement between a bank and a customer to deliver
a specified amount of currency against
another currency
at a specified future date and
at a fixed exchange rate

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 An example of Forward contract

Today November 1st 2022

On Dec 10th 2022, a American importer will pay to a
British exporter an amount of GBP1.000.000
What options for the importer
- Buy GBP today on the spot market
- Buy GBP on Dec 10th on the spot market
- Enter a long position in a forward agreement today
Buy GBP1.000.000
At the rate 1GBP = 1.72 USD
Delivery date: Dec 10th 2022

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 Exhibit 7.8: Hedging a future payment with a
forward contact

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 Forward Market (1 of 4)

A forward contract is an agreement between a

corporation and a financial institution:
• To exchange a specified amount of currency
• At a specified exchange rate called the forward rate
• On a specified date in the future
• When MNCs anticipate a future need for or the
future receipt of some foreign currency, they can set
up forward contracts to lock in the rate at which they
can purchase or sell that currency.
• Nearly all large MNCs use forward contracts to some
extent. Some MNCs have forward contracts
outstanding worth more than $100 million to hedge
various positions.
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 Forward Market (2 of 4)

How MNCs Use Forward Contracts

• Hedge their imports by locking in the rate at which they
can obtain the currency.
Bank Quotations on Forward Rates
• Bid/Ask Spread is wider for less liquid currencies.
• May negotiate an offsetting trade if an MNC enters into
a forward sale and a forward purchase with the same
bank.
• Non-deliverable forward contracts (NDF) can be used
for emerging market currencies where no currency
delivery takes place at settlement; instead, one party
makes a payment to the other party.
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 Forward Market (3 of 4)

Premium or Discount on the Forward Rate

(Exhibit 5.1)
F = S(1 + p)
where:
F is the forward rate
S is the spot rate
p is the forward premium, or the percentage by
which the forward rate exceeds the spot rate.

• Arbitrage — If the forward rate was the same as

the spot rate, arbitrage would be possible.

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 Exhibit 5.1 Computation of Forward Rate Premiums or
Discounts

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 Forward Market – offsetting trade

- The market for shorter term forward contracts tends to

be more liquid, which means that banks can more
easily create offsetting positions for a given forward
contract.
- For instance, a bank that accommodates a 90-day
forward purchase request on Singapore dollars may be
able to offset that by accommodating some other
MNC’s request to sell the same number of Singapore
dollars for U.S. dollars in 90 days. By satisfying these
two separate requests, the bank’s exposure is offset.
- The spread between the bid and ask prices is wider for
forward rates of currencies of developing countries,
such as Chile, Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan, and
Thailand.
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 Forward Market (4 of 4)

Movements in the Forward Rate over Time — The forward

premium is influenced by the interest rate differential between
the two countries and can change over time.
Offsetting a Forward Contract — An MNC can offset a
forward contract by negotiating with the original counterparty
bank.
Using Forward Contracts for Swap Transactions — Involves
a spot transaction along with a corresponding forward contract
that will ultimately reverse the spot transaction.
Non-deliverable forward contracts (NDF) — Can be used for
emerging market currencies where no currency delivery takes
place at settlement; instead, one party makes a payment to the
other party.

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 MNC – offsetting forward examples

On March 10, Green Bay, Inc., hired a Canadian construction

company to expand its office and agreed to pay C$200,000 for the
work on September 10. It negotiated a six-month forward contract to
obtain C$200,000 at $.70 per unit, which would be used to pay the
Canadian firm in six months. On April 10, the construction company
informed Green Bay that it would not be able to perform the work as
promised. Therefore, Green Bay offset its existing contract by
negotiating a forward contract to sell C$200,000 for the price for
September 10 is $.66. Green Bay now date of September 10.
However, the spot rate of the Canadian dollar had decreased over the
last month, and the prevailing forward contract has a forward contract
to sell C$200,000 on September 10, which offsets the other contract it
has to buy C$200,000 on September 10. The forward rate was $.04
per unit less on its sale than on its purchase, resulting in a cost of
$8,000 (C$200,000 & $.04).

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 Practice 1

Graylon, Inc., based in Washington, exports products to a

German firm and will receive payment of €200,000 in
three months. On June 1, the spot rate of the euro was
$1.12, and the 3-month forward rate was $1.10. On June
1, Graylon negotiated a forward contract with a bank to
sell €200,000 forward in three months. The spot rate of
the euro on September 1 is $1.15. Graylon will receive
$____ for the euros.
a. 224,000
b. 220,000
c. 200,000
d. 230,000

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 Practice 2

The one-year forward rate of the British pound

is quoted at $1.60, and the spot rate of the
British pound is quoted at $1.63. The forward
____ is ____ percent.
a. discount; 1.9
b. discount; 1.8
c. premium; 1.9
d. premium; 1.8

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 Practice 3

Johnson, Inc., a U.S.-based MNC, will need 10 million

Thai baht on August 1. It is now May 1. Johnson has
negotiated a non-deliverable forward contract with its
bank. The reference rate is the baht's closing exchange
rate (in $) quoted by Thailand's central bank in 90 days.
The baht's spot rate today is $.02. If the rate quoted by
Thailand's central bank on August 1 is $.022, Johnson will
____ $____.
a. pay; 20,000
b. be paid; 20,000
c. pay; 2,000
d. be paid; 2,000
e. none of the above
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 Practice 4

Your company expects to receive 5,000,000 Japanese

yen 60 days from now. You decide to hedge your position
by selling Japanese yen forward. The current spot rate of
the yen is $.0089, while the forward rate is $.0095. You
expect the spot rate in 60 days to be $.0090. How many
dollars will you receive for the 5,000,000 yen 60 days from
now?
a. $44,500.
b. $45,000.
c. $526 million.
d. $47,500.

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 Currency Futures Market (1 of 6)

Similar to forward contracts in terms of obligation to

purchase or sell currency on a specific settlement date in
the future.
Contract Specifications: Differ from forward contracts
because futures have standard contract specifications:
• Standardized number of units per contract (See Exhibit 5.2)
• Offer greater liquidity than forward contracts
• Typically based on U.S. dollar, but may be offered on cross-
rates
• Commonly traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
(CME)

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 Exhibit 5.2 Currency Futures Contracts Traded on the
Chicago Mercantile Exchange

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19 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Futures Market (2 of 6)

Trading Currency Futures

• Firms or individuals can execute orders for currency
futures contracts by calling brokerage firms.
• Trading platforms for currency futures: Electronic
trading platforms facilitate the trading of currency futures.
These platforms serve as a broker, as they execute the
trades desired.
• Currency futures contracts are similar to forward contracts
in that they allow a customer to lock in the exchange rate
at which a specific currency is purchased or sold for a
specific date in the future.

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 Exhibit 5.3 Comparison of the Forward and Futures Market

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21 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Futures Market (3 of 6)

Comparing Futures to Forward Contracts

• Currency futures contracts are similar to forward contracts in
that they allow a customer to lock in the exchange rate at
which a specific currency is purchased or sold for a specific
date in the future. (Exhibit 5.3)
• Pricing Currency Futures — The price of currency futures
will be similar to the forward rate
Credit Risk of Currency Futures Contracts — To minimize
its risk, the CME imposes margin requirements to cover
fluctuations in the value of a contract, meaning that the
participants must make a deposit with their respective
brokerage firms when they take a position.

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 Currency Futures Market (4 of 6)

How Firms Use Currency Futures

• Purchasing Futures to Hedge Payables — The
purchase of futures contracts locks in the price at which a
firm can purchase a currency.
• Selling Futures to Hedge Receivables — The sale of
futures contracts locks in the price at which a firm can sell
a currency.
• Closing Out a Futures Position (Exhibit 5.4)
• Sellers (buyers) of currency futures can close out their
positions by buying (selling) identical futures contracts prior
to settlement.
• Most currency futures contracts are closed out before the
settlement date.

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 Exhibit 5.4 Closing Out a Futures Contract

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24 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Futures Market (5 of 6)

Speculation with Currency Futures (Exhibit 5.5)

• Currency futures contracts are sometimes purchased
by speculators attempting to capitalize on their
expectation of a currency’s future movement.
• Currency futures are often sold by speculators who
expect that the spot rate of a currency will be less than
the rate at which they would be obligated to sell it.

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25 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Exhibit 5.5 Source of Gains from Buying Currency
Futures

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26 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Features of Futures

Transaction costs:in the form of a commission payment to

floor trader
Leverage is high: Initial margin required is relatively low
(less than 2% of contract value)
Maintenance Margins:
When the account balance falls below the maintenance
margin, a margin call may be necessary to maintain the
minimum balance.
Maximum price movement rules:
Contracts set daily to a price limit that restricts maximum
daily upward and downward movements

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 Part 4: mechanism of futures

Marking to the market

Once a trade is confirmed, the exchange’s
clearing house becomes the legal counterparty to
both the buyer of the seller futures contract :
guarantee both sides of a contract by eliminating
the default risk of trading.
Clearing house support their guarantee by margin
requirements, marking contract to market daily
Profits and losses of futures contract are paid
everyday at the end of trading day

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 Marking to the market (P294)

Initial performance bond shows how much money

must be in the account balance when the contract
is entered into
Ex: Futures on British pound
Contract size: GBP 62500
Initial margin: $1890
A performance bond call ( margin call): if the
losses on the futures falls below the maintenance
performance bond: Ex: $1400

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 Example

On Monday morning, an investor takes a long

position in a pound futures contract that matures
on Wednesday afternoon. The agreed-upon price
is $1.78 for £62,500. At the close of trading on
Monday, the futures price has risen to $1.79. At
Tuesday close, the price rises further to $1.80. At
Wednesday close, the price falls to $1.785, and
the contract matures. The investor takes delivery
of the pounds at the prevailing price of $1.785.
Detail the daily settlement process (see Exhibit
8.3). What will be the investor's profit (loss)?
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30 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 ANSWER

Time Action Cash Flow

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Monday Investor buys pound futures None
morning contract that matures in two days
Price is $1.78.

Monday Futures price rises to $1.79. Investor receives

close Contract is marked-to-market. 62,500 x (1.79 - 1.78) = $625.

Tuesday Futures price rises to $1.80. Investor receives

close Contract is marked-to-market. 62,500 x (1.80 - 1.79) = $625.

Wednesday Futures price falls to $1.785.

close (1) Contract is marked-to-market. Investor pays 62,500 x (1.80 -1.785) =
$937.50
(2) Investor takes delivery of £62,500.Investor pays 62,500 x 1.785 =
$111,562.50.
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31• permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Example 2

On Monday morning, an investor takes a short

position in a euro futures contract that matures on
Wednesday afternoon. The agreed-upon price is
$0.9370 for €125,000. At the close of trading on
Monday, the futures price has fallen to $0.9315.
At Tuesday close, the price falls further to
$0.9291. At Wednesday close, the price rises to
$0.9420, and the contract matures. The investor
delivers the euros at the prevailing price of
$0.9420. Detail the daily settlement process (see
Exhibit 8.2). What will be the investor's profit
(loss)?
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32 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Futures Market (6 of 6)

Speculation with Currency Futures (cont.)

• Efficiency of the currency futures market
• If the currency futures market is efficient, the futures
price should reflect all available information.
• Thus, the continual use of a particular strategy to take
positions in currency futures contracts should not lead to
abnormal profits.
• Research has found that the currency futures market may
be inefficient. However, the patterns are not necessarily
observable until after they occur, which means that it may
be difficult to consistently generate abnormal profits from
speculating in currency futures.

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33 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Options Markets

Currency options provide the right to purchase or sell

currencies at specified prices.
Options Exchanges
• 1982 — Exchanges in Amsterdam, Montreal, and
Philadelphia first allowed trading in standardized foreign
currency options.
• 2007 — CME and CBOT merged to form CME group.
• Exchanges are regulated by the SEC in the U.S.
Over-the-counter market — Where currency options are
offered by commercial banks and brokerage firms. Unlike
the currency options traded on an exchange, the over-the-
counter market offers currency options that are tailored to
the specific needs of the firm.
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34 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Call Options (1 of 5)

Grants the right to buy a specific currency at a

designated strike price or exercise price within a
specific period of time.
If the spot rate rises above the strike price, the owner of a
call can exercise the right to buy currency at the strike
price.
The buyer of the option pays a premium.
If the spot exchange rate is greater than the strike price,
the option is in the money. If the spot rate is equal to the
strike price, the option is at the money. If the spot rate is
lower than the strike price, the option is out of the
money.

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35 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Call Options (2 of 5)

Factors Affecting Currency Call Option Premiums

The premium on a call option (C) is affected by three factors:

• Spot price relative to the strike price (S – X): The higher the
spot rate relative to the strike price, the higher the option price
will be.
• Length of time before expiration (T): The longer the time to
expiration, the higher the option price will be.
• Potential variability of currency (σ): The greater the
variability of the currency, the higher the probability that the
spot rate can rise above the strike price.

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 Currency Call Options (3 of 5)

How Firms Use Currency Call Options

• Using call options to hedge payables
• Using call options to hedge project bidding to lock in
the dollar cost of potential expenses
• Using call options to hedge target bidding of a
possible acquisition

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37 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Call Options (4 of 5)

Speculating with Currency Call Options

• Individuals may speculate in the currency options
based on their expectations of the future movements in
a particular currency.
• Speculators who expect that a foreign currency will
appreciate can purchase call options on that security.
• The net profit to a speculator is based on a comparison
of the selling price of the currency versus the exercise
price paid for the currency and the premium paid for the
call option.

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38 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Call Options (5 of 5)

Speculating with Currency Call Options (cont.)

• Break-even point from speculation
• Break even if the revenue from selling the currency equals
the payments made for the currency plus the option
premium.
• Speculation by MNCs.
• Some institutions may have a division that uses currency
options to speculate on future exchange rate movements.
• Most MNCs use currency derivatives for hedging and not
speculation.

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39 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Put Options (1 of 8)

Grants the right to sell a currency at a specified strike price or

exercise price within a specified period of time.

If the spot rate falls below the strike price, the owner of a put
can exercise the right to sell currency at the strike price.

The buyer of the options pays a premium.

If the spot exchange rate is lower than the strike price, the
option is in the money. If the spot rate is equal to the strike
price, the option is at the money. If the spot rate is greater than
the strike price, the option is out of the money.

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40 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Put Options (2 of 8)

Factors Affecting Put Option Premiums

Put option premiums are affected by three factors:

• Spot rate relative to the strike price (S–X): The lower
the spot rate relative to the strike price, the higher the
probability that the option will be exercised.
• Length of time until expiration (T): The longer the time
to expiration, the greater the put option premium.
• Variability of the currency (σ): The greater the
variability, the greater the probability that the option may
be exercised.

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41 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Put Options (3 of 8)

Hedging with Currency Put Options

• Corporations with open positions in foreign currencies can use
currency put options in some cases to cover these positions.
• Some put options are deep out of the money, meaning that
the prevailing exchange rate is high above the exercise price.
These options are cheaper (have a lower premium), as they
are unlikely to be exercised because their exercise price is too
low.
• Other put options have an exercise price that is currently
above the prevailing exchange rate and are therefore more
likely to be exercised. Consequently, these options are more
expensive.

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 Currency Put Options (4 of 8)

Speculating with Currency Put Options

• Individuals may speculate with currency put options based
on their expectations of the future movements in a particular
currency.
• Speculators can attempt to profit from selling currency put
options. The seller of such options is obligated to purchase
the specified currency at the strike price from the owner who
exercises the put option.
• The net profit to a speculator is based on the exercise price
at which the currency can be sold versus the purchase price
of the currency and the premium paid for the put option.

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43 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Put Options (5 of 8)

Speculating with Currency Put Options (cont.)

• Speculating with combined put and call options
• Straddle — Uses both a put option and a call option at
the same exercise price.
• Good for when speculators expect strong movement in
one direction or the other.
• Efficiency of the currency options market
• Research has found that, when transaction costs are
controlled for, the currency options market is efficient.
• It is difficult to predict which strategy will generate
abnormal profits in future periods.

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 Currency Put Options (6 of 8)

Contingency graph for the caller of a call option

• Compares price paid for the option to the payoffs received under
various exchange rate scenarios. (Exhibit 5.6)
Contingency graph for the seller of a call option
• Compares premium received from selling the option to the payoffs
made to the options buyer under various exchange rate scenarios.
(Exhibit 5.6)
Contingency graph for the buyer of a put option
• Compares premium paid for put option to the payoffs received
under various exchange rate scenarios. (Exhibit 5.7)
Contingency graph for the seller of a put option
• Compares premium received for put option to the payoffs made
under various exchange rate scenarios. (Exhibit 5.7)

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 Exhibit 5.6 Contingency Graphs for Currency Call
Options

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46 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Exhibit 5.7 Contingency Graphs for Currency Put Options

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47 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Put Options (7 of 8)

Conditional Currency Options (Exhibit 5.8)

• A currency option can be structured with a conditional
premium, meaning that the premium paid for the option is
conditioned on the actual movement in the currency’s
value over the period of concern.
• Firms also use various combinations of currency options.

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48 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Exhibit 5.8 Comparison of Conditional and Basic
Currency Options

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49 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Currency Put Options (8 of 8)

European Currency Options

• European-style currency options must be exercised
on the expiration date if they are to be exercised at all.
• They do not offer as much flexibility; however, this is
not relevant to some situations.
• If European-style options are available for the same
expiration date as American-style options and can be
purchased for a slightly lower premium, some
corporations may prefer them for hedging.

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50 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 SUMMARY (1 of 4)

• A forward contract specifies a standard volume of a

particular currency to be exchanged on a particular
date. Such a contract can be purchased by a firm to
hedge payables or sold by a firm to hedge receivables.
A currency futures contract can be purchased by
speculators who expect the currency to appreciate; it
can also be sold by speculators who expect the
currency to depreciate. If the currency depreciates
then the futures contract declines, allowing those
speculators to benefit when they close out their
positions.

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51 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 SUMMARY (2 of 4)

• Futures contracts on a particular currency can be

purchased by corporations that have payables in that
currency and wish to hedge against the possible
appreciation of that currency. Conversely, these
contracts can be sold by corporations that have
receivables in that currency and wish to hedge against
the possible depreciation of that currency and wish to
hedge against its possible depreciation.

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52 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 SUMMARY (3 of 4)

• Call options allow the right to purchase a specified

currency at a specified exchange rate by a specified
expiration date. They are used by MNCs to hedge future
payables. They are commonly purchased by speculators
who expect that the underlying currency will appreciate.
• Put options allow the right to sell a specified currency at
a specified exchange rate by a specified expiration date.
They are used by MNCs to hedge future receivables.
They are commonly purchased by speculators who
expect that the underlying currency will depreciate.

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53 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 SUMMARY (4 of 4)

• Call options on a specific currency can be purchased by

speculators who expect that currency to appreciate. Put
options on a specific currency can be purchased by
speculators who expect that currency to depreciate.

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54 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 https://forms.gle/CDArXWdUkqP52wWN9

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55 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.