Propositions An expression of judgment Either true or false What is your name? Please give me water Hey! What a surprise!
rise! Jess went to the beach yesterday. Structural elements Jess went to the beach yesterday. Jess is the person who went to the beach yesterday Going to the beach is what Jess did yesterday. The beach is the place where Jess went yesterday Yesterday is the time when Jess went to the beach SubjectisPredicate S-copula-P Copula is the formal connection. Is, Is not Are, Are not Am, Am not Note: Propositions that dont have ScP structure are not in logical form The logical form identifies clearly the subject and the predicate. To convert the sentence into a logical form Study again this: Jess went to the beach yesterday. Jess is the person who went to the beach yesterday Going to the beach is what Jess did yesterday. The beach is the place where Jess went yesterday Yesterday is the time when Jess went to the beach Ordinarily, we disregard the logical form Types of Propositions Categorical proposition Gives emphasis on the direct relation between the subject and the predicate. A cow is a mammal. Tangub is not a highly urbanized city. Note the relation between the subject. Hypothetical proposition Shows the dependence of one proposition on another If the fume is toxic, then it can cause death Hypothetical (CDC) Conditional proposition If... Then... (Unless...) If a leader is morally upright, then he has integrity If Kyle is honest, then he will not cheat Unless he cares, he wont help If he doesnt care, he will not help Note: Unless is equivalent to If not...then... Your example Disjunctive proposition Asserts that the alternative cannot be false altogether; at least one alternative is true Either... Or... Either Georgia is a sinner or she is a saint. The Philippines is either developing or regressing. Either the Philippine Educational Highway will be implemented or the country will continue to lag behind in terms of education Your example Conjunctive proposition Asserts that alternatives cannot be both true; at least one is false Cannot... And... Froilan cannot be both in Argao and Alcoy at the same time. The Philippines cannot improve the quality of education and at the same time maintain its current educational system.
Categorical Propositions Aspects that serve as basis for CP Quality of CP Affirmative The predicate is assigned to the subject This hibiscus is red. Every scientist is meticulous. Negative The predicate is denied or not applied to the subject The paper is not white. No animal is a plant. Not all leaders are smart Quantity of CP Universal No animal is a plant. Every scientist is meticulous. Singular The paper is not white. This hibiscus is red. Collective The team is busy. The choir is singing. Particular Not all achievers are genius Many artists are eccentric. ***Singular and collective propositions are taken as universal propositions because like the latter they take their subjects according to the whole of their extensions ****There are propositions which have no quantifiers but may be considered as universal or particular based on the relation of the subject to the predicate. Example Farmers are poor. Filipinos are not intelligent Tigers are cats Whales are mammals Ordinary Propositions (OP) A, E, I, O A (Universal Affirmative) Every S is P. Each orchard is ready All celebrities are famous Diesu is amiable. E (Universal Negative) No S is P. No one is absent Nobody is expendable. I (Particular Affirmative) Some S is P. Some social theorists are thinkers. A number of facial products are available. Many activists attended the party. Web developers are males. O (Particular Negative) Not all S is P. or Some S is not P. Not all public officials are leaders. Certain businessmen are not investigated for tax fraud. Circumstantially Quantified Propositions (CQP) A, E, I, O A (S is always P). The meeting is always delayed. Litters are scattered everywhere In all cases, the well-prepared team wins.
Always, everywhere, in all cases, under all conditions, totally, entirely, completely, in all parts, in all respects, in its completeness, in all ways, E (S is never P). Julia is never late. The company is, under no condition, vulnerable. Never, nowhere, in no case, under no circumstance, under no condition, in no part, in no way, in no respect I (S is sometimes P). The jobs are sometimes uncertain. Occasionally, she welcomes criticisms. Sometimes, occasionally, at times, often, under some conditions, frequently, usually, for the most part Your example O (S is not always P). Life is not always a drama Michel is in some respects not flawless. sometimes not, not always, frequently not, somewhere not, under some conditions not, under some circumstances not, in some respects not, not everywhere, not completely, not totally, not entirely, for the most part not, in some ways not, Your example Modal Propositions (MP) A, E, I, O A (Necessary). Shows that a predicate essentially belongs to subject S must be P. Government officials must submit their SALs (Statements of Assets and Liabilities) It is necessary for you to attend the party. Your example E (Impossible) Shows that a predicate does not and cannot belong to subject S cannot be P. It is impossible for a human being to fly. A pharmacist cannot issue a prescription. I (Possible) Predicate can belong to the subject S can be P. I can reach the heavens above.... It is possible for man to be with nature. O (Contingent) Shows that a predicate does not necessarilty belong to the subject. S need not be P. It is not necessary for you to come. Logan need not look for Jean Your example
