Parents send their children to school with the best of intentions, believing that formal education is what kids

need
to become productive, happy adults. Many parents do have qualms about how well schools are performing, but
the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging
curricula, or more rigorous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The unfortunate fact is that one of our
most cherished is, by its very nature, failing our children and our society.

Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is greatly restricted, far more than most adults would
tolerate in their workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compelling them to spend ever more time in this kind
of setting, and there is strong evidence that this is causing psychological damage to many of them. And as scientists
have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that kids do so most deeply and fully, and with
greatest enthusiasm, in conditions that are almost opposite to those of school.

Compulsory education has been a ixture of our culture now for several generations. President Obama and Secretary of
Education Arne Duncan are so enamored of it that they want even longer school days and years. Most people assume
that the basic design of today’s school emerged from scientiic evidence about how children learn. But nothing could
be further from the truth.

Schools as we know them today are a product of history, not of research. The blueprint for them was developed du-
ring the Protestant Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible, to believe Scripture
without questioning it, and to obey authority igures without questioning them. When schools were taken over by
the state, made compulsory, and directed toward secular ends, the basic structure and methods of teaching remained
unchanged. Subsequent attempts at reform have failed because they have not altered basic blueprint. The top down,
teach-and-test method, in which learning is motivated by a system of reward and punishments rather than by curiosity
or by any real desire to know, is well designed for indoctrination and obedience training but not much else. It is no
wonder that many of the world’s greatest entrepreneurs and innovators either left school early (like Thomas Edison)
or said they hated school and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einstein).

(Adapted from http:/www.rd.com/advice/parenting/Americanschoolsystemdamagingkids/

#ixzz2q3SLk4Hn. Accessed February 12, 2014)

1. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To remind American parent that the formal school is basically a product of culture.
B. To tell the readers that formal schools in the USA have been constantly developed for a long time.
C. To discuss if the American school system is truly efective to educate children.
D. To review how compulsory education in the USA has met parents’ expectation.
E. To describe how American children learn at school and in real-life settings.

2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “qualms” (line 2)?
A. Remarks C. Doubts
B. Requests D. Views E. Beliefs
 3. What is the topic of the text above?
A. Parents’ expectation on reformation in American school system.
B. Doubts on the efectiveness of American schools systems.
C. Restrictions on children’s freedom at the US schools.
D. Regulations for American children to stay longer at schools.
E. Absence of a research-based school system in the USA.

The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated,
small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and orga-
nizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advance-
ment of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practices, but the
strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing
racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black
activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to
all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal
suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking
a broad range of social changes.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of black protest activity
in the post-Brown period began on December 1, 1955. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her
seat to a white bus rider, there by defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats toward the front of
buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city’s buses began. The boycott lasted more
than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.

Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement’s most efective leader, possessed unique conciliatory
and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signiicance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent
tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern black. “I had come to see early that
the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent
weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom,” he explained. Although Parks and King were members
of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, the clergy-led
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.

King remained the major spokesperson for black aspirations, but, as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated
most subsequent black movement. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical
College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at southern lunch counters. These protests spread
rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, in April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee
(SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King’s SCLC,
stressed the development of autonomous local movements in contrast to SCLC’s strategy of using local campaigns
to achieve national civil rights reform.
4. It is implied in the text that Martin Luther King, Jr. ....
A. was the only inluential leader in the black community
B. started to lead his movement when he was young
C. was a member of NAACP
D. led the irst black movement against racism in the U.S.
E. was an inluential public speaker

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A. The boycott lasted for a year.
B. It was a protest against the incarceration of black woman.
C. Some white people supported this boycott.
D. It marked the early period of black protest in the post Brown period.
E. It inspired other protests.

6. In which lines of the text does the author mention the purposes of black activism during the 1960s?
A. 6 – 8 D. 24 – 26
B. 11 – 12 E. 27 – 29
C. 17 – 18

7. What does the word “he” (line 20) refer to?

A. Mahatma Gandhi.
B. Martin Luther King, Jr.
C. Rosa Parks.
D. SCLC.
E. SNCC.

8. The word “subsequent” in (line 24) is closest in the meaning to ....

A. preceding
B. coinciding
C. concur
D. following
E. coming

9. What is the text primarily concerned with?

A. Diferent phases in civil rights movement in America.
B. Martin Luther King, Jr’s movement in America.
C. Social changes in America in the 20th century.
D. Non prominent igures in the U.S. civil rights movement.
E. Landmark in civil rights movement in America.
Forget lions, tigers, and bears. When it comes to the art of war, army ants are among the most frightening creatures
on earth. With powerful mouth parts, these ighters can skillfully cut creatures much larger than themselves into
pieces. Acting together in great number, army ant colonies succeed at making tens of thousands of such kills each
day. Their capabilities do have limits, though. Contrary to popular belief, they almost never take down large animals
or people.
One of the best places to observe army ants is Barro Colorado, an island in a lake creates by Panama Canal. The island
is home to as many as 50 colonies of Eciton burchellii, the most studied army ant in world. It is one of 150 types of
army ants in the New World; more 170 other types live in Asia, Africa, and Australia.
The colonies of this army ant are huge, ranging from 300.000 to 700.000 ants. They never stay in one place long,
moving
from nest site to nest site. Linking legs together, they use their own bodies to form enormous nests called bivouacs,
which they hang beneath a fallen tree. There they stay for about 20 days as the queen lays as many as 300.00 eggs.
When the ants go hunting as many as 200.000 of them leave the nest in a group that broadens into a fan as wide as
14 meters. This swarm raid takes a slightly diferent course each day, allowing the hunter to cover fresh ground each
time.
Protecting the ants wherever they go are soldiers, recognizable by their oversized jaws. If their frightening looks do
not
scare enemies away, soldier also have a powerful bite and the attack is often suicidal. Because their jaws are shaped
like ishhooks, the soldiers cannot pull them out again. Amazonian tribes have used soldier ants to close wounds,
breaking of the bodies and leaving the head in place.
Eciton burchellii are blind and cannot see what a head of them is, but they move together in such great numbers that
they can easily kill the non-army ants, insect and other small creatures that constitute their prey. When the groups
happen upon a break in the path, ants immediately link legs together and form living bridges so that the groups can
move forwards without any delay.
In Japanese the word ant is written by linking two character: one meaning “insect”, the other meaning “loyalty”.
Indeed,
individual ants are completely loyal to their fellow ants. They display many examples of selless cooperation that,
while
certainly extreme, cannot fail to win human admiration.
(Adapted from www.nationalgeographic.com. Accessed February 12,2014)

10. How is the information in the last paragraph organized?

A. A statement is followed by examples and explanation.
B. A statement is followed by research indings.
C. A statement is followed by explanation organized from general to speciics.
D. A statement is followed by supporting ideas organized in cause and efect.
E. A statement is followed by deinition and explanation.

11. Which of the following statement about soldier ants is NOT true?
 A. People can use them to close wounds.
B. They can see nothing a head of them.
C. They have powerful bites.
D. They lay many eggs.
E. They Link Thei legs together to from a living bridge.

12. The author’s purpose of writing the text is to ....

A. inform the readers about how army ants set up their life
B. demonstrate the strength of army ants compared to lions, tigers, and bears
C. analyze how soldier ants protect their colonies
D. make the readers aware of the use of army ants
E. refute a common misconception about army ants

13. In which lines of the text author mention the sight of army ants?
A. 2 – 3 D. 18 – 19
B. 11 – 12 E. 20 – 21
C. 16 – 17

14. The phrase “happen upon” (line 21) is closest in meaning to ....
A. meet D. need
B. ind E. occur
C. avoid

15. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the author tells us to ignore lions, tigers, and bears because ... .
A. the text is not about those animals
B. they are much more dangerous than ants
C. army ants, in their own way, can be more fearsome than those animals
D. there are more ants than those animals
E. army ants are more powerful than those animal

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained by
children who were implanted by 5 year of age. It was hypothesized that the improved speech percep-
tion abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) ...

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment batteries standardized on hearing children were
administered to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6
years of implant experience. (2) ... . It included a lexical decision task, a rhyme task, and the digit span
subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the nor-
 mative data for hearing children. (3) ... They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socio-
economic status, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

(Adapted from Journal of Ear and Hearing)

16. Which option best completes (1)?

A. The inding showed that the hypothesis was accepted.
B. The implantation was eventually shown to be successful.
C. The following paragraph would discuss the indings of the study.
D. The objective of the study was to see the subjects’ reading skills.
E. It would also facilitate the acquisition of beginning reading skills.

17. Which option best completes (2)?

A. Likewise, the children were obliged to take a reading test.
B. In addition, a battery of processing measures was administered.
C. However, standard measurement was applied to test the subjects.
D. Consequently, the assessment was used to evaluate the reading skills.
E. Instead, an interview consisting of many diferent tasks was conducted.

18. Which option best completes (3)?

A. The results were categorized based on the subjects’ status.
B. Data were collected on the basis of several diferent items.
C. Reading competence was associated with three aspects.
D. The subjects consisted of diferent age children.
E. Findings showed various levels of reading skills.

There have been amazing world-breaking scientiic advances. However, the dark cloud on the
horizon is the emerging Ebola epidemic in West Africa and the warning undercurrent that comes with
it. At the time of writing at least 7,000 people have been infected and half of those have died. It is
estimated that numbers can be doubled or even tripled. Also, because the rates of infection appear
to be growing exponentially, tens of thousands, or even millions, might ultimately be afected.

To put the scale of the present situation into perspective, since the irst recorded case of Ebola
in the Democratic Republic of Congo 38 years ago, there have been fewer than 2.500 deaths docu-
mented in total. Thus, this single present outbreak is already three times larger than the entire Ebola
death toll ever. It is also no longer just an African problem. The West has had its own wake-up call this
week as the US and Spain, countries previously regarded as immune to the threat thanks to modern
medicine, have reported cases of the condition and, despite strict infection-control guidelines and
practices, onward transmissions of Ebola on their home soil.
What is remarkable though is that, while Ebola is terrifying and dramatic in its impact when it
causes an outbreak, it appears to be a relatively easy agent to ight. Experimental vaccines tested so
far on animals have been impressively efective. The vaccines protect against even injection of the
living Ebola virus. However, because they are at a test stage, these agents, which will be critical if we
are to nip this outbreak in the bud, are nowhere near ready for mass production. Trials are only now
getting underway of human versions of the vaccines in the UK, and the US. “Way too late,” many are
saying, to prevent the inevitable.

Hence, why is it that, nearly 40 years after Ebola irst surfaced, the world inds itself in a state of
panic. Now, up to ten thousand people are dead, owing to a bug that is probably preventable thanks
to scientiic research done decades ago. The answer is that Ebola was regarded as someone else’s
problem. It was a tropical disease of low importance and (presumed to be) constrained by geography
and climate to a part of the world that held little economic interest to the rest of us. Still, therein lies
a salutary lesson because, if even a tiny fraction had been spent 20 years ago to develop an Ebola
vaccine, we probably would not be in this position now. The present outbreak is now costing the
world in terms of lost productivity, humanitarian aid and human lives lost. It is easy to dismiss tropi-
cal diseases as an issue that will not afect the West. However, the present situation is a warning shot
across our bows that we ignore at our peril.

(http://www.thenakedscientists.com)

19. How are ideas in paragraphs 1 and 2 related?

A. Paragraphs 1 and 2 highlight the horror of the Ebola outbreak.
B. Paragraph 1 contradicts the explanation of Ebola in paragraph 2.
C. Paragraphs 1 and 2 argue Ebola can be prevented with the latest vaccines.
D. Paragraph 1 states the causes of Ebola, and paragraph 2 explains the efects.
E. Paragraph 1 deines an epidemic disease, and paragraph 2 gives the examples.

20. Which of the following is most relevant with the idea of Ebola outbreak described in the passage?
A. Scientists are developing a new drug, but they are running out of fund.
B. A mother does not comfort her crying son who merely wants her attention.
C. A diabetic man ignored a slight woundon his toe; then he got infected horribly.
D. Students chose not to study for an upcoming test since the test was book-open.
E. A recently launched book has caused a problem due to its controversial content.

21. The assumption the author has about the West is ....
A. they act fast to prevent a disease only if it is important for them
B. tropical diseases are considered exotic and dangerous by the people
 C. it is diicult to convince them that they need to send medical help to Africa
D. they are really interested in developing Ebola vaccines for mass production
E. they intentionally postpone developing Ebola vaccines because it is expensive

22. Which sentences most efectively illustrate the current Ebola prevalence?
A. 2 – 4 of paragraph 1.
B. 1 – 2 of paragraph 2.
C. 2 – 3 of paragraph 3.
D. 1 – 2 of paragraph 4.
E. 4 – 5 of paragraph 4.

23. Paragraph 3 implies that ....

A. Ebola vaccines are very complex and time consuming to create
B. Ebola vaccines should have been tested on humans much earlier
C. it is inappropriate for Ebola vaccines to be safely tested on humans
D. the UK, and US are countries that are in urgent needs of Ebola vaccines
E. testing Ebola vaccines on animals takes many years before their use on humans

24. Which of the following best restates ideas of paragraph 4?

A. Ebola has been a major problem for 40 years, so it will be over soon.
B. Ebola only afects the countries with little economic and political power.
C. The number of patients dying from Ebola will likely to remain the same.
D. Scientists are developing vaccines that can be used for animals and humans.
E. Had its vaccines been seriously created earlier, Ebola could have been cured.

Diferent forms of energy sources have helped us in many ways from running our vehicles to
cooking at home or generating electricity. There are two types of energy sources – renewable and
non-renewable energy resources. The former is where the energy resources do not get depleted and
they can be used repeatedly whereas non-renewable energy resources cannot be used again and
again.

We cannot even imagine a life without the existence of fossil fuels like crude oil; coal and natural
gas. But, usage of these energy resources creates lot of problems. Global warming, increase in prices
of fossil fuels, and the threat of peak oil are major concerns around the globe but what steps are we
talking to overcome all these issues? If we stop consuming fossil fuels, we can stop global warming
and save nonrenewable energy resources for our future generations to deploy. But, at the same time
we need to seek an alternative to meet our requirements. We come across these topics on televi-
sion, internet, and magazines and there is a lot of debate going on with regards to these topics. Is it
possible for us to overcome this crisis? Only alternative energy solutions can help us as well as our
environment to some extent.

Industries that deal with alternative energy solutions like solar and wind power thrive hard to
save our environment. Even though modern technologies are being implemented to extract crude
oil from places, which were not reachable earlier, it is still not possible to meet the growing demand.
The demand for fossil fuels is increasing due to the rapid increase in population growth. Alternative
energy solutions have lot of beneits when compared to nonrenewable energy resources. Industries
have started investing their time and money in researching as well as setting up power plants.

Certain home users hesitate to go for alternative energy solutions as initial investment needs to be
made. However, once the equipment is installed, there will be no maintenance costs or other repetitive
costs. Apart from the set up cost, energy from the sun and the wind will always be free in any part of
the country and there is no need for being dependent upon other countries. On the other hand, the
prices of renewable energy resources keep increasing and certain countries have to be dependent
upon major oil producing countries. Home users who consume alternative energy resources can cut
down on their electricity bills.

Every system has its own pros and cons but the best and wise thing to do is weigh the options
that are available and choose the energy resource that ofers long-term beneits. When it comes to
alternative energy solutions, setting up solar plants and building windmills is a huge and complicated
process but once they are set up, they ofer endless beneits. In case of fossil fuels, oil companies need
to locate the proven reserves, dig oil wells, extract oil, and convert into a more usable form so that it
can reach the end consumer.

(Adapted from http://www.articlesbase.com)

25. The author’s bias regarding pollution is that ....

A. diferent forms of energy sources have helped prevent from happening
B. industries making use of alternative energy contribute the least of it
C. energy from the sun and wind will produce the minimum level of it
D. it is alternative energy that merely offers solutions to overcome it
E. any natural source of energy cannot avoid from generating it

26. In presenting the ideas, the author starts by ....

A. describing the types of energy sources
B. referring to non-renewable energy resources
C. showing evidence of the roles of energy sources
D. stating the needs for alternative energysolutions
 E. arguing the possibility of using various forms of energy

27. The author’s attitude towards alternative energy may be best described as being ....
A. assertive C. Supportive
B. optimistic D. pessimistic E. sympathetic
28. The paragraph preceding the passage most likely deals with ....
A. modern technologies used for energy solutions
B. investment needs for equipment installation
C. introduction to current energy sources
D. alternative energy solutions
E. sun as an energy source

29. The ideas in the passage may be best summarized that ....
A. the government must support attempts for new energy installation
B. solar and wind sources are examples of alternative energy solutions
C. setting up solar plants and building windmills is a complicated process
D. alternative energy solutions can keep our environment clean and green
E. initial investment and maintenance costs alternative energy considerably

30. Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that we cannot stop global warming and save non-renewable
energy resources for our future generations if ....
A. the prices of renewable energy resources are decreasing
B. we keep using fossil-based energy at the present rate
C. alternative energy is out of industrial solutions
D. present life-styles shift from alternative energy
E. fewer modern technologies are employed

When mothers eat three sizeable servings of fish each week during pregnancy, it may beneit
children’s brains for years to come, according to a large study in Spain.

Researchers followed nearly 2,000 mother-child pairs from the irst trimester of pregnancy through
the child’s ifth birthday and found improved brain functions in the kids whose mothers ate the most
fish while pregnant, compared to children of mothers who ate the least.

Even when women ate averaged 600 grams, or 21 ounces, of fish weekly during pregnancy, there
was no sign that mercury or other pollutants associated with fish were having a negative efect that
ofset the apparent beneits.
“Seafood is known to be an important source of essential nutrients for brain development, but at
the same time accumulates mercury from the environment, which is known to be neurotoxic, ”lead
author Jordi Julvez, of the Center for Research in 10 Environmental Epidemiology in Barcelona, said
in an email.

In an attempt to balance the potential harms of such pollutants with the general health beneits
of fish, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s 2014 guidelines encourage pregnant women to eat
ffish, but no more than 12 ounces per week.

The European Food Safety Authority recently issued a scientiic opinion endorsing 150 g to 600 g
of fish weekly during pregnancy, Julvez and colleagues note in the American Journal of Epidemiology.
But, the study team writes, the efects of maternal 15 fish consumption during development are still
not well understood and more research could help give pregnant women clearer guidance.

The researchers analyzed data from the Spanfish Childhood and Environment Project, a large
population study that recruited women in their irst trimester of pregnancy, in four provinces of Spain,
between 2004 and 2008.

On average, the women had consumed 500 g, or three servings, of seafood per week while preg-
nant. But with every additional 10 g per week above that amount, children’s test scores improved. The
link between higher maternal consumption and better brain development in children was especially
apparent when kids were five.

(Diadaptasi dari https://www.yahoo.com/beauty/eatinglotsoffishduringpregnancycouldhold-

145211893.html)

31. What is the topic of the passage?

A. Research on fish consumption by pregnant women.
B. Efects of consuming fish on children’s development.
C. Efects of pregnant mothers consuming ffish on their children’s brains.
D. A comparison between brain development and fish consumption.
E. The cause and the efect of regular fish consumption during pregnancy.

32. The word endorsing in line 16 in the passage means ....

A. quantifying
B. calculating
C. balancing
D. increasing
 E. promoting

33. How much ish does a pregnant mother need to consume per week to have her child test score improve in the
future?
A. Around 150 g. C. Exactly 510 g. E. Between 150 – 500 g.
B. Exactly 500 g. D. Around 600 g.
Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one
hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. For example, in
science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve
students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most
curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them.
However, teachers need to be speciically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is
beginning to afect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is
integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in
the school setting. Therefore, schools expect that graduates from teacher education programs have
a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current
teachers’ pre-service preparation, and subsequent in-service courses were designed by using traditional
educational technology and settings. Thus, the participants in these courses are not familiar with the
processes, interaction patterns, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT.

This issue becomes complicated because the students’ thinking skills are often weak. Also, they
typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they
belong to the “Net Generation”. Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment
for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to
understand how their use of technology afects their habits of learning.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process,
but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. First, a needs assessment is important to ind
out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at schools. Second, designers of teacher education
programs should know the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ICT and their J attitudes toward ICT
integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education programs need to consider the two typical
arguments that support the ICT use in schools.

(Diadaptasi dari http://www.cjlt.ca/index.php/cjlt/article/view/498/229)

 34. With the statement ‘One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum.’
in line 8, the author intends to ....
A. emphasize the need for teachers with good literacy in technology
B. explore the reasons for including ICT in the curriculum document
C. explain the curriculum documents for ICT introduction in education
D. argue that current teachers already have good knowledge of using ICT
E. show that teacher education programs have been running expected ICT curriculum

35. The author’s idea of the relationship between the use of ICT and learning outcome is analogous with ....
A. vitamin – health C. harvest – irrigation E. books – intelligence
B. speed – aeroplane D. cellphone – crime

36. The assumption the author has about teacher education programs is that ....
A. the programs have introduced a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT
B. the programs have found out what ICT skills and knowledge the teachers need
C. the programs have given materials related to the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ICT
D. the programs were still designed in reference to traditional educational technology and settings
E. the programs have participants who are familiar with the processes of technology mediated educational
transactions

37. Which lines of the passage illustrate the ideal ICT teacher education programs most efectively?
A. 4 – 5 D. 16 – 17
B. 9 – 11 E. 20 – 21
C. 14 – 16

A study showed that a single artisanal coral reef ishery can produce over 30,000 meals per
year. Its annual economic value is more than $78,000. Ocean and coastal ecosystems bring a range
of beneits to people worldwide. They provide millions of people with food and livelihoods. Global
and local stressors, however, threaten these services. To better understand the beneits from ocean
environments, this study investigated how an artisanal ishery supports a community. This study uses
a community-based approach to assess the factors afecting resource sustainability and food security
in a small-scale coral reef ishery.

The study found that the small-scale Kiholo Bay ishery provides communities with large-scale
beneits. “This coral reef ishery generates diverse social, economic, and cultural values, which support
the health and well-being of the Kiholo community,” said lead researcher Dr. Jack Kittinger, director of
Conservation International’s Hawai’i program. “These beneits are likely common to coral reef isheries
across the globe, supporting key food security functions, cultural practices as well as local livelihoods.”
The results of the study suggest that similar coral reef isheries around the world provide the
people who depend on them with the same types of beneits. The survey found that 58 percent of
the caught seafood is kept for home consumption, 34 percent is given away and only 8 percent sold
to commercial markets. “We found that the vast majority of the catch is kept for home consumption
or given away as part of cultural practices, showing the important role that this bay plays in sustain-
ing our community,” said Jenny Mitchell, a board member of Hui Aloha Kiholo. “When Kiholo thrives,
so do we.”
By surveying ishermen for an entire year, researchers were able to estimate that the ishery pro-
duced more than 7,300 pounds of seafood per year for the community of people. Nearly 60 percent
of the catch is used for subsistence, contributing to community food security. Geographic analysis of
community beneiciaries showed that 20 percent of seafood procured is used for sociocultural events
that are important for social cohesion.

(Diadaptasi dari http://www.conservation.org/NewsRoorn/pressreleases/Pages/ReeftoTable-

SmallScaleReefFisheriesProvideBigBeneitstoPeople.aspx)

38. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The study was conducted because coral reefs are threatened globally.
B. Sociocultural practices have burdened the sustainability of coral reef ishery.
C. The beneits local people get from the existing coral reefs are immense.
D. Coral reef fishery helps local people maintain their social relationship.
E. Coral reef ishery provides the word with unlimited resources of food.

39. The sentence ‘Ocean and coastal ecosystems bring a range of beneits to people worldwide.’
in line 2 is closest in meaning to ....
A. people in most countries beneit from marine business
B. oceans beneit the world with water as the main source of rainfalls
C. many people gain considerable advantages from marine ecosystems
D. explorations from coast to ocean should be done to gain the most beneit
E. those beneited by marine lives range from local people to people worldwide

40. Which of the following relects the author’s bias about economic value of coral reef?
A. Fish-based food resources are guaranteed.
B. It is applicable to any coral reef elsewhere.
C. People shared the beneits of coral reefs.
D. Coral reefs inluence cultural events.
E. People get beneits from coral reefs.

41. In presenting the ideas, the author starts by ....

 A. showing the beneits of ishery in Kiholo Bay
B. stating indings of research on coral reef fishery
C. warning the potential of coral reef damage
D. arguing the economic value of coral reef
E. describing the beneits of coral reef

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle requires persistence and dedication, but not without reward.
Regular exercise, not smoking, limited alcohol consumption, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet
are all aspects of a healthy lifestyle. In general, a healthy life style beneits people in various ways.

According to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, practicing a healthy
lifestyle makes individuals’ risk of premature death 66 percent less likely from cancer, 65 percent less
likely from cardiovascular disease, and 57 percent less likely from other causes. The four healthy lifestyle
factors studied include limited alcohol consumption, avoiding tobacco, improved nutrition, and regular
physical activity. Apart from consuming more whole and fresh foods, every individual should avoid
foods with large amounts of sodium, trans fats, saturated fats, added sugars, and processed grains.

In addition, it is no secret that a healthy lifestyle can help us shed pounds and look more youthful,
but it goes beyond weight loss. For example, staying hydrated and getting adequate sleep can reduce
the appearance of under-eye bags. Limiting alcohol intake reduces its aging efects on our skin and
eyes, as does avoiding tobacco. Proper nutrition from a balanced diet also supplies our body with the
nutrients it needs for healthy and lustrous hair, bright eyes, tight skin, and an overall glow.

According to MayoClinic.com, physical activity triggers the release of brain chemicals that can
make us feel relaxed and happier. This emotional boost can help our outlook about our appearance
and improve our self-conidence. Besides, the mood-enhancing chemicals released by physical
activity can help us face the troubles of a stressful day with a calmer mindset. Furthermore, exercising
regularly makes our body stronger and improves its endurance. Physical activity also conditions
our cardiovascular system, which helps keep our muscles energized by delivering oxygen more
eiciently. As a result, we will have more energy to do everyday tasks. A balanced diet, limited alcohol
consumption, and proper hydration also aid in increased energy levels, according to Harvard Health
Publications. Limiting alcohol consumption also promotes a better mood.

(Diadaptasi dari http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/efectshealthylifestyle7740.html)

42. What is the author’s attitude toward the topic of the passage?
 A. Considerate D. Objective
B. Conident E. Serious
C. Persuasive

43. 88. The paragraph following the passage will most likely talk about ....
A. physical activities in keeping a healthy life style
B. avoiding alcoholic drinks to reduce aging effects
C. beneits of a healthy life style to people’s mood
D. factors to maintain a healthy lifestyle
E. mental beneits of a healthy life style

44. The passage can be best summarized as follows ....

A. some aspects of a healthy lifestyle include regular exercise and limited alcohol consumption
B. consuming more whole and fresh foods helps us keep our healthy life
C. a healthy lifestyle makes people get admiration from others
D. being healthy is people’s way to pursue their career
E. a healthy lifestyle helps people have a better quality of life

45. Based on passage what should we do if we want to have a better mood? We should ....
A. do regular physical activities
B. minimize the risk of illnesses
C. help other solve daily-life problems
D. reduce aging effects on our skin and eyes
E. keep our muscles energized by doing sports

Robots in space aren’t limited to science iction: NASA has a long list of robotic technologies
currently operating in orbit and beneiting humans, even though astronauts don’t yet have anything
like a trusty R2-D2 bleeping comments and questions.

The space agency recently released a list of robotic technologies already in use on the International
Space Station, ranging from complex robotic arms to humanoid helpers.

Perhaps the longest-standing example of robots on the space station is the Canadarm series
of robotic arms and hands, located on the outside of the orbiting laboratory. The Canadarm and
Canadarm2 date to the second shuttle mission in 1981, and are used for applications such as assisting
astronauts during spacewalks, hoisting equipment or, in Canadarm2’s case, helping cargo-carrying
spacecraft dock with the station. Dextre, a robotic hand, has done robotic refueling demonstrations,
among other tasks.

Astronauts are also working alongside Robonaut 2, a dexterous humanoid that is designed to
lip switches and do other simple, monotonous tasks so that astronauts can focus on more diicult
things. In the future, Robonaut could take on tasks that pose a danger to astronauts, or even administer
medical care to injured crew members (while being directed by a human back on Earth). Eventually,
NASA wants to adapt a version of the robot to do spacewalks, and a next-generation version of the
Robonaut, called R5 or Valkyrie, could even travel to Mars ahead of humans.

Yet another new robot technology makes it possible for someone in space to control a rover that is
on Earth. Both the European Space Agency and NASA asked astronauts to test out rover driving from
space to assess the possibility of one day having astronauts in a spaceship drive rovers on the surface
of the moon or Mars. This could save the expense and hassle of a human landing mission, leaving the
people up above to do the driving while the robot below takes the brunt of the risk.

ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen and the Eurobot, which is designed so that astronauts in a
spaceship can control it while it’s on the surface of a planet or moon. It’s one of many robots already
working in space.

Another robotic helper just arrived at the station, too: The ISS External Ammonia Leak Locator
was shipped on a Cygnus spacecraft that arrived this past weekend. The robot is designed to look for
ammonia leaks — a task that usually requires astronauts to take on risky spacewalks.

They may not be as talkative as C-3P0, but these space robots are a valuable part of life in orbit.
Adapted from http://www.livescience.com/53140starwarsdroidsvsnasarobots.html

46. The potential possibilities of robotic technology are shown in paragraph ....
A. 1 and 2 D. 4 and 5
B. 2 and 3 E. 5 and 6
C. 3 and 4

47. Which of the following sentences best states expected beneit of having robot in space?
A. It’s one of many robots already working in space.
B. Dextre, a robotic hand, has done robotic refueling demonstrations, among other tasks.
C. The robot is designed to look for ammonia leaks — a task that usually requires astronauts to take on risky
spacewalks.
D. This could save the expense and hassle of a human landing mission, leaving the people up above to do the
driving while the robot below takes the brunt of the risk.
 E. Eventually, NASA wants to adapt a version of the robot to do spacewalks, and a next-generation version of
the Robonaut, called R5 or Valkyrie, could even travel to Mars ahead of humans.

48. In the future, the development of robotic technology enables robots ....
A. to actively communicate with humans
B. to have more complex jobs to do
C. to be advantageous for astronauts
D. to help the astronauts facing dangers
E. to replace the astronauts existence

49. In the future, the development of robotic technology enables robots ....
A. to actively communicate with humans
B. to have more complex jobs to do
C. to be advantageous for astronauts
D. to help the astronauts facing dangers
E. to replace the astronauts existence

50. By stating “Robots in space aren’t limited to science iction”, the author wants to show that ....
A. robots have been invented to help astronauts
B. robots have important parts in human life
C. robots may be helpful in space missions
D. robots can be utilized in many aspects
E. robots can be developed further