Assignment No 01
Introduction to Cupping Therapy
Cupping therapy, an ancient and effective method, aims to eliminate toxins from the body's
tissues and organs. Also known as vacuum cupping, Hijama cupping, or horn treatment, this
practice involves placing special cups on the skin to create suction. The suction draws up the
underlying tissue, causing it to swell and increasing blood flow to the affected area. Improved
blood circulation under the cups helps remove impurities and toxins from nearby tissues and
organs, facilitating their elimination.
Different Types of Cupping:
1. Dry cupping: This involves suctioning out the air from plastic or glass cups placed on the
skin. It can be done at rest or during movement.
2. Wet cupping/Hijama/Bleeding: Wet cupping includes mild suction by leaving a cup in
place for about 3 minutes. The therapist then removes the cup and makes small cuts on the
skin using a scalpel, followed by another suction to draw out a small amount of blood.
3. Oil cupping/Sliding cupping: In this technique, massage oils are applied, and cups are
attached to the body and slid across an area.
4. Flash cupping/Empty cupping: This method involves the rapid repeated application of
cups with minimal retention. It helps reduce local congestion and stimulate circulation over a
broader area.
Different Cupping Materials:
- Horn/suction cups
- Glass/fire glass cups
- Plastic/hijama cups
- Bamboo/wooden cups
- Silicone/facial cups
- Nabhi pump
Indications:
Cupping therapy is suitable for both healthy individuals (for anti-aging and rejuvenation
purposes) and those with various ailments. Localized conditions such as headaches, lower
back pain, neck pain, and knee pain can benefit from cupping therapy. Systemic illnesses,
including hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, heart
disease, hypertension, and infections, have also shown benefits from cupping therapy. It can
be used to treat skin diseases, respiratory, musculoskeletal, digestive, reproductive, and
allergic conditions.
Contraindications:
- Excessive dry or cracked skin
- Open wounds or ulcers
- Fractured bones
- Dislocated joints
- Bleeding disorders
- Severe anemia
- Muscle dystrophy
- Patients with a fear of blood or bleeding, empty stomach,
- Below 7 years of age (for wet cupping)
- Below 2 years of age for dry cupping
- Abscess
- Excessive swelling
- Pacemaker (refer to medical advice)
Side Effects:
- Syncope
- Burns from heated cups
- Blisters: second-degree burns that can be caused by dry cups if left for a long time
- Headaches
- Muscle tension or soreness
- Nausea
- Skin infections, bruising, itching, or scarring
Case Study:
A- Pre-Cupping:
Patient History:
Mr. Aslam, a 40-year-old male, visited the outpatient department (OPD). He complained of
hyperacidity for 3 months, disturbed sleep, and acne on his face with peripheral itching for
the past 2 months. The patient had a history of recurrent allergies. His temperament was
sanguineous. Several factors contributed to his condition, including excessive use of air
conditioning, high intake of cold drinks and energy drinks like string, consumption of fast
food and outdoor food, lack of exercise, and late-night screen use. There was no history of
constipation, and he was not taking any medication.
Vitals evaluation:
- Blood pressure (BP): 130/80 mmHg
- Respiratory rate (RR): 13 beats/min
- Pulse rate (PR): 80 beats/min
- Temperature: A/F (As per patient's report)
Other information:
- Blood sugar: RBS 200mg/dl
- No significant psychological symptoms
- Last meal consumed approximately 2 hours ago
- Last cupping therapy received 5 months ago
B- Cupping Procedure:
- The patient should be properly counseled about the procedure and informed about
potential post-treatment marks or scars.
- The surface should be cleaned or disinfected with rose water or alcohol swab before
cupping.
- For wet cupping, new sterile disposable needles or surgical blades and disposable
cups should be used.
- Check for cracks, wounds, and raised local temperature on the skin.
- Check for sensitive skin.
- Apply a single cup on C7 for 4-5 minutes.
- Remove the cup and make small cuts transversely, then apply the cup again to create
vacuum.
- Due to the patient's sanguineous temperament, the cups filled rapidly, and the blood
color was bright red with small air bubbles.
- After the procedure, apply moisturizer or antiseptic cream to prevent any possible
infection.
- After Hijama cupping, dress the area by applying olive oil or calendula flower cream
for quick healing of scars.
C- Post-Cupping Effects:
- Immediately after completion of cupping, the patient reported feeling fine, with no adverse
symptoms like syncope.
- 30 minutes after cupping: The patient did not experience any negative symptoms.
- Next visit: The patient showed positive effects of cupping. Acne and itching subsided, and
he experienced relief from body aches.
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Assignment No# 02
4 cases of different temperament with urine analysis.
A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders,
such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. Urine DR contains three parts:
A- Physical examination, B- Chemical Analysis, C- Microscopic evaluation.
Physical/ Visual exam
A lab technician examines the urine's appearance. Urine is typically clear. Cloudiness or an
unusual odour can indicate a problem, such as an infection. Protein in urine can make it
appear foamy. Blood in the urine can make it look red or brown. Urine colour can be
influenced by what you've just eaten or by certain drugs you're taking. For example, beets or
rhubarb might tint your urine red.
Chemical/ Dipstick test
A dipstick a thin, plastic stick with strips of chemicals on it is placed in the urine for 30 mins.
The chemical strips change colour if certain substances are present or if their levels are above
typical levels.
A dipstick test checks for:
Acidity (pH). The pH level indicates the amount of acid in urine. The pH level might indicate
a kidney or urinary tract disorder.
Concentration. A measure of concentration shows how concentrated the particles are in your
urine. A higher-than-normal concentration often is a result of not drinking enough fluids.
Protein. Low levels of protein in urine are typical. Small increases in protein in urine usually
aren't a cause for concern, but larger amounts might indicate a kidney problem.
Sugar. The amount of sugar (glucose) in urine is typically too low to be detected. Any
detection of sugar on this test usually calls for follow-up testing for diabetes.
Ketones. As with sugar, any amount of ketones detected in your urine could be a sign of
diabetes and requires follow-up testing.
Bilirubin. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown. Usually, bilirubin is carried in
the blood and passes into your liver, where it's removed and becomes part of bile. urine might
indicate liver damage or disease.
Evidence of infection. Either nitrites or leukocyte esterase a product of white blood cells
might indicate a urinary tract infection.
Blood. Blood in your urine requires additional testing. It may be a sign of kidney damage,
infection, kidney or bladder stones, kidney or bladder cancer, or blood disorders.
Microscopic exam
This test involves viewing drops of concentrated urine. Firstly, centrifuge the urine in small
test tubes for 1-2 mins, then discard its superficial part of urine and take one drop from
sedimented part in test tube. Evaluate the cells, microbes, cast, or crystals.
White blood cells (leukocytes) might be a sign of an infection.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) might be a sign of kidney disease, a blood disorder or another
underlying medical condition, such as bladder cancer.
Bacteria, yeast or parasites can indicate an infection.
Casts — tube-shaped proteins — can be a result of kidney disorders.
Crystals that form from chemicals in urine might be a sign of kidney stones.
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