PHAM

TRAN ANH
HISTORY OF VIETNAM
THE ORIGIN OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE
VIETNAM FOUNDATION

FIRST EDITION BY AMAZON 2015 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY

PHAMTRANANH

ISBN 41246272R00212

A time within memory of our nation‟s first founders,

the history of thousands of years with a civilization, heroes and their victories,
a belief that all Vietnamese were born

by the only mother initially,

the utmost familiar name “The Vietnamese Peoples”

which is heartily felt and sounded very Vietnamese.

PHAM TRAN ANH

The South nation resides the Southern people This fate is written in “the book of
heaven”

By none reason you invade this soil

As said you will suffer a vanquishable destruction!

Translated by Pham Tran Anh

THE IMMORTAL WORDS!

"You shouldn't forget it is a big country that would do bad and immoral things.
It gives itself the right to say one thing and act differently. Therefore, the forever
threats we must be aware of are from the Chinese. We shouldn‟t belittle a tiny
thing like a mole that occurs along our borderlands, for such a mole, without
our timely intervention, will eventually become a mountain. The Chinese never
abide to the agreed boundaries; they always put about excuses leading to
dispute. They cannot take over our country, but they wear away our land; they
gradually gnaw at our land. In the long run their attempt is to downsize our
territory – from an eagle nest to that of a sparrow. So you must always keep in
mind what I say:"Any inch of land that was passed to us by our ancestors must
not fail or fall into other people's hands. I want to say this as a testament for our
future generations ...".

The past is the root of the future, the deeper roots go, the stronger and higher
plants will grow. "
KING TRAN NHAN TON (1279-1293) " An inch of the mountain, or an inch
of the river is our land that cannot be wasted. You must contend with them to
prevent them from wearing away our land. If they don‟t listen to us, you can
have an envoy come to the North to settle the matter diplomatically. If you dare
cede one inch of the mountain or an inch of the river to the enemy, you will be
beheaded …".

KING LE THANH TONG (1460-1497)

We are descendents of our own ancestors. Regardless of gender, age, tribe, clan,
We are all „Children of the Fairy and the Dragon‟ from Mother Au Co who
gave birth to us - our tribes and clans. It‟s like a large tree with many limbs
coming from the same trunk and the same root.
Water to thousands of rivers and streams comes from one source. That‟s the
Nature, let alone human beings like us.

Generation after generation are born, brought up and guided by our

predecessors. To revere and remember our ancestors, we should work hard to
take good care of the roots and the source.

We should exert our industry to cultivate virtue and morality in ourselves and in
the young. We should thrive in compassion toward other peoples rather than
disparaging and envying of others. As descendants of our ancestors, we have to
preserve the traditions our ancestors have set. Shouldn‟t we think about the
above beautiful and profound meanings for the sake of our country?”.

EMPEROR QUANG TRUNG

BACH VIET WORSHIP HALL

A speech to the elderly at Văn Nội Village Annotated by La Son Phu Tu

"Vietnamese people have been influenced by the HanChinese civilization for

many centuries; it has been deeply rooted in their personality and in their
attitude, we are inferior to them, we are said that we just collect Chinese
civilization and culture.

However, we do not believe that Chinese culture actually has not received the
substantial contribution from Bach Viet ethnic in the South. These cultural life
styles were brought into China from the prehistory with a clear element of "Sea"
and it can be described by one word, that is "Viet,” which previously has been
called wrongly as ancient Thai (ProtoThai) .”

I define that the Viet word is now an official name of a country in the Southeast
Asia Area: Vietnam nation. The truth was covered for thousands of years,
together with the effect of thousands of years of domination and enslavement
deeply in strange

culture that

even Vietnamese

people are also

surprised, they do not believe that it's true !.”

Vietnam

has many

thoughts and concerns in meanings. The more we went into the countryside and
deserted villages, the more we found. This ideal society which Platon dreamed
about existed in Vietnam a long time ago.”

J. NEEDHAM
philosophers who had the depth of
PAUL MUS

"Tolerance, generosity and kindness, no sense of vengeance against the immoral

man: these are the source of power of the South, and it is the quality of a
gentleman …

Wearing armor, riding horse, going to the battle field without fear of death:
these are the source of power of the North, and it‟s the strength of a

bellicose man.”

CONFUCIUS

"

Jiaozhi is the land of culture, many mountains and rivers, many kinds of

jewels, positive historical cultural objects, outstanding talents."

EMPEROR XIAN OF HAN (CHINA)

"Although Vietnam was regarded as barbarian, they initially had great merit to
all peoples …."
SIMA QIAN

“If people in our country master the patriotic stories of our own, then we would
sentimentally love our country, our home; and then we will strive to study, to
work and to enrich the social foundation which our predecessors had
established for us to inherit."

TRAN TRONG KIM

(A Concise Summary of Vietnam History)
CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction
CHAPTER I: VIETNAM

- My Country

31
- Ocean and Coastline of Vietnam 37
- The Nature of Vietnam 43
- Vietnamese Nation 51
- The Vietnamese 55
- Vietnamese Characters 57
- Vietnam Spirit

61
- Vietnam Population 65
- Vietnamese In The Eyes of Foreigners 69

CHAPTER II
ORIGIN OF THE NATION-THE LEGEND

- Messages From Thousands of Years

83
- Descendants Of Shennong 84
- Viet Clan, Inherited Yin And Yang Philosophy 89
- Bai-Yue Communit 91
- Source Of One Hungdred Tribes 97
- Ancient Vietnamese Families In China 101
- Compatrotic Sentiments 107
- The Fairy And The Dragon 109
- The Epic Of Father Lac-Mother Au 115

CHAPTER III
THE HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF THE VIET RACE

- Hoabinh Culture 133

- BacSon Culture 139
- Yunnan And Shu Culture 141
- Lingnan And Jiangnan Culture 147
- Lungshan And Yanshan Culture 149
- Phung Nguyen Culture 155
- Dong Son Culture 161
- Sa Huynh Culture 179
- Oc Eo Culture 185

CHAPTER IV
THE EVOLUTION OF VIETNAM HISTORY

- Migrating Route Of Viet Clan

193
- Hoabinhian=Protoviets

207
- Hung Kings Found The State Van Lang 219

CHAPTER V
THE ORIGIN OF VIET CLAN

- The Legend Of The Origin Of The Viet People

229
- In The Ancient Bibliographies 231
- In Archaeological Culture 239
- The Result Of Prehistoric Archeaology 240
- Hematology

245
- The Result Of the Genetic Code Of DNA 249
- Oceanography

263

CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VI

THE ANCIENT VIETNAMESE

- Characteristics Of the Ancient Vietnamese

271
- Totem Of The Viet Clan

273
- The Dug-Out Canoe

281
- Village Huse

282
- Tattoo

288
- Chewing Betel And Blackening teeth 291

CHAPTER VII
INVASIONS BY HAN-CHINESE
-

Invasions by Han Chinese

299
-

Dominations by Han Chinese

300
CHAPTER VIII
VIET CLAN WAS A GREAT RACE

- Viet Nam, The Long Standing History of a Nation 309

- Viet Nam, Thousand Years Of Civilization 315
- The Country Name Of Viet Nam

Through The Historical Periods

319
Index

335

INTRODUCTION

Mr Pham Tran Anh, prisoner of the Communists for 20 years has written a
fascinating account of the history of Vietnam and the Vietnamese people from
pre-historic and ancient times down to the present. In it he presents the thesis
that the civilization of ancient India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand and even
Meso and South America may have a Vietnamese orgin.

Mr Pham Tran Anh posits the challenging and provocative theory backed up by
considerable scientific evidence, that the cultivation of

contruction of

rice, the

casting

of

bronze, silk weaving,

long

dug-out, ocean going

canoe

like

ships,

domestication of

cattle,

chickens, pigs
chickens, pigs
animals all

began in ancient

Vietnamese
and other domestic

communities

many

thousands of years ago. According to him the ancient Vietnamese began

cultivating rice 18 thousand years ago long before the cultivation of grain began
in China or the Near East. He goes on to point out that the Yin and Yang
concepts, So-often associated with China actually Sprang from an ancient
Vietnamese myth: The story of the Fairy (Yin) and the Dragon (Yang) and their
marriage which resulted in the creation of 100 eggs that served as the beginning
of the Vietnamese race.

Mr Pham Tran Anh points out that Vietnamese settlements existed throughout
Northern Central and Southern China long before the Han Chinese entered the
region of the Yellow and Yantze rivers. In fact, according to him the Xia (pre-
Shang) dynasty of the third millennium B.C. in China, which antedated the
Shang dynasty was actually of Vietnamese origin. He also shows how
Vietnamese migrants may very well have helped to establish the early
civilization of India.

“History of Vietnam” points out that Vietnamese Malaysians,

Indonesians,

Thais,

Burmese,

Japanese

and

Australian
aboriginese as well as American Indians are all genetically and culturally related
to one another. Customs ranging from living in long

houses, tattooing, contruction

of

dug-out

canoes

and

building houses on stilts and curved line dwellings all have a Vietnamese

origin

either

in Vietnamese-like

cultures

like

Malaysia or Indonesia. or in Viet nam . With their knowledge of sea-manship,

the author points out that the Vietnamese may have established the worlds first
sea-faring oceanic civilization linking together Asia, Australia, Polynesia, India
the Near East and even the Americas .

Finally, this book concludes with a well documented recent history of Vietnam
from the time of Chinese domination (111

B.C.-938 A.D.) up to the present.

History of Vietnam should be read by anyone with an interest in

Asian

or world

history.
history.

It

is

well documented

and

provocatively written by a brilliant scholar. A solid addition to the history of

human-kind.

South California May 29, 2015

Professor Jerry Livingston Voorhis Ph D

PREFACE

Historically, each nation has a tradition and culture that was made into a legend
for the purpose of promotion of the national pride with its epics. Indeed, the
legend of Dragon and Fairy about the origin of the Vietnamese race seems to be
mysterious, but

in reality, it

reflects

the

humanist

characteristics

of

Vietnamese tradition. The legend of the Fairy and the Dragon is the pride of
Vietnamese people. Vietnamese people from babies to ripe old-aged elders, poor
peasants to scholars, all have heard of the fairy tales about Hong Bang Family.
Indeed, we all know about our source, with the great love of Father Dragon and
Mother Fairy or "Luo (Lac)
Father and Ou (Au)

Mother”,

ancestors of the Vietnamese race.

Suffice to say that the Vietnamese original legend in its historical

tradition is

traditional

humanism.

represents a noble cultural philosophy, for it is full of humanity, of fellow

countrymen‟s love fictionized in the image of „a bag of one hundred eggs,
producing one hundred babies‟ commonly known as „people of the same
womb‟. From the fellow-citizen concept to patriotism, love for homeland, all
these have become the

moral

and traditional

values

of

Vietnamese

ethic

and

civilization. Henri Bernard Maitre praised the significance of Vietnamese culture

through the „Temple of Literature‟: “This Temple is not a place to pray or to
make amulets. It is a formal place to honor our national heroes, our cultural
elites, our doctorates with high ethical standards, and their names were
engraved on stone-slabs, so that

the
future

generations

of

Vietnamese would learn about our proper behaviors, worthy of the aspirations
of our ancestors.”

imaginary. However, it

heightens

our

The

legend

of

Vietnamese

origin

For Vietnamese, the act of worshiping our ancestors is the moral standards in the
spiritual life of the Vietnamese people.

Since the ancient time, Vietnamese people have highly revered moral principles,
so we often think about the commemoration of our relatives‟ deaths rather than
focusing on our birthdays.

Today, although young people

are

more

interested

in their
birthdays, they do not forget to commemorate their passed-away relatives.
Worshiping our ancestors is a „Vietnamese religion‟

showing moral standards of the Vietnamese. Cadière, a Catholic priest who

came to Vietnam to evangelize Christianity, had once confessed that Vietnam
was a nation of high religious spirit.

P. Mus, a

scholar, when observing

the

Vietnamese, also

acknowledged that Vietnamese people had a high spiritual life: “Vietnamese

people did not work, they worship. Indeed, foreigners were surprised to see that
every Vietnamese family had an ancestor altar in the middle of their homes. In
the Vietnamese spiritual life, every movement is full of a sacred nature, and they
worshipped their ancestors with all their hearts.

This is the unique characteristic that is imbued with the deep national identity,
full of the democratic and humanistic cultural philosophy. As a matter of fact,
the Vietnamese spiritual life does not only emblem through the ancestral altar,
but also in the altar on the

mind of

each

person. Vietnamese

people

do not

participate in ceremonies to pray for themselves, but they pray as a priest with
all the sacred characteristics of a religion." This represents the good values that
characterize the spiritual life of the ancient Vietnamese people. Ancestors
worshiping is human morality; it is something noble and spiritual handed down
from generation to generation.

This spiritual life has contributed to the conservation of the Vietnamese heredity.
Ancestor worshiping tradition is no longer a practice, a simple creed, but it has
become a national standard of morality. Ancestor worshiping is considered the
orthodox religion of Vietnamese people. Do Chieu, a patriot in the 19th century

graciously reminded us, "It‟s better to be blind to conserve

our

moral

conformity

than not

worshiping our

ancestors while our eyes are good." Everyone of us Vietnamese knows that
when we drink water, we need to know where it comes from, because "Our
father‟s kindness is as great like Great Mountain, and our mother‟s love is as
sourceful as the water flowing out from a stream. We must respect our parents
and fulfill our filial duties...! Parents‟ kindness to us is undeniably great and
unforgettable, regardless of their being alive or in the great beyond. Past and
present, we ought to be grateful to parents‟ kindness forever.”

This is the uniqueness of Vietnamese‟s spiritual life that each Vietnamese

observes

today

and forever after. Undeniably,

besides the real life‟s sufferings and hardships, we all enjoyed being embraced
by our traditional deep and noble spiritual life. It enlivens within each
Vietnamese an optimistic living concept, love for life and leisure, together with
the will to readily sacrifice our lives for the true independence, the true freedom,
prosperity and happiness for all Vietnamese people.
Vietnamese history is the one full of rises and falls of a nation from the dawn of
its foundation till today, in which it suffered for nearly one thousand years under
Chinese domination, nearly one hundred years under French colonialism, and
more than a half century of subjugation by foreign ideologies. During the course
of our history, many a time, Chinese people, simmering in their expansionism by
all means and with wicked and diabolic tricks, have attempted to invade our
country. Every time they were able to occupy our land, they exerted any way
possible to destroy all traces

of

our

roots,

our

civilization,

and

our

culture.

Simultaneously they distort and flip our history and replace it with something

vague

and chaotic

that

hampers

the

later

generations Vietnamese from their aboriginal race and pride of their people.
Each Chinese dynasty kept renaming the names of places purposefully, the
chorographical features of our lands and rivers. More
chorographical features of our lands and rivers. More

or less

the

Vietnamese

people

for nearly one

thousand years under Chinese domination had been severely influenced by their
mischievous policy of the cultural slavery that

made us accept all the “false”, without

questioning.

However, history must be the truth, whether it has been distorted or buried for
thousands of years. We need to see the light of the objective truth now.

At the threshold of the third millennium, the light of truth illuminates the true
past that had been covered for thousands of years by our Chinese enemy. In the
second millennium, mankind was shocked before the socalled „Greece-Roman
paradox‟ as the whole

world

previously

discerned

that

all

the

Western

civilization belonged to the Roman and Greece Empires, and then they had to
civilization belonged to the Roman and Greece Empires, and then they had to
confirm that it was from the civilization of old China too. At the end of the
second millennium, mankind was shocked again to find that the socalled Chinese
civilization was originally from Malyo-Viets.

The key thing for us is to review the entire history of Vietnam to restore the
historical truth in order to dispel the dark clouds that have palled over our history
for thousands of years. In the human history, perhaps no people have
experienced so many glorious ups and painful downs in the course of our history
as did the

Vietnamese

people. Right

from

the

national foundation,

Vietnamese people were hit and chased by Chinese people with the power of
nomads, and then Vietnamese people had to leave their homeland and moved
southward to settle on the land where Vietnam is now. After nearly one thousand
years under China‟s domination, Ngo Quyen defeated the South Han in the
battle on Bach

Dang

river

in

938,

officially

opening

an

era
era

of

independence for Vietnam.

Periodically, although we were invaded by China and forced to migrate to the

south, the culture of Vietnamese people made its way into China, creating a
socalled Chinese civilization. Sigma Qian, a noted historian of Chinese people,
had to admit the fact that: "Although the Vietnamese were viewed as barbarians,
at the beginning they had the great merit to all peoples ...”. Confucius, a great
Chinese scholar, praised the brilliant civilization and confirmed the superiority
of Bai-Yue Civilization in the southern part of China: Vietnam. In the book
„Doctrine of the Mean,‟

Confucius wrote: "Tolerance, generosity and kindness, no sense of vengeance

against the immoral man: these are the source of power of the South, and it is
the quality of a gentleman .. !

Wearing armor, riding horse, going to the battle field without fear of death:
these are the source of power of the North, and it‟s the strength of a bellicose
man.”

In Spring and Autumn Analects, Confucius typified many incidents where a

father killed his son, a son murdered his father, a father disgraced his son‟s wife,
a son abused his father‟s concubine, a

brother and a

sister engaged in incestuous

relationship, a subject assassinated his king, and so on. This proved nomadic
HanChinese were barbarous in the manner of survival, regardless of human love
and morality. Ironically, the invaders viewed Vietnamese as barbarians. On the
contrary, the Baiyue in the south already had the agricultural civilization for a
long time prior to the “Han civilization” interference. Confucius, the ever master
of all times of Han Chinese, himself researched, collected, and learned from the
civilization of Baiyue in the south, from which he brought the moral rules to the
savage society in the north. All „Five Classics‟, the quintessence of HanChinese,
were authored by Confucius who admitted that he just repeated what his
predecessors left without any inventions of his own. Nowadays, the truth of
history is recovered when all researchers

considered

advancement

to the

metallurgy, bronze-casting

affirm

that

most

inventions

which

as

of

the

Chinese

civilization-the

used to be

agricultural

techniques,

paper-making, glass-melting, gunpowder-making, architecture of sweeping roofs

and curved knives... all belonged to Baiyue‟s civilization. The Emperor Xian of
Han, the last emperor of the Han dynasty, also admitted that: “Jiaozhi is a
civilized land with many rivers, mountains, jewels, cultural objects and talented
people.”
Coeval with the dawning of Vietnamese civilization, it is necessary to learn
about the legend of The Fairy and The Dragon, foundation of Vietnamese nation
and the beginning of the State by the National Ancestor „Hung King.‟ Our filial
generations will know clearly about the traditional cultural characteristics of the
Vietnamese together with the spiritual cultural life, such as Tet holidays, and the
meanings of other Vietnamese festivities. As such, our filial generations will
thoroughly understand more clearly about the noble and beautiful values of the
traditional culture characteristics of the Vietnamese.

We are pro

ud that we are the children of „The Fairy and The Dragon‟, the ancestors of a
nation which has a long-standing history. Nguyen Trai, a cultural celebrity,
declared: “To this day, only our Great Yueh (Viet) had thousands of years‟
civilization.”

We are proud to be the Vietnamese, one of the biggest races of mankind, and we
can keep abreast with powerful countries in the third millennium. We have to
make sure that we deserve all the things that our ancestors have founded, and we
must do good things for our country and sing of the sacred souls of Vietnamese
heroes‟ and heroines‟ praises.

All Vietnamese at home and abroad, let‟s hold our hands and let‟s stay united as
one. We will save our country, and turn it into a developed nation, which
deserves the fame of Lac Honganother name of the Vietnamese race.

It‟s our pride as the Vietnamese which excites patriotism

within all Vietnamese people, especially the young generations, at home and
abroad, to carry out a democratic revolution, to modernize our nation. Objective
conditions of history help our young

generations

to have

modern

knowledge

to
to

fulfill

transcendent scientific and technical revolution and make our country

prosperous and powerful, to keep abreast with powerful countries in the third
millennium.

The 4.893 th Ancestral commemoration, Vietnamese calendar (2014 solar

calendar).
PHAM TRAN ANH
Ngoclu Bronze Drum

CHAPTER I
VIETNAM
VIET NAM

VIET NAM

Vietnam, my country, is small but beautiful, located in the Indochinese

Peninsula of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has an Sshape embracing chorographical
features with a long coastline on the Pacific Ocean. Its total area is 331,212 km2,
including about

327,480 km2 of

mainland

and

over 4,200 km2 of

internal waters with over 2,800 isles, big and small reefs, which are in-shore and
offshore. Paracel (Hoang Sa „Yellow Sand‟) Islands and Spratly (Truong Sa
„Long Sand‟) Islands1 cover a vast area to the east. Although small, Vietnamese
has a long-standing history with the wet-rice civilization which is considered to
be the oldest in the world. Arnold Toynbee, a historian, said that Vietnamese
civilization is one of the oldest civilizations

existing

up

to

researchers

have

agreed that

Hoabinhian culture of its people is one of the oldest cradles of mankind‟s

civilization.
today.

Nowadays,
Nowadays,

many

Southeast

Asia

with the

Vietnam is located at the center of exchange of cultures that

should

converge

in Vietnam, where

most

cultural

characteristics of the region and the world exist. Therefore, the study of that area
of Southeast Asia called Vietnam is Southeast Asia in a nutshell.1
1 Vietnamese Encyclopedia
2.W.G.Solheim II: New Light on a forgotten Past, National Geographic Vol.139, No 3, 1971. Reflection on
the new data of Southeast Asia prehistory: Austronesia origins

and

consequence.

A.P.18:146-160.
1979a: New

data on

late

Southeast Asia prehistory

and
and

their

interpretation,

JHKAS 8:73-87.

Wilhelm

G.

Solheim

H.

Ph.

D,

published on the magazine of National Geographic Vol 139 n. 3rd March 1971,
with the title of “New light on Forgotten Past.”

25

The Vietnamese have undergone many ups and downs, mostly under Chinese
domination for nearly one thousand years and French domination for nearly one
hundred years.

During the time Vietnam suffered occupancy by foreigners, it mustered up all

energy and resources to fight against foreign invaders. As a result, the most
tragic ending in its history brought

Vietnam

to

being

the

most
most

underdeveloped and

poorest country in the world. Millions of people died, millions of families were
sundered, and millions of people left their country to find freedom. Geographic
location makes Vietnam the “Holy land that generates outstanding heroes,” and
“Vietnam is favored by nature because the earth‟s womb has most main factors
of the earth‟s crust. Vietnam is located on the important area of the Northern
continent and the Southern continent

on the

earth

and of

continents

and oceans.

Therefore, Vietnam is located on the important area of 2

tectonic belts and metallogeny with the size of the planet on the Pacific Ocean
and Mediterranean Sea.” said Hans Stille, a scholar and President of Committee
on Tectonics.

Vietnam is midway of international trade routes from east to west. Its economic
potentiality and strategic location has turned Vietnam into an attractive target of
foreign invasions and international conflicts. On the other hand, the ups and
downs of Vietnam have brought in many good opportunities for its people to
absorb the civilizations of both east and west, compromise them and creatively
apply them into the reality of Vietnam.

At the threshold of the third millennium, the truth of Vietnam

history

was

recovered, which has

changed all

previous knowledge about the races and civilization of the Vietnamese. The

newest

results

of

DNA

genetic

codes

affirming Vietnamese race and Han Chinese race are entirely different.
Vietnamese race is a great one whose existence extends from Asia to America
with its shining Hoabinhian civilization.2

Destiny and the vicissitudes of history create favorable conditions for the
Vietnamese people to receive the influence of Western and Eastern civilizations
of mankind into modern Vietnamese civilization.

In the spring of 1975, millions of people decided to flee for freedom. Presently,
4 million people

from

Vietnam

are

residing outside Vietnam as refugees; a majority of these are intellectuals and

professionals contributing the most advanced knowlege to their new homelands
around the world.
2 Dr. Nguyen De and Dr. Tran Thi Nhung: Mitochondrial DNA and the origin of Vietnam, China and Maya
(a masterpiece in the spring of the Year of the Water Buffalo, Association of Physicians, Dentists, and
Pharmacists of Florida 2009, p. 93).
VIETNAM SEA
Source: Vu Huu San

MY COUNTRY

Vietnam is 331,212 km2 in area. It is bordered by the People‟s Republic of

China to the north, gulf of Thailand to the south, Laos and Cambodia to the west,
and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The length from the northernmost to the
southernmost

point is 1,650 km (from

latitudes 8o27‟ to

latitudes 23o23‟, meridian 102o8‟). The total combined length of borderlines

with Vietnam‟s neighboring countries is 4,639

km.3 The Sshaped Vietnam is considered as a shoulder pole hanging two

baskets: The Red river delta in North Vietnam and the Mekong river delta in
South Vietnam. Its central part is a narrow strip of land, the narrowest part of
which is approximately 50 km long from the east to the west. Vietnam has a long
coastline of about 5,237 km (2,828 miles)4 from Quang Ninh Province, the
northernmost point, to the cape of Ca Mau, that looks out on the Pacific Ocean.

Vietnam has an advantageous geographic location with a long coastline

resembling a balcony looking out over the Pacific Ocean, which can control all
sea routes from the northeast of the Pacific Ocean to the south, east Sea of
Vietnam, the gulf of Thailand, the Malacca channel, the Indian Ocean, the
Mediterranean Sea, and seaports in Europe and

vice

verse.

Thus,

Vietnam

is “the

crossroad

of

international trade” and also “the strategic position” of Southeast Asia in

particular and the world in general. South East Asia sea is located in the east of
Vietnam, therefore, we called it as East Sea in the old days. South East Asia Sea
covered an area of about 3,500,000 km². Encompassed by the Philippines and
Indonesia, the Southeast Asia Sea or East Sea of Vietnam functions as a balcony
looking out on the Pacific creating a long coastline of 5,237 kilometers together
with 4,000 big and small isles comprising 2,000 km2 of offshore territory.
3 . Vietnam is located in the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia.

Vietnam's

territory

runs

along

the east coast of

the

peninsula.

According to Wikipedia in Vietnamese, Vietnam has a land border with China

(1.281 km), Laos (2.130 km) and Cambodia (1.228 km) and the 3,444 km long
coastline near the Gulf of Tonkin, South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand.
4. Until now, Vietnamese geographic and historical books have still been based
on figures published during French domination where they introduced a
coastline of 2,500km to 3,260 km long. Vu Huu San, a researcher, measured the
coastal line and estimated about 5,000 km. In his piece of research of
“Vietnam„s National Interests and the law of the sea,” Scholar Mark J. Valencia
gave a relatively exact figure of Vietnam‟s coastal line of 2,828 miles (about
5,237km).

According to the newest statistics, Vietnam has inhabited 65 islands, among

which, 6 big islands are Phu Quoc with a population of 50,000 inhabitants; Cai
Bau with population of 20,000; Phu Quy 18,000; Ly Son 16,000; Cat Ba 15,000
and Cat Hai 13,000. Territorial waters of Quang Ninh in Tonkin bay alone have
over 2,000 isles taking up 2/3 of the total isles throughout the country. In Ha
Long bay, there are thousands of

eroded limestone
eroded limestone

isles

that

form

many

picturesque

landscapes and extremely beautiful and unique scenery. Inside each of these
isles, there are interesting caves of stalagmites and stalactites. These isles were
listed by Unesco as a World Heritage

Site. Especially, Van Don and Hop Pho are

crowded trading ports of ancient Vietnamese in the old days.

In Vietnamese history, there were many famous feats of arms at Van Don
seaport and Bai Tu Long isle,

about 110 km

away from the coastline. These places are important defensive positions of
Vietnam.

Paracel Archipelago lies between longitudes 110o and 113o and latitudes 15o45‟
and 17o15‟ north, which is horizontal with latitudes of Hue and Da Nang.
Paracel Islands consists of 3 groups of isles: Nguyet Thiem group, Tuyen Duc
group and Linh Con group and over 30 isles, reefs and atolls, and occupy about
15,000km2. Historically, the residence of the Baiyue community were not only
the Spratly islands but also Hainan islands and presentday Chinese territory over
6 thousand years ago. All were recorded in Chinese history that after occupying

Nanyue, in 107BC, the

Han dynasty
Han dynasty

changed

Nanyue into Jiaozhi and there were 9 counties: Nam Hai (Guangdong), Cangwu
(Guangxi), Uat Lam (Guangxi), Hepu (Guangzhou), Jiaozhi (Northern Vietnam),
Cuu Chan (from Yunnan to Thanh Hoa), Nhat Nam (Nghe An), Chau Nhai
(Hainan Islands), Dam Nhi (presentday Danzhou belonging to Hainan Islands).
Jiaozhi was ruled by a Chinese Governor stationed in Cangwu (presentday
Guangxi). Each county was ruled by a Han Chinese Governor and Districts were
ruled directly by Vietnamese Generals who were conferred a title of District
Chief and a green bronze belt.

Once again, this fact affirms the area from the valley of 2

rivers, Yellow river and Yangtze river, to the south of China including

Hainan island,

Paracel

islands, Spratly

islands

belonged to Bai-Yue and it was invaded by Chinese Han Wuti Emperor

in

111BC. Chinese

history

had

it

that

after

occupying Nanyue, Lo Bac Duc asked Giam Cu Ong, a Vietnamese living in

Guilin to entice Ou-Luo (Au Lac) to join Nanyue. Emperor Wu of Han didn‟t
dare to fight Western Ou (Tay

Au), Ou-Luo

because

Liu An, the

writer

of “The

Philosopher of Huainan”, repeated the previous defeat of Qin Great Army.

Therefore, Lo Bac Duc occupied Hepu, then asked Giam Cu Ong to inveigle the
two ranking officials of Ou-Luo. According to “Giao Chau Ngoai Vuc Ky”
book, these two Mandarins of Zhao Tuo in Ou-Luo

offered 2

counties, 100 buffaloes

and 1,000 jars

of

wine

and 2

Mandarins still ruled it as before.

Therefore, from the time of Zhao Tuo Emperor of Ou-Luo occupied Nanyue
during the Han dynasty, Ou-Luo were still a autonomous state. After the Han
army had occupied Nanyue, a number of Nanyue residents and Luo Le people in
Hainan island continued

to

fight against the Han‟s invasion.

Therefore, in 81 BC, Han occupants were forced to leave Dam Nhi, and in 46
Therefore, in 81 BC, Han occupants were forced to leave Dam Nhi, and in 46
BC, they were defeated at Chau Nhai.

Because of that, Tích Quang was displaced. Until then Hainan island, Paracel
islands, and Spratly islands still belonged to Vietnam even during the rule of the
Han dynasty. It was an undeniable proof of Vietnam‟s sovereignty of the
Paracel islands and Spratly islands.

During the Rhuan dynasty, these islands were part of Quang Ngai district, Quang
Nam province and ruled directly by the court. In 1938, these islands were
administrative units of the Paracel delegation under Thua Thien province. Under
Republic of Vietnam, the Paracel

were Dinh Hai commune,

Hoa Vang district, Quang Nam province. The Spratly Islands lie between
longitudes 111o30‟ and 117o east and latitudes 6o50‟ and 12o north. These
islands lie off the coast from Khanh Hoa to Nanyue. The Spratly Islands has
over 100 isles of all sizes comprising an area of 180,000 km2. Formerly, these
islands belonged to Quang Nghia district, then to Ba Ria province

in 1933, and to Phuoc

Tuy

province

in 1956.

Presently, the

Spratly

district, belongs

to Khanh Hoa

province.

It is believed that this is a region which contains great amount of hidden

resources including oil under its continental shelf. In addition, the Paracel
islands and Spratly islands of Vietnam possess a strategic location that enables
islands and Spratly islands of Vietnam possess a strategic location that enables
them to control all sea routes from Northern Asia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan to
Southeast Asia, the straits of Malacca, the Indian Ocean, to the

Middle East and seaports in Europe. The

strategic

geographic

position of

the

Paracel

islands

and

Spratly islands is very important and controls all routes form the east to the west
and vice verse. Total isles, hills, islets, rocks, sandbars, shoals

of

Paracel

are

130.5 Nowadays,

Vietnam is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly

abbreviated ASEAN which was formed by Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,

Philippines, Singapore,

Thailand Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.6

5 Vu Huu San: Geography of East Sea with Hoang Sa Islands and Truong Sa Island on page 19. Island,
dune, cay, rock, bank, shoal, reef.
Land masses were estimated 500 “land” as announced in Stanford Journal of
International Law by Michael Benneth.
6 Association of Southeast Asian Nations was formed on August 8,

1967 comprising of Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, The Philippines, and

Malaysia. Nowadays, Southeast Asia is an ASEAN Free Trade Area) including
11 nations such as Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos,

Malaysia,

Myanma,

The Philippines,

Singapore,

Thailand and Vietnam. Southeast Asia of 4,494,047 km² includes mainland

Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia. The demographics of 2004 showed
that its population came to 556.2 million with its GDP

(PPP) of 16,431.2 billion USD. Per capita income is 5,962 USD

(nominal GDP of 1,505,7 billion USD, per capita income of 2,609

USD). It have become an important partner of APEC as well as other countries

in

the world.

Especially,

Southeast Asian

Nations

have

announced to be a Nuclear Weapon Free and democratic peace Zone.

 Paracel Islands (The Yellow sand seashore), in
the “Thien Nam Tu Chi Lo Do Thu” Map of Do Ba (1686).

Histoire Générale des Voyages-Jacob van derSchley 1754
OCEAN AND COASTLINE OF VIETNAM

International maritime circles have known Jiaozhi bay for a long time but until a
millennium after the solar calendar, Ptolemy, a famous navigator and scholar,
made a map of New World and called The

Indochinese
Indochinese

Peninsula

The

Gold

Peninsula. Ptolemy made a nautical chart with detailed notes from seaports to
Jiaozhi seaport which was called Cattigara or Kattigara in coordinate of 177o
east of the meridian and 8o30

south of the parallel of latitude. Researchers of The French School of The Far
East surmised that Kattigara lied in Quang Yen, Hon Gai. According to technical
terms of maritime circles with the meaning from North Asia, Katti means ships
and gara means sea route but kattigara lies in capital area, therefore Kattigara
may be Ke Thi Gay which means the city of barges and Kattigara is Hon Gay.7

Central Vietnam with a Horizontal mountain range running from the Northwest
to the sea is divided by narrow plains.

The area has the geographic location of the annamite range in the west, an arc-
shaped coastal region in the east of the coastline and bays, which concave into
the land creating ideal trading ports and a gateway of international trade from the
north to the south, from the east to the west and vice verse.

The two ports, Cua Viet and Cua Tung, were places for merchant ships to
conduct business on valuable and rare goods such as flavour, precious pearls,
santai wood.8 East Sea was a road for international trading in the old days,
migration of groups of people, cultural exchange and also a silk road thousands
of years ago. It is a sea route across the Pacific Ocean (Trans Pacific), Indian
Ocean and the coastal road linking Alexandrie port on the seashore of the
Mediterranean Sea, Indian coastal area, Gulf of Thailand, Cam Ranh, Cua Tung,
Cua Viet, Van Don Kattigara (Kauchi), Guangzhou, Fujian, and Zhejiang. This
route must go through East Sea and go along central coastal areas from Nha
Trang, Cam Ranh, Quang Nam, and Quang Tri which were called Champa Sea9
on the Arabian maps and books from the 8th century to the 13th century.
7 Vu Huu San: Gulf of Tonkin, Geography and Sovereignty of waters published by publishing house of
General Association of Navy and Maritime of Socialist of Vietnam in 2002, page 39.
8 Yocco Ishi in the work "Illustrations of Ancient World History" has mentioned the maritime route from
Japan along the coastal region of South China, central coastal region of Vietnam, Funan, the Malay
Peninsula to Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean.

When foreign navigators came to this area whose name was Champa Sea on the
way to China, they usually called it South China Sea. At that time, Nanhai
district belonged to presentday

Guangdong,

therefore, in Chinese

historical

books, the South China Sea was the Guangdong Sea. Nam Hai or Truong Hai are
on the South China Sea which is 50

miles away from Hai Phong District, Guangdong Province.

Han Chinese-English Practical New Dictionary published in Hong Kong in 1971

read “South China Sea extended from strait of Taiwan to Guangdong”. Le Quy
Don, a scholar, said in Van Dai Loai Ngu book that “In the time of Nanyue,
Guangdong was

called Panyu,

Duong Thanh,

Yangzhou,

Duong Thuy, Long Uyen, Long Bien, or Guangzhouwan”.

Western navigators didn‟t understand the sovereignty of

the East Sea; therefore, they usually called it South China Sea as it is still called
South China Sea on some maps for sea travel without any proper explanations.
This fact was recorded in Tu Nguyen Re-writed published in 1951 and 1984
which showed that foreigners keep calling it the South China Sea.

On this occasion, Tu Nguyen Re-wrote which took advantage of this name

(South China Sea) and read that “Location is the south of Fujian and
Guangdong, the west of Taiwan and The Philippines, the east of Indochinese
Peninsula and Malay Peninsula, the north of Borneo Islands and Célebres
Islands.

Only was that in the old days our sea (China) called South China Sea, which
included the Indian Ocean. It should not be limited to the area of South China
Sea as in the above scope”.10
9 10. Tran Quoc Vuong in the series of History of Water Economy Guide Comments (the 6th century).
Page 431 and Bao Phac Tu in the
4th century page 432.

The undeniable proof is that Chinese history affirmed Vietnam‟s sovereignty of

territory of Paracel islands and Spratly islands. According to the map of Hoang
Thanh Nhat Thong Du Dia Tong Do published by the China Government in
1984, “the territory of China runs as far as to the Hainan island.”.

In the

beginning of the

20th century, this detail

was

reaffirmed in China‟s Geography Text Book published in 1906 which reads:

“The Southernmost point of China is Chau Nhai coastline under Qiangzhou
District (Hainan Island) at the 18th parallel.”. Chau Nhai and Dam Nhi districts
of Hainan island run from the 20th parallel (horizontal with Thanh Hoa) to the
18th parallel (horizontal with Nghe Tinh), whereas Paracel islands are located in
the south, from the 17th parallel to the 15th parallel (Quang Tri, Thua Thien,
Quang Nam and Quang Ngai provinces), and Spratly islands are located from
the 12th parallel to the 8th parallel (Cam RanhCa Mau).
10 Tran Lan Quynh, a Chinese author of “Hai Quoc Van Kien Luc” in
1744, wrote about islands and territorial waters from China Southeast Asian countries and affirmed Van Ly
Truong Sa (Hoang Sa) and Viet Duong Hai are two name of Vietnam‟s Sea.

The map of the Empire of the Great Qing published by the China Government
did not show any indication of Paracel Islands (Hoang Sa islands) and Spratly
Islands (Truong Sa islands), even what China called Xisha, Nansha, Vinh Lac,
Tuyen Duc

in Han Chinese

did not

exist

on the

map.

Especially, the Hai Quoc Do Ky collection and the book entitled Hai Luc by
Vuong Binh Nam (1820-1842) recorded: “Paracel islands are long sandy strips
used as a shield of the outer part of An Nam‟s border.”.

Map of China 1904

without Paracel and Spratly islands.

Paracel "Baixos de Chapar ou de Pulls Scir"

Golfe de la Cochin Chine Jean-Baptiste Nolin (1687).

AJ.L. Taberd, Dictionarium Anamatico-Latinum (Serampore 1838)
THE NATURE OF VIETNAM

Vietnam is rich in natural resources with mines of precious metals such as gold,
silver, and others like mangan, bauxite, chromate, phosphate, coal, etc. The
coastline of Vietnam is 5,237 kilometers, and under continental shelf, there are
hidden high reserves of mineral oil but our country‟s rich potential has not been
exploited properly. Vietnam is an agricultural country with the Red river delta
triangle whose distance from Viet Tri to gulf of Tonkin is 15 thousand
kilometers. Over 8,000 years ago, this plain which ran to Hainan island called
Nanhailand and Sundaland was the Indochinese Peninsula extending

to Indonesia. It

was

the

period of

marine

transgression. Sea level rose high about 130 meters, which created the gulf of
Tonkin and separated Hainan Island from the plain in Northern Vietnam and Ca
Mau cape from presentday Indonesia.11

Vietnam

has

a tropical

monsoon climate,

considerable

moisture

and copious amount

of rain. Annual rainfall is

of rain. Annual rainfall is

substantial in all regions ranging from 120 to 300 centimeters, which causes
floods in some places. Vietnam is a tropical monsoon country

of

lowlands, mountains, and densely

forested highlands in Northern and Central Vietnam. Northern Vietnam has 4

distinct seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. Winter begins in September
and ends in December.

The coldest months are December and January and the coldest place is Sapa
whose temperatures go down to 5oC, it is 37oC

in summer.

The

hottest

month is

April

and

its

most

temperature reaches to 37oC.12

11 Stephen Oppenheimer: “Eden in the East: The Drowned continent of SouthEast Asia.”
12 Vietnam Wikipedia.
 One pillar Pagoda in Hanoi

Hạ Long Bay
NORTHERN VIETNAM

Red river delta

triangle
triangle

is

long-standing

place

of

residence for ancient Vietnamese extending from the apex of Viet Tri triangle to
near the gulf of Tonkin. The Red river is 1,200 km from Yunnan to northern
Viet Nam and its junction is Lo river and Da river of giant alluvium of 500
million cubic meters every second. In rainy season, its flow increases 60

times, which makes its people embank and repair annually but sometimes

dyke

rupture

occurs

and flood reaches

to 14

meters. On the other hand, alluvium accumulation makes the Red river delta
triangle more fertile for wet rice fields and it encroaches about 100 meters on the
sea annually.

Highlands in the east and west of northern Vietnam extend to the midlands with
many high mountain ranges. Therefore, they are called „Ten thousand big
mountains‟

which are

densely forested all year round. Fansipan, at 3,142 meters in the

Hoang
Hoang

Lien Son range, is

the

highest

mountain in

Vietnam. Mountain ranges in northern Vietnam running to the gulf of Tonkin

create the wonder of the world „Ha Long Bay.‟

Plains in northern Vietnam ran to the Eastern coast of Hainan island over 8,000
years ago. After marine transgression, sea level

rose

high, which

created the

gulf

of

Tonkin and

separated Hainan island from presentday plain in northern Vietnam.

In 1010, the emperor Ly Thai To relocated the imperial seat to Dai La citadel
and named it Thang Long „the soaring dragon‟ where it became the capital city
of Ly dynasty. Until 1831, whenMinh Mang

emperor,

of

the

Rhuan dynasty,

renamed it Ha Noi. It is a city representing a thousand years of civilization of

renamed it Ha Noi. It is a city representing a thousand years of civilization of
Vietnam.

Ngo Mon Gate Hue city

Cam Ranh Bay

CENTRAL VIETNAM

The

Himalaya

mountains

extend in the

direction of

southeast across Yunnan and separate northern Vietnam into two regions:
northwest Vietnam and northeast Vietnam. In central Vietnam, these mountains
horizontally branch the area into narrow plains before reaching the sea. The local
denizens call it “Hoanh Son” Horizontal Mountain with beautiful sites such as
Hai Van Pass, famous Bach Ma mountain of row on row of mountains, Son Tra
Peninsula, Nha Trang sandy beach, etc. To the west of the Horizontal mountains
range is a plateau of 51,800 km2 with rugged mountain tops, forested highlands
covering 22% of the forestal area of the country.

Under French domination, basalt plateau of 51,800 km2 is called Liangbiang

consisting of provinces such as Buon Ma Thuot (Darlac), Pleiku, Kontum, Phu
Bon, Quang Duc, Lam Dong where most residents are highlanders of various
ethnic groups: Rhadé, Banhar, Churu, Kaho, Ma, Stieng, etc. The plateau gains a
reputation for Liangbiang mountain and Da Lat city which are very beautiful
scenic places. Other spots like Hai Van Pass, Da Nang seaport (Touranne), and
Cam Ranh bay are well known to tourists.

Particularly, the imperial citadel of Rhuan dynasty with unique and ancient-
styled architecture of sweeping roofs and curved knives has been listed by
Unesco as a World Heritage Site. Opposite the scenic views, Central Vietnam
undergoes harsh weather, and the local people repeatedly suffer great difficulty
for survival. They have an iron will to withstand many hardships and challenges
like storms, drizzles, flood, monsoons

that

cause

great

damage

to the

crops

and

commerical activities.

Horizontal mountains range divides central Vietnam into pieces: a region of

narrow plains. The valleys of Ca river and Ma river are the most considerable
plains where ancient Vietnamese lived, and Dong Son Culture has still retained
the vestige of “Bronze Drum Civilization”, a characteristic of Vietnamese.
the vestige of “Bronze Drum Civilization”, a characteristic of Vietnamese.
Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Tuy Hoa, Binh Dinh which were famous for the Sa
Huynh culture of Champa.

SOUTHERN VIETNAM

Southern Vietnam, with two seasons: rainy and sunny, where Saigon city,
formerly named Ben Nghe, is noted for being easy to come to hard to leave. It is
the good land of warm

climate

and nice

people;

one-time

stopover of

Expanding Southern Vietnam. The Mekong river delta is a vast expanse of land
of 40,000 km2 about 3 meters above sea level. It is a low ground with tangled
systems of canals and trenches, full of swamps, immense rice fields, and is the
biggest granary in the world. Every year it delivers a huge amount of alluvium,
averagely about 1 billion cubic meters.

The local denizens usually call this delta South Western Vietnam where there are
verdant orchards of all kinds of delicious fruits all year round.

With the length of 4,500 kilometers which starts from the Tibetan plateau the
Mekong river is one of the 12 longest rivers in the world. It flows through
China's Yunnan province and along most of the boundary between Thailand and
Laos.

Reaching Cambodia the Mekong river goes into Phnom Penh, then into the
territory of Vietnam, covering a distance of 230

kilometers long. Here it branches into two: Tien Giang and Hau Giang, where

these two branches diverge

these two branches diverge

into nine

estuaries, where it is called “Cuu Long” Nine Dragon river, which it is

affectionately called a mother river. A branch of Tonle Sap lake flows into the
Mekong river in Phnom Penh and forms a large freshwater lake which is also
known as Sea lake. Thanks to this vast lake, in the rainy season, water flows into
the lake of 10,000 km2 to regulate water level flooding water off the Mekong
river delta. Previously, the Mekong river valley extending to Malaysia,
Indonesia and Australia was called Sundaland by researchers. About 8,000 years
ago, sea levels rose over one hundred meters, which separated Australia and
Indonesia from

the Sundaland continent

of

present.

Southern Vietnam, with two brilliant cultures of Oc Eo and Funan, was once
considered good land with a mild climate of rainy and sunny seasons.
Temperature of 2 seasons has a few degree differences, which range from 21oC
to 28oC. Land is fertile and Vietnamese Southerners are meek and sincere. Ha
Tien Province of southern Vietnam is famous for its civilized landmark with
“Tao Dan Chieu Anh Cac”13 by Mac Thien Tu from 1736, that even Thuan Hoa
doesn‟t have.14
13 The Tower of Coterie Provoking Literature Figures
14 Mac Thien Tu, a son of Mac Cuu, who lived in Viet Dong Province (Guangdong), ran to Ha Tien to ask
The Nguyen Lords to settle. The Nguyen

Lords

appointed

him

as

military
military

governor

of

Ha Tien.

Formerly, the Mac family was ancient Vietnamese in South China.

When Manchuria invaded China to build the Qing Dynasty, he brought all his
family to Vietnam for his ambition of restoring the national sovereign.

Ben Thanh Market Saigon

Ha Tien Sea

VIETNAMESE NATION

The entity of the Vietnamese race today has undergone a long and complicated
process. Previously, anthropologists and prehistoric

archaeologists

believed

the

Vietnamese

were

Indonesian, a

member of

the

Southern Mongolian

race.

Anthropologists

and

anatomists
anatomists

found some

Indonesian

characteristics in the physique of today‟s Vietnamese such as height, blood

composition and the appearance of a round skull. E. Patte, a

French archaeologist, found Indonesian

characteristics still retained in the skull. Researchers also recorded Indonesian

factors found in not only higlanders people in Central Highlands but also in the
Muong, Tho and Man peoples in the North Vietnamese highlands. On the other
hand, prehistoric archaeologists also affirmed the Indonesian race existed in our
country from the Stone Age and they played an important role in the formation
of ancient culture from the cultures of Hoa Binh, Bac Son to Phung Nguyen,
Dong Son, Sa Huynh and Oc Eo.

According to these anthropologists, the combination of races

in the

middle

of

the

Stone

Age

which formed

Hoabinhian belongs to Southern Asian race. Vietnamese are typical for

Southeast Asian people in the mainland and islands with the following
characteristics: straight black strong head of hair, scarce body hair, rather flat
nose, wide nose index, black eyes, some single eyelids called Mongolian
Epicanthus eyelids, rather high cheeks, wide oval face with index of 49.9,
middle-sized body build, agility, and yellow skin, in general.
The modern Vietnamese have short heads and round skulls like the Southeast
Asian called generally Southern Asian anthropological type that anthropologists
called Indonesian that means Hoabinhian=Protoviets.

Prehistoric archaeologists took measurements of skull of inhabitants living in the

highland at Malaya foothills 6,000

years ago and found that it is accurate to call these dwellers Malaysian. After
seawater receded about 5,500 years ago, these inhabitants migrated to valleys of
Yellow river and Yangtze river, whom authors of the old book of Chinese called
Baiyue (Malayo-Viets).

In 1962, J Coedès, the director of the French School of the Far East, announced
results of measurements of the skull and its capacity of the Vietnamese as
follows:

Vietnamese's

skull

is

round

type

(Brachycephaly).
-

Average skull index: 82.13.

-

Skull capacity: 1341.48.

Skull indexes of Northern Vietnam, central Vietnam and southern Vietnam as

follows:

- Skull index of Vietnamese Northerner: 82.49.

- Skull index of people in highlands: 82.85.
- Skull index of people in highlands: 82.85.
- Skull index of people in central Vietnam: 82.14.
- Skull index of Vietnamese Southerner: 81.76.

Based on the result of skull index of minority ethnic groups

in highlands

in northern Vietnam

such

as

Thai,

Muong, Man, Tay, Nung, Tho, and Thuong in plateaus in Central Vietnam and
that of the Vietnamese, there is only difference within 2 units. Prehistoric
archaeologists concluded all

Chinese

Southerners

and Southeast

Asian people

in

mainland and islands such as Thai, Laotian, Cambodian, Burmese,

Malaysian, Indonesian,

Philippine, Singaporean

were of the same race because they had the same average skull index of 82.48
and the same round skull.15

Prehistoric archaeologists said that the Chinese (Han clan) have long skulls,
whose capacity is 1440 and average skull index is 76.51 whereas Southerner
Chinese‟s average skull index is 81.22. According to Anthropological
definitions, if the difference of skull indexes between two races are over 2

units, they are 2 different races. Therefore, Viet clan people were completely
different from Chinese (Han) and the same with Chinese

Northeasterners

and Southerners.

Chinese

Southerners used to be ancient Vietnamese who were ruled and assimilated

thousands of years ago by the Han clan.

Although the ancient Vietnamese were forced to live a Chinese life style, they
still kept their habits and customs; therefore, they never became Chinese. Indeed,
we have to say exactly that Chinese Southerners and Chinese-Vietnamese in
Cholon (Chinatown) are Vietnamese-Chinese. On the other hand, according to
the latest and most persuasive results of research and analysis of genetic code
structure, it once again affirms that Viet clan and Han clan are 2 different races
and Chinese Southerners, Vietnamese, Southeast Asian people and the
indigenous peoples of the Americas originated from Hoabinhian of the Protoviet
race, (i.e. Malayoviets „Baiyue‟).

The persuasively scientific fact refutes all misconception ever made.

15 G Coedès: Les Peuples de la peninsula Indochinoise, Paris 1962.

Binh Nguyen Loc “The Malay origin of our nation,” Bach Boc Publishing House
Sai Gon, pages 446-449.
Vietnamese Girl

Nung Girl
Muong Girl Thai Girl

Hmong Girl
Chăm Girl

THE VIETNAMESE

The Vietnamese live on agriculture. They grow rice, use chopsticks for lifting
food to the mouth. Their stature is smaller, slender and fairer skin than that of
the Han nomads.

The Han nomads in the northern part live on horseback. They use hands to eat
meat, and their common diet is mainly of dumplings made of barley. Although
the Vietnamese have a slim body, they are very firm and fast. Their face is bony
with sharpness, high and broad forehead, black eyes, dark beard and hair,
medium nose, yellow skin. Since they live near the equator and are frequently
exposed to the sun, their skin usually tanned with sunburn, especially men.
Women's skin is fairer and nicer than men.

At the beginning of King Hung, the ancient Vietnamese lived in houses on stilts
to avoid predators. Men had short hair or they gathered their locks into a bun.
Their clothes were a loin-cloth to walk easily

in the

woods. The

ancient

Vietnamese in the coastal plain made their living on rivers.

Women wore skirts, shirts and covered their head with a shawl. Vietnamese
people wearing a shirt with buttons on the left is the separated identity of
Vietnamese people that is different from the Chinese; women dressed in the
four-panel traditional dress, worn the flat palm hat with fringes and a kerchief
and they made house on the ground.

Today, Vietnamese people wear Western clothes, woman's fashion is in

accordance with modern style, but they still keep the traditional dress “ao dai”,
men still wear the national clothes, traditional dress, and ready-to-wear turban in
the occasion of holidays and Tet in accordance with Vietnamese tradition.
Royal Art of Vietnam in Exhibition Paris 2014

VIETNAMESE CHARACTERS

Vietnamese are gentle, always optimistic, and dutiful to their parents, faithful to
their spouse, loyal to their friends, open, hospitable, and benevolent. They love,
protect and help people in misfortune or in destitution, and especially treasure
friendly relations between teachers and students, politeness and sense

of

decency.

Vietnamese

are

fond of learning,
intelligent, creative, and clever with their hands, eager for progress, quiet,
mature, honest and reliable. Nevertheless, Vietnamese have much ambition,
naturally diligent, miserly, and eager for gain. Vietnamese are intelligent but sly,
and they often disparage and envy of others.

As agriculturalists living in the coastal plain regions of East Sea, they have a
high spiritual life. Their life inclines toward sentiment and romance, and they
love letters and arts, Tet holidays

and

festivities.

Vietnamese

are

naturally

spontaneous, young, optimistic, and always have a smile on their lips; therefore,
foreigners respect them for their affability and hospitality. If compared with
other peoples, Vietnamese are second to none but because of their individual
heroism and a little arrogance, they don‟t have solidarity in peacetime.16 In
addition, quintessence sometimes becomes cunning, slyness. They often like to
show off, tease, and ridicule others…
16 Three foreigners run their business harmoniously, therefore their country makes more and more progress
while three Vietnamese don‟t, three of them have inharmonious conversations and no one tolerated anyone
else due to their envy at others‟ capacity. In the world, almost just Viet clan has the same ancestor called as
national ancestor. To symbolize a spiritual conception, our ancestor reversed into fatherland, which no
peoples had. French use the word “pays” or “l‟etat” for country and “patrie” for fatherland. An American
uses country and fatherland, while a Vietnamese has many words for them. “Nuoc nha”

(country) sounds beloved and shows our own concept. If it is reversed, it means
“The State.” We also use the words “nuoc non,” “giang son,”

During

their

history,
history,

the

Vietnamese

were

always

confronted with Han Chinese

invasions

threatening

their

survival; therefore Vietnamese had a high patriotism, ready to sacrifice their life,
death is as light as a feather, and ready sacrifice their property to fight against
invaders. The book of Tuy Thu Geographic Book by a Chinese reads: “From
„Five Mountains range‟ to the south, Nanhai (Guangdong), Jiaozhi was a hub
of commerce, because they lived near the sea and there were a lot of rhinos,
elephants, tortoise-shells, gold and gems, and precious pearls, traders were rich.
They were fierce, prone to pick a quarrel. It was an old custom of people with
the family name of Ly (ancient Vietnamese) to gather their hair into a bun and
sit in straddle (squat). They were straightforward and reliable. Ethnic minorities
were brave and independent. They loved riches, disregarded death, just cared
about wealth, and lived (in a house on stilts) next to mountainsides, farmed
industriously, made securities by wood engraving,

and

kept

their

promises.

These

were
were

the

Vietnamese‟s normal characters. The father‟s job was different from that of the
children. If the father was poor, he would live with his children. All other elders
in the Ly families were the same. They casted big bronze drums, and after
completion of the casting, they hung a drum in the courtyard, held a wassail by
inviting

everyone in the area to come. The

host offered the daughter of a family of authority or richness an honor to pick

the drumstick and play it as an inaugurator.

After beating the drum, the owner would name the drumstick “Thoa”. It was
their custom to make enemies by fighting. If wishing to fight, they would beat the
drum, and then everyone would come. The person who had the drum was given
the title of Do Lao „Wrestling Senior‟ who would be admired by everyone. This
tradition had existed long before. When Uy Da (Zhao Tuo) called himself

Man Di

dai

truong

lao phu

„Barbarian‟s Great Senior‟ or Da Lao for short whom was respected by

the

Ly

families. Eventually

Da

Lao was

mispronounced as Do lao.”. Viet books read, “Vietnamese lived on waterways

as if in mountains, boats and paddles were considered as vehicles and horses.
Their moving as quickly as the wind. It was Vietnamese‟s character to
determine to fight with fearlessness of death …”. Especially, Vietnamese treat
each other by sentiments between relatives or compatriots. They often address
their neighbors as their relatives using the family‟s pecking order, such as sister
“Tư”

fourth, Uncle or Aunt “Tam” Eighth, Mrs “Ba” Third, Aunt “Hai” Second and
called themselves as if they were their neighbors‟ offspring. Sentimentalism
between compatriots derived from the legend of One mother of a hundred of
children. Because all of them were born by one mother, therefore, their
patriotism for Vietnam always associated itself with love for the race of the fairy
and the dragon much more than other peoples. Paul

Mus, a

famous

researcher of

Vietnamese culture, wrote: “Vietnam has many philosophers who had the depth
of thoughts and concerns in meanings. The more we went into the countryside
and deserted villages, the more we found. This ideal society which Platon
dreamed about existed in Vietnam a long time ago”.
“song nui,” “son ha” for country. To express a specific conc ept of

agricultural country, we usually connect “Son ha” (country) with “xa tac” (state)
as Temple of Shennong, etc. The poem “Ballad of patriotism” by Phan Boi
Chau, a revolutionary and strong-willed scholar, called sadly “Country soul”
“Hey the soul, please go back to the country!!!” “Alas! For ancestor‟s legacy,
blood shed and lives lost.

There is a lot of blood-shedding by fiendish persons, the flag with three colors of
Indochina (the flag bathed in the blood of Vietnamese), it is shameful and
painful, Shame for losing the country, it‟s unjust for the country. Hey the soul,
please go back to the country.”
 Muong dance

Hmong Festival

Quan Ho Bac Ninh Folk song

 Bac Ninh Singer

Chămpa dance

Katê Festival of Chămpa

Vietnamese

philosophy
philosophy

of

overflows with humanity and sentiments between compatriots or relatives

through the symbol of A sac containing a hundred eggs from which a hundred
children were born. From the compatriotic conception leading to love for
country, race, and fatherland, all of them become the traditional and moral value
of

Vietnamese

moral

civilization.

Henri

Bernard Maitre

gloried the beauty of Vietnamese civilization through the temple called as

Temple of Literature. “Temple of Literature is not used for praying or using
magic, but it is a solemn place for gratefulness for national heroes, cultural
celebrities, and Doctors having moral standards in order set for future
generations‟ memory to grasp as engraved lessons of proper behaviors.”.

VIETNAMESE SPIRIT
legend symbolizes

lofty

and beautiful

culture

that

is

imbrued with humanity,

imbrued with humanity,

For Vietnamese, worshiping ancestors is a proper behavior in spiritual life. In the

old days, Vietnamese have attached much importance to moral principles;
therefore, they often care about anniversaries of their relatives‟ death much
more than their birthdays. Nowadays, although young people care much about
their birthday, they will not forget anniversaries of their relatives‟ deaths.
Worshiping

ancestors

is

Vietnamese religion showing proper behavior of the Viet clan.

Priest Cadière, a foreign process server, who came to Vietnam to carry on

missionary work, said that “Vietnam is a nation with high religiosity”. P. Mus, a
scholar and researcher of Vietnam, admitted, “The Vietnamese has a highly
spiritual life. Vietnamese don‟t work, but offer sacrifices and prayers”. Indeed,
foreigners

were

surprised that “Each Vietnamese family is a house of worship. Every house has
an ancestral altar in the middle of their house. In Vietnamese spiritual life,
everything always

overflows

with sacredness.

Worship,

sacrifice, and funeral repasts are made with all their sincere hearts. This is a
unique thing that is imbued with the national character

and overflows

with the
humanity

and

cultural

philosophy of Vietnam. Indeed, Vietnamese spiritual life exists not

only

in the

ancestral

altar

but

also in the

peoples

consciousness. Vietnamese don‟t attend ceremonies for privileges, but for

prayers as a priest with all sacredness of a religion”. This shows the lofty and
beautiful value in spiritual life of the ancient Vietnamese.

Worshiping

ancestor

is

proper

behavior

and

lofty

sacredness and is passed through the generations. It is this spiritual thing to

contribute to preserve the Vietnamese nation.
contribute to preserve the Vietnamese nation.

The tradition of worshiping ancestor is no longer a custom or a faith, but

becomes a moral philosophy of the Vietnamese nation. Worshiping ancestors is
considered as the ancestor‟s main religion of proper behavior of the Vietnamese
which Nguyen Dinh Chieu,

patriotic

intellectual

in

the

19th

century, reminded all Vietnamese thoughtfully: “Better be blind but keep the
religion alive than having a good eyesight but not worshiping ancestors.” “The
father‟s deed to her child is like a great mountain, And the mother‟s care for
her child is like a sourceful fountain. A filial child mustn‟t forget his parents‟
deed and care, instead. To compensate her/his parents‟ favor in return”.17 It is
a unique point of spiritual life of Vietnamese which is still passed to all
Vietnamese today and in the future. Indeed, besides wretched and real life, there
is still a deeply spiritual life imbued with lofty, beautiful and realistic humanity.
It is the spiritual life to create for all of the Vietnamese an easy, leisurely, and
optimistic conception of life

but

to

be

willing

to sacrifice

their life
for real

independence, freedom, prosperity, and happiness.

17 Thai Son mountain is located at Hoa Duong in Tibetan Plateau after ancient Vietnamese removed to
Shandong Peninsula and named Thai Son to the highest mountain in Son Dong. When Han Chinese
occupied this residence, Bayue people had to remove to the South and Thai Son mountain

was

deeply

ingrained

in

the Vietnamese consciousness,

therefore the effort of a father is like a Thai Son mountain to recall fatherland
formerly.

In the old days, our Vietnamese ancestors chose The Fairy and The Dragon as
our symbolic figures. Ancient Vietnamese had a common sense of community
and would have a strong attachment to each other and live and die together with
a sacredly

spiritual

faith that

they

are

member of

the

community and a child of The Dragon Father and The Fairy Mother. It was the
common sense of the totem, the sacredly spiritual symbol for everybody to live
common sense of the totem, the sacredly spiritual symbol for everybody to live
with mutual love, protect and help through generations to become a sacred
symbol and a soul of their life. It was the soul of our country which our
ancestors called The sacred soul of rivers and mounts. The legend of the origin
of our nation shows us that we were born from the same mother; therefore we
have called each other same-wombed compatriots. We are brothers and sisters
who were born from the same mother. We have the same national ancestor,
Hung King, and from this conception, two words Mother Country have existed
for thousands of years. It

was

spiritual

symbol

engraved deeply

on

Vietnamese‟s memory. From the conception of same-wombed compatriots for

Vietnamese, compatriotism usually associates with love for nation because we,
of course have the same Vietnam Country, the same nation ancestor Hung King,
and are the same descendents of The Fairy and The Dragon. This explains to
foreigners that Vietnamese have an ardent love for the

country

and

continuously

have

independence

including

the
struggle

thousand years of Chinese domination. Love for country and people have been
showed through the history from its origins to the present day, which have made
Vietnam the country everlasting and Vietnamese immortal.
been

fighting

for

against

nearly

one
Royal Art of Vietnam in Exhibition Paris 2014
VIETNAM POPULATION

Presently, Vietnam's

population is

90,549,390 persons

living in 61 provinces and cities nationwide. There are nearly 4 million

Vietnamese living in overseas as refugees from communism. Totally, Vietnam's
current population is more than 94 million.18 After the Geneva Agreement on 20
Jul

1954, Vietnam was divided into two. Each pursued its own political regime: the
North made itself a Socialist state named the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
(DRVN) with an area of 156,702 km2 and a population of 17 million. By then
the density was 108.48/km2.

The

administrative

organization

consisted

of

eight

autonomous regions: Viet Bac Autonomous Region consisted of

Ha

Giang, Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, Bac

Kan, Thai

Nguyen, Lang

Son

and Thai

Meo Autonomous

Region

consisted of Lai Chau, Son La and a special Autonomous Region

was

Hong

Quang.

Besides
eight

remaining

Autonomous Regions, 22 adminstrative

units were

called

provinces and cities: Hai Phong, Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Son Tay, Vinh
Phuc, Hung Yen, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang, Hai Ninh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Ha
Dong, Hoa Binh, Ha Nam, Thai Binh, Kien An, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh, Thanh
Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh and Quang Binh.
18 According to statistics of 2011 of Socialist Republic of Vietnam, total population is 90,549,390 domestic
people) and near 4 million overseas people. Up to 2007, Hong Kong‟s population of overseas Vietnamese

is

1,642,950

people,

Cambodia‟s population is 600

thousand people, France‟s population is 250 thousand people, Taiwan‟s

population is 200 thousand people, Australia‟s population is 174,200

people, Canada‟s population is 151,410 people, Laos‟ population is 100

thousand, Malaysia‟s population 87 thousand, Germany‟s population is 83

thousand people, The United Kingdom‟s population is 70 thousand people, The
Czech Republic is 61 thousand people, Poland‟s population is 45 thousand
people, Japan‟s population 42 thousand people, Russia‟s population 37
thousand people, China‟s population 30 thousand people, Africa‟s population
27 thousand people, Thailand‟s population 20

thousand people, Norway‟s population 19 thousand people, The Netherlands‟

population is 18 thousand people, Finland‟s population is 4 thousand (Vietnam
Wikipedia).
In the South, it was the Republic of Vietnam of 174.289

km2 in area and a population of 14,275,000. Average density was 82/km2. The
new capital was Saigon and 41 provinces, towns including: Do Thanh Sai Gon,
Quang Tri and Thua Thien, Quang Nam (Hoang Sa Islands), Quang Tin, Quang
Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Kon Tum,
Pleiku, Phu Bon, Darlac, Quang Duc, Tuyen Duc, Lam

Dong,

Binh Tuy, Long Khanh, Phuoc

Thanh, Phuoc

Long, Binh Long, Bien Hoa, Phuoc

Tuy

(Truong Sa), Gia Dinh, Binh Duong, Tay Ninh, Con Son, Long An, Kien Tuong,
Dinh Tuong, Kien Phong, Kien Hoa, Vinh Long, Vinh Binh, Phong Dinh,
Chuong Thien, An Giang, Kien Giang, Ba Xuyen, An Xuyen (Ca Mau).

According to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Vietnam's population includes

54 ethnic groups in which Kinh Ethnic is majority, the remaining 53 ethnics
including:

1. Kinh

55.900.244 Persons
2. Tay

1.190.342 Persons
3. Thai

1.040.549 Persons
4. Muong

914.596 Persons
5. Khmer

895.299 Persons
895.299 Persons
6. Nung

705.709 Persons
7. Hmong

558.053 Persons
8. Dao

473.945 Persons
9. GiaRai

242.291 Persons

10. Ede

194.710 Persons

11. Bana

136.859 Persons

12. San,Chay
13. Cham
14. Xo Dang
15. San Diu
16. Hre
17. Kơho (Kaho)
18. Raglai
19. Mnong
20.Tho
21. Stieng
22. Khơmú
23. Bru Van Kieu
24. Giay
25. Kơtu
26. Gie-Trieng
27. Ta Oi
28. Ma
29. Co
30. Choro
31. HaNhi
32. Xinh Mun
33. Churu
34. Lao

35. La Chi
36. Phu La
37. La Hu
38. Khang
39. Lu
40. Pathen
41. Lo Lo
42. Chut
43. Mang
44. Co Lao
45. Bo Y
46. La Ha
114.012 Persons

98.971 Persons

96.766 Persons

94.630 Persons

94.259 Persons

92.190 Persons

71.696 Persons

67.340 Persons

51.274 Persons

50.194 Persons

42.853 Persons

40.132 Persons
37.964 Persons

36.967 Persons

26.924 Persons

26.044 Persons

25.436 Persons

22.649 Persons

15.022 Persons

12.489 Persons

10.890 Persons

10.746 Persons

9.614 Persons

7.863 Persons

6.424 Persons

5.319 Persons

3.921 Persons

3.684 Persons

3.680 Persons

3.134 Persons

2.427 Persons

2.247 Persons

1.473 Persons
1.420 Persons

1.396 Persons

47. Cong

1.264 Persons

48. Ngai

1.151 Persons

49. Si La

594 Persons

50. Pu Peo

382 Persons

51. Brau

231 Persons

52. RMam

227 Persons

53. Odu

32 Persons

The Vietnamese people consist of 53 ethnic tribes in which Luo-Yueh Tribe in

Chau Kinh is the majority, the remaining are 52 ethnic tribes whom we call
minority compatriots.19 In fact, there are one hundred Viet ethic tribes of Bai-
Yueh (Bach Viet) community. Today, there are only 53 Viet ethic tribes in Bai-
Yue community living in Vietnam country and the rest of the ethnic tribes in
Bai-Yue community still reside in China now. Luo Yueh tribe is the largest with
55,900,244

people and the least tribe has only 32 people that we call as the
minority

community, as

Viet

ethnic

tribes,

such as:

Muong, Thai, Nung, Dao, Tho, Hmong, Giarai, Kaho ... in the Great Bai-Yueh.
19 In reality, we can‟t count the group of 900,185 Chinese-ethnic in Vietnamese family, although most of
them are Vietnamese Chinese.

Mistakenly, a statistic, produced by officials of the Socialist Republic of

Vietnam dated 1 April 1989, said that Vietnam has 54 ethnic groups.

This is a serious mistake. They should be all belonging to Vietnamese ethnic

group but the lowlanders are majority and the highlanders are minorities. Is not,
then how could they explain the former king An Duong Vương in the far past
and the contemporary party leader Nông Đức Mạnh, general secretary of the
Communist Party and a Tay when both ruled the country?

VIETNAMESE
IN THE EYES OF FOREIGNERS

It was Confucius, the master of all times to Han Chinese, who admitted that Han
Chinese were brutal and who glorified the

brilliant

civilization,

and affirmed the

superiority

of
Baiyue civilization. Confucius wrote in the book of Doctrine of the Mean that
“Tolerance, generosity and kindness, no vengeance against the immoral man:
these are the source of power of the south, and it is the quality of a gentleman .. !

Wearing armor, riding horse, going to the battle field without fear of death:
these are the source of power of the north, and it‟s the strength of a bandit”.

The Emperor Xian of the Han dynasty, admitted of our civilization that “Jiaozhi
was the land of civilization with many rivers, mountains, jewels, cultural objects
and talented people...!.” Sima Qian, an orthodox historian of the Han Chinese,

admitted

the

truth

that: “Although

ancient

Vietnamese are called barbarians, in the beginning they made great merits to all
peoples...”. This proved that Han Chinese owed Vietnam clan a debt of gratitude
for absorbing Bai-Yue civilization and then changed it into Chinese civilization.
Tien Hy To, a historic mandarin of Qing dynasty, had a conception that although
Great Han changed the contents of Abbreviated History of the Great Viet‟, it
was still admitted that “Ancient Vietnamese were upright and honest”.

During

French domination,

Couve

De

Pouvourville, a

scholar and Governor of Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) from 1921
to 1926, admitted the lofty and beautiful tradition of oppressed people as
follows: “We see here a self-contained civilization and everything was built a
long time ago. Arts and science, including national management, were well
developed. Law, custom, religion, and literature were all completely expressed
and reconcilable. After many centuries, they had been carried out harmoniously
and more perfect.

Vestiges of barbarousness no longer exist. The inhabitants of this nation used to

live in an organized society while Western people

still

lived

in

the

uncivilized

condition.

It

is

characteristic of Vietnamese such as loving their country, attaching to family,

respecting ancestor, valuing justice, being fond of science, attaching much
importance to sages and saints‟ words, loving race, respecting the right, hating
luxury, being ungreedy for fortune, despising and hating force, being unfearful

of

hardship,

being willing to sacrifice, etc.

Vietnamese are all like that…”.

L'aurroussau, a French scholar, researched in Vietnamese history

and affirmed “Nothing wins Vietnamese‟s strong vitality”. Buttinger, a Western

historian, also admitted the unlimited vitality of the Viet clan “Since the Chinese
defeated and dominated

the

Vietnamese, Chinese

culture

couldn‟t

penetrate the Vietnamese.”. It not only didn‟t penetrate, but it also made the
Vietnamese fight more fiercely to assimilate the ruling people but not be
assimilated by the ruling people as Paul Mus, a Vietnamese researcher, wrote:
“From founding the State, all core things of Vietnamese history were in an
antagonistic sense which was combined strangely by one side, a strange
assimilation capacity, and on the other side, will of undaunted struggle of a
people who would never submit although they lost, and were dispersed and
conquered. Over one thousand years‟ complete in-corporatedness into China,
from the 2nd century BC to the 16th century AD, instead of making the
Vietnamese exhausted, they made the Vietnamese more powerful… Vietnam has
many philosophers who had the depth of thoughts and concerns in meanings.
The more we went into the countryside and deserted villages, the more we found
all these. This ideal society which Plato dreamed about existed in Vietnam a
long time ago.”.

Recently, the American Institute for Social Research has identified 10 basic

characteristics

of

the

Vietnamese, as

follows:

First, they are hardworking but easy to satisfy.

First, they are hardworking but easy to satisfy.
-

Second, they are smart and creative to cope with short-termed difficulties, but
lack long-termed and active reasoning abilities.
-

Third, they are dexterous but hardly pay attention to the final perfection of their
products.
-

Fourth, they are both practical and idealistic, but don‟t develop either of these
tendencies into theories.
-

Fifth,

they

love

knowledge

and

have

quick

understanding, but hardly learn from the beginning to the end of things, so their
knowledge isn‟t systemic or fundamental. In addition, Vietnamese people don‟t
study just for the sake of knowledge (when small, they study because of their
families; growing up, they study for the sake of prestige or good jobs).
-

Sixth, they are open-hearted and hospitable, but their hospitality doesn‟t last.
-

Seventh, they are thrifty, but many times squander money for meaningless
reasons (to save face or to show off).
-
Eighth, they

have

solidarity

and help each other

chiefly in difficult situations and poverty; in better conditions, this characteristic

rarely exists.
-

They love peace, and can endure things, but they are often not frank for sundry
reasons, so they sacrifice important goals for the sake of small ones.
-

And last, they like to gather, but lack connectivity to create

strength (one

person can complete

task

excellently; 2 people do it poorly, and 3 people make a mess of it).

Are these characteristics truly reflecting the Vietnamese identity and nature? I
am afraid not. Phillipe Devilière, a scholar, historian and key author of an
encyclopedia published in Paris, together with over 50 other scholars from
Europe and USA, once worked on the column of Vietnam. Danielle Emeri, a

scholar among

the

group, put

question and
question and

answered himself: “What is Vietnamese history? It is an unending struggling for

the existence of the nation.”. To that question, Phillipe Devilère affirmed:
“Undergoing through over four thousand years of history, Vietnamese proved
their transcendent vitality. During ten centuries under the Chinese domination,
Vietnamese still preserved the national character and continuously rose to drive
off invaders who thought that they could defeat this nation by their strength. The
history put forth their strong faith upon their nation, and they proved their
resisting capacity, creative mind, patience and able adaptation towards all the
most hash struggles, even the most unequal struggle… The Vietnamese are
proud of their past.

They honor great figures who have beautified the pages of past and present
struggles. Disregarding far or near, their spirit always exists everywhere in
Vietnam and affects the present and the future strongly. The country of Vietnam
has an important and strategic position in Southeast Asia and a long history
which are more than Western countries such as France, The UK, Spain although
the two words “Viet Nam” is still new to them.”.

Vietnam has a woeful and majestic history with ups and downs of national
destiny. Vietnam has a long history in the true sense of the word, Vietnam is the
first cradle of planting wet-rice in the world and also the cradle of sea exploiting,
fishing and going out to the sea, and they crossed oceans before

Christophe

Columbus

thousands

of

years

ago.

Knowledge of ancient Vietnamese developed highly from ancient times. Ancient

Vietnamese knew calendars, casting bronze boats, melting iron, digging
irrigation canals, melting glass, making compasses, and discovering biology
before many Western countries. However, the Viet clan was honest and they
before many Western countries. However, the Viet clan was honest and they
were pacifist agriculturalists, therefore Han Chinese nomads invaded them and
drove back them to the south and their territory is the Sshaped strip of land
today.

Evolutionary history of the nation is never a straight line, instead it

is full

of ups and downs and difficulties and

challenges.

According

Arnold

Toynbee,

historian,

Vietnam‟s civilization was one among the oldest ones, together

with

the

Chinese,

Indian,

Greek,

or

Roman

civilization of mankind existing till this day. Arnold Toynbee also affirmed that
“If lacking pressing requirements and that nation must

know to considerably
know to considerably

use

the

capacity

of

reversing the situation, they would have no conditions to show all their strength
and creation. Because of meeting proper requirements

before

challenges

and

applying

all

considerablecapacities to reserve the situation, they recorded great

cultural

achievements

and

created

those

nation

abilities.”.20

We are proud that we have a long history of five thousand year‟s civilization
and a nation with the fiercest vitality.
Although going through nearly one thousand years of slavery, we still were able
to gain independence to exist forever. In the world, there might not be another
nation experiencing such challenges and difficulties much more than Vietnam.
The history has proved that our nation has resisted successfully all the pressures
and challenges it has had to encounter in each epoch and has been able to stand
up for its own existence to this day. From the founding epoch of the State to the
present, historic achievements originated from our own morality and traditions
during the past five thousand years of civilization and they have made Vietnam
an unbeatable country. The traditions of national loyalty and loving the race of
„The Fairy and The Dragon,‟ have written out a brilliant and unique history in
the history of mankind. Vietnamese history from legendary history to realistic
history was an immortal epic and its declaration of independence was written in
blood of many Vietnamese generations as proclaimed before mankind by the
famous General Ly Thuong Kiet:
20 A Study of History, Vol. 1: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI by Arnold J. Toynbee (Dec 10, 1987).
In this publication, we call mainland China Tàu as we used to do and the Chinese nomads Han because Han
dynasty is known as Pax Sinaca as Chinese historians

have

been

proud

of,

the Chinese in

the

northernmost=North Chinese and in the southernmost=South Chinese.

Abbreviations TQ for China, VN for Vietnam.

The South nation resides in the Southern people This fate is written in “the book
of heaven”

By none reason you invade this soil

As said you will suffer a vanquishable destruction!
CHAPTER II
ORIGIN OF THE NATION

THE LEGEND
Each people always has its legendary origin prehistory. It is an epic poem of
national pride. Blaga Dimitrova, a poetess, as well as many other foreign
scholars, are surprised and full of admiration, when doing research on
Vietnamese history: “A nation with an undistinguishable mix made up of
legends and reality.”. Indeed, although the Fairy and the Dragon, the legend of
origin of the Vietnamese nation seems fantastic but it overflows with reality and
humanism in the Vietnamese humanitarian traditions. Vietnamese, innocent
babies up to old men/women, from learned men to farmers, all of them heard
about the legend of Hong Bang family, about „The Fairy and The Dragon‟ at
least one time in their lifetime, the legend of origin of their nation. As
Vietnamese, we are very proud of this legendary origin of The Fairy and The
Dragon referring to a beautiful love story of Father Luo and Mother Ou (Au)

which was

in

the

beginning

of

founding

the

Vietnamese State.

During the Le dynasty, Ngo Si Lien, a historian, officially wrote about the age of
Hung Kings in Complete Annals of Dai Viet (1697). His conception for writing
history was to “Examine the origin of tumults and the art of putting down a
revolt and to give out advice to the general public.”. Ngo Si Lien just

wrote

about

the

period of
Hung

Kings

in an

addendum, not officially in history books in order that the future generations
knew the origin through research works to explain the origin of the nation. Ngo
Si Lien wrote “Our country The Great Viet was located in the south of Ngu Linh
mountainous range, Gods clearly divided territory into The south and The

north. Our

forefathers

were

children of

Shennong. They

were

created real

kings, therefore, our

forefathers altogether with Northern Dynasties were kings to rule the south.”.
Hong Bang

was

recorded in

Complete

Annals of the Great Viet as follows “Formerly, De Minh, the 3rd generation of
Viem De or Shennong, father of De Nghi.

De Minh made a royal errand in the south to Ngu Linh mountains where he met
a fairy and married her. Their son was an intelligent boy of holy smartness. De
Minh loved him very much and wanted him to succeed him to the throne. Loc
Minh loved him very much and wanted him to succeed him to the throne. Loc
Tuc refused the appointment and ceded it to his elder brother.

De Minh conferred De Nghi, the first-born son to succeed to the throne and rule
the north, and appointed Loc Tuc a king to rule the south, which was called Xich
Quy. Kinh Duong King married the daughter of Dongting King. The couple had
a boy named Luo Long Quan whose alias was Sung Lam. The latter became king
who married De Lai‟s daughter, Ou (Au Co). This very mother gave birth to one
hundred eggs that became the ancestors of Bai-Yue. One day, the king told Ou
that “I am a descendant of the dragon, you of the fairy. We are incompatible like
water and fire and can‟t continue in harmony. So, we should part, fifty of the
children will follow their mother to the mountain, the rest will follow their father
to the south (some books say The Sea).. The eldest son was conferred as Hung
King to succeed to the throne.”.21

When on the first time the legend were told, it seems unreal and fabulous but if
we put ourselves into pristine thousands of years ago, we will understand how
our ancestors lived

and

thought

in the

Ancient

Era?

Hence

we

can

understand what our ancestors like to convey to us through their messages

through the history and stories. How one

hundred eggs can hatch hundred of people? Ou Yue branch of ancient

Vietnamese peoples chose sacred object as the bird, therefore

mother
mother

Ou

could

bear

one

hundred

eggs.
21 Ngo

Si Lien: Complete Annals of

Dai Viet

Social

Sciences

Publishing House (NXBKHXH) published in 1993 and translated from the

printed copy of Official Imperial Cabinet Edition of the 18th year of Chinh Hoa
(1697). The original of Official Imperial Cabinet Edition is archived in the
library of Paris, The French School of The Far East.

Vietnamese‟s phoenix flies in the direction of the sun, which expresses the
Vietnamese conception of migrating to the east, to the coastal areas. On the other
hand the bird flies into the sky, which connects to the image of mother Ou, the
fairy.

Each nation has a unique legend with a special nuance designed for the nation.
Even civilized nations have also a symbolic

animal

representing

their origin, such as

their origin, such as

the

elephant for the Indian in India, the tiger for the Chinese, the Gaulois cock for
the French, the lion for the people of the UK, the eagle for Americans in the
USA. Americans in the USA and French use the eagle and the cock on their coat
of arms.

According to the rule of historiography, History is a record of events

occurred

chronologically.

Legendary

is

history

accompanied with the spirit that deals with the ideal effects which are
represented by popular originative symbols. This symbol was hidden in the
spiritual life of a nation as in the legend of the Fairy and the Dragon. The figure
of mother Ou is symbolized in form of a bird which Viet clan worships. It‟s the
bird that enables her to bear one hundred eggs. The symbol has nothing to do
with a woman‟s womb but it also refers to the essence of being compatriots who
have come out of the same womb of mother Ou.

Legendary is not necessarily that one hundred children must be exactly this
number but it means a lot. All of these facts were well described in Chinese
ancient bibliography that mentioned clearly about BaiYueh community. This is
the most

important

proof providing a

historical truth of this

legend we thought that was fabulous and unreal. Nowadays, no one can deny the
value of legends which might be regarded as folk history. It is sometimes more
value of legends which might be regarded as folk history. It is sometimes more
valuable than that written by

historiographers

under

regimes

of

dictatorship.

Beaudelaire, a famous French poet, affirmed the power of legend because it is

“Compact history of that nation”. When Victor Hugo, a great French writer,
wrote in „The Legends of

the ages‟ he found the origin and exploited legends in the old days because in
his opinion, it was “The history that is listened to at the threshold of legend.
Legend is fictional partially but not falsified.”. Indeed, legend itself is not
history written year by year, but it is so real as if it happened. It reflects real
meanings of raw history which were put in the form of legend to pass through
the generations. A philosopher said “All philosophic civilizations as well as

human

knowledge are hidden in legends and folk history.”. The problem is we have to
understand profound thoughts and deep spirits hidden in pristine images. “All
things were already mentioned in legends, the problem is we have to
understand”. P. Ricoeur said. According

to Carl

Jung, a

philosopher,

“Legend contains the most real historical meanings, because legendary

characters are products of many thoughts of the Age, which were created and
shone but until the future generations, it will be expressed by explanations.”
Jung also said “Legend is the live religion of a nation.”. Wallace Cliff‟s opinion
is impressive, “If a nation loses its legend, it will lose its connection to the origin
of its ancestors and lose the base for building the future of that nation.”. Indeed,
Laurens VA de Post considered legend the most sacred heritage because it
express national spririt at the highest level. Micia Eliado also said “Legend is the
most valuable property because of its typical sacredness and brings alive
meanings to the nation.”. History proved judgment of Carl Jung “If a nation
forgets its legend and although it is the earliest civilized nation, it will be ruined
sooner or later.”.

In mankind's history, many communities couldn't exist for a long time because
they didn't have legend, an origin of its nation. Legend is the

most

sacred and valuable

heritage

bequeathed to generations. Legend is a means of existence connecting

the

past

origin with the

present

and future

generations. It‟s the invaluable property

recorded inner

feelings of the ancients during the movement of history.

Indeed, the legend of the fairy and the dragon dwells deep in the innermost
feelings of ours and becomes a live religion of Vietnamese. With method of
operations and researches in the legend field, it is necessary and right for us to
look into the legendary history to identify the origin of our race through our
inheritance from the ancients. Careful attitude and a scientific method of work
inheritance from the ancients. Careful attitude and a scientific method of work
would dictate that we don't have the right to impose our present thoughts on the
thoughts of ancients. We have to put ourselves into the situation at that time for a
thorough understanding of a live history of the folk. On one hand, we have to
reject legendary factors and fictional details and on the

other, if

we

put

ourselves

into the

social

environment and spiritual life of the ancients, we would reach the deep
understanding the primary essentials, the utmost quintessence hidden in the
legend, of course, after analyzing, comparing and facts finding through the
history and assorted proofs of archaeology, linguistics, ethnic groups and races.

Dragon of the
Chămpa-Việt

Dragon of
the Chămpa

The Toten Dragon of Viet clan

MESSAGES
FROM A HISTORY OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS

When doing research in history of the Vietnamese, many foreign scholars were
surprised at their past and they ended up admiring this people. Their nation has
an undistinguishable mix of legend and reality. Although each nation has its
legendized history showing its national pride with epic, the legend of the fairy
and the dragon of origin of Vietnam seems fantastic,

and it

overflows
overflows

with realism

and

humanism

embraced

in

Vietnamese

humanitarian

traditions.

The

legendary history The fairy and The Dragon is the pride of the Vietnamese. As
for us, the Vietnamese, none of us hasn‟t heard about the legend of Hong Bang
family at least one time in his life. Indeed, none of us doesn't know the origin of
The Fairy and The Dragon with a beautiful love story of Father Luo and Mother
Ou marking the dawn of the founded state.

Since Ngo Si Lien based on the story of Hong Bang family in the book Odd
stories in LingNan to write about Hong Bang period in his Complete Annals of
the Great Viet, it was the first time the legend of the fairy and the dragon, the
origin of the Vietnamese race, was written in our history. Vietnamese legend
doesn't have unreal legend of fanatic deism or extreme personalism which made
people self-satisfied that just people have made everything. It‟s just that
rationalism leads to the conception of dictatorship of the western model.
Vietnamese legend doesn't have thrilling legend as that of love of unreal heroes
or the beauty of India. Vietnamese legend doesn't incline toward supernatural
strength of muscles. Nor does it worship secular gods as God Ouranos who is
incestuous and immoral, God Baccus who is interested in wine and women,
Goddess

of
beauty, Venus, who is

sensual,

trade

God,

Mercury, who holds a bag of money in one hand and chisel on the other hand as
in the legend of Greece and near Eastern countries.

It must be correct to say that old Vietnamese legend is exactly Vietnamese

history, which was rewritten into legend, but in fact, it dignifies people with
traditional humanism.

Vietnamese legend loftily and beautifully puts up a traditional culture

and philosophy

humanism

overflowed

compatriotism through the image „a womb of one hundred eggs hatching one
hundred children.‟. The

concept

of

compatriot leads to love for the country, race, and fatherland; all

become

traditional

moral

values

of
Vietnamese

civilization.
that

is

not

only

imbued with

with

civilized

human

values,

Putting familiar unreal imagines of legend aside to try to understand deep

meanings hidden in legend offers us the key to decipher the message of the Fairy
and the Dragon to the generations in the old days. The legend of the Fairy and
the Dragon by itself has explained truthfully the meaning of the historical events
as follows:

DESCENDANTS OF SHENNONG

The legend of the origin of the Vietnamese is affirmed by the sources of Chinese
ancient historical books which say that Shennong Clan inhabited in the north of
Yellow river valley, until the period of Du Vong. Then they moved to the south
to fight with Xi Vưu. In the end they were defeated by the emperor and died in
Lac Ap. A descendant of Shennong in the south was Kinh Duong king, the
leader of tribes in Chau Kinh and Chau Duong in the valley of the Yangtze river.
He founded the Yue State named Xich Quy. The legend told us Yue ethnic
groups got along well with one another. Kinh Duong king‟s son was „Luo‟
Long Quan, who married princess Ou, the daughter of De Lai, descendant of
Shennong in the north. This marriage reunited the two branches of Shennong,
south and north in the Yellow river. It was a key factor of the issue. The lofty
meaning of the marriage between Luo and Ou is to express the union of
Shennongs, which the ancients wished to tell to the future generations.

Sima Qian, author of a well-known series of Chinese history and representative

of official Chinese historians, wrote that Emperor Hoang De, a leader of an
alliance of tribes in the central area of China, was the starter of Chinese history
and he did not mentioned about Fu Xi, or Shennong. Nowadays, Chinese study
researchers all agreed that before Han Chinese invaded the central area of China,
a group of people called Yi Yueh by had been in there for a long time ago.
Today, all learned men of China such as V. K.Tinh, Wang Kwo Vu affirmed that
all legends of ancient kings were not recorded in Oracle bone script during the
Shang dynasty. If the emperor was the true starter of Chinese history, his name
must have been written in oracle bone script in Shang dynasty. In fact, legend
and name of characters of legendary history such as Fu Xi, Shennong were
mentioned in historical books in the period of Spring-Autumn and Warring
States, the prosperous period of Baiyueh. The group of modern education people
promoted by

author Guo Moruo officially

abrogated the

period of the „Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors‟

belonging to China. Chinese history just really started from Shang and Zhou
dynasties. Liang Qichao, a one-time famous politician of Han Chinese, admitted
that Chinese history came to being just about 4 thousand years ago.

The period of Spring and Autumn was the renaissance of Yueh (Viet) clan with
the rise of BaiYueh (Malayo-Viets), from Wu to Yueh who proclaimed
themselves kings, then Chu State

leading 6 countries to fight against Qin to rule the central

area

of

China.

During
During

legendary

historical

characters

Shennong, De Hoang (Hoang De), Yao Shun, Yu of Xia dynasty of Yue (Viet)
clan were highly mentioned. Confucius, the master of all times of China, also
knew that, so he never mentioned Emperor of China, although Confucius
affirmed to serve the Zhou dynasty. Recently, Eberhard, a famous scholar and
researcher in Sinology, announced the truth that about 450BC, a

historian appointed Emperor, a

small

God, in

Shandong as the 1st king of Han Chinese. Shandong is a place of Luo Yue of
Yue clan (Viet clan) which China ancient history called East-Barbarian Dongyi.
Truely De Hoang God was a Vietnamese, but Sima Qian, a well-known historian
of China, maintained that De Hoang was the creator of Han Chinese. To
officialize this theory, Sima Qian reversed De Hoang‟s name into Hoang De as
goes the Chinese lexical constraint.
this

period, Vietnamese

such as

Fu Xi, Nuwa,

All the above proofs clarified the truth of history and recovered objective truth
of history that the character De Hoang

was

an

ancient
ancient

Vietnamese, not

ancestor of

Han

Chinese, as Sima Qian falsified. In fact, the period of the three sovereigns and
five emperors saw Two Emperors: Fu Xi with the family name Thai Hao who
worshipped the dragon, and the Shennong, family name Shaohao, who
worshipped the bird of the Viet clan.

The Five emperors: Emperor, Chuyen Huc Emperor, Coc Emperor, Yao and
Shun Emperor were ancient Vietnamese.

Ancient Chinese books read that kings of Wu and Yue were also proud to be
descendants of Emperor and The Great King of Xia dynasty. Sima Qian wrote in
The Records of the historian that the ancestor of Gouzian, the king of Yue in the
period of Spring and Autumn, was a descendant of King Yu.

There is now a temple of King Yu in Coi Ke mountain, Zhejiang province,

China, where King Yu met vassals in the old days. The records of the historian
read the king of Chu state admitted himself to be a descendant of Emperor
(Hoang De Hien Vien). Hung Dich who was given the fief in Chu State by Zhou
dynasty was grandson of King Kinh Man, namely Chuyen Huc (or Xuyen Huc)
who was ancestor of Xia dynasty. Ancient book read Chuyen Huc belonged to
the family of Cao Tan-Cao Duong of Yue clan found in the story of areca nuts
and betel leaves. De Coc who replaced De Chuyen Huc was the grandson of
king Shaohao belonging to Shennong who worshiped the bird representing the
Ou-Yueh line (tradition of worshiping the bird ) of the Viet clan. Yao emperor
belonging to the family name of Dao Duong was the younger child of De Coc
and younger brother of De Chi.

Because De Chi was weak-minded, vassals crowned Yao to be king who

claimed himself Duong Yao.

This historical truth reversed all classical historical books of Chinese which were
falsely written with the intention to distort the truth and mislead people‟s
perspective for good.
Dragon in Ly Dynasty

Dragon in Tran Dynasty

Dragon in Le Dynasty
YUEH CLAN
INHERITED YIN AND YANG PHILOSOPHY
The historical truth has proven that Emperors didn‟t begin

China history that just begun from Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty. Based on
this truth, even the Chinese claimed that they had been the owner of the yin and
yang theory a long time ago, it was just an intentionally false representation.

According to legend of the Fairy and the Dragon through words of father Luo
and mother Ou, 50 sons followed their mother (Yin) to the mountains, 50 sons
followed the father (Yang)

to

seaward,

which

showed

compatible

and

incompatible

theory,

the

core

quintessence

of

Eastern

philosophy. The incident affirmed that the Yueh clan was the inheritor of the
transform cycle of Yin and Yang theory from Fu Xi to Shennong. In the legend,
father Luo told mother Ou: “I am a descendant of the Dragon, you the Fairy. We
are as incompatible as water and fire. So we cannot continue to live in harmony.
Now we should part, 50 sons will follow me to the palace of the river god to rule
over many places, and 50

sons will follow you to the mountains, but we will evr help each other! One
hundred sons listened to the father‟s advice and say goodbye...”.

In other words, since the 3rd millennium BC, the Yue clan (Viet clan) has
inherited the philosophy of Yin and Yang via father Luo‟s word. He divided the
sac of one hundred eggs into 2 sets of Yin and Yang, which were both
compatible and incompatible. They both are one, Luo (Yang) was the dragon in
water, so he brought 50 sons to seaward (Yin), and Ou was fairy (Yin) brought
50 to the mountains (Yang) as theory of I Ching that everything has both yin and
yang aspects which showed compatible

and

incompatible

theory

to be

the

quintessence of Eastern philosophy. The above truth affirmed Yue clan was the
sole inheritor of Change Cycle of Yan and Ying theory from Fu Xi to Shennong,
viz Deity Emperor of Yue clan. This historical truth was affirmed in the ancient
China history.

In the beginning of The records of the History it just mentioned two Emperors
who was Fu Xi, Shennong and Five Emperors are Chuyen Huc, Coc, Chi, Yao
and Shun Emperor.

I ching chose 2 lots for 2 sacred animals, the dragon and the bird (fairy), the
totems of Yue clan whose original work was of I ching. Until the Zhou dynasty,
King Wen of Zhou influenced by

Vietnamese

culture, renamed it Chou‟s I

inclining towards divination or prophecy, not quintessence of transformation

inclining towards divination or prophecy, not quintessence of transformation
based on Yin-Yang philosophy, the universal outlook on life of Yueh clan (Viet
clan).

BAI-YUEH COMMUNITY

HISTORY OF REALISTIC LEGEND

We

are

at

the

threshold of

the

third millennium

so

whenever thinking about the legendary story of Dragon and Fairy, all of us
would think that it is a mysterious story; something fabulous. Although we are
proud of being children of the Fairy and the Dragon and at the simple thought
about our origin, we become suspicious of the fact that we are descendants of the
ancestor who came from an egg of a bird!

With all heart and attitude of serious respect, and with the legendary research
methods to put ourselves into the historical circumstances in ancient times,
implications in legend will be made

clear. This

helps

explain

problematic

the
the

common

ground of the ancient times. In reality, most of the peoples in ancient times trust
themselves in the hand of some god or gods who acted as protectors of all
activities people did in life. Indeed, human beings once ate uncooked food, lived
in caves, by then they felt themselves very tiny before nature and various

mysterious

was

power considered sacred. This

practice lasted for a long time. As a result, a lot of the socalled legends came to
being; each reflected the way of thinking

of

people.

Even at

the

end of

the

second

millennium, when human beings enjoyed a relatively high civilization, they

still

worshiped their sacred things. For

example: The Indians in India still worship cows. We cannot rely on the
traditional practices of a nation to assess wrongly that the society is less
traditional practices of a nation to assess wrongly that the society is less
civivization, superstitious or be living is fables. In contrast, the

existence

of

worshiping

of

some

ethnics proves the diversity and richness of the culture and tradition of each
ethic. The problem is to understand the essence, the core of the representative
character of Fairy Mum, as Jung said, "Summarization of many meditations of
the time to create the unique light must wait for the next generations to express
by the natural argument and words”.

Once predecessors made legendary Ou Mother as a Fairy, then Ou Mother could

do everything that a normal human could not do, that was to give a birth to one
hundred eggs this under the category of primitive beliefs, as well as the religious
categories requires to have total faith. Leaving it out about the matter of self-
loved ethics to find out why Ou Mother could lay eggs, we could see clearly the
profound implications of our ancestors. Indeed, the concept of eggs is implied in
the representative

legend about

Totem. The

sacred

thing

of

Vietnamese ethnic is to worship a bird that is the leading creature

among

the
the

four species:

bird,

fish, snake,

and

elephant. Therefore, Ou mother and the symbolic thing is bird and Ou mother
gave birth to one hundred eggs, which in turn become one hundred chidren could
be spiritually acceptable.

That is a common trend exercised by many peoples in the world.22 In addition,

China's ancient history confirmed the existence of Viet Thuong from the Yao
Emperor‟s time.

Farmers

growing

rice

have

high level

knowledge

of

astronomy and have made a season and crop calendar for agriculture

that

is

known as

the
the

agricultural

calendar.

Belonging to Great Bai-Yue tribe, Viet Thuong came to give Yao King of the

northern Shennong

a thousand-year-old

tortoise. On the

back of

this

tortoise

were

written the

characters Khoa Dau whose style looks like movements of tadpoles. This reveals
Shennong in the north knew how to apply the revolution of the moon and the use
of the lunar calendar in agricultural production, that is still valid at the present-
day.
22 We were surprised that from ancient times our ancestors mentioned the conception of “Egg,” which after
nearly ten thousand years, by modern medicine we have known that women have an ovary. When an egg
ovulates and combines with a sperm, a baby is created.

After

Yao-Shun

emperor

came

the
Xia

dynasty,

agricultural

Lunar calendar was

applied completely

in

everyday life; it was recorded in Xia dynasty books. It was the Viet‟s calendar
calculating accurately the cycles of the moon.

Scholar Le Quy Don in “Van Dai Loai Ngu” wrote: “The Yueh (Viet) calendar,
or lunar calendar, calculates the orbit of the moon that predicts water movement
as recorded on the stone monument in Coi Ke, the capital of Vietnam during
Cau Tien‟s time. This evidence stated clearly that the tide rose rightly
complying to the moon cycle”.

The official historian of Great Han, Sima Qian, wrote about the formation of
Viet Thuong country as follows: "At the beginning of Western Zhou period
(1143-770BC) Viet Thuong people

pursued

and chased Tam

Mieu people,

established a country in the

middle of Dong Ting lake and

Phien Duong lake that was called Ba Duong in the Southern part of the Yangtze
river basin”. Viet Thuong country still Viet Thuong country still

877BC). In the Chu's history, it was recorded that Hung Cu (887-877BC)

occupied Viet Thuong next to Phien Duong where the capital of Viet Thuong
occupied Viet Thuong next to Phien Duong where the capital of Viet Thuong
was located between Phien Duong lake and Dong Ting lake. La Tat wrote that
“Lo Su”

listed a number of groups in Bai Yue: "Viet Thuong, LuoYueh (Lac viet), Ou-
Yueh , Au Khai, Au Nhan, Tha Au, Cung Nhan, Hai Duong, Muc Tham, Phu
Xac, Cam Nhan, Thuong Ngon, Man Duong, Duong Viet, Que Quoc, Tay Au,
Quyen Tu, San Ky, Hai Quy, Tay Khuan, Ke Tu, Boc Can, Bac Dai, Khu Ngo;
all were called BaiYueh”. In Dat Chu Thu book, it identified Luo (Lac) to be Lo,
and the book La Thi Xuan Thu explained Lo was LuoYueh. So, La Tat wrote
that Lo Su was the history of LuoYueh.23 According to Dao Duy Anh,

among BaiYueh groups, we saw many sub-groups of Duong Viet in the Yangtze
river basin, Thuong Ngo group in the Southern Guangxi province, San Ly group
(or Xa Ly) in the Southwest of Yunnan province; Ke Tu, Bac Dai were the
district names in the Han time under Jiaozhi disttrict. We could,

based

on those

locations

say that

China's

ancient

history called that the BaiYueh were Vietnamese groups scattered across the
south of China, in the west including Yunnan, in the south as well as land in
northern Vietnam, where records in history showed a vast area to the Southern of
the Yangtze river, in the Southern Yangtze river basin and in the south of Ngu
Linh Five mountains range were all settled by Vietnamese.

Historians of China had thoroughly recorded BaiYueh groups in their Annals.

History

and Pre Han Book wrote:

Dong Viet, Min Yueh, Nan Yueh, and West Ou. According to these records of
Dong Viet, Min Yueh, Nan Yueh, and West Ou. According to these records of
Eastern Yue story, we know that East Yueh or East Ou in the Qin-Han time had
seated their capital in Vinh Ninh, (i.e. Vinh Gia in present-day Zhejiang). Min-
Yue was in Man Trung of Fu Jian area. Nan-Yue's capital was in Guangzhou, the
then Phien Ngung in Guangdong area, West Ou in the south of Li river in
Guangxi area. About LuoYueh group, the Post Han Book reveals that Jiaozhi
districts and Cuu Chan used to belong to LuoYueh people, a branch of Yueh
(Viet) tribe that populated Northern Vietnam. Also according to the ancient
history of Han people, Bai-Yue peoples were groups that were scattered
throughout the South of China, in the west including the area of Yunnan, Si
Chuan and in the south including North and Central Vietnam. Now that history
books usually referred to this as the Southern Yangtze river, or Lingnan area, in
the south of Ngu Linh range. Intentionally, China's history sparsely recorded the
movements and locations of these groups of BaiYueh. Only did Sima

Qian's

history

record write

thoroughly

about

Eastern-Yueh, Min-Yueh, Nanyueh and LuoYueh only.

23 We were surprised that from ancient times our ancestors mentioned the conception of “Egg,” which after
near ten thousand years, by modern medicine we have known that women have an ovary. When an egg
ovulates and combines with a sperm, a baby is created.

China's ancient bibliographic records did mention the fact that the History
mentioned the establishment of nations in Warring States period and that what
they referred to as BaiYueh would have been in the area to the Southern Yangtze
river. Sima Qian's history record was written very carefully about Eastern Yue,
or U Viet of Yue king not only including Zhejiang, but also to the Giang To area
that was Chau Tu, home of the famous ancient Vietnam ceramics of the Duong
Viet branch. Viet nation seated its capital in Coi Ke. Ly Te Xuyen, author of
Viet Dien U Linh wrote about the Vietnam nation full of ups and down in the
ancient time. It was the same time of Min-Yue in Fu Jian, Duong Viet in Jiang
Xi, Lieu Viet in Gui Zhou, Kiem Viet in Yunnan, Quy Viet in Si Chuan, Nan
Yue in Guang Dong, Ou Yue (also known as Tay Au in Guang Xi, and Luo
Yue in Guang Dong, Ou Yue (also known as Tay Au in Guang Xi, and Luo
Yueh which coexisted with Ou Yueh across the South of China but mostly
concentrated in Guangxi and in the Northern Vietnam now.

In other words, the

actual

history

has

explained the

meaning of the strange story that Fairy mother gave birth to one

hundred

eggs,

one

hundred

children,

and

which

eventually became one hundred Vietnamese tribes that the ancient Chinese used
to call them Bai-Yue. Each tribe had a son as a leader which common people
believes was the concept

of one

hundred tribes. This concept is the core

message of our ancestors wishing to pass down to their offspring over thousands
of years about the origin of hundreds of tribes as mentioned by Luo father. It is
not only for an inspiration of mutual support among the Vietnamese, but also to
nurture
nurture

the

spirit

of

solidarity

and

unification the

Vietnamese

ought

to have

for the

power to restore

the

Vietnamese people‟s grandeur.

Folklore of the South of China and Taiwan about Phoenix bird, lord of Totem
bird, was from the totem of Vietnamese people known as Saga of Bird Race
against Epic of Heavenly Horse of the Han-Chinese. This message clarifies the
legend from a dark corner that turned into a bright place; no longer a two-valued
mismatch as it has been. Today, we are no longer surprised to find that our
ancestors chose the bird as totem; two words of “Hong Bang” itself means large.
Flamingo is a heavenly goose, but “Bang” is heavenly swan; both known as
Swan that

implies

large

wings
soaring

in the

blue

sky.

Pictures of birds are portrayed on bronze drums with the long beaks of water
birds that researchers concluded that Southeast Asia is a major habitant of this
waterfowl. It‟s truly associated with agricultural farmers who are living near
rivers, channels and lakes. According to Kim Dinh, a philosopher, flamingo is
Vietnamese‟s waterfowl that presents Yin and Yang Jiaozhi because it flies into
the sky and on the water. Ou-Yueh tribe worshiped the

flamingo that

represents

the

agricultural

civilization and Luo tribe worshiped Dragon in BaiYueh community. We ought

to be proud of the race of Lac Hong (Luo-Ou).

Spiritually, it is more meaningful for the legend as the bird flies up into the blue
sky deriving an association with fairies in heaven. The book Guangdong Neo-
Language recorded that the peacock of Vietnamese people always flies toward
the sun. The

peacock is

the

legendary

Phoenix bird that

is

regarded as the ancestor of all birds. The concept of BirdFairy-Sun attaches to

regarded as the ancestor of all birds. The concept of BirdFairy-Sun attaches to
the original beliefs of the agricultural farmers

with the

rice

civilization of

Vietnamese

people.

Besides that spiritual meaning, flamingo bird is a symbol of high will; it always
flies high, beyond the blue sky, expressing the high will of Vietnamese people
who are always ready to sacrifice themselves for the nation, considering death is
as light as a flamingo‟s feather.24

SOURCES OF ONE HUNDRED TRIBES

The fact explained the meaning of the unusual thing that Fairy mother gave birth
to one hundred eggs and then turned out to be one hundred sons. Each son
scattered all over the area to cut grass and set up separate hamlets that eventually
became

one

hundred Yueh

tribes, known as

Bai-Yue

in

China's ancient

history. This reflects the concept

of

one
one

hundred different peoples or namely a hundred genealogy trees coming from a

sole source or ancestors or as common people say, one hundred families of
Vietnamese people in the remote long time ago. Maliciously, the Han claimed
this core concept to be theirs. In reality it was about the notion of unity derived
from the legend of our nation founding ancestors‟ as they entrusted their
intention in the legend to convey the old true history to generations down the
line.
24 Viet clan had a totem of the bird; therefore, they considered “death as light as a feather of Hong „color
of the flamingo‟ bird”, while Han nomads excelled in riding horses; therefore, they considered death as
“wrapping the corpse in horse hide.” Thai Son Mountain: Thai Son Mountain is now located in Shangdong
Province, China. If people compared the effort of a father with a Thai Son mountain, it was because
Shangdong is the residence of ancient Vietnamese which ancient Chinese history called “Lac Bo Trai or
Tri.” From the period of the Shang dynasty, Lac Bo Trai was driven off. They had to leave their ancestor‟s
land for The south. Some of them ran to Korea Peninsula and founded the country of Cao Cau Ly or ran to
Japan.

Traditionally, according to the definition found in Baiyueh Family Annal: “ A

family has its own genealogical tree, as well as a country of its own „national
annals‟. Either one should be recorded clearly, so shareholders would be able
to pass it down to the successors. What is more, in national annals, there must
be included all aspects in details of the country as a whole, like mountains and
rivers, silk and satin and life after life. Every detail must be authentic; especially
those in Vietnam history, civil affairs and acts of war ought to be precisely
entered due to the fact that Vietnam has been at war most of the time. The
position of the country is very bright. Every generation‟s deeds must be
recorded and passed down to the future generations.

First of all, such annals must begin from the ultimate ancestor who gave birth to
the race of our country fellowmen, the root of the genealogical tree, which has
been deliberately passed over to us through all the ups and downs of our history
of thousands of years long. The beginning and growth is similar to that of a tree
whose roots develop and grow downward to found a strong base a good source
for all branches to flourish upward. In other words, we must count eveything
from "Three Kings country founders.” Therefore, records must start with Hung
Kings; they had mastered and controlled mountains and rivers with the
blooming lotus map, counting from Kinh Duong King who was the leader of
"Three Kings founders of the country”.

Today, all researchers note that Vietnam has three large family
Today, all researchers note that Vietnam has three large family

names

that

are

Nguyen, Tran and Le. In which,

Nguyen family has the largest population; because, according to researchers,

Nguyen family has settled down from Cam Tuc, Thiem Tay, to the South of
China and then in present day Vietnam. On the other hand, in the Tran dynasty
during the 12th century, after arrangements for the female king Ly Chieu Hoang
to abdicate in favour of Tran Canh, Tran Thu Do-the Regent, pretexted that
ancestor of the Tran family be named Ly, so Ly must change into the Nguyen
family name.

That is the reason why the Nguyen family got even larger.
1.

REGAL FAMILIES IN VIETNAM HISTORY:

According to family tree researchers Nguyen Duc Du, there are about 140
families in Vietnam. When searching into families in Vietnam, they must be
based on the residence history of Vietnamese people, including BaiYueh's
countries and dynasties in history, the illustrious victories of the famous
commanders, the well-known heroes in general. We can list some of the most
prominent and main families, as follows: - Hong family: Hong Bang family.
- Luo (Lac) family (Li, Lo, Lo...): Lac Long Quan Father's family.
- Ou (Au) family (Ngu): Au Co mother's family (Co).
- Hung family: Huu Hung Thi, considered as Hung Kings'

family. Hai Ba Trung time was considered that inheriting Hung Kings' career,
named country as Hung Lac.
- Trieu family: Trieu Da took the throne, named Trieu Vu Vuong, established the
Vietnam nation. Later, Trieu Thi Trinh King revolted in 248 against Ngo enemy.
Trieu Quang Phuc took the throne, named Trieu Viet Vuong (549-571).
- Trung family: Trung Trac, Trung Nhi...
-
Khu family:

In 139, Nhat

Nam

people

leadership of

Khu Lien invaded Tuong

Lam

establish Lam Ap country. China's history wrote that Lam Ap was officially
established in 190-192.
- Pham family: Pham Van and Pham Phat were kings of Lam Ap nation.
- Li family: Tien Ly family from 544 to 602, Ly Bi took the throne, named Ly
Nam De, established Van Xuan country.

under the

District

to

Ly Phat Tu (571-673). In 1010, Ly Cong Uan took the throne, Ly Phat Tu (571-
673). In 1010, Ly Cong Uan took the throne,

1215).

- Mai family: Mai Thuc Loan took the throne, named Mai

Hac De (722-725).
- Phung family: Phung Hung was worshiped as Bo Cai
Dai Vuong by people after rising up in arms and defeating
Dai Vuong by people after rising up in arms and defeating

791).
- Khuc family: Khuc Thua Du won the autonomy for the
country in 905.
country in 905.
- Duong family: Duong Dinh Nghe against Nam Han.
- Ngo family: Ngo Quyen defeated greatly Nam Han
enemy (937-965).
- Dinh family: Dinh Bo Linh reunified the country 967.
- Le family: Le Hoan and Le Loi.
- Tran family: Tran Canh.
- Ho family: Ho Qui Ly, Ho Thom (Nguyen Hue).
- Mac family: Mac Dang Dung.
- Trinh family: Trinh Kiem.
- Nguyen family: Nguyen Hoang.

After Ma Vien had defeated Trung King, they massacred our people, they also
arrested hundreds of Great Commanders and brought to north China, the rest in
this family must seek way to disguise and change their family names. Therefore,
Trung family, Thi family, Chu family, Hung family, Shu family were forced to
be extinct.
2.

FAMILIES MADE GLORIOUS VICTORIES IN

HISTORY:

The Chu, Boc, Luong, Ninh, Li, Duong families were among the ancient Viet
tribes as well as other Vietnamese families in Vietnam now. We also must
mention the ancient Vietnamese families in Southern China that China's history
called as Bai-Yue. Due to ther fact that Vietnam's historians lack documents as
said Mr. Tran Trong Kim, a historian, in his work A Summary of Vietnam's
History, about Ly Nam De lineage, as

follows:

"Ly

Bon,

known

as

Ly
Ly

Bi

by

the

grassroots, was a Chinese, descendant of Tay Han ancestor.

He escaped the war and disorder by moving to Jiaozhou. At that time, he was the
seventh generation and naturally he became a native ... " or "All Ho family was
lineage of Ngu family in China, so after they named the country Great Ngu”.
3.

ANCIENT VIETNAMESE FAMILIES IN CHINA

Today, the

historical

truth

has

been restored after

thousands of years covered by arguments from the imposing power. The

historical fact has confirmed that Xich Quy's territory and Van Lang‟ territory of
Vietnamese people in the ancient time were also in two rivers areas: Yellow
river and Yangtze

river in China

now. Throughout

the

history

of
Vietnam, the ancient Vietnamese had to leave their areas and moved southward
under pressure from their enemy, the Han people. The remaining compatriots
had to suffer for nearly thousands of years under Han people‟s dominance with
the assimilation policy, forced observance of Han„s customs. This means

that

they

must

behave

and

act

like

Han people.

However miserable the suffering nearly thousands of years of slavery, the

aboriginal Vietnamese still kept their identity and never became Han people.
Therefore, although they were called Chinese people, the Southern Chinese and
the North Chinese were completely different from physical features to cultural
life, traditions and customs.

The Southern Chinese still called each other by family name, such as: Mr. Tran,
Mr. Ly...They did not call by first name to recognize, respect their ancestors‟
ancient Vietnamese origin. Therefore, people in Southern China today are
ancient Vietnamese-Chinese. So family names of ChinaSouth‟s people are
Vietnamese family names, such as: Ly, Luu, Truong, Mai, Lam, and Trinh ...
Even from the Zhou dynasty when Ho Cong got married to Zhou‟s Princess,
Zhou King divided the land for Ho Cong. Ho Cong got that land to set up Tran
Dynasty in Tran family in the Eastern basin of Yangtze river. A Vietnam history
book recorded Le Quy Ly‟s ancestor and Nguyen Hue, whose real name was Ho
Thom that belonged to the Ho family during Tran dynasty, an ancient
Vietnamese family name. Ho Quy Ly was named for the country Đại Ngu,
meaning Great Joy, he was one of the descendants of Shun King whose family
name was Ngu. Ho Quy Ly was ambitious to open the peaceful and prosperous
dynasty by the Ngu, like that of Yao-Shun‟s in the ancient time. According to
researchers, the Ngu dynasty later was Ou (Au), Ngu Co => Au Co. The word
“Co” meant a beautiful girl, so Dragon and Fairy Legend with Au Co mother
that meant Ou mother was as beautiful as Fairy.

During the historical period, BaiYueh in Southern China always rose up to get
back the center of China territory whenever Han people were weakened. The
Warring States was a period, when BaiYueh countries - tribes of the Fairy and
the Dragon - such as: Yue, Wu and Chu, for several times, defeated other states
to take supreme power in the central area of China. Due to scattered
resettlements in all over and divisive mentality, they turned tail and fought each
other, became weakened, then finally were overrun by Qin people. When Qin
Dynasty collapsed, Hang Vo - a member of of Chu (So-Viet people) - fought
fiercely against Luu Bang, a Han Chinese, in a struggle to control the Central
Mainland.

Hang Vo, so confident himself, was very presumptuous and refused to listen to
his

talented military

advisor and

mastermind strategist, Pham Tang. As a result, Hang Vo was cornered by Lưu

Bang and had to commit suicide. The HanChu mutual fight came to an end. The
Central Mainland was again was in the Han people‟s hands. A heart-breaking
song mourning the loss of Hạng Vo‟s final battle became popular and it reveals
the regrets of Bai Yueh people in China‟s South.

The Han in the North were nomadic people, not much interested

in

material

life

and

prone
to

reason

and

emotionlessness to the point of indifference, and nomadic life made

them

good at

organizing, uniting

and setting

up

boundless power; they were so apt to wage wars. Meanwhile, Bai-Yue countries
in the South, settled down for good and were scattered. They were agricultural
farmers; their way of life was inclined to emotion, rich in culture, but not skillful
in martial arts, so Han people could defeat them easily. On the other hand,
according to deduction of researchers, Bai-yue nations scattered into too large
areas; due to national interests, they overlooked the love of race, they did not
unify their strength together, they often fought each other to take the leadership
position as well as individual interest of leadership rank; very often the power
winner just rose up to take power for a short time and then they were dominated
by Han people as before. At the end of the Tang dynasty, China's situation was

very

bad. In the

north, there

were

five

continuous

dynasties: Post Luong, Post Tang, Post Tan, Post Han and Post
dynasties: Post Luong, Post Tang, Post Tan, Post Han and Post

Chu which were

considered as

China's

orthodox.

Meanwhile in the south, residents of the South of China, of Vietnamese

origin, rose up to achieve

independence

and

founded the name of Bai-Yue, including:

-

Wu country was founded by Duong Hanh Mat in An Huy.

-

Pre Shu was founded by Vuong Kien in Tu Xuyen.

-

Wu-Yue (Ngo-Viet) was founded by Tien Cu in Triet Giang.

-

Chu was founded by Ma An in Ho Nam.

-

Man was founded by Vuong Tham in Phuc Kien of Min-Yue.

-

South Han was founded by Liu An in Guangdong.

Actually, the original country name was the name of
Ngu Linh Mountain Range that was named Dai Viet,
and then renamed into Nam Han in the Southern Han
river.
-
-

Nam Binh was founded by Cao Bao Dung in Ho Bac.

-

Post Shu (Hau Thuc) was founded by Manh Tri in Tu

Xuyen.
-

South Tang was founded by Ly Thang in Giang To.

-

North Han was founded by Luu Thanh Sung in Son

Tay region in the Northern Han river.

This fact was regarded as a painful reality as written by a Chinese Scholar

Herold Wiens "All rebellions of BaiYueh failed because

Lingnan

people

were

afflicted with selfdestruction with each other...”. History has

proven that

assertion; when Vietnamese tribes under countries like Wu, Yue, Chu left the
Southern China to move to the Northern and Central

Vietnam

to

unite

with

LuoYueh

and
and

other

Vietnamese tribes who settled down here before and then created a integrated
strength they were capable to defeat every Han people's invasions in order to
survive until today.

From legend to history, reality has identified Vietnamese people as many ethnic
tribes, such as: LuoYueh, Ou-Yueh, Min Yueh, Duong Yueh, Dong Yueh, Lieu
Yueh, Quy Yueh, Dien Yueh, Kiem Yueh, La Yueh… (Lac Viet, Au Viet, Man
Viet, Duong Viet, Dong Viet, Lieu Viet, Quy Viet, Dien Viet, Kiem Viet, La
Viet...). China's official historian Sigma Qian in the history record book wrote:
"The state of Chu really was Yue‟s, consisting of

Vietnamese

citizens. People

of

Chu

country were Mi family. People of Yueh state was Tu family”.

Researcher Tscheppe noted that Phu Sai, Hap Lu, Cau Tien were Yueh family.
Muong people are the ancient Vietnamese people who were still keeping some
ancient families, such as: Kem, Khoi, Sa, Xa ... Currently, Muong people still
keep some families, such as: Bach, Bui, Cao, Dinh, Ha, Hoang, Le, Pham,
Quach, Trinh … in which Dinh, Quach, Bach, Hoang are the largest population.
China's ancient history said that Li Vuu King, Ancient Emperor was the leader
of “Three Miaos”

(Tam Mieu) now called as Hmong Mien ethnic, including Dao ethnic and Mieu
(Miao) ethnic who previously owned the central

mainland of

China. All

the
minority

ethnics

are

Vietnamese tribes, they are brothers and sisters in the same Au mother's womb,
so we still call each other in the lovely way of the same bag or compatriots or the
same ethnic group, uncle and aunt, sister and brother... in a family.

Dragon of Nguyen Dynasty

Dragon of Thailand
and Laos (lyhocdongphuong.org)

Wat Samphran Temple Wat Phrasingh Pagoda, Chieng Mai Thailand
COMPATRIOTIC SENTIMENTS,
THE ELEVATED HUMANE SIGNIFICANCE OF VIETNAM

The tradition of five-thousand-years civilization shows us an elevated meaning

overflowing

with humanism

of

the

legendary founding of Vietnam which no other peoples have.

Indeed, the image that the fairy mother gave birth to a sac containing one
hundred eggs, then brought them to the field in order that the land mother
nursed, and after seven days, from one hundred eggs, one hundred sons were
brought forward.

All of them were brave and intelligent, which gave us the pride of being children
of The Fairy and The Dragon. We have the same sacred blood-relation origin
of The Fairy and The Dragon. We have the same sacred blood-relation origin
and equality. We have the same mother Ou, the mother of Vietnam, who bore
and brought up us. We can call ourselves brothers and sisters and

compatriots,

which

no

peoples

could.

The

word

„compatriot‟ is called affectionately “The same sac of one hundred children

makes the word compatriot and has become a Vietnamese special character”.

Vietnamese people usually combine love for country with love for race,
compatriotism with blood-relation sentiments, which is the utmost characteristic
of the Vietnamese. From the meaning of compatriot, in daily life their behavior
is closely expressed by their address for people who are not their relatives as if
they were their relatives. For others, Vietnamese people address them as
grandfather and grandmother, uncle and aunt, and brother and sister, which just
Vietnamese do as to address their own relatives. Compatriotism also symbolizes
a conception of equality between Vietnamese people. There are no differences of
social class and interests. The legend of The Fairy and The Dragon expresses a
will of independence and self-strengthening. They rely on themselves, not gods
or others.

The legend that mother Ou brought the sac to the field symbolizes the
agricultural culture. After giving birth, lining by banana leaves for lying on the
ground means lying in arms of the mother land. On the other hand, it also
expresses the concept that men are living on their own principal roles in life and
rely only on their will of self-control and self-help for self-improvement. The
legend of The Fairy and The Dragon recorded that after seven days, one hundred
sons came out of one hundred eggs. They didn‟t need to suckle and spoon-feed.
It shows with high Vietnamese spirit we have to rely on ourselves but not gods
or other mystic strengths as often do other peoples.

From the concept of compatriotism of the same original mother and blood-
relation origin, it creates a high sense of nation with their love for country and
race. Two concepts of love for country and love for race became one, which has
taken roots in the pride of being children of The Fairy and The Dragon and made
grand exploits which were beautiful as an immortal epic of Vietnam. The word
compatriot of Yue clan symbolizes Bai-Yue community which always places the
common interests above their own interests, their state affairs above their family
matters, and their honor of family above their own insular and selfish interests.
However, ancient Vietnamese traditions still considered men as the origin of
humanity, respected individuals

as

well

as

equal

rights

between men and women, and they have not differentiated rich and poor and
luxury and humbleness. It was different from

Western countries

where

individual

freedom

was

attached with excessive importance and they didn‟t care about common or
public interests of societies which was the Eastern value

and quintessence
and quintessence

of

Vietnamese

moral

civilization

praised by Western scholars.

THE FAIRY AND THE DRAGON, THE EVOLUTIONARY TURNING-POINT OF

MANKIND

In the legend of Hong Bang family, the word „family‟

includes family spirit of a clan. Many clans become a tribe and the conception of
nation is formed according to common laws

of

giving birth and bringing

up

and evolution of

mankind. At the primitive stage, human society adopted a wild life trend and
followed the thousand-year custom of group marriage of matriarchy. With the
evolution of mankind, the idea of private possession formed the family, which
met living requirements of social life at a time like this. However, it originated
from the pristine image that the fairy mother gave birth to one hundred eggs
from which one hundred children were born. Mother‟s principles hid in the
Vietnamese bloodline; even it was changed into patriarchy.

Indeed, mother‟s principles are clearly expressed in life, in the culture and
society with national traditions. In the old days, in sacrifices and festivities,
women played a role of a master of ceremony, an officiating priest, not a male
priest like other peoples who were affected by theocracy. This period formed a
Vu Thuat civilization; therefore, the common people usually called Mrs. Vu and
Mr. Hich. Afterwards, men were allowed to attend sacrifices, everybody called
psychics.

By then, the bronze drum was not only a musical instrument but also a powerful
symbol of an order and the person who beat the drum was always a woman.
Books recorded that “The person who beat the new drum was always a woman”.

Even the river which Yue clan followed its basin to go southward was
affectionately called the mother river. In life, mother‟s principles still dominate
as a spiritual stream which eases the soul and relieves worldly pains. Indeed,
there are not peoples having many spiritual goddesses as Yueh clan‟s such as
The Fairy Mother, Cuu Thien Huyen Nu, Thai Duong Than Nu, mother Long Nu
in the mountains, Ba Chua Xu, Mau Thoai (water mother). Many villages in Ha
Bac provinces recorded in sacred genealogy which was orally transmitted by
people about a goddess who was a daughter of mother Ou. It was a system of
goddesses such as Mulberry Goddess who taught people to plant mulberry trees
and raise silkworms, industrious goddess of Dai Trach village who taught people
to spin silk into thread.

To worship the sister of three Bach Noan gods in Dong Mieu hamlet, a temple
was erected. She died with three brothers in the fight against Chinese invaders.
People in this region still

annually

hold

festivals

in which there

were

Welcome water festivals, bringing a sedan to a boat and rowing the boat to the
middle of river, then turning three turns to scoop water into an ornamental jar
and bringing to a communal house in the village to keep her credit of bailing out
water in their mind. It is clear that the meaning of moral standards of family, or
exactly the meaning of compatriot, or the meaning of one hundred eggs in
Vietnamese‟s consciousness are deep.

Again, according to the legend, mother Ou gave birth to one hundred eggs from
which one hundred sons were born, and then father Luo went seawards with 50
of their children, mother Ou went to the mountains with 50 of their children to
rule over. One hundred sons settled separately. They tattooed, cut hair, cut grass,
and set up hamlets to expand the country and develop into Yueh clans such as U
Yueh, Min Yueh, Duong Yueh and LuoYueh etc. and set up countries such as
Bach Lang, Da Lang, Viet Lang, and Van Lang.

At

the

beginning, they were

family, and then they

became a clan which was a Yueh

clan in Bai-yue. The

meaning

of

this

legend

is

considered

an

important

evolutionary mark in the history of mankind in the relatively earlier stage. While
in China, matriarchy existed in the period of the Shang dynasty, even Qin Shi
Huang. Qin Shi Huang applied strict

regulations
regulations

to stop matriarchy

in China.

Changing into patriarchy ended group marriage and incest customs; this was
considered the evolutionary turning-point of mankind.

Although Vietnamese society in the period of Hung Kings was gradually

transmitted to patriarchy, the image of mother Ou, the mother of our country,
was still deep; therefore the meaning and role of the mother has still been
respected until now. The book of Southern Botany by Ke Ham in the period of
the Jin dynasty in the 3rd century recorded Viet clan‟s traditions

of

respecting

women as

follows “Vietnamese

people had traditions of well-treating beloved daughter. On daughter‟s date of

birth, relatives brewed wine and put wine in a jar and closed it, then buried it in
the edge of pond. Until the daughter grew up and married, on her wedding day,
her relatives would dig the wine up to drink in the wedding”. Nowadays,
although that custom didn‟t exist, parents often affectionately call their daughter
beloved daughter, which reflected the old traditional customs of our nation. It
has been a custom, though not commonly practiced at the present time, that the
groom living with the wife‟s family still exists in some localities because of a
number of reasons: the bridge‟s family has no son and the bride was the sole
child in the family, or no children of their own. The groom becomes the son in
this family.

The form of matriarchal culture in respectin g women‟s

rights of Vietnamese traditions originated from the pristine period of the fairy
mother Ou, the mother of Vietnam. It showed mother‟s principles with lofty and
beautiful humanity throughout the history. Sexual equality was shown from the
period of Hung Kings, which was different from Han Chinese who still thought
that they were more civilized and granted themselves the right to educate other
peoples, while they still maintain

unsound

customs

of

paternalism

and

male

chauvinism. Han Chinese‟s concept of belittling women who always served

their husbands as slaves sneaked into our country during Han Chinese
domination. It was the period of old-fashioned and narrow-minded conceptions
that

their

daughter will become the daughter of another family or if you have one son, it
means everything, and nothing if you have even ten daughters. Fortunately,
under one thousand years of Chinese

domination, Vietnamese

culture

with unlimited

vitality drove back that slavish culture.

Indeed, although women don‟

t play a decisive role as was

the case in matriarchy, they are still respected and their role as mother and wife

are
are

still

given prominence

in

society.

Although they are not head of the family, women still play the key role in their
families and they keep all the money of the family. Conjugal relationship is less
unequal than that in China, but not as excessively equal as in western society,
which is prone to break-up or divorce turning their children into disadvantageous
and pained parties.

The family is a social cell; therefore, Vietnamese conjugal correlation is based

on harmony between the husband and the wife

as

goes in the

motto “Harmony

between wife

and

husband can dry up the East Sea”. Married life is not only conjugal felicity but
also a home to bring up and educate the children. Vietnamese conjugal
sentiments are warm. They consider their spouse as a person who will protect
them; they use the common words my home for their spouse. Conjugal love is
also expressed by familiar address. They consider the person they love as
themselves; therefore, they usually call their spouse my darling or mostly
myself.

Later, the role of men is more valued because of the tradition

of

inheritance
inheritance

for

worshiping

ancestors,

grandparents, and parents. The wife always listens to her husband, but

if

the

wife

is

absent

from

Têt

festival,

anniversaries, and ancestor-commemoration days, it is not enough conjugal

duties. The future of their children is the happiness of parents. A Vietnamese
woman is willing to sacrifice herself for the sake of her husband and children.
The image of the mother is always in their children‟s mind for the rest of their
life. From that concept in mind, children have the duty to take good care of their
aged parents. Normally, the first child of a family would have this responsibility,
but the role may vary depending the real situation. In this case, the youngest
would assume the first one‟s duty. Vietnamese women always stand by their
men, endeavor through all ups and downs in their married life. The only
compensation they have is seeing their children succeed, having children and
always living happily with grandchildren at the end of their life.

Originating from the image of the lofty fairy mother who made Mother‟s
principles in the mind of each Vietnamese person, the

form
form

of

matriarchal

culture

and respect

for

women‟s rights have been preserved up to now. These lofty and beautiful
traditions generated great women such as the Trung sisters, Lady Trieu and
others. Heroines of Yueh clan considerably contributed to protection for the
country, which no other peoples have had.
 Golden Dragon Seal of Nanyue king
(The Museum of the Nanyueh King. Nguyenxuanquang Blog).

Dragon on the golden Seal of Gia Long King, Nguyen Dynasty.
THE EPIC OF FATHER LUO – MOTHER OU,
THE PRIMARY SOURCE

OF VIETNAMESE ULTIMATE WISDOM

Each nation normally has one symbolic totem whereas the Yue clan has two
such symbolic totems - The Fairy and The Dragon. Since the period of
grindstone of Bac Son, about 7,000 years

ago, people

found ground gravels

with two

parallel lines which were presumed to be double lines which appeared many
times in other legends. The characteristics of Vietnamese legend are expressed in
pairs of words such as river and mountain, earth and water, hot and cold, light
and dark, in and out, yin and yang, country, state which
represented double opposing characteristics of yin and yang in harmonious unity
of mother‟s principles.

Nowadays, everybody recognizes that the meaning and value of legend is a

righteous explanation of the ancients. The matter is that we and our generations
have to find out our origin to explain the hidden meaning in the depth of spiritual
conceptions of vivid life of the ancient Vietnamese in the period of the kings of
Hung. It was a conception of history in length which we called Legendary
history. The old story recorded there was the eternal conjugal-love between the
fairy and the dragon, a married couple of human gods. The birth of one hundred
eggs in a sac from which one hundred handsome and intelligent sons were born
was not simply a myth, it was a philosophical legend. Dragon father went back
to Suifu and the fairy mother stayed to bring up their children. The mother and
children were hopeless and intended to go back to her mother‟s village but
because of war, they couldn‟t. They were lonely and just cried and lamented
with hope for father‟s coming back “Daddy! Where are you, help us.”. One day,
Dragon father suddenly went back to tell his fairy wife he would leave her. This
legend itself was a deep philosophy of compatibility and incompatibility,
separation and reunion, which were immutable and eternal laws of all beings. On
Tuong river shore, it was a very long time ago, teardrops for separation were
forever enchanting inspiration for poets: Father goes back to meet mother in
Tuong river shore Sad teardrops are for conjugal sentiments

It was thousand years as of separation

It made historical legend of The Fairy and the Dragon of Lac Hong Race…

Sad teardrops of the mother were unable to hold back father‟s grieved feelings
“I am descended from

dragons

yearning for the sea and you from fairies whose desire is to be living in the
mountains. We are as incompatible as water is with fire. So we cannot continue
living together but we can exist in harmony. Now we part. Fifty sons will follow
me to the Suifu, and the other half of our sons will follow you to the mountains,
but never leave each othe”. Mother Ou brought 50

sons to the mountains, and the eldest son later installed himself as a monarch and
named the country Van Lang.
Whether in the world there is lofty and great love like the love story of the Fairy
and the Dragon, although it is legendary but not imaginary, dreamy but real and
existence of BaiYueh community was a historical fact of historical legend.

Culturally, the legend of the Fairy and the Dragon was a wonderful philosophy.
Dragon Father and Fairy Mother are pristine images and deep source of Yin and
Yang philosophy, which are represented by the married couple of Father Luo
and Mother Ou. Dragon Father and Fairy Mother were a hero and a heroine who
found the culture for not only Yue clan (Viet clan) but also mankind in general.
The fairy mother, our Mother Ou, taught us to till the fields, grow sweet
potatoes, rice at the edge of mountains, sugar-cane along the riverside, dig wells,
weave fabrics, collect honey, cook rice, and make cakes. It was the mother of
BaiYueh race, the mother of Vietnam now and forever.

Dragon father slew beasts such as Ngu tinh, Moc Tinh, and Ho Tinh to help
people. Dragon father taught people to tattoo in order that the sea monsters
wouldn‟t harm them. The father represented will and strength of Yueh clan, and
the mother represented benevolence and mildness of our people, which were a
symbol of the Dragon and the Fairy. The conceptions of earth and water, river
and mountain, father being sky, and mother being earth expressed the
philosophy of life on Ngoc Lu bronze drums, and they were symbols of
primitive and natural beliefs of agricultural civilization in the ancient time.

The sun and the light are necessary source for life. Stars at night and sleep are
necessary for human life. Earth is the mother who cherishes and brings up seeds
to sprout for new life. Father‟s rain-water from the sky falls upon the land
mother and together with sunshine and light of love made all beings grow.
Starting conceptions and real experience made transformed Yin and Yang
philosophy into eternal basic laws of all-beings in a process which never varies,
it moves and changes in cycles.

Vietnamese legend represents the true value of human beings, and with the
individual meaning in starting culture of philosophy started by human beings, it
is a harmonious form between the universe and all beings. It dignifies human
beings and respects the life of human beings and all beings, in which human
beings are, above all, noble and the most sacred creatures in the world. Human
beings are the first and the last goal for serving. The harmony between spirit and
material, spirit and body, and will and sentiment is represented by the married
couple of human gods:
Dragon father(Will)+Fairy mother(sentiment)=Human beings Father Luo
(Strength) + Mother Ou (Spirit) Vietnam (Material)

(Spirit) Perfection

Human beings are the noblest beings of all, they master all other creatures. For
humans are able to mix soul with space, nature with time, and mind with
universe as the conception of homogeneous living beings or that we were a small
world in Eastern philosophy. Human beings are more noble than all beings
because human beings have a high and deep spiritual life

with

their will

and

internal

force. They

never stop

creating, conquering and controlling the nature to serve their needs, happiness,
peace

and contentment.

Historically,

Dragon father and Fairy mother in legendary stories were father Luo and mother
Ou in reality of the past. This created Vietnamese

traditions

with unlimitedly

vehement

vitality

which conquered the nature, fought and won all enemies in any names and
which conquered the nature, fought and won all enemies in any names and
affirmed before human beings that the heroic nation has nearly one thousand
years of civilization. The tradition of patriotism originated from the national
pride of children of the fairy and the dragon and together with resilient and
indomitable will and the spirit of bold sacrifice defeated the most cruel, brutal,
malicious and cunning enemies and invaders who wished to control, assimilate
and enslave us and bound us by an unseen string in the form of foreign Marxist
cultural enslavement. Emperor Xian of Han, head of Han Dynasty, a hereditary
enemy of our people, produced an allegory of the Vietnamese as a grasshopper
next to a carriage of Han Dynasty. Our people have been proud to prove that
such a

grasshopper is

nothing

but

mighty

one: “It‟s

ridiculous for a grasshopper trying to kick a carriage. The grasshopper is

supposed to fall, but amazingly it makes the carriage toppled!” Emperor Xian of
Han finally affirmed "Jiaozhi is the land of culture, many mountains and rivers,
many kinds of jewels, positive historical cultural objects, outstanding talents".

The Vietnamese philosophy was initiated by two ancestral gods of the fairy and
the dragon and the deep source of Yin and Yang philosophy of ancient Yueh
(Viet). Yin and Yang represent

two

opposite

sides

of

incompatibility
incompatibility

and

compatibility but not lead to cancel each other out. They all together are
homogeneous in the state of united opposites.

Universally, there are always two sides to everything, in which each is opposing
to the other, but necessarily coexisting to stabilize

itself. If the

component

factors

of

materials cancel each other out, on the other hand, if there is an absence of one
of the two basic factors Yin or Yang, all living creatures would not

exist. If there were just men

without women or vice versa, human beings would not exist.

On the

contrary, although men and women have

many

contrary aspects such as appearance, constitution, emotion, mind, both have

common paired compatibilities:

Female

(Yin) + Male (Yang), sentiment + reason, mind + material.

These pairs will spring up via a seed of living and the 3rd factor - the children -
comes to being.
Life experience during the length of history of human beings determines that
human beings have persisted to the present in paradoxical harmony and in
variable unity. The civilization of Vietnamese philosophy shows that if all
beings wish to exist, they have to be compatible among themselves.

The compatibility exists in substance and the body and soul of a person -
sentiment and reason, mind and character - the harmony with nature or in
behavior with other people to maintain the good relationships between people
and people, and between nations living together without wiping out each other
for extremeness. Life requires us to respect each other and accept differences
among others. We have to accept and unite in variety and the goal of human
beings is to live in peace. It

is

philosophical

theory

of

coexistence

for

humankind in which human beings play a main role to live together in peace

and contentment,

this

was

shown in

Vietnamese philosophy and civilization. While other countries in the world

choose a totem to represent them or an ideology for

their
goal,

therefore,

they

wallow

in

extreme

rationalization of dualism. They don‟t accept anything except for them. A is A,

A can‟t be A and B at the same time. It is extreme rationalism which brings
human beings to a nonplus and there is just a destructive war, a consequence of
opposite theories. While our ancestors chose double god ancestors The Fairy and
The Dragon on the base of the super wise of Vietnam and there is just only the
Vietnamese philosophy of civilization that could solve the intriguing case of
human life before the 3rd century of mankind.

NEW INTERNATINAL ATLAS OF THE WORLD.

GEOGRAPHICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1949.

 Carved figures on stones of
Hoabinhian=Protoviets

Carved figures on stones in Muong Son, Sapa (Pictured by Victor Goloubev: Far
East Rectorate Institute 8, 1925).

CHAPTER III
THE HISTORY OF EVOLUTION

OF THE VIET RACE

Birds and serpent carved on

stone of Luo Yueh

Carved characters on stones of Luo-Yueh

(website news.xinhuanet.com January 03, 2012)

Carved characters on stones of Luo-Yueh in Guang Xi China.

Each people has the evolutionary history with their own specific characteristics
which connect closely with their own geographical

features, natural

environment, climate, and

habitats of animal species and plant species in their own territory. Nowadays,
researchers

recognized an

entity

of

Southeast Asian Culture.

“There was a united ethnographic history including many ethnic groups residing
in this area and sharing the same origin of history in the old days. By
interdisciplinary and intercultural research works and the methods of
comparison, archaeologists,

anthropologists,
anthropologists,

geographers,

historians,

ethnographers, and linguists made a common observation about Southeast Asia.

Southeast Asia is a humane geographic region spreading from the foot of

Himalaya mountains to Southern China, Thailand,

Vietnam,

Cambodia,

Indonesia.

Considering

aspects

cultural

geography, political

geography,

and economic

geography, all created a humane ecological landscape called universal concord

of

a region including Southeast

Asian

countries, Southern China included. The natural ecosystem of a region with hot
and humid climate, monsoon, heavy rainfall, high temperature, and sunny
weather makes land suitable for a lot of plants to grow. Especially, it is a wet
rice region with a characteristic of “Bronze Drum Culture”.25

Laos,
Malaysia,

and

of

physical

geography,

All

proofs

based

on

archaeological,

archaeological,

ethnological,

and

linguistic

which were compared with ancient bibliographies, led us to a conclusion that the
regions in the southward direction from prehistoric

background,

the Yellow river valley and Yangtze river valley to the end of Southeast Asian
Islands including Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines, Polynesian islands were
the place a race who prehistorians called Indonesian in Malaya plateau resided.
The term „Indonesian‟ might have caused a misunderstanding; therefore, we
prefer using Malaya plateau as a place of origin to exactly name this Malaysian
ethnic people.
25 Tran Quoc Vuong: Following history “Constants with ups and downs of Southeast culture an history”
p.27.

To know clearly about the origin of Viet clan (Yue clan), we have to trace the
migration route of ancient people who left

vestiges, which archaeologists

called

archaeological

culture.

They

combined

the

results
archaeological,

ethnological,

linguistic,
of

prehistoric

and,

especially

genetics studies to verify the reality of the legend and sources of

ancient

bibliography.

Each

age
age

enjoys

its

own

archaeological culture including relics and its total objects distributed in a

certain region with the same characteristics and the same level of technological
development. Although there

were

diverse

aesthetic

factors, which were

little

different, in general, they were united in the real history.26 Recent

scientific

research

by

archaeologists, prehistory

researchers, ethnologists, and linguists who shed light from ancient Chinese
historical books have proved that the culture of people living in the Qin
mountain ranges in the south of the Yellow

river basin to Southeast

Asia

was
was

the

cradle

of

residence

of

South

Asian

people

who

were

Baiyueh

community (Malayo-Viets).

Andreas Lommel, a scholar, recorded in Prehistory: “In all

immense area from Southern China to the Pacific Ocean, there was the same
culture. Borneo island in Indonesia also had the same art with the area of the
Huai river, Jiangsu belonging to the south of Wu State in the Spring and Autumn
period. Cultural characteristics connected closely with living environment of
plants and animals such as betel and areca, mulberry trees, pigs, chickens,
peacocks, etc. There were the habits and customs such as dyeing the teeth black,
chewing betel, tattoo, filing the teeth, water festivals, boat races, especially the
important role of bronze drums and gongs in folk festivals. It was the areas of
bronze drum culture of Baiyue community from Southern China, Taiwan,
Hainan to Indochina comprising Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand to
Malacca Peninsula, Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines, NewGuinea,
Micronesia Islands and Paques”.27
26. Mac Duong: Hung Kings founding the country, Social Sciences Publishing House, Ha Noi, 1973 p. 302.

In “The origins of Chinese Civilization”, Karl Jettmar, a scholar, observed “For

a series of cultural aspects from agricultural production to mythology, Southeast
Asia had its neighbors. Of course, many things such as planting rice, metallurgy
and other cultural achievements were made by many small or big ethnic groups
during thousand of years of historyinf the unique world called Southeast Asia.
Therefore, Southeast Asia was one of the cradles of humankind”.

An Analysis of Archaeoloical linguistic and anthropological material makes it

possible to formulate a hypothesis that the sources of the north Chinese
Neolithic culture should be sought in the region to the south. It can be a assured
that one of the group of the early Neolithic population in south China, which had
occupied a marginal position in the center of cultures of the later Hoabinhian
type migrated in the fifth millennium B.C. along the Chia-Ling-Chiang (in the
present province of Szechwan) and having found passes through the Ch‟in Ling
range, reached the basin of the Wei river”.28
27 . Andréas Lommel: Prehistoric “In the South there were a number of agrarian cultures, of which the Thai
was the most powerful, becoming of most importance to the later China….” Cung Dinh Thanh: Learning
about the origin of Vietnamese culture, page 441.

In 1978, William Meacham, an English anthropologist, at the university of Hong

Kong, stated in his famous report „Origins and Development of the Yueh
Coastal Neolithic: A microcosm of Culture Change on the Mainland of East
Asia‟

observed: “The culture of ancient Viet people in coastal regions, and the
Vietnamese today is a remaining part, which has developed in all region of
southern China; and then, almost contributed to development of Oriental
civilization which was called China”.29

According to G. Coedès, the director of the French school of the Far East, the
particular traits of Indonesian people whom

we

called Malaysian, and who migrated to the

Malaysian plateau were present. When the sea level was low, yielding more land
for cultivation when these people arrived and settled along the Yellow river and
Yangtzu river. China history books named them Bai-Yue (Maylayo-Viet) whose
customs and tradtions are as follows:

Spiritually: The community culture was characterized

by spiritual factors of universal dualism.

-

Materialistically: farming, transplanting, raising cattle, using primitive metal

wares, good at boat rowing.
-

Socially: the important role of women, matriarchy,

and social organization according to the needs of

irrigating fields.
28 Karl Jettmar: The origins of Chinese Civilization, Chapter 8, Soviet views, page 232.
29 The conference was hold from 26th to 30th June, 1978 at university of U.C. Berkeley. It comprised 17
international reports published in
1983. [The Origins of Chinese Civilization, pages 147-175].

Religiously:

devoting

to

theory

of

animism,

worshiping ancestors, worshiping land gods, placing temples in high places,

worshiping ancestors, worshiping land gods, placing temples in high places,
burying the dead in jars.
-

Mythologically:

opposite

cosmology

between

mountain and sea, between birds and aquatic animals,

between highlanders and plainmen.

-

Linguistically:

using (phonologically) monosyllabic

language with profuse capacity of development in

vocabularies.30

According to W. G Solheim II, an anthropology professor at University of

Hawai, in many scientific researches his, Orizasativa, a species of rice appeared
at least in 3,500BC and Hoa Binh people domesticated wet rice 15,000 years
ago.

This rice species even appeared before the one found in India and China 1,000
years ago. C. Sauer, a scholar, made a conclusion that it was the plant which was
first domesticated by inhabitants of Hoa Binh culture in the world. W. G.

Solheim II determined the scope of Hoa Binh culture which extended

in the

direction

of
northeast

to Japan,

the

Philippines; in the direction

of west to Thailand; and to

Australia in the south; and two ancient cultures of China, Yanshao and
Lungshan, in the north. At the same time, W.G.

Solheim II made a judgment which toppled all previous conceptions

and misjudgment:“European and American historians often reasoned that the

way of life which we called civilization

firstly

originated from

the

fertile

arc-shaped

region of Near East or in neighboring hillsides. We have believed for

a long time

primitive

men here

developed

agriculture and gradually learned to manufacture potteries and bronze wares.

Archaeology also supported them, partly because archaeologists dug the fertile
valley of the Near East.
However, recent discoveries in Southeast Asia compelled us to examine the
conception again. Things which were dug and analyzed in the past 5 years
showed us that Southeast Asian people planted, manufactured potteries and
founded bronze the earliest in the world and earlier than people in Near East,
India and China did thousands of years ago.”. The persuasive researches by
W.G Solheim II determined Southeast Asian people knew how to found bronze
by double sandstone molds from 2,300 to 3000 BC, which meant it occurred
before India and China by 1,000 years.31
30 G Coedès: Les Peuples de la peninsula Indochinoise, Paris 1962.

Binh Nguyen Loc “The Malaysian origin our nation”, Bach Boc Publishing
House Sai Gon, pp. 446-449.

Charles. F. Keyes, a scholar, affirmed in his “The Golden

Peninsula” that Vietnam was the mother of Hoa Binh Culture extending
throughout Southeast Asia granting through 2 key points:

- The prehistorically cultural process of Southeast Asia was divided into 2 stages
in which it was characterized by place names of archaeological sites such as Hoa
Binh, Bac Son, Dong Son in Vietnam.

- The Bronze Age appeared about 3,000 to 2,500BC in Southeast Asia. This
means it was earlier than that in China and India. The principal symbol of this
culture was bronze drums found in places far away such as Sulawesi in
Indonesia.

These bronze drums were found in a small region in Dong Son

in

Vietnam,

from

then,

drums

were
were

distributed

everywhere by sea.32
31 G.Solheim II: New light on a forgotten past, National Geographic Vol.139, No. 3, 1971. Reflection on
the new data of Southeast Asia prehistory: Autronesian

origins

and

consequence.A.P.18: 146-160.

1979a: New

data on

late

Southeast Asia prehistory

and

their

interpretation, JHKAS 8: 73-87. Wilhelm G. Solheim H. Ph. D, placed in

National Geographic Magazine, Vol 139 n. 3rd March, 1971, with the title of
“New light on Forgotten Past.” 15. Andreson J.G: Children of the Yellow Earth
Studies in Prehistoric China, London 1934.

After many years‟ studying customs and religions of ethnic groups in Southeast
Asia, Professor Wolfram Eberhard, a China researcher, came to the conclusion
that: “There were not

civilized China and not

its

surrounding

barbarous
barbarous

countries, but there were just China and its surrounding countries who were
civilized like them but in another way.”

Edward H Schafer also came to the conclusion that: “There was no doubt that
Chinese adopted the art of planting wet rice and domesticating animals from
ethnic groups in the south far away who they despised. It was hard for Chinese
to accept that they borrowed ideas and technique of ethnic groups in the south.
It was true”.33

Many researchers agreed that most categories of spirit and creativeness of

Chinese civilization and many other things, which we today think they were
specific characteristics of China originated from the ancient Thai people in the
south (Ou-Yue) whom J Needham called Viet people, the ancient Tibetan people
in the west and the ancient Mongoloid people in the north. According to J.
Needham, a scholar, after marine transgression, Hoabinhian-Protoviets

people

brought

with

them 25 cultural characteristics and important inventions such as planting wet

rice, astronomy, maritime techniques, building cities to a new location in the
central area of China and other locations to build ancient civilizations in the
world such as the Middle East, India and China:
1. Making clothes from tree barks.
2. Tattoo customs.
3. Clearing forests with fire to till the fields.
4. Technique of tilling the fields.
5. Technique of digging ditches to irrigate the fields.

6. Technique of domesticating buffaloes to draw ploughs.

7. Civilization of planting wet rice.

8. Characteristics of village house for public gathering.

9. Technique of planting bamboos and use bamboo tools.

32 Vu Huu San: Geography of East Sea with Hoang Sa Island and Truong Sa Island, page 28, quoted from
“The Goldem Peninsula” by Charles F Keyes, Newyork 1977:182.
33 Edward H Schafer: Ancient China, Time-Life book, NY 1967.

10. Specific characteristics of tamed dogs.

11. Technique of making lacquer paintings.
12. Sea and river culture.
13. Technique of long ship shipbuilding.
14. Boat race custom in festivals.
15. Legend of the dragon.
16. Dragon worshipping.
17. Ancestral worshipping customs.
18. Customs of killing pigs in a sacrifice ceremony.
19. Customs of praying for a blessed child to maintain the continuity of a family
line.
20. Spring and Autumn festivals for marriage.
21. Customs of making mountains sacred.
22. Bronze drum civilization.
23. Technique of founding iron.
24. Technique of shooting arrows.
25. Technique

of

manufacturing

weapons

and poisonstained arrows.34

34 J. Needham: Science and civilization in China, Introduction. History of Science Thought, Cambridge,
England 1956.

HOA BINH CULTURE

Archaeological studies on Vietnam showed that whittled stone

tools

were
found on basalt

mountain sides

which

emerged in the middle of plains where it was the confluence of 3 rivers: Ma

river, Chu river, and Cau river in Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
Archaeological circles called relics of culture of Paleolithic the culture of
Paleolithic in Do mountain. Besides, archaeological circles found sharp and oval
axes to pierce and carve basalt in Xuan Loc and almondshaped axes, scraping
tools and carving tools whose shapes were more meticulously alike found in Dau
Giay, Xuan Loc in the south of Vietnam. So we know more clearly about the
evolutionary history in the period of Hung Kings by studying archaeological
cultures of Son Vi, Hoa Binh Bac Son, Nguyen Muu, Phung Nguyen, Dong Son,
Sa Huynh and Oc Eo.

The axes discovered in Doc Mo, Gia Kiem were 2 sided with well-
proportionally joined in almond shape whose edge was

amended

meticulously

to

make

its

zigzag

edge.

According

to

Stephen Oppenheimer,

an
oceanographer,

affirmed that “There was the only one time humans left Africa successfully

about

85,000

years

ago”. According

to

archaeology scientists, Hoa Binh Culture underwent three stages:

- The early Hoa Binh culture or the pre-Hoa Binh culture: its date is
characterized by Tham Khuyen relics (32,100 ± 150

Before Christ (BC)), Mai Da Dieu, Mai Da Ngam (23,100 ±

300 BC).

- The middle Hoa Binh culture or the orthodox Hoa Binh culture: it is
characterized by relics of Xom Trai (18,000 ±

150 BC) and Lang Vanh (16,470 ± 80 BC).

- The late Hoa Binh culture: it is characterized by relics in Tham Hoi (10,875 ±
175) and Sung Sam (11,365 ± 80 BP, BLn-1541/I).

The late Hoa Binh culture in the period of the Mesolithic at the date of C14
which was 10,875± 175 years ago and almost in northern Vietnam. Over 120
cultural relics were found in limestone caves in provinces such as Hoa Binh
province, Ha Tay province, Ha Nam province, Ninh Binh province, Thanh Hoa
province. After that, Hoa Binh culture was found in many Southeast Asian
countries, therefore, T.M. Mathews thought

that

Hoa

Binh
Binh

Culture

comprised

Myanmar,

Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, India, Sichuan (China).

The place of Hoa Binh culture was a valley with caves and hills; therefore it was
called the culture of valley. Researchers agreed that the culture of prehistory
Southeast Asia was the botanical culture with the primitive hunter-gather life.
The research work of food of Xa people and Thai Tay people in northern
Vietnam showed that they lived on 50 types of forest vegetables, 40 types of
cat‟s ears, mushrooms or bamboo sprouts, 9 types of bulbs and 32 types of
insects. Besides, there were a lot of oysters, arcas, snails, mussels, turtles,
tortoises, snakes. Researchers recorded Son Vi people knew to broil food and
they gathered round a big flame with a heap of broiled shells and animal bones.
They gathered into smaller families with smaller flame and archaeologists found
graves which were made next to the flame they gathered.35 This showed the
strong attachment between the living and the dead.
35 Vietnamese History, episode 1, Tre PublishingHouse 2001, p 260.

The custom of dusting yellow sand on the dead and burial of the daily necessities
of the dead, which proved that Son Vi people had the spiritual life with a
conception of “Animism”, which was the origin of the

tradition of worshiping our

ancestors later.

Hoa Binh people settled into villages and hamlets knew how to plant vegetables
and bulbs such as winged yams in valleys and hills and manufactured potteries.
It was the period of the culture of fields in the mountains of Hoa Binh people.

Relics of Tham Fi cave which meant spirit cave in northeast Thailand had the
date from 8 to 10 thousand years. In here, Chester Gorman, an American
archaeologist, found a lot of big fossils of many types of plants such as canaries,
arecas, terminalias and some type of vegetables such as Rau Sang which were
arecas, terminalias and some type of vegetables such as Rau Sang which were

half

wild and half

planted. In this

period,

inhabitants bred and cultivated on a small scale. They still gathered hunting, and
fishing. Planting wet rice originated from the valley and then developed in
higher areas.

G. Childe, a researcher, called this stage the beginning of the Neolithic

revolution of the fourth period which changed from Paleolithic into Neolithic,
from hunting and gathering into

agriculture.

Hoabinhian-Protoviets

people

created

ordinary rice whose vestiges were found in relics in Xom Trai cave in Hoa Binh
and its date of C14 was from 16,000 to 18,000 years of Hoa Binh culture.36
Archaeologists found vestiges of burnt rice husk and grains of rice in diversity.

There

were

forms

of

roundish grains

and
sticky

rice.

Especially, the type of slenderly shaped rice were the same as grains of rice in
Cay Da cave in Thailand with the date of about 10,000 years.
36 Tran Quoc Vuong: Following history, page 301.

The books Shui-Ching Chu of Li Dao-yuan and „Sourthern

Botanic‟ recorded “Sticky rice was grown in Jiaozhi, Cuu Chan and used to
make wine”. The book of „Sourthern Botanic‟ by Ke Ham listed the plants in
the tropical region in Guangxi, Guangdong and northern Vietnam such as gourd,
banana tree, bamboo, rice, conifer, fern, bead tree, rosemallow, jasmine, water
lily, lotus, sugar-cane, peppercorn, aloes

wood, longan, litchi, coconut, date

palm, grape,

carabola, lemon, spinach, cabbage. This proved Hoa Binh culture extended
throughout the Southeast Asian continent.

Research works showed Hoabinhian-Protoviets people more evolved and knew

drawings

on cave

Women knew to use shells with bored holes as jewelries which were made of
bone or teeth of animals. Especially, jewelries or daily necessities were buried
with the dead. The dead was lined and dusted red power all the body and buried
in the foetal position, or position of lying on their side or position with arms
clasping their knees. Graves were made by big rocks which were arranged into
the shape of rectangle or circle.
how

to use

potteries
potteries

and did simple

walls

or simple

geometric

drawings.

In 1971, Gorman claimed that Spirit Cave included remains of

Prunus

(almond),

Terminalia,

Areca

(betel),

Vicia

(broadbean) or Phaseolus, Pisum (pea) or Raphia Lagenaria (bottle

gourd),

Trapa

(Chinese

water

chestnut),

Piper

(pepper), Madhuca (butternut), Canarium, Aleurites (candle nut), and Cucumis

(a cucumber type) in layers dating to carbon 9800-8500 BP. None of the
recovered specimens differed from their wild phenotypes. He suggested that
these may have been used as foods, condiments, stimulants, for lighting and that
the leguminous plants in particular point to a very early use of domesticated
plants. He later wrote that “Whether they are definitely early cultigens remains
to be established... What

is

important, and what

we

can say

definitely,

is

that

the

remains

sophisticated use

of

particular

culturally important in Southeast Asia”.

indicate

the

early, quite

species

which
are

still

In 1972 W.G. Solheim, as the director of the project of which Spirit Cave was
part, published an article in Scientific American

discussing

the

finds

from

Spirit

Cave. While

Solheim

noted that

the

specimens

may “merely be wild

species gathered from the surrounding countryside”, he claimed that the

inhabitants at Spirit Cave had “an advanced knowledge of

horticulture”. Solheim's

chronological

chart

suggests that “Incipient agriculture” began at about 20,000

B.C. in Southeast
Asia. He

also suggests

that

ceramic

technology was invented at 13,000 B.C. although Spirit Cave does not have
ceramics until after 6,800 B.C.

Presently, scientists have agreed that Hoa Binh culture was one of the oldest of
mankind. The geographical characteristics and land features are the key factors
making Hoa Binh culture itself the first cradle of human beings covering a large
area from the foot of the Himalaya mountains to Kunlun and down to South
Asia.
Carved characters on bones of Luo-Yueh in the south of China
BAC SON CULTURE

Following the Hoabinhian culture, scientific circles were in consent among

themselves that there was a Bac Son Culture with the date of C14 which was
10,250 ± 200, where people lived mostly in shell hillock outdoors. Relics of Bac
Son culture were found in limestone caves in Hoa Binh, Bac Son, upper and
central Laos, lime mountain in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and scattered throughout
coastal provinces from Quang Ninh, Quang Nam (Bau Du) and extending to
islands of Southeast

Asia

including

the

Malay

Peninsula, Northeast

Sumatra and other islands in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Especially, cultural relics of inhabitants were in a mound near a freshwater pool

which was called Bau Du meaning a milk bottle in Thanh mountains Quang
which was called Bau Du meaning a milk bottle in Thanh mountains Quang
Nam with the date of C14

about 6 thousand years ago and relics of Xom cave in Hoa Binh which have the
same date. Researcher Nguyen Viet found a lot of rice husks which Dao The
Tuan thought were rice. Researchers recorded that Bac Son potteries were often
made with bell-mouthed shapes and round bottoms, therefore Bac Son culture
was also called the beginning culture of potteries.

Paleoanthropology studies about ancient people residing in Vietnam and based

on materials of nearly 100 ancient skulls gave us light to affirm that ancient
people resided in Vietnam a long time ago. Archaeologists found a lot of stone
tools whittled primitively for cutting, scraping, chopping, pricking in Do
mountain, Thanh Hoa and bones and teeth of ancient people in the Stone Age in
Yen Bai, Ninh Binh, and Quang Binh. Scrutinizing into the Neolithic age, we
can see that time people had knowledge of farming and breeding cattle, lived in
homes made of bamboo or wood, not in caves. According to many
anthropologists, in mid Neolithic, 7 or 8 thousand years ago, people in
Hoabinhian culture and Bac Son culture had traits of skull and face which
resembled ancient Vietnamese in Thieu Duong (Thanh Hoa) and La Doi. These
features of skull and face relatively resembled Vietnamese today, and their
height was about 1,58 meters. It was a round head, a relatively wide face, high
zygomatic bones, a flat nose, a little curl face, and especially, they dyed their
teeth black. It was ancient Vietnamese in Thieu Duong and La Doi who were not
different from Muong people in Hoa Binh. At that time, ancient

Vietnamese

of

Bac

Son culture

and Hoabinhian

culture lived in caves in Lang Son such as Binh Gia, Cuom Village, Keo Play
and Da But Thanh Hoa.37
37 Morphology, No. I/1968 Ha Noi Institute of Archaeology.
YUNNAN AND SHU CULTURE

Recent

archaeological

works

by

the

Department

of

Geological Research and Ancient Organism of the China Academy of Sciences

found “Fossil Nalo germs” in Mao Thien mountain, Chengjiang County, Yunnan
Province. The archaeological

works

showed

that

they

were

ancient

organisms in the ancient world, the sign of life appeared. In 1932, G. E. Lewis,
an American scientist, first found fossils of ancient gibbons that lived from 13
million years to 800

thousand years ago in layers of Haritalyanger in Sivalik Hills, India. In 1965,

archaeological circles found 10 fossil teeth and up to now, the China Academy
of Sciences found a total of 1,060 fossil teeth in Yunnan. On 9th April 1980,
head bones of an ancient gibbon were first found in the world. Scientific circles
concluded that ancient Nao Ma Yunnan gibbons and ancient
India

Silvalik gibbons

lived in the

period of

Pleistocene 800 thousand years ago.

On May 1, 1965, a group of archaeologists found 2 fossil teeth of a primitive

man. Research work announced they were the teeth of an adult. The head of the
teeth was slightly big and wide and their fang was rather small. The teeth looked
like a triangle compare to the rectangle-shaped teeth of the Pekinese.
Researchers thought that this represented the period of standing up straight of
men. Especially, the palate was relatively developed, which was a characteristic
of the modern Mongoloid (Hoabinhoid) race. In 1973, a number of scientists
excavated a large area and found fossil specimens of Nguyen Muu people, some
fossil stone tools, fossil coal dust and other fossil mammals. Things made of
quartz were schists, tools with pointed head and tools with a sharp blade.
Although primitive, these tools were made carefully, and researchers thought
that they could be the earliest stone tools of mankind.

Coal dusts revealed that primitive men already had knowledge of using fire.

Archaeological research works showed that throughout the region of Yunnan

and Shu, formerly men had existed as of the period of Stone Age. In the period
of Neolithic, potteries of Nguyen Muu culture in Yunnan and Shu included 3
kinds: cooking wares, containers and water containers which were stably

produced. They

were

commonly

in 3 designs:

geometric shapes, botanical shapes, and animal shapes. The methods of

manufacturing might be by hands or turning tables with particular traits and
styles but with particular traits of Hoabinhian culture
styles but with particular traits of Hoabinhian culture

and

culture

of

stone

tools

in coastal

regions in southeast China, especially stone decanters and stone hammers. Since
stone tools in these places were similar, they are assumed that they must have
come from the same origin Hoabinhoid = Hoabinhian => Protoviets => Bai
Yueh (Malayo-viets).

According

museum, a

distribution of Baiyue culture in Yunnan was as follows: to Ly

Con Thanh, the

director of

Yunnan

nationally

historical

expert

of

Yunnan, the

- Tiandong county, north of Tiandong county and surrounding countries

belonging to the culture of ancient Lieu-Yueh (LieuViet).
belonging to the culture of ancient Lieu-Yueh (LieuViet).

- South of Tiandong county, Guangxi and Vietnam belonging to Luo-Yueh (Lac

Viet) culture.
- Dian Lake and Lan Thuong river valley belonging to De Khuong mixed culture
Dien-Yueh (Dien Viet).

- Kunming and Boc Yueh (Viet) in which Mang Hoai culture was represented by
Boc (Viet), Thach Trai Son culture was represented by

Yi

Yueh, and Dien Yueh

culture

was

represented by Dien Tay, Tay Bao Son. The owners of this culture

in the

Neolithic

age

were

people

of

different

genealogies of the Great Baiyue clan.38

Yunnan was called a kingdom of nonferrous metal. Three thousand years ago,
ancestor of Yunnan people (Yi Viet, Bac Viet, Boc Viet, Dien Viet, etc.) knew
to exploit and refine copper. According to the book of „Han Book-Geographic
Book‟, under the reign of West Han, there were 3 places belonging to Yunnan
Province manufacturing tin for casting copper. This means the pinnacle of
contemporary cultures Shan and Yin dynasty in central mainland of China
originated from the “life-line” of Yunnan.

Yunnan was considered the native origin of cast bronze drums of Dien Yue
culture. Association of studying ancient bronze drums classified over excavated
2,000 bronze drums into 8 different kinds. Especially, Thach Trai Son bronze
drums of Yi-Yue culture were made of green copper with spectacular designs
and abundant patterns. The body of drums was a cylinder of 3 parts: body, back
and legs. The mid-body of drums bulged out making it larger than the surface.
The back of the drum was streamlined with its can-shaped legs standing astride.
The surface of the drum was round, the center of which was a convex, bright
portion reflecting the light around it. This light reflecting point and those light
rays were combined into the shape of the sun. Around the drum rim were several
decorative rings called “Great Cloud”. The sun in the center and rectangle-
shaped light rays and straight lines

alternately

intetwined, the

Great

Cloud

rings

with

different width covered the outside. The narrow rings were decorated with
serrated shapes or small dots. And 4 flying storks were on the wide rings. There
were patterned circles on the back of the drum and the in the middle of the center
circle were figures of boat paddlers. Besides decorated circles, the back of the
drum had several squares. Inside of each square were pictures of animals or
people dancing and wearing feathers on their heads. Particularly, Thach Trai Son
bronze drums

were

carved with dancing

figures
figures

in festivities,

ceremonies of killing buffalo for sacrifice, folk games such as swings or boat
races, etc. They were lively carved, which proved techniques of casting copper
reached to a pinnacle of art.39
38 Chiem Toan Huu “Cultures of Kingdom of Nanzhou and Kingdom of Dali”, The Ho Publishing House,
Taiwan; People‟s Publishing House Shichuan, China in January 2003. Translated by Nguyen Thi Thanh
Hue, Nguyen Mai Lan, Nguyen Huong Giang and Phan M Thanh, Ha Noi Publishing House of Culture and
Information 2004, page 32.

The

former Shu which was

at

one-time

famous

civilization was occupied by the Qin dynasty; therefore, Viet clans had to run
southward to the area where they integrated into Yue clans who had settled there
before. In Chinese characters, the word Shu symbolized silkworms spewing out
thread which was reeled to weave silk. It was a traditional industry with the
family name of Tam Tung in Shu state.

Chinese historical books recorded that the civilization of Shu in the period prior
to the Qin was very high. Its own writing language system appeared to have
existed for a long time before, and the historical book of Shu state written by
Dao Ngot, a great tutor, was an obvious evidence. In the Shu area there used to
be a notable family named Khai Minh who sat their capital residence in Thanh
Do, formerly Suifu in Sichuan province where father Luo brought his 50 sons to
found the state of Malayo-Viets. The State of Shu was now in Ba Thuc, Sichuan,
China.
39 Chiem Toan Huu “Cultures of Kingdom of Nanzhou and Kingdom of Dali. Ha Noi Publishing House of
Culture and Information 2004, page
32.

Shu was also called Tam Tung Thi which meant the family of planting mulberry
trees, raising silkworms, and weaving fabric. “The legend of Dragon Lady”, the
wife of Kinh Duong King, reads that Dragon Lady taught Yueh people to weave
fabric;

therefore,

they

annually

hold

festival

to

commemorate her. This festival on the 3rd of the third month (lunar calendar) is
called „Troi Nuoc‟ where they dedicated her names as The Lady of Silkworm or
The Saint Lady of the South. Legend has it that after The Saint Lady of the
South passed away; she was awe-inspiringly powerful to assist her descendants.
Folk people worshiped and called her “The Lady of Silkworm”

because

she

taught

people

the

planting of

mulberry
trees, raising

silkworms, and weaving. They

respectfully called her the Mother of forest, who formerly moved from the
ancestral land in forestry and mountain of the north to the south and gave birth to
Father Luo of Baiyueh.

For a long time, Shu was called Sichuan which was the ancestral land of the
Yueh clan with historical sites such as Phong Chau, Suifu and the legend of Phu
Dong Thien Vuong who vanquished Yin-Shan enemy in Guizhou Shu state in
the period of the 8th Hung King as well as it makes history that An Duong King
Thuc Phan founded Ou Luo State.

Historical records show that Tam T

inh Đôi, 40km away

from Suifu, is a location where remains and epics enabled researchers to

understand more about Shu State, which existed 5000 years earlier. Shu
civilization was more glorious and well-organized than the ancient citadel of the
Shang-Yin of the Chinese. Many researchers have concluded that the first
inhabitants in the Shu area used sun drying clay blocks to build homes and
fortresses.
JIANGNAN AND LINGNAN CULTURE

Researchers

had

compared

the

dates

of
of

archaeologic

findings of these civilizations to sketch out affirmatively northwards he

immigration itinerary of ethnics of the south Hoabinhoid in the direction east-
west in order to circumvent the advancement phenomenon of the sea and could
have come to the conclusion that these people had formed two radiants
civilizations of Lingnan and Jiangnan.

- The Lingnan consists of the civilization of Bach Lien Đong in Guang Xi, C14
shows date 19,910 ± 190BP and the civilization Đoc Thach Tu in Guangdong,
C14 shows date 14,260 ± 130BP.

- The Jiangnan consists of Tieu Nha m Đong in Ziangxi

C14 dated 10,870 ± 210BP and Hemudu in Zhejiang C14

dated 6,085 ± 1 and the civilization of Chinh Lien Kang -Ta Tun Tzu in
Ziangdong C14 dated 5,785 ± 105.

Archaeological circles found relics of Hemudu in Zhejiang with the date of C14
which meant 6,700 years ago. Hemudu relics, an ancient village near Yuyao city,
Zhejiang, was found in the summer of 1973. This discovery upset all vision and

knowledge

of

Chinese

history.

This

village

has

agricultural civilization (planting wet rice, building houses on stilts, raising

cattle, digging wells, manufacturing potteries, weaving silk, rowing, worshiping
bird, etc.) 7000 years ago. It was also the ancestral land of the Eaters Viet ruled
by King Gouzian of Yueh越王句踐 in Spring and Autumn Period (from
-722 to -222).40
40 Quoting from “What is Viet studies” by Nhu Thuong Truong Bon Tai, Tram Giong Publishing House
2010. Hemudu is a transcription of dialect in English. Transcription in Chinese is Ha-mo-do.

The map published by the National Geographic Company in 1991 read the first
civilization of wet rice in the world originated is

the

thousand

years

(Yangtzu) are

the

first

to grow rice. Science

Magazin

announced wet

rice

has

the

latest

date

of

7,000 BC.
Researchers analyzed materials recorded by many scholars in archaeology,
linguistics and anthropology and thought that the origin of Neolithic culture in
the north of China originated from the south. Ethnic groups in the period of
Neolithic in the south of China belonged to the subculture of center of culture
later called Hoa Binh culture about the 5th millennium before our era and moved
to Yunnan in the direction of the north, along Chia-Ling-chiang now belonging
to Sichuan province, and passed Ch‟in Ling range into Huai river valley.

Yellow

river valley

to Yi Yueh. Five

B.C,

Farmers

along

the

Chang

Jiang
LUNGSHAN AND YANSHAN CULTURE

Previously, it was assumed that the culture which was later called

Lungshan was

still

considered

to be

the

culture

originating from Yanshan in northern China, then spreading to Southeast Asia.

originating from Yanshan in northern China, then spreading to Southeast Asia.
But discoveries contrarily proved this culture originated

in

southern China, then

spreading

to northern

China. Both cultures of Lungshan

and Yanshan originated

from Hoa Binh culture in Vietnam. Indeed, the persuasive research by W.G
Solheim determined the culture of Northern China called Yanshan was a part of
Hoa Binh culture which spread to the north from about 6,000 to 7,000 BC.

In 1920, J. Gunnar Anderson, a scholar, found relics of the Stone Age in the
western region of Hanan province, China which archaeological circle later called
Yanshan Culture. The archaeological date of modern human C14 is as follows:

- Hunan:

C14= 5.485-105 BP (1950).

Lungshan: C14=4.260±95.
- Shian:

C14=6.065-110 BP (1950).

Archaeological circle affirmed that modern human (Homo Sapiens-Sapiens)

appeared in Hunan and Shian from

the

Neolithic age. At the same time archaeological circle also affirmed that there
were no signs of the aboriginals to have been residing there continuously, and
that modern human settling in Hunan are from a group that had had a relatively
high civilization coming from other places. Especially, by the radioactive
method C14, archaeologists

verified that

the

majority of Yanshan people and Lungshan people belonged to the Mongoloid

race, and people in southern China today are not different from those living in
Vietnam and Indonesia today.41

These archaeological proofs restored the historical truth that Xia dynasty in
Chinese history was of the Viet clan who settled in the Boc river basin which it
has a legend that Shennong

founded the

dynasties

of

Yellow

Emperor,

Emperor Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao, Shun and Yu, the Great of the
Xia dynasty.

Cheboksarov, a famous Soviet Union archaeologist, studied Mongoloid people

in

the

north,

ancestors

of

the

present
present

Tungus people, and Siberian tribes were just found in HisT‟uan-Shan, southwest
Kirin far away from the agricultural center in China. Some of skulls were
excavated in An Yang and its neighborhoods together with some other skulls
which were

later excavated

along

with. Skulls

in Beijing

with

protruding frontal bone, plane face with equal height and width belonged to the
ethnic group that was most prominent in the region. While other skull which
were not homogeneous were found in dumping pits where people had been
killed as a sacrifice or beheaded. In these pits, skulls were relatively
homogeneous. This proved that they were of the same ethnic group. According

to

Cheboksarov, this

rather

purebred

community resided from 2 to 300 kilometers away from the capital,

and

they

were

different

from
from

Shang

people.

Cheboksarov thought that these inhabitants were small people with facial
features unlike the Han Chinese people, who were held up by the giants, as well-
expressed in the pictue on bronze basins of the Sumitomo collection in Kyoto.42
41 Andreson J.G: Children of the Yellow Earth Studies in Prehistoric China, London 1934.
42 Cung Dinh Thanh: Learning about the origin of Vietnamese culture, page 224 by Richard Peason 1980
“The Ch‟ing-Lien-Kang Culture

Archaeological proofs showed us that these inhabitants belonged to Xia dynasty

of Viet clan who were driven off by Shang clan in 1766 BC to found the first
Shang dynasty in Chinese history. Archaeological works proved the historical
truth of Chinese ancient bibliographies, which showed there were 3 centers of
refining bronze and manufacturing bronze wares

in

areas

of

ancient

Vietnamese

(Malayo-Viets)

throughout center area of china and northeast India. They were Harrappa and
Mohenjo Daro in northeast India (Atsam State), one in Kinh So and one Dong
Son in north central Vietnam. Therefore, Sima Qian recorded the records of the
historians when Duke Mu of Qin defeated Quanrong, King Cheng of Zhou
rewarded Duke Mu of Qin war booty of a bronze drum taken from Quanring
(Chuy tribe in Shanxi).

Archaeologists and ethnologists said Karen tribe in Myanmar still used bronze
drums.
Bronze tools and bronze drums discovered in southeast China were divided into
3 groups in 3 areas of Zuojiang, Youjiang

bordering

with Vietnam

today

and GuijiangXiangjiang between Hunan province and Guizhou. This was also
the residence of Viet lines such as Luo Yueh, Cau Dinh, and West Ou. Designs
on some bronze drums and bronze axes are like the designs by the Luo Yueh
group in north Vietnam.

The bronze axes were found in areas of the West Ou clan.

Que Giang of

West Ou State bordered with Hunan, beyond

Ngu Linh lain, the ancient area of culture of Chu-Yueh. There was interrelation
of some designs such as designs of stars in the center, spirals, braided ropes, etc.
Chinese books such as Quang Chau Ky, Tan Thu, Tran Thu, Shui-ching chu of
Li Dao-yuan, Linh Bieu Luc Di recorded "Man and Di were creators of Lac Viet
bronze drums.". Especially, La Huong
Chinese Civilization, University of California Press, Berkerley and Los Angeles California in 1983, page
125.

Lam recorded in

„Bach Viet Nguyen Luu Du Van Hoa‟ that

"In the old days, Viet culture was worth paying attention to manufacturing
bronze drums and its usage. Luo-Yueh bronze drums were very famous,
therefore, they were usually called Luo-Yueh (Lac Viet) ancient bronze.”. Chu
Khu Phi, a scholar in Song

dynasty, affirmed in Linh Ngoai Dai Dap bronze

drums didn‟t belong to Han Chinese culture. Te-Tzu-Chang, a famous

Chinese

scholar, determined through his

recent

research works that bronze and stone culture in Sichuan proved its creator was
agriculturalists who used hoes to cultivate, to fish, and they lived in homes on
stilts and used shouldered axes which didn‟t appeared in Yanshan Culture but
were a characteristic of Hoa Binh culture.43
43 Te-Tzu-Chang: The Origins and Early Cultures of Cereal Grains and Food Legumes. “The Hsien type
and its wild relatives could also have been brought from Indochine and dispressed along the seacoast up to
the Hupei” (chang 1976b). This speech was read in the conference of Berkerley California and published on
“The Origins of China Civilation on pages 65-94, University of Cali Press 1983. According to the latest
announcement on Science Magazine, the newest date of wet rice was 7,000 BC.

Gui from Dawenkou culture

Black pottery of Longshan

culture

Chinese archaeologists had just found a 3,700 year dragon shaped antique made
of more 2,000 pieces of turquoise. It was determined to be the most antique
dragon-shaped totem in China.

It was excavated from the grave of a mandarin in the Ha Dynasty in Erlitou in

Erlitou relic area in Yanshi City, Henan province.
Phung Nguyen culture
PHUNG NGUYEN CULTURE

After cultures of Hoa Binh and Bac Son, it is the culture of Da But in Thanh Hoa
with characteristics of a new stone culture of potteries: Cai Beo culture in Cat
Ba, Hai Phong which proceeded the culture of Soi Nhu 6 thousand years ago.

The culture of Quynh Van in Quynh Luu, Nghe An also belonged to a new stone
age culture of potteries in central coastal provinces. Ha Giang and Cao Bang
Cultures are characterized by shouldered and stepped axes. The culture of Mai
Pha in Lang Son is characterized by a combination of quadrilateral axes with
small and medium size which were sharpened all over their body; culture of Bau
Tro in coastal provinces in Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri was
developed from the culture of Quynh Van with characteristics of potteries made
by a turning table by Bau Tro people who knew fabric weaving. Phung Nguyen
Culture gathered in midland and a part of north Vietnam plain, whose center is
the junction of many rivers: Red river, Lo, Thao, Da and Day river. Phung
Nguyen people lived in fertile land and their level of development was higher
than others. The owners of culture of Phung Nguyen were Hoa Binh people who
moved to Malaya plateau, and after water level went down, they moved from
Malaya Plateau to the basin of Yellow river and Yangtzu river of China. They
lived all over the south of China and in the north of Vietnam. When water level
gradually went down, they moved from high mountains in Yunnan, Guizhou,
Guangxi to the Red river valley in the north of Vietnam delta in the later period
of the new stone age. They brought with them method of planting wet rice of
Hoabinhian (Protoviets), which had been developed thousands of years earlier.
At the same time from Horizontal mountains range along the central region of
Vietnam, and central and lower region of Laos, they moved and brought

with them

a
a

converging

culture

in

midland bordering Vinh Phu plain, Son Tay. It was the 2nd converging of people
and culture in the period of regression, which made Vietnam‟north plain.44

Archaeological circles found round paddy grains called ten-month rice

in Vinh

Phu, Ha

Noi. The

remarkably

archaeological

traits

of

Phung

Nguyen culture

were

all

tetrahedron axes and a negligible quantity of shouldered axes.

This proved that Phung Nguyen people enjoyed much better development than
people in the period of cultures of Hoa Binh and Bac Son. Its archaeological
relics were characterized by shouldered axes; therefore, it was called a culture of
shouldered axes. Archaeological relics in north Korea, Japan and Taiwan proved
that date of Phung Nguyen existed earlier.
Phung

Nguyen

people

extended

their

residence

after

inheriting a quintessence of cultures of brotherhood clans to create

culture

of

Go

Mun

with

distinct

style.

Archaeological circles found many relics of Phung Nguyen culture in Vinh Phu,
Ha Noi which was round paddy grains called ten-month rice. The owners of this
culture were known as Austro-Asiatic among scientific circles, this means Asian
people

in
the

south.

Malayo-Viets

clan,

viz

Baiyue

community, had moved southward from

Tibetan plateau.

Archaeological circle discovered relics of ancient Mon people in pig knoll in

Tam Thanh. They lived in the mountains in the north of midland, in plain and
midland hills in northern Vietnam for a long time. The owner of Phung Nguyen
culture was

groups

of

Viet-Muong

and MonKhmer who were

disdainfully called Khel barbarians or Khuong barbarians in ancient

Chinese

history.

Malaysian,

viz

Malayo-Viets,

descendants of Hoabinhian Protoviets, were called Baiyue in ancient Chinese

descendants of Hoabinhian Protoviets, were called Baiyue in ancient Chinese
history. They were invaded by Han Chinese and driven from Yunnan, Guizhou
and Guangxi to the south into the delta of north Vietnam. Ancient Vietnamese in
the period of Phung Nguyen manufactured stone tools, potteries, bone tools, and
stone necessities, ceramic necessities, bone necessities together with some
bronze tools such as axes, chisels, spears, javelins, arrows, spearheads, drills,
graters.

Quite a few artistic potteries such as pots, steamers, wine jars, vases, bowls,
basins, bronze

trays

with a

harmonious

proportion art

designs

were

produced during this period.

Especially, metallurgy of Viet clan in the period of Phung Nguyen was a unique
native technique. Ancient Vietnamese in this period used brass tools in their
daily life. Researchers believed the

designs

and decoration of

tools

of

ancient

Vietnamese showed their high spiritual life and the sunworshipped beliefs or the
bird and dragon-worshipped beliefs via abundant symbols of harmoniously
aesthetic and creative mind with accurate and perfect calculation through
aesthetic and creative mind with accurate and perfect calculation through
bilateral symmetry, axisymmetry, and movable symmetry in a high level. Many
archeologists discovered cast spoons, drills, axes, stone arrow moulds and
potteries which reflected the high technique of the ancient bronze era.
Archeologists also found files which were unique objects of the brass age and
early Iron Age in our country. Brass is a good alloy with a ratio of over 80%
copper and over 15% of tin. More than half of the number of weapons was made
of bronze. Ancient Vietnamese in the period of Phung Nguyen, which was over
4 thousand years ago, used brass alloy to manufacture agricultural tools.

This proved Phung Nguyen people organized their society stably

by

Van Lang State. It

obviously

rejected all

antinational pleas that Van Lang State appreared over two thousand years

ago. Phung

Nguyen culture

is

striking

culture of Viet clan to continue developing with cultures of Go Mun and Dong
Son. Ancient Vietnamese in the period of Phung

Nguyen had a

stable

life
life

and relatively

high

development in economic, cultural and social aspects.

44 Tran Quoc Vuong: Following history, Thuan Hoa Publishing page 145.

Stilt house on the tree

Stilt house of highlander Stilt houses in the

North Vietnam


The Dug-out of
Highlander and AmeriViets (American-Indian)
Source: Archeological Study on Vietnam, Institute of Archaeology 1990

Dong Son Drum in SouthEast Asia
DONG SON CULTURE

After Phung Nguyen culture, there was the striking Dong Son culture of Viet
clan with a civilization of bronze drums which shone all over the world. Popular
relics of domestic animals proved that Dong Son people tamed elephants and
raised dogs, pigs and cattle. These relics were found in remains

showed

on

carved

paintings
on

Hua

San

mountainsides, in Guangxi bordering with Lang Son today.

Paddies and rice husks were also found in Dong Son relics in Lang Vac. Rice
was round, which was close to fifth-month rice or sticky rice. Agriculture was
the main activity of the Dong Son people.

In the period of Hung kings, ancient Vietnamese were agriculturalists

who

were

good

at

planting

wet

rice.

Nowadays, international scholars admitted that Vietnam was the first cradle of
wet rice agriculture in the world and from this cradle, planting wet rice traveled
to the Mediterranean region in the first half of the 1st century BC. Agricultural
civilization of

Viet

clan had a

great

contribution to

domesticating, and changing the rice variety, improving the method of

domesticating, and changing the rice variety, improving the method of
cultivating and increasing food for mankind. In the period of

Hung

kings, ancient

Vietnamese

also

attached

special importance to aesthetics. They made jewelries such as bracelets, rings,

earrings, belts, gloves, stockings.

Ancient

Vietnamese

also enjoyed music

by

musical

instruments named monochord which appeared in 3 places in the world such as

Vietnam, northeast India and Indonesia.

Monochord has

3 characteristics:

synthetic

characteristic,

flexible

characteristic, and expressive

characteristic. It
is

synthetic because there is just one string making all sounds and tones. It is
flexible because when playing monochord, we have to combine 2 hands flexibly.
We use the right hand to twang and the left hand to shake or hold its neck. The
right hand and the left hand create shaken and fat sounds, long and short tones
which are harmonious wonderfully as your wish.

It

was

expressive

because

monochord

is

suitable

for

expressing feelings, which suits Vietnamese souls.45

Archaeologists and prehistorians studied ancient skulls in Dong Son and

recorded Dong Son people were descendants of Indonesian

whom

we

usually

called

Malaysian

from

Hoabinhian-protoviets.
Hoabinhian-protoviets.

Especially,

Dong

Son

people

blackened their teeth as

ancient

Hoa

Binh Vietnamese.

Besides, there were statues and paintings of animals such as tigers, elephants,
rhinos, spotted deer, zebus, crocodiles on relics, materials and ancient Chinese
bibliographies. Besides, there were storks, night herons, pelicans usually flying
to northern Vietnam when removing to the north. According to the book Odd
stories in LingNan, ancient Vietnamese usually ate

fish soup and used

shrimps

to make

shrimp paste.

According to traditions, Vietnamese atevery little meat except for Tet holidays
and festivals. The main food of ancient Dong Son people was rice, flour, and
seafood. Relics in boat graves showed that Dong Son people could make sedge
mats and cloth which means they knew how to spin yarn and weave fabric.
Besides, there was paintwork on woodenwares, which meant painting appeared a
few centuries BC ago.

Dong Son relics were found throughout Southeast Asia such as Vietnam, Laos,
Thailand, Indonesia and Southern China. Vietnam has the most density and
quantity of relics which gathered in the Red river valley, Ca river valley and Ma
quantity of relics which gathered in the Red river valley, Ca river valley and Ma
river valley. Relics of residing and boat graves were discovered along the Red
river to Vinh Phu, provinces in the Red river delta, Duong river, Thanh Hoa, and
Nghe An. Most relics were studied in detail and preserved. Besides, there were
some relics accidentally discovered in other places and kept but there were not
many relics which were preserved.

Besides, there were the biggest art relics on walls of the civilization of
humankind with a size of 200 meters x 40

meters and cave paintings on slopes along Zuo river in Hua Shan, Guangxi,
places near the border between China and Vietnam today and places bordering
Lang Son. In the painting of wizards or fighters with swords, there were drums
with the sun in the middle.
45Tran Ngoc Them: “Introduction to Vietnamese culture” p 206.

R. Heine-Geldern, an

Austrian scholar, called bronze

culture in Vietnam Dong Son Culture because most relics were found in Dong
Son village, Thanh Hoa. Vietnamese archaeologists discovered many relics
belonging to Dong Son culture including 125 relics found in areas in the Red
river, Ca river and Ma river in Vietnam, excluding Pre-Dong Son relics. As for
bronze drums of type Heger I (which means Dong Son drums), there were up to
143 drums of which there were beautiful drums with decoration almost like
Ngoc Lu drums and Hoang Ha drums such as Co Loa drums found in 1982 and
Hy Cuong drums recently found in the temple of Hung kings.

Bronze tools and bronze drums discovered in southeast China were divided into
3 groups in 3 areas of Zuojiang, Youjiang (bordering with Vietnam today) and
Guijiang Xiangjiang (between Hunan province and Guizhou). This was also the
residence of Viet lines such as Luo-Yueh, Cau Dinh, and Xi-Ou. Designs on
some bronze drums and bronze axes are like designs of the Luo Yueh group in
northern Vietnam, especially bronze axes found in areas of Xi Ou clan. Que
Giang of Xi Ou State bordered with Hunan, beyond Ngu Linh lain ancient area
of culture of Chu Yueh. There was an interrelation of some designs such as
designs of stars in the center, spirals, braided ropes, etc. Especially, there were
many native designs in just Dong Son, Vietnam such as houses on stilts, boats,
men in feather clothes, birds, fishes, elephants, tigers, deer and toads.
Researchers also recorded the Dong Son look on bronze drums which had the
native nature of Luo Yueh and was different from the look of bronze drums and
bronze wares of other cultures.46

Dongson culture with brilliant characteristics of bronze drums was the

prosperous culture period of the age of Hung kings with the civilization of
bronze drums. In this period, brass metallurgy developed to a pinnacle. Even
today some good bronze founders can‟t cast a drum like Ngoc Lu bronze drums
thousands of years ago. DongSon people knew how to reduce composition of
alloy for good quality according to the purpose of using. Ancient people knew
how to reduce the proportion of bronze and tin, at the same time increasing the
proportion of lead to create a more plastic alloy for casting details as well as
designs and decorations easily and according to the usefulness of tools, they
reduced composition of metals in alloy.

Thousands of bronze arrows were found in Co Loa with alloy composition

which ensured perforation and far flight capacity by proportion of bronze of
95%, lead from 3.4 to 4.2%, and zinc from 1 to 11%. Researchers were surprised
and admired the

ancient

Vietnamese

because

the

alloy

proportion was suitable for the purpose of use such as spear blades in Thieu
Duong which had the proportion of bronze of 73.3%, tin of 13.2%, and lead of
5.45%. Therefore it made the spear blade

long, plastic, strong

and unbreakable. Thieu

Duong axes had the proportion of bronze of 82.25%, tin of 6.8%, and lead of
1.4%, which made Thieu Duong axes very sharp.
1.4%, which made Thieu Duong axes very sharp.

Domestic

and

international

archaeologists

all

recognized tin and lead alloy was a unique creation of the technique

of

refining

bronze

of

the

ancient

Vietnamese.

Characteristic of brass alloy was that lead content sometimes made up 28% and
stone moulds were double and they could cast many items in one time.47
46 The Age of Hung Kings, Social Science Publishing House 1972, pages from 212 to 236.

V. Goloubew,

an

archaeologist, told about

Dong

Co
Temple in summary record of B.E.F.E.O vol XXXIII, in 1933

recorded:

"An-Ne

village, An Dinh District, Thanh Hoa

Province belonged to Vietnam completely and Muong people didn‟t lived near
here. In temple on Phu Quang road near An Dinh pier to cross Ma river, there
was a type of bronze drum which was the same as Hoa Binh bronze drums in Ha
Noi museum. The surface of the drum was 0.85 in width and 0,58th in height.
This drum was used for worshiping, not beating. There was a thickness on its
surface...”. The book of Dai Nam Nhat Thong Chi recorded the Dong Co
mountain as follows "Dong Co Mountain with another name of Kha Lao
Mountain far from Yen Dinh District 16 miles in the west.

There was a temple on the left of the mountain. In the temple, there was a bronze
drum of 100 kilos in weight, and its diameter of

2.1 meters and 1.5 meters in height, one side of

the drum is empty, the other side has 9 rings. In the middle of its surface, there is
a round button. Palindrome words of ten thousand are surrounding the back of
drum, next to it there are words like Kippus words. Legend has it that this drum
was made from the period of Hung Kings”. In the book of Kien Van Tieu Luc,
Le Quy Don wrote: "Emperor Thai Tong of the Ly dynasty built a temple behind
Thanh Tho pagoda.

Every year, on the 4th April (lunar calendar) he set up an altar before this
temple, deployed troops, and read oaths before mandarins...”.
47 The Age of Hung Kings, Social Science Publishing House 1972, pages from 212 to 236.

Ancient Vietnamese had the tradition of worshiping an ancient bronze god,

V.Goloubev found the temple to this ancient bronze god in Dan Ne village, An
Dinh District, Thuan Hoa District and Thanh Hoa Province. Historical books
recorded Emperor Ly Thai Tong built a temple to the ancient bronze god.
Annually, worship was made on the 4th April (lunar calendar). All civil
mandarins and military mandarins gathered in full session. They kneeled before
the temple and swore: “I am utterly loyal to the country, pure and honest”.

According to many archaeologists, many images on bronze drums reflect harvest

festivals of wet rice and crops. This group of people were walking and holding
spears, javelins, axes or musical instruments. They wore feather clothes and hats.
Some of them wore feather coats which were worn in big festivals.

Dayak people in Borneo still have the customs of wearing feather clothing and
hats in festivals. The legend of Trong Thuy and My Chau also mentioned goose
feather coats for princesses. Harvest

festivals have

a nature of prosperous

beliefs as wishes for good crops. On drums, images of couples who were holding
a pestle to bray into a mortar reflected the above nature. On Dao Thinh bronze
pot, there were images of couples

having

sex. Nowadays, the

custom

of

singing

eachother loving songs in harvest festivals for wishes for good crops is a trace of
prosperous beliefs which still remain in Vietnam today. On Ngoc Lu bronze
drums, we also see that in the house on stilts, a couple is sitting, reaching hands
to each other, twining their legs, and „singing eachother‟ while there is a man
beating a drum in the corner.48

According to historians, the most ancient bibliography recorded that technique

of moltening iron appeared in 513

BC. It was affirmed in the most recent excavation that pigiron wares appeared in
the beginning of the century of 5 BC.
the beginning of the century of 5 BC.

Therefore, the Iron Age in China with technique of moltening iron began about
500 BC appeared before that in western countries about 1,600 years. Before,
China just had breakable pigiron wares. When countries of Yueh and Wu found
the method of combining moltening iron and forging iron in southern Baiyue,
which was much better than Han clan‟s.

Archaeological

works

matched

with

Chinese

ancient

bibliographies, which showed there were 3 centers of refining bronze and

manufacturing bronze wares in areas of ancient Vietnamese (Malayo-Viets)
throughout the midlands of China and northeast India. They were Harrappa and
Mohenjo Daro in northeast India (Atsam State), one in Kinh So and one in
northern central Vietnam. Therefore, Sima Qian recorded the records of the
historians when Duke Mu of Qin defeated Quanrong, King Cheng of Zhou
rewarded Duke Mu of Qin war booty of a bronze drum taken from Quanring
(Chuy tribe in Shanxi). Archaeologists and ethnologists said Karen tribe in
Myanmar still use bronze drums.

Some Chinese books such as Quang Chau Ky, Tan Thu Tran Thu, Thuy Kinh
Chu,

Linh Bieu Luc

Di

recorded

"Babarian (Yue) and Yi were creators of Luo Yue bronze drums". Especially, La
Huong Lam recorded in Bai Yue Nguyen Luu Du Van Hoa that "In the old days,
Yue culture was worth paying attention to manufacturing bronze drums and its
usage. Luo Yue bronze drums were very famous, therefore, they were usually
called Luo Yue ancient bronze”. Chu Khu Phi, a scholar in Song dynasty,
affirmed in “Linh Ngoai Dai Dap” bronze drums didn‟t belong to Han culture.

Ancient Vietnamese‟s techniques of refining and casting bronze developed

highly, therefore it spread to northern China and western Asia. History of the
Later Han (Hou Han Shu) recorded that Luo Yue casted bronze boats and after
Ma Yuan won the Trung king, he captured all bronze drums which symbolized
the power of leaders of Viet clan to cast bronze horses, bronze boats to present to
his Han emperor.
48 The Age of Hung Kings, Social Science Publishing House 1972, pages from 212 to 236.

Archaeologists found in Vietnam, there were 143 drums making up over 50% of
total of bronze drums found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan (China),
Myanmar, Thailand,

Laos,

Cambodia,

Malaysia,

Indonesia

where

Malayo-Viets, namely Baiyue people belonging to the race of

Hoabinhoid=Hoabinhian-Protoviets resided. This fact proved ancient
Vietnamese in Dong Son, Thanh Hoa early developed to the age of mixed
copper and their level was higher than the same race in other places. Paintings of
Dong Son people‟s life which were carved on the surface of bronze drums
showed that their life tied in with rivers and water. Many relics of boat graves
over 2 thousand years ago were found throughout coastal areas such as Ninh
Binh, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Hai Duong as well as in Kalimantan, Thailand, The
Philippines and many places in Southeast Asia.

Especially,

G.G.Stratanovich
G.G.Stratanovich

announced

his

research

works in 1997 as follows “According to my studies, in fact, four

types

of

Dong Son bronze

drums

which

different

researchers divided into three types of bells in north and northwest were
variants of the same product in the same big region of manufacturing bronze
wares. This region can be imaged to be a big triangle with two points at the end
of the bottom side which were Dong Son (Vietnam) in the East and Mogaung
northern Myanmar in the west. The top of the triangle lay in the Yangtze river
valley between Dongting lake and Poian lake. Formerly, even Dong Son bronze
wares were also supposed to originate from the north. Now it is known by not
only the abundant source of bronze ore in Vietnam but also bronze mines as well
as gold mine and other silver mine.

Supposition of the origin of bronze wares in the south in the period of Yin
dynasty had its base. The date of Dong Son culture is now pushed back to
between the 1st and 2nd millennium BC”. Therefore, researchers thought that
Vietnam was the origin of bronze drums.49

Professor Wilhelm Solheim, a director of the East-West Institute of Science in

Honolulu concluded: “Archaeological objects were found such as Dong Son
bronze drums which 18
Western Institutes of Archaeology agreed that culture of Dong Son bronze drums
proved Vietnam had the earliest culture in the world over 15 thousand years
ago. That culture covered and affected all over the world. This fact refuted all
old conceptions that world civilization originated from Africa”.

The oldest bronze wares of Phung Nguyen culture were found in Trang Kenh
had the date of C14 = 1425 ± 100 BC

which were compared with that of China found in Anyang with the date of C14
= 1300. Dong Son bronze wares reached to highest techniques because they
mixed copper with lead to make an alloy, especially pliable. Alloy in Thailand or
other places could be mixed copper with iron, tin, antimoin as Dong Son‟s but
they didn‟t mix with lead. Bronze wares were first found in Dong Son, Vietnam
but it was the last period which lasted over 2,000 years of brass civilization
beginning from Phung Nguyen about 4.000 years ago (C14 Go Bong = 1850 ±

60 BC).
49Tran Ngoc Them: “Introduction to Vietnamese culture” p 306.

Dong Son people lived in rivers, therefore, they had to live in houses on stilts to
avoid floods and they were proficient in astronomy and moving in rivers,
therefore ancient Vietnamese held inauguration of the bronze drum on the
occasion of a good crop. Paintings of prosperity were carved on the surface of
drums in traditional water festivals or sacrificing to the river god. Especially,
bronze drums were used to contact and give orders to the community, therefore
it was considered as a symbol of the power of leaders.

After nearly one thousand years of Chinese domination together with

development of society, Paladins and military chiefs were gradually replaced by
village notables belonging to the family of Paladins, military chiefs or people
with power or richness or respect from others, therefore, revolts were led by

these

people

Phung Hung. Historical

books
in Ming

dynasty recorded “Losing bronze drums ends destiny of Man people”, therefore
bronze drums played an important role in the spiritual and real life of the ancient
Vietnamese. That‟s why Han dynasty always seized and destroyed bronze
drums to kill “Sacred souls of mountains and rivers agglomerating
quintessence” of

our country

which was

represented by

bronze drums of Viet clan.

Source: Archeological Study on Vietnam, Institute of Archaeology 1990

Bronze drums in Indonesia

 Ngoc
Lu Bronze drum surface

Bronze drums in Southeast Asia

 Cursive designs “Bird”
on the surface of a bronze drum in Indonesia

The sun-shaped design in the center of a

bronze drum
Cursive designs on the breastplate of an armor Dong Son Bronze lamp
Dong Son Bronze axe

Ploughshares
 Bronze hammer
Cursive designs on the surface of a Hoang Ha bronze drum

Bronze axe
Images of couples having sex on Dao Thinh bronze pot
SA HUYNH CULTURE

In 1995, archaeologists found stone axes and ceramic

burial

jars

belonging

to Sa
Huynh culture

in

Phu Hai

Commune, Phan Thiet province about from 2,500 to 3,000

years ago. The above historically archaeological relics proved that Lam Ap
State, in fact, was founded a long time ago, not at the beginning of the 2nd
century as recorded in Chinese historical books.
Hoabinhian=>Protoviets=>BaiYueh people (Malayo-Viets) were owners of
cultures of Sa Huynh and Oc Eo in the brilliant period.

The central region including Quang Nam and Quang Ngai city was a place for
converging and intersecting between western culture and eastern culture,
between the mountainous region and the coastal region and plains in Quang
Nam, Quang

Ngai

which were

places

for converging cultures,

agglomerating civilizations, and building famous wet rice and mulberry

civilizations. Rice had two crops and silkworms had eight litters. And annually it
was recorded in historical books that it was earliest in plains in Quang Nam,
Quang Ngai, the center of Sa Huynh culture.

Historical books also mentioned Cham people planted 2

rice crops that well adapted to the local weather. Cham people found drought-
resistant rice which was sown and planted at the beginning of the dry season in
order that rice ripened at the beginning of the rainy season; therefore, it was
called summer rice season. Because of severely dry weather, ancient Sa Huynh
and Cham people dug a system of water wells for watering plants, therefore

researchers
researchers

acknowledged there

was a culture called “Culture

of

ancient

Well

of

Cham

people”.50
Archaeologists found a spinning thread and made of terracotta of Sa Huynh
culture belonging to the early Iron Age about 2,500 years ago. In sand dunes in
Gia My and coastal regions of central Vietnam, archaeologists found polished
stone shouldered axes and polished axes, rough potteries in Cham islands and
Chong island of Malayo-Viets ancient Vietnamese including two tribes of Cau
and Dua. People of two tribes led by Khu Lien rose up to gain independence and
Lam Ap kingdom was founded in the beginning of the solar era.
50 Tran Quoc Vuong: Theo Dòng Lịch Sử page 356.

Through thousands of years of history with ups and downs and now although
kingdom of Champa no longer existed, specific

cultural

characters

of ancient

Cham

people

or
ProtoViets are still respectfully maintained. Although having the same blood-
line origin, but because of a time gap that accumulated for thousands

of

years

being

apart, and

of

geographical features and living condition at the locals, the gap grew even
larger, making differences between the two clans. Indeed,
Hoabinhian=>protoviets

people

and later

Malayo-Viets

removed

from

southern

China,

ancient

Vietnamese settled in northern Vietnam a long time ago, from which the second
migration of Cham people were 2,500 years apart.

Cham people settled in the south like Malaysians and Indonesians who lived
near the equator where native people of Melanesian origin were black.
Complexion of these two peoples was a little black and their hair was slightly
curly. On the other hand, because of the ancient sea route from Champa to India,
Indian businessmen came
to Champa

Sea

to

propagate

Indian culture, and especially

Islamic

culture,

therefore the Champa were a little different from the primitive Viet community.
Especially, Cham people‟s religion was Islam, but they modified it into religion
of Bani which has traditionally cultural characters of Champa for worshipping
gods and ancestors.

Cham people celebrate their new year on the 19th April (Solar calendar) and
their two annual big festivals are Kate festival on July of the Champa calendar
for showing gratitude to heaven and earth and ancestors for protection and help
and Chabur festival for female nature in September to worship Goddesses such
as goddess PoInu Nagar who was also called Thien Yana and the Lady of the
realm of Cham people.

Especially, it was a contrary between God in Kate festival and Goddess in

Chabur festival, and with conceptions of heaven and earth, father and mother,
and male and female which represented philosophical theory of a transformation
of Yin and Yang from the ancient Vietnamese and have been kept untill the
present. Cham people have still kept an ancient culture

with folk verses, steles

of

literature,

historical

anecdotes together with the live and sophisticated sculptures and statuses of
anecdotes together with the live and sophisticated sculptures and statuses of
traditions of Mon-Viet people in ancient times.
Source: Archeological Study on Vietnam, Institute of Archaeology 1990

An urnlike grave in Sa Huynh

Cultural relics of Sa Huynh

My Son, former capital of Champa Kingdom

“Linga” Cultural Relics of Oc Eo (Võ Sĩ Khải) 2002

 Cultural Relics of Oc Eo (Võ Sĩ Khải)
2002

Cultural Relics of Oc Eo (Vo Si Khai) 2002
OC EO CULTURE

Archaeologists found some polished stone shouldered axes of Malayo-Viets

people, a branch of Mon-Khomer like Van Kieu, Ta Oi, Kotu, and Bru which
were found in sand dunes in Gia My. Archaeologists also found polished axes
were found in sand dunes in Gia My. Archaeologists also found polished axes
and rough potteries in Cham Island and Hon Chong which proved that
Malaysians were the first migrants to have resided here at least 6,000 years
earlier. According to historical materials they founded Phu Nam State including
Central Vietnam, Southern

Vietnam

and

Cambodia

today.

Recently,

archaeological researchers discovered more and more relics of Oc Eo in

provinces of Phuoc Long, Tay Ninh, Dong Nai, Binh Thuan, Long An, Tien
Giang and Hau giang. Relics of Oc Eo dated of over 3,500 years ago were found
in Binh Duong in 2003. This made us think that ancient Vietnamese first moved
to India, then turned back settled in Central and Southern Vietnam and Malaysia
belonging to the line of MonKhmers from Ba Shu they moved straight to the
south of the horizontal mountain range and founded the ancient kingdom of

Funan. Louis

Malleret, a

French archaeologist, first

excavated in Oc Eo knoll in 1944 and affirmed that Oc Eo culture of an ancient

society reached to the high level of a civilization. Based on relics found, Louis
Malleret affirmed Oc Eo was the biggest port in the Mekong delta in ancient
times and a city which was buried belonged to the Sanscrit civilization.
According to Chinese annals such as Book of Jin, Book of Song, Book of
Southern Qi, Book of Liang, New Book of

Tang and Sanskrit

epitaphs

found in southern
found in southern

Indochina, especially in the Mekong delta, Kingdom of Funan was founded in

the mainland of Southeast Asia.51
51 Vo Si Khai: Oc Eo Culture, new discoveries (Archaeological research center 1977, page 23.

CHAPTER IV
THE EVOLUTION OF

VIETNAM HISTORY

Vietnam history has evolved in ups and downs since the founding of the country.
Nomadic Han clan relentless enemynever stopped invading Bai-Yue states
located in Yellow river and Yangtze river valleys in China today. Viet clan were
agriculturalists, unable to confront the warlike and nomadic Han clan, they had
to move to the south and settled in Vietnam today.

The historical victory in the battle of Bach Dang River led by Ngo Quyen in 938
re-opened the period of Independence and Freedom of our nation after nearly
one thousand years of Chinese domination. Our country had over one thousand
years of independence and freedom under dynasties of Ngo, Dinh, Le, Ly, Tran,
Le, Nguyen, but

then French colonialists

invaded our country. While

our people

had not

gained

independence yet, we bore an ideological war which made our people the most
impoverished in our history.

Han clan expanded by winner‟s advantages, used its malicious and crafty ruses
and all the ways to assimilate Viet clan by blotting out all traces of the origin,
distorting and changing the historical truth, which made our generations find our
own history through a confused and vague history. Each Han dynasty intended
to change old names of places or rivers named by Viet clan to blot out traces of
our ancient territory.

Ironically, history

is

history;

despite

all

the

changes

or

concealing through nearly one thousand of years of cruel domination by the Han,
truth has always been there, and eventually, would be brought to light. At the
threshold of the third millennium, the truth of history has been recovered the
undeniable “The Great Viet race‟s woeful and majestic history with ups and
downs of national destiny”.

With the latest and the most persuasive scientific results compiled by
professional experts, the historical truth was restored:

Viet clan was one of 3 races of humankind ever existed. This

Viet clan was one of 3 races of humankind ever existed. This

historical

truth upset

all

conceptions

of

Vietnamese people in particular and the race of Hoabinhian Protoviets people in

general from ancient times to the present and from the east to the west. Joseph
Needham, a scholar and author of Science and civilization of China, who is
credited with restoring historical truth hidden thousands of years, said that
"Vietnamese was affected by the civilization of the Han for many centuries. It
ingrained in their personalities and they thought that they were inferior and
adopted civilization and culture of China and they didn‟t believe that Chinese
culture was really contributed to considerably by BaiYue people in the south.
The truth hidden for thousands of years together with influence of one thousand
years of domination made Vietnamese people astonished. They didn‟t believe
it!”.

According to J.Needham, Protoviets people brought with them 25 cultural

characteristics to a new location and affirmed that “These cultural lifestyles
which brought into China in the prehistoric age have the factor of “Sea” clearly
and it can be described by one word “VIET” which had been wrongly called
ProtoThai before”. “The word “Viet” is now official name of a country in
Southeast Asia: Vietnam today”.52 The problem is we have to examine the whole
history of Vietnam to restore the historical truth and dispel our people‟s
relentless enemy‟s clouds which covered

it.

In

the

history
of

humankind, there may not be people bearing many losses and misfortunes like
the Vietnamese people who had ups and downs in history, difficulties and
sorrows. From founding the country, Viet clan was driven off by Han clan by
strength of nomads who were familiar with horses and wars. Viet clan had to
leave the central area of China for the south. However, culture of Viet clan
penetrated deep into the country and people of Han clan to form “The so-called
Chinese culture”.

Therefore, Sima Qian, an orthodox historian of Han clan, admitted a truth that:
“Although ancient Vietnamese were called barbarians, in the beginning they
made great merits to all people...”.
52 1. J. Needham: Science and Civilization in China, Introduction.

History of Science Thought, Cambridge, England 1956.

Nowadays, the truth of history is recovered when at an international conference

of “The

origin

of

Chinese

civilization”

at

University

of

Berkerly, USA

in 1978,

researchers of China affirm Yi-Viet (Yi-Yueh) was an owner of

China today. Another historical truth was restored that most inventions which
China today. Another historical truth was restored that most inventions which
were considered as part of the Chinese civilization from the agricultural
civilization to the metal civilization, techniques

of

bronze-casting, paper-making,

glass-melting, gunpowder-making, architecture of sweeping roofs and curved

knives, etc. belong to Baiyue‟s civilization.

Confucius, the master of all times of Han clan, glorified the brilliant civilization
of Baiyueh in the South. Confucius wrote in the

book of Doctrine

of the Mean that: “Generosity, civilizing, and no revenge on immoral people

which are strength of the south represent a great man! Wearing armor, riding
horses, fighting with cold steel until death which are strength of the north
represent a robber”. The Emperor Xian of Han (189-220), the last emperor of
the Han Dynasty, admitted the historical history that “Jiaozhi is civilized land
with many

rivers, mountains, jewel, cultural

objects

and

talented people...”.
Persuasive science researchers have made us understand clearly the origin of
Viet clan and removal route of ancient Southeast Asian people from Nanhailand
and Sundaland after the marine transgression. If it counted as of wise man
(Homo sapiens) who appeared
(Homo sapiens) who appeared

in the

late

Pleistocene

from

10

thousand

years

to

125

thousand

years

ago,

marine

transgressions

have

occurred 5

times

in Southeast

Asia.

According to scholar Stephen Oppenheimer, the most recent marine

transgressions
transgressions

have

occurred about

14,000 years,

11,500 years

and 8,000

years

ago. They

submerged the

ancient

Sundaland continent. Researchers

determined that

primitive men in Southeast Asia were ancient Hoa Binh people (Hoabinhoid =
Hoabinhian or Protoviets) who had to remove

to highlands

for their existence

when marine

transgression occurred.

From the above persuasive science results, we can know the removal route of
Hoabinhian = ProtoViets race as follows:

I. Hoabinhian = ProtoViets race originally habituated in Southeast Asia and

between the valleys of 3 rivers, south Yangtze river, Red river and Nine Dragon
river - but mainly gathered in the Red river delta. At that time, because the sea
level was low, the Mekong river delta and the Red river delta were immense and
called Sundaland and Nanhailand.
called Sundaland and Nanhailand.

According to Stephen Oppenheimer, in his Eden in the East, before marine

transgression 14,000 years ago, the Red river valley stretched to the East of
Hainan Island, and it was called Nanhailand. At that time, Sunda shelf was
above sea level and connected the Asian continent with islands such as Sumatra,
Borneo and Java to form Sundaland which allowed ancient Southeast Asian
people to scatter and they went through the land bridge in this wide area. Even
territorial waters today from the south of Ca Mau cape and the gulf of Thailand
to straits between islands, such as Sumatra, Borneo and Java, are shallow and
they are called the Sunda shelf.

In the Pleistocene glacial period from 20,000 years and 18,000 years ago, Sunda
shelf was above sea level. When sea level was low about 100 meters to 150
meters, compared to this level today, most continental shels in the East Sea, the
gulf of Thailand, and Southern Vietnam stretching to the Malay Peninsula, were
part of the mainland which was above the sea level of today. Before marine
transgression, at the time, Southeast Asia Islands were still connected with the
continent and Southern Vietnam today and Cambodia were still connected with
Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali and the gulf of Thailand was an immense
delta.53 Hoa Binh people moved to the delta in Northern Vietnam and resided
along rivers and coasts. About 20,000 years, they often contacted other
inhabitants

in Southeast

Asia

Island to exist

and

develop.

About 14,000 years ago, sea level rose high about 80

meters during 300 years and submerged almost all of the Sunda shelf.
Photographs taken by satellites showed that Sunda

shelf
connects

with islands

to

form

Sundaland

connecting with Asia. Relics of this period may be found through study of
distribution of animals in Southeast Asia.54 About 8,000 years ago, the last
marine transgression occurred.

Sea levels rose up and inundated the Red river Delta, the Ma river Delta, and
Mekong

Delta. It

forced Hoabinhian

inhabitants or Protoviets in Nanhailand continent in Red river valley and in

Sundaland in Nine Dragon river valley to leave their locations and moved to
highlands.
53 W.

G.

Solheim

II: New

Light on

a forgotten

Past,

National

Geographic Vol. 139, No. 3, 1971. Reflection on the new data of Southeast Asia
Geographic Vol. 139, No. 3, 1971. Reflection on the new data of Southeast Asia
prehistory: Autronesian origins and consequence. A. P.

18: 146 - 160. 1979a: New data on late Southeast Asia prehistory and their
interpretation, JHKAS 8:73 - 87. Wilhelm G. Solheim H. Ph. D, published by
National Geographic magazine Vol. 139 n. 3 March 1971, in the title of “New
light on Forgotten Past”.

Inhabitants in Nanhailand were the most crowded group moving in the direction
of the upper course from the Red river valley to Malaya plateau. Others resided
in Southern China in the direction of the upper course of the Xi river and along
the basin of the Yangtze river in the direction of the upper course to the

Malaya

plateau.

Inhabited location in Sundaland

stretched to Indonesia, along the basin of Nine Dragon river and up to its upper
course. Another group moved along the basin of Chao Phraya river and followed
an ancient river from the Bali sea, in the opposite direction, to its upper course to
reside

in highlands.

The

sea

level

rose

high, submerged

complete continent shelves of Nanhailand and Sundaland, then formed the gulf
of Tonkin and the gulf of Thailand and separated Hainan Island and Indonesia
from the Southeast Asian continent. Hoabinhian (Protoviets) people moved to
Yunnan, then to the Tibetan plateau which lied between the oldest

Kunlun
Kunlun

mountains

and

the

highest

Himalaya

mountains. Another group removed in the direction of the northwest to Tan Linh
mountains.

II. According to Prehistoric Archaeology, about

5,500

years ago, sea levels gradually went down. Therefore, as Indonesian Malaysian
(Hoabinhian=Protoviets) moved from highlands where the land was arid and the
climate was cold, unsuitable for living, they split into two toward the south in 2

following directions: 55
54 Sources: http://www.vannghesongcuulong.org: T.

Hanebuth,

K.

Stattegger, P. M. Grootes, Rapid Flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A LateGlacial

Sea-Level Record, Science on 12 May 2000, Vol. 288. no.

5468, pages 1033 – 1035.

1. About

5,500 years

ago,
one

group of Hoabinhian

Protoviets=>Malaysian moved along the basin of the Yangtze river to a red soil
area in Ba Shu, Sichuan completely matched with the date in legendary history
that Shennong was a king from

3,220 to 3,080 BC. Especially,

the

result

of

the

archaeological work allowed us to come to the conclusion that the state of Van
Lang was founded a long time ago. Based on potteries and bronze wares of Hoa
Binh culture investigated and excavated in northern Thailand and Lower Laos
and determined by the method of radioactive physics C14, it had the

date

of

3,000 BC,

which meant

5,000 years

ago.

Therefore, the date of founding the state of Van Lang was in the 3rd millennium
BC, which completely matched with the landmark of 2879 BC, the early stage of
the Bronze Age - in the legend.

Baiyue community‟s relics of planting wet rice and metallurgy were found
everywhere, from Southern China and Thailand to the whole of Southeast Asia‟s
mainland and islands.

This

scientific

result

allowed us

to come

to a

conclusion that the early stage of the Bronze Age was about the 3rd millennium
BC, which completely matched with the date of 2879 BC in the legend. It was
the time Viet clan transformed the primitive society to found the society with
institutions and official regulations of the state of Van Lang.

Ancient Vietnamese had a stable life in a social organization of the state.

55 G Coedès: Les Peuples de la peninsula Indochinoise, Paris 1962.

Binh Nguyen Loc “The Malaysian origin our nation”, Bach Boc Publishing
House Sai Gon, pp. 446-449. Stephen Oppenheimer. Out of Eden Peopling of
the World. www. bradshawfoundation. com and Journey of Mankind the
Peopling of the World.

Archaeometry determining the date of the 3rd millennium BC completely

matched with the date in bibliography to prove founding the state of Van Lang at
least 3,000 BC, not in the 7th century BC recorded in an Abbreviated history of
Dai Viet which was changed by Tien Hi To, a historical mandarin of the Qing
dynasty. He distorted the meaning and changed the date of the founding of Van
Lang State as follows “Until the dynasty of King Zhuang of Zhou (696-682 BC)
in Gia Ninh, there was a stranger using magic to win the heart of tribes, then
calling himself Hung King and set up the capital in Van Lang with the name of
country of Van Lang. Their customs were good-natured and plain. State affairs
were in knot way. There were 18 dynasties with the same name of Hung Kings,
etc”. 56

Another special point was that pre-historians said that Malaynesian moved from
Another special point was that pre-historians said that Malaynesian moved from
the upper course of the Yangtze river to the south. Anthropologists called them
MonKhmer and in ancient Chinese historical books it was called “Tay Khuong”
which meant Khuong people (MonKhmer) in the Western China. This area
stretched from Northern Three Rivers to Southern Three Rivers

and it was called Xich Quy

Phuong or Cua Viet or Jiaozhi in ancient Chinese books.

From upper tributaries in the north, 4 rivers of „Min-Ya-KonKa‟ comprised

Minh Giang river, Da Lang river, Mekong river and Yangtze river ran close to
form a unique nature scenery with snow and fog all year round. There was a
place name of

Phong Chau in the north of Ba Shu, which then changed into Sichuan, China.
Phong Chau was the capital of the state of Xich Quy in the dynasty of Kinh
Duong King. In the south, there was also a place name connecting closely with
Vietnamese history. It was Suifu where father Luo went

seawards with 50 of their children to break fresh ground. This place was found
by 2 French researchers, Paul Gouron and Jean Loubet. It was Suifu and its
name in Sino-Vietnamese was “Thuy Phu”, the Thanh Do port in Chongqing
District, Sichuan Province today.57
56 Abbreviated History of Dai Viet by an unknown author translated by Tran Quoc Vuong, Thuan Hoa
Publishing House 2001, p17.

The

result

of

skull

index

applied

in
prehistoric

archaeological study proved that in ancient Chinese historical books, there was a
historical fact of founding states which were called Baiyue (MalayoViets) in
Jiangnan during the Warring States period. East Yueh or U Yueh (or Vu Viet)
ruled by King Goujian of Yue

was located in not only

Zhejiang but also up to Jiangsu or Chau Tu, the origin of famous pottery of
ancient Vietnamese of Duong Viet clan whose capital was Coi Ke. Ly Te Xuyen
wrote Viet Dien U

Linh of ancient Vietnam and it was also written clearly in ancient Chinese
historical books. These proved that Baiyue community was located all over. Luo
Yueh called Lac Bo Trai (Tri) in ancient

Chinese

historical

books

was

located in

Shandong, Min Yueh was located in Fujian, Duong Viet was located in Jiangxi,
Dien Viet was located in Yunnan, Quy Viet

was

located in Sichuan, Nan Yueh

was

located in

Guangdong, Ou Yueh or West Ou was located in Guangxi, La Viet was located

in Singapore, Luo Yueh was located in Guangxi and Northern Vietnam.
57 Thuy Phu: Name of the location where father Lac went seawards with the 50 children. At that time, this
place including from Thanh Do port, Sichuan to Guangxi, Guangdong was an immense sea; historical books
recorded it was Nam Hai. Up to now, we have thought Father Lac went seawards with 50 children to Thuy
Phu. Recently, P. Gouron, a French master of history and geography, and J. Loubet, a master of art,
affirmed that “Thuy Phu” (Suifu) in the “L' Asie moins L'AsieRussia” published

in

1920

with

a map

of

Pacific Ocean.

Formerly Thuy Phu was Thanh Do port, Chongqing District, Sichuan of today.
On the map of New International ATLAS of the world published by
Geographical Publishing Company in 1949, Thuy Phu was named Suifu, now
Thanh Do port, Chongqing District, Sichuan Province. The truth of history was
obviously proved the reality of the legend of The Fairy and The Dragon.

Exceptionally, the

result

of

skull

index applied

in

prehistoric archaeological study proved the existence of the states of Baiyue in

ancient Chinese historical books and the reality of the legend of the origin of our
people. Indeed, according to the legend, this group was led by Shennong to
move to the end of the Qin Linh Mountains. Wherever water went

down, ancient
down, ancient

Vietnamese

came

to

it. This

group

scattered all over Southern China to the East Sea and up to the north of the low
course of Yellow river. In ancient Chinese historical books, Lac Bo Trai who
were despised as Eastern barbarians

(DongYi) resided in areas

of

Boc

river to

Shandong. It was Shennong in the south.

The result via prehistoric archaeological method proved the reality of ancient
historical sources. According to the legend, “Previously, the greatgrandson of
Emperor Viem of the family name of Shennong, Emperor Minh, bore Emperor
Nghi. Emperor Minh was touring in the south, when coming to Ngu Linh
Mountains, he met Vu Tien. They bore Loc Tuc.

Loc Tuc was intelligent and he became his father‟s favorite, therefore, Emperor
Minh designated him his successor to the throne. Loc Tuc showed much
reluctance, because he was not willing to usurp his elder brother‟s rights,
therefore, Emperor Minh finally appointed Nghi Lord of the Northern half of the
empire, and Loc Tuc Lord of its Southern half.

The younger

Lord named himself

Kinh Duong king and

Kinh Duong king and

his

domain

Xich Quy Kingdom.

Kinh Duong king married Than Long, the daughter

of Dongting‟s king, and they bore Luo Long Quan. Sung Lam‟s alias was Luo
Long Quan. The king married Ou Co, the daughter of Emperor Lai and they
bore one hundred sons.

Tradition has it that she bore one hundred eggs that were ancestors of Baiyueh.
One day, the king told mother Ou that “I am descended from dragons, you from
fairies. We are as incompatible as water is with fire. So we cannot continue in
harmony. Therefore we should part, fifty of their children will follow their
mother to the mountain, and fifty of their children will follow their father to the
south or south sea in some books. The eldest son was conferred as Hung King to
succeed to the throne”.

Therefore, the removal route of Hoabinhian => Protoviets => Malaysian to

upper course of the Yangtze river to the south matched with the fact that
Emperor Minh, the greatgrandson of Shennong, went down to the end of Qin
mountain range in the south. In fact, wherever water went down, ancient
Vietnamese

came

to

reside.

The

group

Malaysian

=
Malayoviets (Baiyue) scattered all over Southern China to the East Sea and up to
the north of the low course of the Yellow river. In the ancient Chinese historical
books, Luo Bo Trai who were despised as DongYi barbarians resided in areas of
Boc river to Shandong, it was Shennong in the south.

In this period, water had just went down, MalayoViets resided on the fertile land
which had just been raised from The three rivers in the north to Shu and
Southern China and encompassed by

immense

rivers, therefore, in ancient

historical books, it was called South Sea. It was coastal areas in the book of the
Complete Annals of the Great Viet but in the book of Odd Stories of Lingnan,
legend has it that father Luo came back to Suifu which we previously understood
that because the Father was the dragon, father Luo had to come back to seaward
(Palace of the river God). In fact, we had to understand that

in this

period, Lac

Long

Quan had to

investigate the new land from Dongting lake to Suifu in Sichuan. Mother Ou and
her sons stayed in the mountains, they waited for a long time but father Luo
didn‟t go back, therefore they cried: “Father, where are you, help us?”. Father
Luo suddenly appeared and told to mother Ou that: “I am descended from
dragons and yearn for the sea, and you from fairies and desire to be in the
mountains. We are as incompatible as water is with fire. So we cannot continue
in harmony. Now we part. Fifty sons will follow me to palace of the river god to
rule over many places, and the other half of our sons will follow you to the
mountains, but we will never leave each other…”.

The legend has it that 50 sons followed their mother to the mountains and the
eldest son installed himself as the monarch and became known as Hung King.
The state was named Van Lang and his brothers ruled other places. The state of
Van Lang was bordered by Dongting lake to the north, Ho Ton (Champa) state
Van Lang was bordered by Dongting lake to the north, Ho Ton (Champa) state
to the south, sea to the east and Shu to the west. The legend matched with the
results of prehistoric archaeology and ancient historical books of Baiyue states
that one hundred sons cut their hair, tattooed, reclaimed and set up hamlets to
form Viet clans who scattered all over China today.

When one first hears that the legend seems unreal and fabulous, but the core of
the matter is that we just want to determine Viet clan to be an inheritor of
transformed Yin and Yang theory and explain father Luo brought 50 sons to
Suifu in Sichuan to settle and break fresh ground and later it was called Luo
Yueh clan in ancient bibliography. Previously, we thought father Luo brought 50
sons to Suifu, which was unreal and fabulous, but recently 2 French Masters of
history and Geography, P. Gouron and J. Loubet, found that Suifu was Thanh
Do port in Chongqing District, Sichuan Province, China today. The place name
of Suifu was written clearly on the map of Pacific Ocean and Atlas 1949.

According to prehistoric archaeologists, about 6,000 years ago, another group of

ancient Malaysian moved to the west to control

all

of

India. This

group united with Melanesian

aborigines

who were

relatively

civilized and

had black

complexion and curly hair and were called Dravidian by Ethnologists. Over one
thousand years later, an Arian race which was called White Indo-European
overflowed into India and drove Dravidians out of the center of India to the
south.
Arian were a nomadic clan named Hindu with Sanskrit. South Indian language

was

called Pali

including

that

Pali

was

Sanskrit mixed with Brahouis, Nilgiri and Naga in Assam.

Ethnologists and linguists found in the Westernmost area bordering between

India and Iran, now belonging to Pakistan, there was an ethnic minority of
Nilgiri. In the Easternmost area, there was also another ethnic minority of Naga
in Assam state. Although comparing with the population of India, it was called
an ethnic minority, its population was tens of millions of people. Researcher
Pryzluski discovered in the center of India, there was a group of Salva.
Researchers affirmed that all the above groups were purebred Malaysian. They
also worshiped the sun and deer like Dong Son people. Then a part of

this

group returned to Indochina

and resided in the

highlands. They are the highlanders of today.

Ancient

Indian historical

books recorded when Arians

entered India, they saw black people who were called towndwellers in Vedas
and had dark complexion. They were called Mleech‟a. Mleech'a was transcribed
phonetically from the name

of

ancient

Malaya

which may

be

analyzed by

researchers Binh Nguyen Loc M= Ma, Lee = Lai, Ch'a = Ya.

Mleech'a or Dravidian, built the bright ancient civilization of India.

Archaeologists excavated 2 cities of India, Harappa and MohenjoDaro, with
their dates of at least 3,500 years. They were

surprised when knowing

that

the

civilizations

of

Mohenjo Daro and Harappa were higher than the civilization of ancient Egypt.
The city has multistoried houses, water inlet sluices, toilets, a place of garbage
for towndwellers and their city was also planned like today. Especially, they
didn‟t use stones like ancient Egyptians, but bricks for building which were
buried in earth‟s humid womb 5.000 years but not damaged, even outside of
bricks. Mleech'a people used bronze tools and clocks. Their ancient documents
were kept but have not

been

decoded yet. Archaeologists

found an ancient

written language

carved

on glazed terra-cotta

pieces

in

Harappa of PakisTan today. This written language was more ancient than the
ancient Egyptian‟s written language which in 1999, scientists found as an
ancient written language in 3,300

year ancient grave of Egypt.58

2. The second removal of Malaysian (or MalayoViets) made in the direction of

east and along the valley of Yellow river in the south 5,000 years ago. In this
removal, they resided in the valley of 3 rivers, Wei river, Yellow river and Lac
river. Some of them crossed the confluence of Wei river to the south of Shanxi,
the north of Henan, and the south of Hebei to reside and integrate into
MalayoViets who resided from

the low

course

of

the

Yangtze

river and upwards.

According to prehistoric archaeologists, this group was not purebred because

when going through the corridor of Qinghai and Gansu,

they
met

and hybridized with

Mongolians

partially.
58Binh Nguyen Loc “The Malay origin of our people”, Bach Boc Publishing House in Sai Gon in 1972 on
pages 446 - 449.

This second removal of Malaysian or MalayoViets was to Shanxi, Henan, and

Hebei which belonged to Shennong in the north and they founded dynasties of
Emperor Nghi, Emperor Lai, Emperor Du Vong according to the legend. In this
period, there was a war between Du Vong, Li Vuu and Hien Vien, a leader of
south Shennong to seize the power of the tribes. At last, Hien Vien wiped out Du
Vong and Li Vuu. Hien Vien became Emperor, the leader of tribes, and later his
successors were

Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor

Yao, Shun, and

Emperor Wu of Han. Hien Vien Emperor wiped out Emperor Du Vong and Li
Vuu, which made the beginning of the first separation of Viet clan. Some of Luo
Bo Trai leave Shandong for Korea and Japan or went along coasts to the south to
reside in Taiwan, Hainan and Celebres. Some of them came to Northern
Vietnam and integrated into natives who resided here for a long time.

Yu The Great found the Xia Dynasty and was a descendant of Zhuanxu but had
the family name of Ty because before coming to the throne, Yu started in Ty
riverside in Shanxi province. The capital of Xia dynasty was located in An Ap,
Shanxi province which was more than 100 kilometers away from the confluence
of the Wei river. Yu The Great was the first emperor who formed a hereditary
regime, ruling the country which was made orderly. Yu The Great divided his
territory into 9 districts, which were based on their geography and 9 dialects of
Baiyue people, of which Kinh Viet was called Chau Kinh. It was recorded in the
Geographic part in Classics of History that Kinh District was very small. It
stretched to Huai river in the direction of the east. But according to legendary
history of Vietnam, Kinh District was located in Hubei province, Hunan,
Guizhou, and Guangxi today where people of Chu state (So-Viet) resided in the
Guizhou, and Guangxi today where people of Chu state (So-Viet) resided in the
Warring States period and it was called Kinh Man by Chinese history. Yangzhou
was wider and stretched to the East Sea including areas of Huai river, Xuzhou, U
Viet which was called Yi Viet by Chinese history.

When

marine

transgression

occurred,

Hoabinhian

Protoviets, ancient

Southeast

Asian people, moved from

Nanhailand and Sundaland in the direction of the north to Malaya Plateau, then
some of them moved in the direction of the northwest to Thai Son Mountains in
Shandong peninsula to reside. Others removed along coasts in the direction of
the north, then crossed Bering land brigde to Alaska, then became American
Indians

in North America. Meanwhile, some

ancient Southeast Asian people removed to mountains in Taiwan, The

Philippines, and Borneo.

When sea levels gradually went down 5.500 years ago, some
HoabinhianProtoviets removed to the south to reside and found the states of
Baiyue (MalayoViets). They went out to sea to trade with people in islands from
Indonesia to the Polynesian Archipelagos. Winds and waves in the Ocean
brought them to Central America and South America and they became

American Indians. These

America
were

called Indians

by

because he thought that they were Indians. American Indians had a custom of
tattooing and applied soil to their faces and bodies, therefore

Western people

called them

American

Indians. They had the same DNA with Malayoviets, it‟s exact to call them
Ameri-Viets.
American Indians

in

Christophe

Colombus
PEOPLING OF THE EARTH

EUROPEAN EXPLORERS OF THE WORLD 1500

HOABINHIAN=PROTOVIETS

Nowadays, scientific circles not only look into everything and explain all

phenomena
phenomena

scientifically but

also double

check the

persuasiveness

of hypotheses. Human beings

stepped into the 3rd millennium with great breakthroughs in many fields,
especially genetics of Phylogenic Analysis of DNA, which unveils

lot

of

previously

unanswerable

questions. Especially, Oceanography

and Genetics

have

enabled us, the Vietnamese people, to find the origin of our nation completely,
scientifically and persuasively.

In the 19th century, scientific circles agreed about Charles Darwin‟s theory of
evolution and the theory that human beings appeared first in East Africa, and
then from Africa, they migrated to other continents. And the phenomenon of
genetic mutation occurred because of adapting to climate and soil, so they
changed into Caucasians, Asians, and Africans who were

different
from

each other by

complexion and

appearance. Materialistically scientific circle explained human beings originated

from evolution of the ape and became Homosapiens. From evolutionary law,
materialistic theory stated that human beings were a highly developed animal
without a soul, therefore, they were born, lived and died like an animal without a
soul, an animal no more no less.

The fact proved that genetic mutation could not explain many differences
between races. From that, human beings originated like other species existing in
the world and not spent many stages of evolution from great ape to become
human beings. On the other hand, the reason of genetic mutation

was

not

persuasive

because

today,

scientists

affirmed there were 24 pairs of chromosomes in the body of small gibbons or

orangutans in Central Africa and Southeast Asia, whereas there were 23 pairs of
chromosomes in the body of humans. Especially, among of them, there were just
5

same pairs and the rest were completely different, therefore, it was unacceptable
to think it was because of genetic mutation.

In addition, recent science proved that PaleoAnthropus and Arche-Anthropus

were

completely
completely

different

from

Homosapiens in appearance and weight of brain, therefore, there were not any
connections between Homosapiens with PaleoAnthropus and

Arche-Anthropus.

Furthermore,

paleoanthropus and arche-anthropus were extinct and Genetics proved

Paleoanthropus and arche-anthropus were extinct for a

reason, therefore,

it

was

affirmed that

they

were

not

ancestors of human beings.59

Previously, great scientific breakthroughs of the dating method by C14 has

empowered archaeologists to determine the date of ancient relics and learn about
the civilization of a nation as well as evolutionary processes of a race. Research
works of scholars such as those of W.G. Solheim, Joseph Needham, and Stephen
Oppenheimer; especially Genetics and Modern Biological Technology, have cast
light on the genome of humans, from which we can trace back the origin of fatal
diseases such as cancer, innate diseases and especially the origin of a nation as
well as migration routes of humans.

The results of genetics showed that Homo sapiens-sapiens originated from East
The results of genetics showed that Homo sapiens-sapiens originated from East
Africa, after many migrations. They came to Asia, the Middle East and other
places. The first migration in the early glacial period was made along the
coastline of South Arabia and South India to Andaman islands and Nicobar
islands of today somewhere in the Indian Ocean near Myanmar, then to South
Asia and Australia. Professor Cavalli-Sforza, a geneticist, has made many
researches on genetic relations of races showing migration of humans from
Africa to Asia through South Asia. Hence there were 2

different ways: One group moved up to East Asia and North America and one
group moved down to Oceania.
59 Cung Dinh Thanh: in search of the origin of Vietnamese civilization published by Tu Tuong Publishing
House in Australia in 2003 on page
292.

In 1999, Dr Li Yin at Stanford University did a research on the 21st

chromosome of humans and discovered that actually, there were 3 waves of
migration from Africa in the prehistoric age. The first wave was from Africa to
South Asia and then Oceania. The second was from Africa to Southeast Asia
(through South Asia), and then it split into 2 subgroups, one of which continued
moving up to East Asia and the other to North America and then down to
Oceania. The third one was from Africa to west and Middle Asia, then moved up
to Europe, North America and down to South Asia and India.60

Spencer Wells, a US geneticist, said that “Human beings

left Africa 2 times. The first time was about 60,000 years ago.

From Africa, they came to Southeast Asia. But the second migration from

Africa to the

Middle

East, Middle

Asia,

Europe, and China 45,000 years ago was important because most

humans
humans

who

lived

outside

descendants

from

this

migration”.61 Oppenheimer, an oceanographer, affirmed that “There was the

only

one

time

humans

left

Africa successfully

about

85,000 years ago”.62However, Oppenheimer‟s hypothesis Africa

today

were Meanwhile,

Stephen

was more persuasive on the ground that prehistoric men moved along coastlines
of South Asia to Vietnam about 60,000 to 70,000 years ago.
60 Li Yin, et al. Distribution of haplotypes from a chromosome 21

region distinguishes multiple prehistoric human migrations, Proc. of Natl. Acad.

Scị, USA, vol 96, pages 3796-3800 (1999).
61 Hillary Mayell. The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells
published on National Geographic on 21 January 2003.

62 Stephen

Oppenheimer.

Out of

Eden

Peopling

of

the World.

www.bradshawfoundation.com and Journey of Mankind the Peopling of the

World.

In 1998, professor J.Y. Chu and his colleagues

did

researches on „Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project: Genetic

Analysis‟

and concluded

that

50,000 years

ago,
prehistoric man migrated from Vietnam to Australia and the Southeast Asia
Islands. About 40,000 years ago, because it was less cold in the north, ancient
Vietnamese moved up to China and about 30,000 years ago, they crossed the
Bering Strait to reside in America.63

Geneticists

studied 5,000 fossil

teeth and determined

“About 40,000 years ago, Humans moved from East Asia through Middle Asia
into Europe. At here, they mixed with people from Middle East where they
settled and became ancestors of Europeans”.

According to geneticists, from 20,000 to 10,000 years ago, prehistoric Southeast

Asians resided in highlands in north and south of

Southeast

Asia. At

the

new

environment, they

domesticated fruit trees and animals, fished, gathered fruits and food in forests,
planted trees such as bean near their residence in caves. Before marine
transgression 14,000 years ago, Sunda shelf was still above sea level, connecting
Asian continent with Sumatra island, Borneo islands, Java island to form
Sundaland, allowing ancient Southeast Asians to scatter and go through the land
bridge in this wide area.
63 Chu

JY,

et al.
Genetic relationship

of

populations

in

China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 1998; 95:

11763-11768. We thought about 14 thousand years ago, they crossed Bering
land bridge and brought with them techniques of planting rice developed 15
thousand years ago, which was reasonable because if they came to North
America 40 thousand years ago, how did Indians knew to plant wet rice?

In the Stone Age, ancient Southeast Asians who were called Austro-Asiatic by
anthropologists and owners of Hoa Binh culture whom we called Hoabinhian =>
Protoviets, resided in Vietnam. After marine transgressions, they moved up to
the Malaya plateau; therefore, anthropologists called them Indonesian. After
marine regression, Hoabinhian => Protoviets => Malaysian (Indonesian) moved
in the direction of the northeast to reside and became Malayo-Mongoloid.

According

to Ballinger,

they

moved from

Africa

along

coastlines of South Asia to Vietnam. When most of them stopped in Vietnam

and mixed with Australoid, other groups moved along a corridor in the West to
reside in northwest China64 then moved up to Altai. Here, they mixed with Turc
tribe from Middle Asia and Mongoloid then become Han (Chinese) clan.

According
According

to the

genetic

results, the

prehistoric

men

moved from Africa along coastlines of South Asia to reside in Central and
Northern Vietnam. They were owners of Hoa Binh culture, i.e. Hoabinhian or
Protoviets. They occupied an immense

area

stretching

from

Taiwan

and

Hainan

(Nanhailand) to Indonesia (Sundaland). Protoviets migrated to Australia and

settled in Southeast Asian Islands. When marine transgression occurred, they

moved up to Yunnan then

Malaya

plateau.

When marine

regression occurred, they

removed to the west and become ancient Indian or Dravidian.

64 S.W. Ballinger and his colleagues: Southeast Asian mitochondrial DNA

Analysis

reveals

genetic continuity

of

ancient Mongoloid

migration. Genetic in 1992 no. 130 pages 139-145.

About 5,500 years ago, when sea levels gradually went down, Indonesians from
Malaya plateau, whom we called Malaysian, moved down

to the

south. They were

called

Baiyue people in ancient Chinese bibliography (MalayoViets = BaiYue). In this

period, archaeological circle didn‟t record that humans appeared in Northern
Vietnam because in this period, this area was flooded with sea water. So, there
was no reason to think ancient Vietnamese founded Van Lang state in Northern
Vietnam as many historians previously wrote.

Studying the historical origin of the Vietnamese, we just studied from the period
of appearance of Homo Sapiens sapiens. Based on the

archaeological

results, we

found

skeletons of Homo Sapiens sapiens in Tabon cave in the Philippines with the
date of 30,500 ± 1,100 years, in Menin lake in Australia with the date of 26,300
± 1,500 years and Ayre lake and Mengo lake in Australia with the date of 35,000
years. There was the only one skull of a 15 year-old man which was the most
years. There was the only one skull of a 15 year-old man which was the most
ancient being found in Niah cave in the north of Kalimantan island in Indonesia
and its age C14

was

39,600 ±

1,000

years. Archaeological

circles

found

60,000 year-old skulls

of

Australoids

in Mungo lake

in

Australia and 68,000 year-old skeletons of Mongoloids in Luu Giang, Guangxi.

Based on this fact, scholar W. Howells thought that in Western Europe, there
were ancient men changing to become Homo Sapiens sapiens, in Southeast Asia,
Homo Sapiens sapiens did. He thought that the cradle of human

beings

was

in

Southeast

Asia.

Especially,
Especially,

archaeological circles found a skeleton which was near the most recent Hoa Binh
people or HoabinhianProtoviets in Ma Ba

Village, Guangdong province

bordering

by

Northern

Vietnam today.65
65 Cung Dinh Thanh: in search of the origin of Vietnamese civilization, Tu Tuong Publishing house in
Australia in 2003 on page 294. (The

As

for Vietnam‟s territory today, among 22 skulls excavated and studied by

scientists of the French School of The Far East before 1945, there were 10 skulls
of Melanesian, 16 skulls of Indonesian (HoabinhianProtoviets), 6 skulls of
Australo-Negroid and mixed

races.

According

to general

statistics of ancient skulls found before and after 1945, except for 30 skulls,
whose features were unable to be determined, 58 skulls were listed as follows:

TYPES OF ANCIENT SKULLS (Nguyen Dinh Khoa) Type of skull

The Neolithic The Early Bronze Age

- Australoid

0 1
0 1
- Transferring

14

3 17/58

Australoid-Mongoloid (developing Mongoloid)

- Indonesian

20

14 34/58
- South Asian

6 6/58

Researcher Nguyen Dinh Khoa thought that primitive men who came to
Vietnam were of two races: Australoid and Mongoloid. In Vietnam, they turned
into four races of ancient Vietnamese: Indonesian, Melanesian, Vedoid and
Negritoid.66 This

result

was

based

on

theoretic

points

of

other

anthropologists
that

Indonesians

were

Mongoloid, which

made many mistakes, therefore, it was unpersuasive because during the Stone
Age, no remains of Mongoloid were found in Southeast Asia.
map of the World in the ancient age with place names with Homosapiens, which was adapted from Dr
T.R.Tregear, A Geography of China University of London Press) on page 27 by Tu Tuong Publishing
House in Australia in 2003.
66 Nguyen

Dinh

Khoa.

Southeast

Asian

anthropology.

Publishing

House of University and Vocational School. H. 1983.

Among 58 ancient skulls, in the Neolithic era, whom anthropologists

called

Indonesian,

were

HoabinhianProtoviets making up 20 skulls. Meanwhile, there were no skulls of

Mongoloid. Until the early Bronze Age, HoabinhianProtoviets moved down
from Malaya plateau to South China and Northern Vietnam and became
Malayoviets or Baiyue people whose skulls reduced from 20 to 14 skulls. In
Malayoviets or Baiyue people whose skulls reduced from 20 to 14 skulls. In
total, skulls of Indonesian or Malayoviets made up the most 34/58, and skulls of
the Mongoloid race just made up 17/58.

According

to a

Dutch anthropologist, William

Keers,

Indonesian (Malaysian) were

Palaco-Mongoloid. It

was

understandable that the factor of Mongoloid more and more increased

because

it

was

also

primitive

Malaysian

Hoabinhian = Protoviets. If there were 17 skulls of Mongoloid out of 58 skulls, it

was because in the second migration, Malaysian or MalayoViets went

through the

corridor in

Qinghai, Gansu and met the Mongoloid race from the north and mixed. This
meant ancient Vietnamese in the second migration bore the factor of Mongoloid.
meant ancient Vietnamese in the second migration bore the factor of Mongoloid.
Exclusively, that Malaysians themselves had the factor of Mongoloid because
they were Palaco-Mongoloid. In 1948, a Dutch W. Keers, thought that Proto-
Malais or Malaysian was the most ancient form of Mongoloid.

In addition, because of thousands of years of Chinese domination, it was

understandable that a partial mix of bloodrelations had the factor of Mongoloid.
However, Viet clan was still

the

subject

adding some

therefore, Vietnamese

today

have

characters. They just have the additional factors of straight hair and little slanting
eyes in some people, but primitive Malaysians had a little wavy hair. However,
some Central Vietnamese and Southern Vietnamese had wavy hair because they

were

mixed

with Chăm

people,

Malaysian

and

factors

to Mongoloid;

still
still

kept

their own

Indonesian but they keep the primitive factor of HoabinhianProtoviets.

According t

o H.V. Valois, an ethnologist, judged in „The human races‟ that Ancient Malaya
race (Proto-Malais) or Indonesian (Malaysian) was a special race for its small
and fine characteristics which made it different from 3 races: black

race,

yellow

race,

and

white

race

and

those

characteristics were displayed hazily. In other words, Malaya race that was
called primitive Malaysian was between 3 races and this race was not much
different from those 3 races, but those 3 races were completely different from
one another.

Hoabinhian=Protoviets=Malaysian race inclined to race unity which means it

was easy to unite with other races, therefore, today there is not any more
purebred Malaysian race. J.

Deniker determined in his book of „Races And Peoples In the World‟ that
special characteristics of groups of Oceanian people were straight hair or wavy
hair, black hair, black eyes, yellow skin, less body hair. As for Indonesian or
MalayoViets, they had short stature, pug nose, sometimes concave nose, high
cheek bones, lozenge face, long head or medium head. Anthropologist, J.
Deniker, thought that Indonesian (Malaysian=MalayoViets) was pure Malaya or
Proto-Malais.

Until now, some scientists classified Indonesian (MalayoViets) as Southern

Mongolian, but scholars Vallois, Oliver and Dao Duy Anh thought that they
were two different races.

Both points of view were unreasonable. Malaysian race was descendants of

Hoabinhoid = Hoabinhian or Protoviets who was considered as the first race
before splitting into 2 groups: -

The group in the north was called Malayo-Mongoloid.

-

The

group in the

south was

called MalayoViets

(Baiyueh).

Over 14,000 years ago and before marine transgression, Palaco-Mongoloid or

Malaysian crossed the Bering steppe which later became

the

Bering

strait

to reside

in North

America

and became
and became

North American Indians

and after

thousands of years, some MalayoViets crossed the Pacific Ocean and became

Central

and South American Indians

today.

Nowadays, scientific circle thought that a pure race is no longer existent because
conditions of forming a race seem to be out of the way. According to the law of
development, cultural exchange leading to racial mix forms new types of human

races

among

races. Besides

skulls

of

primitive

Indonesian (Malaysian), there were skulls of mixed races and transferring

types

of skulls

resided

in Vietnam. In the

Neolithic era, most Vietnamese had long heads, the minorities had medium
heads. Until the Bronze Age to the early Iron Period, there was a change in ratio
heads. Until the Bronze Age to the early Iron Period, there was a change in ratio
of skulls: long skulls reduced and medium heads increased and at the same time
short skulls appeared increasingly. Some researchers thought that it was skulls of
South Asians. In fact, short skulls were primitive types of Hoabinhoid =
Hoabinhian => Indonesian (Malaysian) => MalayoViets (Baiyueh) today
through a long process of racial mix.

In brief, Paleoanthropologists have studied nearly 100

ancient skulls found in Vietnam. Ancient people resided in Vietnam a long time
ago. Archaeologists found stone tools whittled simply in Do Mountain in Thanh
Hoa. This proves that from the Early Paleolithic, humans existed in our country.

Until the later Paleolithic ten thousand years ago, primitive men whose forehead
bone and many molar teeth found in Keo Leng, Lang Son affirms the fact. In the
Early Neolithic about 7,000-8,000 years ago, among owners of cultures of Hoa
Binh and Bac Son, many ancient people had traits of skull and face which
resembled ancient Vietnamese‟s in Thieu Duong and La Doi. Traits of skulls
and face nearly resembled Homo Sapiens sapiens‟, their height was about 1,58
meters. Their heads

were

round

with

relatively

wide

face,

high

cheekbones, relatively pug nose, a little projecting face. It was their custom to
dye their teeth black. It was Hoabinhian or ProtoViets in Thieu Duong and La
Doi who were not different from Muong people in Hoa Binh now.

At that time, ancient people of cultures of Hoa Binh and Bac Son dwelling in
At that time, ancient people of cultures of Hoa Binh and Bac Son dwelling in
caves in Lang Son (Binh Gia, Lang Cuom, Keo Play), Thanh Hoa (Da But) were
called ancient Indonesian (Malaysian) by scientific circles. It was MalayoViets,
ancient people in the dynasty of Hung King, or Baiyue community who J.
Needham called “association of Viet ethnic groups” or “Baiyue Brotherhood
community”. Most of them had short heads and round skulls and resided

in ancient Van

Lang State from the Neolithic era. MalayoViets of South Asians known by
anthropologists was a racial mix and came from

long

evolution. It

was

Homo sapiens-sapiens

and

Southeast Asian peoples in the mainland and islands.

HISTORY OF CHINA
( NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC USA 1991)
- 5,000 BC Farmer Along the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) are the first to grow
rice.

4,000 B.C

Yangshao and East

Coast

Neolithic

Cultures.

Agricultural villages develop along the Huang (Yellow) and Wei Rivers.
Artisans craft stone tools. Harpoons and hooks made of bone are use for fishing,
Artisans craft stone tools. Harpoons and hooks made of bone are use for fishing,
as are nets.

- 3,000 B.C Chang Jiang settlements produce silk, carved jade.

- 2,000 B.C Shang Dynasty Priest-kings preside over ancestor cults in villages
on the North China Plain. Artisans cast elaborate bronze ritual vessels.

- Zhou Dynasty 1,000 B.C 551 Confucius is born.

HUNG KINGS FOUND THE STATE OF VAN LANG

To this day, Vietnamese history was still based on what was called Chinese
history written by the mandarin historians who wrote Vietnamese history,
therefore, the historical truth was distorted, which made many fatal mistakes for
future Vietnamese generations. The nature of Han clan was invading and
expanding. Their consistent policies were exterminating documents, therefore,
after invading, they took away

all

historical books of Viet clan. Every dynasty often changed place names and river
names to wear away traces of the erstwhile fatherland of Viet clan in China‟s
territory today.

Abbreviated history of the Great Viet of Tran dynasty was taken away by a Ming
army. The only copy which was kept in “Chinese

Encyclopedia”

was

distorted by

Tien Hi

To,

mandarin historians of Qing Dynasty. Even they changed the name

of

Abbreviated history
Abbreviated history

of

the

Great

Viet

into

Abbreviated history of Viet. All these things made historical mistakes over the
process of founding Vietnam, therefore, historian Joseph Needham had to raise
his voice to recover the historical truth which was covered by the strength of the
winner after thousand years

of

history. Therefore, it

is

necessary to learn the origin of the nation from the legend and crumbs of the
history to recover the truth. The objective truth of the history will be clear and
the truth of history will be revealed, which are our centuries-old aspirations.

Today, in the light of civilization of human beings in the 21st century and with
the most persuasive science results of the origin of the nation, previous mistakes
over the origin of our nation were cleared up as follows:

1. Researches of marine transgression by oceanography showed us

the

most

recent

marine

transgression which
occurred about 8,000 years ago made ancient Southeast Asian people in
Nanhailand and Sundaland leave their location for highlands. Ancient

Southeast

Asian people

of

Hoa

Binh

culture (Hoabinhian) were Protoviets who removed to the north to reside in Van
Nam, Shu then Malaya plateau which lied between the highest Himalaya
mountains and the oldest Kunlun mountains.

2. When sea level went down 5,500 years ago, Hoabinhian Protoviets which
were called Indonesians by anthropologists removed to the south, we call them
Malayoviets. The result of skull index by prehistoric archaeologists showed us
the removal route of Indonesians who were called Hoabinhian Protoviets

=> Malaysian that

they

resided in

the

area

stretching from North Area comprising 3 rivers, Yellow river, Luo river and Wei
river to South Area comprising 3 rivers, Yuan river, Xiang river and Yangtze
river. This area was called Cua

Viet

or Jiaozhi

in Classics
of

History

and

inhabitants were called MonKhmer by anthropologists and Tay Khuong, Khuong

people in the west of China by Chinese history.

The result of the persuasive science researches proved the reality of the legend
of the origin of Viet clan. The historical truth was recovered after thousands
years of being covered by the time and malevolent and crafty intentions of our
inherited enemies.

The legend of our nation‟s origin in the form of fairy tales of the family name of
Hong Bang told that: “Previously, the greatgrandson of

Emperor

Viem

of

the

family

name

of

Shennong, Emperor

Minh, bore

Emperor

Nghi.

Emperor
Minh was touring in the south, when coming to Ngu Linh mountains, he met Vu
Tien. They bore Loc Tuc. Loc Tuc was intelligent and he became his father‟s
favorite, therefore, Emperor Minh designated him his successor to the throne.

Loc Tuc showed much reluctance, because he was not willing to usurp his elder
brother‟s rights, therefore, Emperor Minh finally appointed Nghi Lord of the
northern half of the empire, and Loc Tuc Lord of its southern half. The younger
Lord named

himself

Kinh

Duong

Vuong,

and

his

domain

Xich Quy Kingdom. Kinh Duong Vuong married Than Long, the daughter of
Dongting‟s king, and they bore Lac Long Quan. Sung Lam‟s alias was Lac
Long Quan. The king married Au Co, the daughter of Emperor Lai and they bore
one hundred sons. Tradition has it that she bore one hundred eggs that were
ancestors of BaiYueh…”.

According to Bach Viet Ngoc Pha Truyen thu, there were just Two emperors,
not Three emperors which were written in Chinese historical books. Fu Xi or
Sun-Emperor (2698-2599

BC), had the family name of Hien Vien and name of Thaihao worshiped the
dragon. The folk legend told that when going through Loi Trach rammer, the
Lady Hoa Lu footed on the giant footstep of the Dragon God, then bore Fu Xi.
This was the way of becoming pregnant named “da hop”, a particular character
of ancient Vietnamese. Being the son of the Dragon God, Fu Xi had human head
and upper body, and the dragon lower body. Fu Xi and Nuwa had human upper
body and dragon lower body of a relieve statue of 2 people with their tied tails.
On Fu Xi‟s hand, there was a sun statue and on Nuwa‟s hand, there was a moon
statue.

Shennong, namely Deity Emperor, whose the family name of Khuong and name
of Shaohao, worshipped the birth and succeeded to the throne from Fu Xi.
Therefore, two emperors of Viet clan were Fu Xi with the family name of
Thaihao who worshiped The Dragon and Shennong with the family name of
Shaohao who worshiped The Bird.

The Spring and Autumn period was the renaissance of Viet clan with rising up
by the states of Baiyue, from Wu State to Yue State, both of them proclaimed
themselves kings, then Chu State led the alliance of 6 countries in the south of
China against Qin dynasty. Therefore, in this period there were characters of
Vietnamese historical legend such as Fu Xi, Nuwa, Shennong, Hien Vien
Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao, Shun and Emperor Yu the Great
of Xia dynasty of Viet clan. Confucius, the master of all times of China, also
knew this, therefore, he never mentioned Emperor of China, although Confucius
confirmed about serving Zhou dynasty.

All the Chinese books of Co Su Khao, Tam Ngu Lich, Dong Ky, and De Vuong
The Ky affirmed that Shennong had connection of blood-relationship with Viet
clan. On the other hand, Viet

clan were

descendants

of

Shennong. Ancient

Chinese books read that Emperor Yao and Shun repressed the family name of
Cong Cong of Han clan because they fought for the throne with Chuc Dung, a
descendant of Shennong.

The King of Zheng State and royal family of some states in Shangdong
Peninsula such as Qi State, Lu State, Chen State recognized themselves as
descendants of Thaisan God and have

family
name

of

Khuong

of

Shennong. Therefore,

Shennong with the family name of Khuong resided in Khuong state (Tay
Khuong) = MonKhmer like the legend told that Emperor Minh, the
greatgrandson of Shennong, was touring in the south …

The legend of founding the state of Van Lang was recorded in Odd Stories of
Lingnan revised by Vu Quynh in the end of the 14th century as follows “One
hundred sons listened to the father‟s pieces of advice and say goodbye, 50 sons
stayed in Phong Chau with mother Au and elected the eldest son as a king
named Hung King…”. Annals of the Great Viet by Ngo Si Lien read:

“When Hung King came to the throne and founded the state of Van Lang. The
State was bordered by the South Sea to the east, Shu to the west, Dong Ting lake
to the north, Ho Ton State or Chiem Thanh State (Champa) to the south”.
Ancient historical books showed us that Viet clan first moved from the foot of
the Himalaya along the valley of the Yangtze

river to Dan mountain, Ba

mountain which were

called Phong

(Sichuan).
mountain

and

Shu

Chau in Ba

Shu
Shu

The above historical books affirmed that the reality of the legend matched with a
border of Van Lang state. Odd Stories of

Lingnan

read “Hung Kings divided the state into 15

districts such as Viet Thuong, Jiaozhi, Chu Dien, Vu Ninh, Phuc Loc, Ninh Hai,
Duong Tuyen, Luc Hai, Hoai Hoan, Cuu Chan, Nhat Nam, Chan Dinh, Van
Lang, Que Lam and Tuong Quan”. Hung King founded the state of Van Lang
and chose Phong Chau, which lay between 2 ranges of mountains of Tibet and
Sichuan where the origin of 4 rivers flowed to the south and the east, as the
capital. These four rivers united together in Min-Ya-Kon-Ka where 4 rivers such
as Minh Giang river (Min), Da Lang river (Ya), Mekong river (Kon), and

Yangtze

river

(Ka),

were

adjoining

each

other.

Previously, it was Shu (Ba Thuc), then changed into Sichuan.

According to Hung Trieu Ngoc Pha and Than Pha in Tien Lat commune, Viet
Yen district, Ha Bac province read that in the 16th dynasty of Hung Kings, Hung
Tao Vuong or Duc Quan Lang (660 BC - 569 BC) removed to Yunnan and the
18th dynasty of Hung Kings removed to Viet Tri which was called Phong Chau
in the north of Vietnam. Historical books in Tang dynasty of Book of Tang read
that until 621, Tang dynasty changed Tan Hung into Phong Chau comprising 6

districts such as Gia Ninh, Tan Xuong, An Nhan, Truc Lac, Thach De
and Phong

Khe. It

was

recorded

in Chinese

historical books that Jiaozhi was changed into Jiaozhou in the period of Tai
Kang of Sui dynasty. Phong Chau was merged into Jiaozhou and called it Jiaozhi
district in the 3rd year of great enterprise of Sui dynasty. Phong Chau was upper
Phong Chau in Yunnan where Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, the son of Emperor
Gaozong of Tang, was discrowned by Wu Zetian after one year of crowning. He
had to run to upper Phong Chau in Yunnan.

In the period of the Tang Dynasty, the land around the cross-road of Hac and
under valleys of Chay river, Thao river, and Da river was named Lower Phong
Chau which was different

from

Upper Phong

Chau in Yunnan. On this

occasion, Tien Hy To, a mandarin historian of Qing dynasty, changed

Abbreviated

History

of

the

Great

Viet

into
into

Abbreviated History of Viet and wrote the founding of the State of Van Lang as
follows “In the dynasty of Emperor Chu Trang Vuong (696-682 BC) in Gia
Ninh, there was a stranger using magic to win the heart of tribes, then called
himself Hung King and located in Van Lang with the name of the country of Van
Lang. There were 18 different Hung Kings”.

Therefore, the historical truth which was affirmed by the most persuasive
science proved that Nanhaland or Northern Vietnam was a place of residence of
HoabinhianProtoviets.

Eight thousand years ago, HoabinhianProtoviets had to move to Malaya plateau

to avoid marine transgression. When sea levels

gradually went

down, MalayoViets

moved to the

southern delta. Ancient Chinese historical books called it BaiYueh.

According to the legend, Kinh Duong king came to the throne in 2879 BC and
ruled over Xich Quy. Luo Long Quan, who succeeded Kinh Duong King as
King, married Ou and they gave birth to 100 sons. Fifty sons followed to their
mother to mountains. They proclaimed the eldest son, Hung Quoc King (2524-
2253 BC), as a king with name of Hung King who ruled over Van Lang and was
located in Phong Chau Guizhou. It was a historical truth because archaeological
circles also record that after the first meeting, there was not any
acknowledgement of Son Vi people and Hoa Binh people in Northern Vietnam
because Hoabinhian Protoviets moved to the highlands to avoid marine
transgression. Until the period of

Phung

Nguyen culture, people

Vietnam. The

owners
of

Phung

Hoabinhian => Protoviets => Malaysian => MalayoViets who moved to Malaya
plateau and after sea level gradually went down, they moved from Malaya
plateau to the center of China.
gathered in

Northern

Nguyen culture

were

Four thousand years ago, groups of Viet-Muong and MonKhmer who were
despised as Khel barbarians themselves or Khuong

barbarians

in ancient

Chinese

history,

removed

themselves from the high mountains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi to the Red
river valley in the Northern Vietnam Delta during the later period of

the

Neolithic

era. They

brought with them planting wet rice of Hoabinhian people (Protoviets) which
developed thousands of years before. At the same time from Horizontal
mountains range along central Vietnam, and central and lower Laos, they
removed and brought with them a converging culture in midland bordering Vinh
Phu plain, Son Tay. It was the 2nd converging of people and culture in the
period of marine regression, which made the Northern Vietnam plain culture.67

3. Archaeologists showed that the second removal made in the direction of east
and along valley of Yellow river in the south 5,000 years ago. MalayoViets
resided in the valley of 3

rivers, Wei river, Yellow river and Lac river in the north.

Some of them crossed the confluence of the Wei river to the south of Shanxi, the
north of Henan, and the south of Hebei to reside and integrate into MalayoViets
who resided from low course of Yangtze river and upwards. This second
removal of Malaysian or MalayoViets, to Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei which
belonged to

Shennong

in the

dynasties

of

Emperor Nghi, Emperor

Vong… This historical truth explained mistakes that Chinese belonged to

Shennong in the north and Vietnamese belonged to Shennong in the south and
they were shown that the Vietnamese and Chinese had the same origin.
north and founded
67 Tran Quoc Vuong: quoted on page 103.

Lai, Emperor

Du

CHAPTER V
THE ORIGIN OF VIET CLAN
THE LEGEND OF THE ORIGIN OF THE NATION
Previously, researchers made many suppositions of the origin of Vietnamese
people. All those theoretic points were not

persuasive, therefore, we

must

find the

origin of

Vietnamese people to restore the historical truth which was sunk thousands of
years by reasons of the strong. We will study from the legend to the reality of the
history checked by archaeological culture, ethnography, linguistics, the result of
prehistoric archaeology, oceanography, and the latest and most persuasive
genetic structure of DNA.

Each people has their own unique legend with a special nuance representing for
that people. Therefore, even civilized people today have also an animal
representing for them such as the elephant of India, the tiger of China, the
Gaulois cock of France, the lion of The UK, the eagle of USA, therefore USA
and France use the eagle and the cock on their coat of arms. When one first hears
that the legend of the Fairy and the Dragon of Vietnam it seems unreal and
fabulous but if we put ourselves in the pristine period thousands of years ago, we
will understand how our ancestor lived and thought in the ancient era. From that
we can understand what our ancestor wanted to tell us through those messages of
history.

We are living in the age of rationalism, therefore, we usually think that in the
world, how eggs can hatch people.

But it is simple that Ou Yue of ancient Vietnamese chose the sacred object as the
bird, therefore it was normal for mother Ou to bear one hundred eggs. We have
to understand the core of the matter is that mother Ou and father Luo bore one
hundred Vietnamese sons. On the other hand, the legendary phoenix was in fact
the Vietnamese peacock flying in the direction

of

the
sun, which expressed the

Vietnamese

conception of removing gradually in the direction of the east to coastal

areas

and the

bird flew

into

the

sky, which

reminded us of the image of the Fairy or Mother Ou. We have to understand that
the sac is not simply a sac but it represented the meaning of compatriot having
the same mother Ou. To track the meaning of The Fairy back to its origin, it was
combined by the word mountain and the word person, which means people lived
in the mountains and hundred didn‟t mean one hundred but many. From that, we
have the conception of one hundred families.

We find the origin of our race through inheritance from our ancients, which is
necessary and right. The matter is that with a serious attitude and a scientific
method, but we don‟t have right to impose our thoughts in the 21st century on
the ancients‟ thoughts. We have to put ourselves in the situation of history at
that time to understand Alive history of the folk.

On the one hand, we have to eliminate legendary factors and fictional details, on
the other hand, we put ourselves in the social situation and spiritual life of the
ancients to know the essential quintessence hidden in the legend to decode the
messages of our ancestor from thousands of years.

THE ORIGIN OF THE VIET CLAN

IN THE ANCIENT BIBLIOGRAPHIES

We are proud of being children of the Fairy and the Dragon with a beautiful love
We are proud of being children of the Fairy and the Dragon with a beautiful love
story of Father Luo and Mother Ou which was the beginning of the founding of
the the state by the Vietnamese. The story of Hong Bang family name and the
origin of our people was first written by Ho Tong Thoc in Viet Nam The Chi
during the 14th century in

the Tran

dynasty, but it was seized and destroyed by a Ming Army, therefore, it does not
exist anymore. At the beginning of the 14th century, Tran The Phap and Ly Te
Xuyen in the Tran dynasty wrote folk legends in the books “Odd Stories in
Lingnan‟ and Temple of Viet to pass the origin of Vietnamese race through the
generations.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty,

“Zhao Tuo occupied Uat

Lam, Nanhai, Tuong district,

and installed himself

as

monarch and located in Panyu with the country name of Viet and called himself
King Viet”.68 Until the Le dynasty, Ngo Si Lien, an historian, officially wrote
the age of Hung kings in Complete Annals of the Great Viet. Ngo Si Lien wrote
“Our country of the Great Viet was located in the south of Ngu Linh, God
divided territory into the south and the north properly. Our father was a child of
Shennong. God created kings, therefore, together with Northern dynasties to
rule…”.

Le Quy Don, a scholar, wrote in “Kien Van Tieu Luc” in 1777 that: “At the
beginning of country name of Khai Huu (1329-1341) in Tran dynasty, Ly Te
Xuyen obeyed an order to write the book of Viet‟ Temple, wrote on temples to
Gods, and presented uprightness to 8 diachronic kings and 12 ManGods. Words
of this book were solemn and the facts were true, which showed a good
historian. Giao Chau Ky by Tang Con, The Records of The Grand Historian by
Do Thien and the story of Bao Cuc were cited in this book. These books were not
passed through the generations!”. Geographic Book of official name of our
country in the period of Hong Bang compiled by Nguyen Trai from 1428 to
1430 read that “The book by Thien Vuong called it Vietnam, Nam Viet, Jiaozhi,
Annam, Nam Binh, and today Vietnam” and De Minh King conferred King of
Vietnam on Kinh Duong King”.69
68 Abbreviated history of Dai Viet by unknown author, translated by Tran Quoc Vuong and published by
Thuan Hoa Publishing House in
2001 on page 17. The episode 1 of History of Vietnam published by Publishing House of University and
Vocational School in Ha Noi in
1985 on page 164 and materials of 40 years of Socialist Republic of Vietnam published by Su That
Publishing House in Ha Noi. Phan Huy Le, Director of Institute of History, wrote “It will not be history if it
is written

according

to

resolution”. Because of history written

according to the resolution, before dying, Dao Duy Anh, a historian, uttered
bitterly “I am known by history and also convicted by it”.

It was affirmed in Chinese historical books that the Baiyue community used to
reside in the territory of China today.

Shang dynasty who founded the State of Han wrote in its historical books “In
the period of Emperor Gaozong of Yin, his army crossed Yellow river to attack
the state of Quy Phuong and it took them 3 years to win”. Book of History, the
Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian and Bamboo Annals read Emperor
Vu Dinh, who was the 22nd emperor with temple name of the 32nd Gaozong,
attacked the state of Quy Phuong and stationed in Kinh which was Kinh Viet
under Kinh district. At that time, Shang dynasty‟s territory just had 2 provinces
in downriver of Yellow river. Around them, Baiyue community resided all over
the Chinese territory of

today.

The

historical
fact

was

recognized

by

an

international conference of researchers of China all over the world

including

Chinese

researchers

and

Taiwanese

researchers held at University of Berkerley, USA in 1978. The International

conference concluded that Yi Yue (Viet) people were owners of Chinese
territory before Han clan (Chinese) and Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty
adopted the culture of Yi Yueh (Viet) people in the south. This historical truth
published on the map by National Geographic Company in 1991, in which it
showed that Yi Viet people with their earliest civilization of wet rice in the
world resided from downriver of Yellow river downwards.
69 Geography and collected poems of Uc Trai Tuong Cong translated and noted by A Nam Tran Tuan Khai
on Culture No. 65 in 1961 on pages 1249 – 1256.

History

of

the

Later Han

(Hou Han Shu) and Han

(Hou Han Shu) and Han

Geographic

Book

read clearly about

Baiyueh

community

“From Jiaozhi to Coi Ke which was over 7-8 thousand miles, Baiyue people
lived together and have their own habits and customs”. Names of groups of
Baiyueh community were listed in Lo Su, history of Luo Yueh people, by La Tat
in Song Dynasty such as Viet Thuong, Luo Yueh, Ou Yueh, Au Khai, Au Nhan,
Tha Au, Cung Nhan, Hai Duong, Muc Tham, Phu Xac, Cam Nhan, Thuong Ngo,
Man Duong, Duong Viet, Que Quoc, Tay Au, Quyen Tu, San Ly, Hai Quy, Tay
Khuan, Ke Tu, Boc Cau, Bac Dai, Khu Ngo, etc. and Baiyueh.

Among

those

groups

of Baiyue, Duong

Viet

resided in

downriver of the Yangtze river, Thuong Ngo resided in the south of Guangxi,
and San Ly or Xa Ly, resided in the southwest of Yunnan. Therefore, according
to ancient Chinese historical books, it was called Baiyue who were groups of
Viet people scattering over Southern China including Yunnan in the West and
Northern Vietnam and Northern Central Vietnam in the south. They were called
Jiangnan and Lingnan in general in historical books.

Sima Qian, an official Chinese historian, wrote in the Records of the Grand
Historian “In the period of Qin Han, East Viet and East Ou Yueh set up their
capital in Vinh Ninh, Vinh Gia which was Zhejiang; Minyueh was located in Min
Zhong, Fujian; Nanyueh was located in Guangzhou, Guangxi; Tay Au was
located in the south of Ly river in Guangzhou…”.

Thai Toc Huan wrote in the book of Huainanzi about the border of the Shang
dynasty “The left of Dong Hai, the right of Luu Sa, in front of Jiaozhi, and at the
back of Ham Do”. Therefore, after Shang

clan attacked and conquered Xia

dynasty, ancient Vietnamese had to cross the Yellow river to the south,
therefore, the book of Huainanzi by Liu An read Jiaozhi had border with the
south of Shang dynasty‟s territory.

The Chinese book of „Geographic Book‟ by Co Da Vuong read “In the period
of Zhou Dynasty, Jiaozhi was Luo Yueh (Lac Viet)”.70

It was admitted in ancient Chinese bibliography there was a historical fact of

founding states which were called Baiyue in Jiangnan during the Warring States
period. East-Yueh or U

Yueh (or Vu Viet) ruled by King Goujian of Yueh was located in not only
Zhejiang but also up to Jiangsu or Chau Tu, the origin of famous pottery of
ancient Vietnamese of Duong Viet clan whose capital was Coi Ke. Sima Qian
wrote: “King Goujian of Yue‟s ancestors were descendants of Yu the Great.
King Goujian of Yue tattooed and cut hair…”. Ly Te Xuyen wrote “Viet Dien U
Linh” of ancient Vietnam. Min Yueh was located in Fujian, Duong Viet was
located in Jiangxi, Dien Viet was located in Yunnan, Quy Viet was located in
Sichuan, NanYueh was located in Guangdong, Au Viet or Tay Au was located in
Guangxi, Luo Yueh was located in Guangxi and Northern Vietnam. Not only
Viet clan resided in the

valley

between the

Yellow

river and the

Yangtze river but also Luo Bo Chuy resided in the confluence of the Wei river,
Yangtze river but also Luo Bo Chuy resided in the confluence of the Wei river,
Luo river and Yellow river and in the Northern area of Yellow river valley
which was called Bach Boc in ancient Chinese history. Bach Boc was not the
name of a

race

but

the

name

of

ancient

Vietnamese

who were

descendants of Shennong in the north in the area of the Boc river. Boc river
originated from a plateau, ran through Hebei which lay between Henan and
Shandong and it empties into the Yellow river.
70 “Huainanzi” by Thai Toc Huan read the Shang Dynasty was “bordered by the East Sea to the left” in the
episode 2 of History of Vietnam quoted from “From Nha Chuong Ban through relics of Han into Vietnam”
in “Ancient culture of South China and its surroundings”

by Publishing House of The Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1994

on page 2. “Huainanzi” by Thai Toc Huan read the Shang Dynasty was bordered
by “The East Sea to the left, Luu Sa to the right, Jiaozhi on the front, Ham Do at
the back”.

According to the book of Le Su Dan, Boc meant Bach Boc clan residing in areas
of Boc river. On the other hand, the book of

Erya by a disciple of Confucius read “DongYi barbarians” (Luo Bo Trai or Luo

Bo Tri) resided from Boc river valley to coastal areas of East Sea and up to the
northernmost
point

of

China and also had customs

of

blackening their teeth and tattooing”. According to Erya, the word Luo (Lac) of
Luo Bo Trai was the same as the word Luo in the family name of Luo of Luo
(Lac) Long Quan.

The Records of The Grand Historian by Sima Qian and Spring and Summer Zuo
Zhuan read clearly that the king with name of Nhuoc Ngao, the 14th Hung king
whose personal name was Hung Nghi and temple name was Nhuoc Ngao, ruled
in 789 BC.71 This proved the period of Hung Kings was real in the history. Chu
Coc Thanh, a Chinese historian, wrote in Chinese Shitong that Viem clan resided
throughout ancient China before the Han clan moved in. Viet clan, descendants
of Shennong or Divine Farmer, were the first owners of land all over the Chinese
territory. At that time, Han nomads still hunted and bred in Xinjiang and
Qinghai. Later, they moved along Yellow river and occupied territory of the
Shennong clan. Mong Van Thong, a Chinese historian, wrote that: “Shennong
clan moved along the basin of Yangtze river to 7

provinces in Yangtze river valley such as Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,

Jiangxu, Anhui, Zhejiang. Then they moved to tableland of Northern China and
resided in the Yellow river valley including 6 provinces Henan, Hebei, Shanxi,

Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu. Then, they crossed 5 ranges of mountains of Ngu Linh
ranges to 5 provinces of Lingnan area such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi,
Guangdong, and Fujian”.
71 According to researcher An Son Le Van An, on February 1971, archaeologists found undamaged “Qua”
(a weapon) in Liu-ch'engch'iao in Truong Sa in the area of Hunan. In the book of "Cultural Frontiers in
Ancient East Asia" by William Watson, he wrote that things were excavated in Hunan Province, among of
them, there was Qua carved with the name of the king Nhuoc Ngao. According to The

The fact was admitted in the book of “Han Quan Nghi” by Ung Thieu in Han
period that: “When founding their state in the north, the ancients communicated
with people in the south to lay the foundations for their next generations.”.
Especially, recently a group of modern educated people the Skepticism school
formed by author Guo Moruo in 1920 fostered to abrogate the period of the three
sovereigns and five emperors.

This

historical

Conference

of

researchers from China held at University of Berkerley, USA in 1978 that Yi

Viet were the first owners of China territory, truth

was

affirmed in an International

Chinese

civilization in the

presence

of

then driven off by the Shang Zhou dynasty and were forced to run to the south.
Records of The Grand Historian by Sima Qian and Spring and Summer Zuo Zhuan, the king with the name
of Nhuoc Ngao, the 14th Hung King whose personal name was Hung Nghi and temple name was Nhuoc
Ngao, ruled in 789 BC. He was the 14th Hung King out of 18

Hung Kings. We usually called 18 Hung Kings.

The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian read Yellow Emperor was the
person who opened Chinese history but the truth was affirmed that Chinese
history just began from Shang dynasty (1766-1154 BC) and Shang dynasty and
Zhou dynasty of Han clan were deeply affected by culture of Yi Viet. Chang
Kwang Chih, a leading historian of China, admitted the historical truth that
although China was a big country with a big culture, it adopted the quintessence
of many bigger cultures of “Local cultures in the prehistoric age after uniting
and becoming a part of China. The real origin of Han Chinese was just a small
part but after the Qin dynasty united China, people of the united country were
Chinese”.

Hoang Van Noi, a Chinese historian, admitted that over half of the Chinese
population today consists of descents of the Shennong clan (Viet) who were
ruled and assimilated to become Han people. Recently, through archeological
works, this fact admitted by Yong Qang Yao, an archaeologist, and his
colleagues at Chinese Academy of Kunming, Yunnan that “Han people were
formed by a continuous process of expansion

by

merging many

tribes

and races

into Han

people.”. 72
72 Dr. Nguyen De and Dr. Tran Thi Nhung: Mitochondrial DNA and the origin of Vietnam, China and
Maya. (Fine work of art of The Spring of Lunar Buffalo Year of Association of Physicians, Dentists, and
Pharmacists of Florida in 2009 on page 93).
 The Ancient word of
Malayoviets

French Linguist Paul Rivet did a thorough research and came to the conclusion
“From Southeast Asia. There was a language which was spread to Japan,
Tasmania, Mediterranean Sea area, Africa and America”.
THE ORIGIN OF THE VIET CLAN

IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURE

Going back in history to find the origin of Viet clan, we have to trace the
removal route of the ancients who left vestiges which archaeologists called
Archaeological culture.

They

were

combined

with

the

results

of

Prehistoric

archaeology, Ethnology, Linguistics and especially Genetics to verify the reality

of the legend and sources of ancient bibliography. Each age has its own
archaeological culture including relics and its total objects distributed in a fixed
region with the same characteristics and the same level of technological
development because of the same age. It was admitted by

scientific

research works

from

Archaeology,

Prehistory, Ethnology, Race studies, Linguistics and Cultural studies that the
culture of inhabitants residing from the south of Yellow river to Southeast Asia
was of Baiyue community (Malayo-Viets).
Nowadays, scientific

circles

officially

recognized Hoa

Binh Culture was the most ancient culture of humankind.

Conditions of nature and soil of space of Hoa Binh Culture met the conditions
for Southeast Asia to stretch from the foot of Himalaya mountains and Kunlun
mountains to South Asia, which was the first cradle of development of
humankind. W.

G. Wilheim, a scholar, came to the conclusion “Southeast Asian countries

planted, made potteries, and founded bronze wares sooner than people did in
Near East, India, China thousands of years and among of them, Vietnam was the
origin of Hoa Binh culture”.

THE RESULT OF PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY

OF THE ORIGIN OF THE VIET CLAN

According

to

Prehistoric

archaeology,

from

Kunlun

plateau and Tibetan plateau, Indonesian (Malaysian) divided into 2 groups, one
group moved to the west, united with Melanesian aborigines and controlled all
over India. They were called Dravidian by anthropologists. The second group of
Indonesian (Malaysian) moved from upper Nine Dragons river and Yangtze
river to basin of red soil in Sichuan and Da Lang basin to reside. The ancient
book of Classic of History read the area of basalte from Chau Kinh to Da Lang,
book of Classic of History read the area of basalte from Chau Kinh to Da Lang,
Sichuan was called “Xich Quy Phuong”. According to the legend, Shennong in
the South went through Sichuan. Residences of Baiyue existed up to the Yellow
river valley and they were called East Yi barbarians or Lac Bo Trai of Viet clan,
in ancient Chinese historical books.

Five thousand years ago, the 3rd group of Malaysian who were called Shennong
in the North moved to reside in the area of 3 rivers: Yellow river, Wei river and
Luo river. The name of Luo river was written by the word bird. Classics of
history read the names of mountain and river in this area which were called
“Quy”. When Emperor Yao married his daughter to the family name of Ngu in
Wei river shore which was Quy river bend in classic of history. In the ancient
book of classic of history, Xich Quy Phuong was Three rivers in the north which
comprised Wei river, Yellow river and Lac river stretching to „Three rivers in
the south‟ including 3 rivers such as Yuan river, Xiang river and Yangtze river.
In classics of history, they were Cua Viet and Jiaozhi.

According

to Kangxi

Dictionary, the word “Phuong”

meant ear of rice, therefore, Xich Quy Phuong meant the state of Xich Quy who
planted wet rice. Therefore, our ancestors, ancient Vietnamese used the name of
places to name the country Xich Quy in the ancient age to keep sacred and lofty
heritages of Shennong for the future generations. The State of Xich Quy was an
agricultural country in an area of red soil in the south (Xich Quy Phuong), they
were descendants of Shennong.

It

was

affirmed by

the

result

of
of

researches

made

by

hundreds of archaeologists and prehistoric archaeologists all over Asia that, at

least 6 thousand years ago, the owner of the culture of Shouldered Axes in the
Stone Age moved from Tibetan plateau at the foot of Malaya mountains to the
central area of China, from the upper Yangtze river through Sichuan, while some
of them resided here and the rest moved to costal areas of East Sea.
Archaeologists discovered ancient people in Binh Gia (Lang Son) and stone
tools of primitive men in the Paleolithic Age in Do Mountains (Thanh Hoa),
which proved that human beings existed on the ground of Viet about 30,000

years ago.

Until now, archaeologists and geologists, Fromaget and Saurin, found teeth and

temporal

bones

of

fossil

PaleoAnthropus people in the Pleistocene geological time in Tam Hang and

Tam-pa-loi near the border between Vietnam and Laos 300,000 years ago.
Archaeologists found relics of the life of ancient people in Son Vi (Lam Thao,
Vinh Yen), in Bac Son, Hoa Binh, in Hang Muoi and Quynh Van, Quynh Luu
district (Nghe An). The ancients in Vietnam were owners of Son Vi Culture,
which was aged from 11 to 20,000 years, stretching from Lao Cai, Luc Ngan to
Nghe Tinh. Relics appeared the most in Son Vi (Lam Thao). Hang Pong, Son La
has the date of 11,915 ± 120 BP (Bln 1352), and relics of Con Mong cave and
Ong Quyen stone roof has the date of 18,390

± 125 BP (Bln 1855).

Archaeologists studied 100 skulls of the ancients of Hoa Binh-Bac Son

Archaeologists studied 100 skulls of the ancients of Hoa Binh-Bac Son
inhabitants in Thieu Duong and La Doi in the beginning of the Neolithic Age 8
thousand years ago. These inhabitants have

traits of skull

and face

which resemble

Vietnamese today. Their height was about 1.58 meters. They had a round head, a
relatively wide face, 2 relatively hight cheekbones, a relatively flat nose, a little
curty face and especially, some

of

them

blackened their teeth. Ancient

Vietnamese in Thieu Duong and La Doi were not different from

Muong people

in

Hoa

Binh.73 This

proved that

Hoabinhian people were Protoviets.

In 1962, G. Coedès, director of the French School of the Far East, announced
results

of

the

work of
work of

prehistoric

archaeology all

over Asia

by hundreds of archaeological

scholars, anthropological scholars and geological scholars.

These

scholars

have

dug

everywhere

from

Japan, Korea

(North Korea) to Western Region and from Siberia to the South Asia

Archipelago for tens

of

years

to search for

archaeological relics and excavated skulls lying below of inhabitants

who came

first

and skulls
and skulls

lying

above

of

inhabitants who came later. After measuring index of skulls and their capacity to
determine the origin of that race, they came to the conclusion: “All South Asian
inhabitants from South

India,

Mon,

Tibet,

Myanmar,

Thailand,

Laos,

Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Célèbres, and

Vietnam,

including ethnic minority groups in highlands in Northern Vietnam

had the

same

origin of

ancient

Malaya called

Indonesian (Malaysian or Malayo-Viets). They were South Asian inhabitants

having the same average skull index of 81,48 Capacity of round skulls was
different from that of other races in that region”. 74
73 État Actuel de la crânologie Indochine, B.E.F.O in Ha Noi in 1936.

Morphology No. 1/1968 by Ha Noi Institute of Archaeology. “J.

Fromaget and E. Saurin, "Les récentes découvertes anthropologiques dans les

formations préhistoriques de la chaine annamitique. Note présenté au III
Congrès des préhistoriens d' Extrême Orient à Singapore
- Janvier 1938 and BSGI, vol. XII, Fasc. 3 - HN 1925; VOl. XIV, Fasc.

6, HN 1925; Vol. XIX, Fasc. 3 HN 1932 and Nguyen Duy, "Study of ancient
people in the Bronze Age in Thieu Duong, Thanh Hoa" in "A report of
archaeology of Vietnam" by Ha Noi Institute of Archaeology in 1966 on pages
329-340.

Prehistoric archaeologists of the French School of the Far East measured

Vietnamese average skull index of 82,13.

Capacity of Vietnamese skulls is 1,341.48 and character of Vietnamese

brachycephal skulls meant round skulls while skull index of Han clan in
Northern China was 76,51 and belonged to a type of long skull with its capacity
of 1440.

Average skull index of Southern China and Eastern China was 81,22 and
belonged to the type of round skull. According to Anthropology, inhabitants in
Northern China and Southern China were two different races because skulls of 2
of these groups had an index difference of over 2, which means they were 2
different races. Northern Chinese had skull index of 76,51 which almost
resembled ancient skulls of Gansu people or ancient Han (Chinese) 76,70. This
fact proved Northern Chinese were descendants of Gansu people or Mongolian,
breeding with Nhuc Chi people in Western regions. Skulls of Han clan and
skulls of Viet clan had index difference of over 5 (5,52) and although Southern
Chinese and Northern Chinese were called Chinese, they are different because of
their skull index difference of over 4 (81,22-76,51=4,71).
74 The French School of The Far East (École Francaise d‟Extrême Orient B.E.F.O) in Ha Noi in 1868.
Binh Nguyen Loc “The Malay origin of our people” published by Bach Boc Publishing House in Sai Gon
on pages 446 - 449.

Therefore, Han clan and Viet clan were 2 different races and skulls of Southern
Therefore, Han clan and Viet clan were 2 different races and skulls of Southern
Chinese and skulls had difference of fewer than 2 units, which meant they were
the same race. This scientific and persuasive fact rejected all wrong conceptions
forever. We

also recorded skull

indexes

of

the

Eastern

Chinese who resided in areas of Lac Bo Trai (Tri), who were called East-
barbarians (DongYi) in ancient Chinese historical books and they were ancient
Vietnamese having a skull index of

81,70 which nearly

resembled

the

skull

index of

Vietnamese today of 82,13. On the other hand, the average skull index of
Vietnamese Southern Chinese was 81 because they hybridized with Northern
Chinese but there was an index difference of 1,13 from the skull index of the
Vietnamese. In fact, Southern Chinese were ancient Vietnamese who were ruled
and assimilated thousands of years ago but they still kept their genes.

HEMATOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE VIET CLAN

According

to researches

by
by

Nguyen Dinh Khoa, the

combination order of

frequency of

blood types

of

ABO

between Indonesian (Malaysian) and South Asian people is as follows:

- For the race of Indonesian (Malaysian), combination of types are O>B>A,

B>O>A, O>A>B and A>O>B, however the type of combination of B>A is more
frequent.

- For the race of South Asia, there is only one general combination of O>B>A,
but the type of combination of B>A is the most. Therefore, Although there is
splitting in types of combination, relationship of the origin of Indonesian and
South Asian still maintain a specific combination of B>A.75

Proofs

of Prehistoric

archaeology, race

studies

and in

addition, antigens of blood types allow us to come to the conclusion that

Southeast Asian people have the same ancestors who were Hoabinhian =
Protoviets or Malaysian = Malayoviets (Bai-Yue). According to anthropologists,
Vallois and G Olivier, Indonesians or Malaysians, were primitive races having
natures of all 3 races such as black race, yellow race and white race without clear
splitting. This primitive race was formed at the time races were not formed
clearly, therefore it was easy to combine
clearly, therefore it was easy to combine

with other races

although they

have

their own

characters as well as their complexions changed due to their living environment.

On the other hand, the Malaysian race was Palaco-Mongoloid, therefore, it was
easily understandable that the Mongoloid elements more and more increase and
it was also primitive Malaysian.
75 Beckman

@Blood.com.

Nguyen

Dinh

Khoa.

Southeast Asian

anthropology. Publishing House of University and Vocational School.

H. 1983 p123. Pham Tran Anh: The origin of Viet clan published by Vietnam
Publishing House in 2007 on page 302.

HEMATOLOGY MATERIALS ALL OVER THE WORLD

The

differences

between

Chinese

and
and

Vietnamese

(Beckman@Blood.com). Sources by Dr. Nguyen Hy Vong.

Blood types

AB

Northern China

29

27

32

13
Southern China

46

23

25

Researches of hematology showed the hematology result of the origin of the

peoples as follows:

A
B

AB

Vietnam

42

22

30

5
The Philippines

45

22

27

6
Thailand

37

22

33

8
Myanmar

36

24

33

7
Malaysia
62

18

20

0
Japan

30

38

22

10
Northern China

29

27

32

13
Southern China

46

23

25

The result showed that:

- Although Chinese were

called Han clan,

there were
there were

differences in blood between Northern China and Southern China.

- Blood of Southern Chinese (Han clan) was the same with one of Vietnam and
blood of Filipino, Thai, Burmese, Malaysian, Japanese was the same with one of
Vietnamese and it was different from one of Northern China (Han clan).

THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE

(Beckman@Blood.com) by Dr. Nguyen Hy Vong.

Haplogroup O-M175

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedi

THE RESULT OF GENETIC CODE OF DNA ON THE ORIGIN OF
VIET PEOPLE

Cavalli-Sforza, a

geneticist, has

made

many

deep
deep

researches of general connection of races and the origin of the people. The result
of research of heredity connection of races made by Cavalli-Sforza and Lin
showed us the migration route of people from Africa to South Asia, then divided
into 2 different ways: some of them moved to East Asia and North America and
the rest moved to Oceania.

The phylogeny also suggested that it is more likely that “Ancestors of the
populations currently residing in East China entered from Southeast Asia”.
According

to

Chinese statistics, there are officially 56 different ethnic groups in China.

Among of them, Han Chinese are the most crowded (1.1 billion) and 100 million
of other ethnic groups, of whom more than a half of them live in Yunnan.

North Chinese and South Chinese have advantageous borders and it is usually
considered to be the area between Yellow river and Yangtze river. As we know
before, there were differences of heredity through blood groups and markers

of

protein with many

polymorphisms. North

Chinese are usually higher and their eyes are smaller whereas South Chinese are
close to peoples in Southeast Asia.

Dr. Chu and his colleagues used 4 groups of Han Chinese and 24 minority
groups. He also tested genetic samples

of

4 East

Asians, 2 American Indians, 1

aboriginal Australian, 1 New Guinean, 4 Caucasoids, and 3 Africans with the

same set of satellites such as control population. They summarized the difference
same set of satellites such as control population. They summarized the difference

of genes

through 2 phylogenetic trees. The main structure of the tree was like the previous
results which used the classic methods but not the method of DNA.

The root of the tree which was divided into genetic distance divided into 2
branches: African and not African and all peoples in East Asia became a cluster.
The closest heredity of group of East Asians is that of American Indians, next
aboriginal Australians and New Guineans.

These

results

matched with the

time

of

residing

in

Australia (from 60,000 to 50,000 thousand years ago) and in USA (from 30,000
to 15,000 years ago). Referring to another study, when carrying out a survey of
5,000 fossil teeth, the author determined “About 40,000 years ago, peoples from
East Asia crossed Middle Asia to enter Europe. At here they mixed with peoples
from Middle East and bore the ancestors of the Europeans”.

Genetic samples from South Chinese were classified into 3 small groups which
were called group S1, group S2

and group S3. These groups were different in quantity of ethnic minorities in
Yunnan and distribution of languages.

Especially, just one group spoke Han language in Henan province which
belonged to the small group S2. Samples of North Chinese were classified into 2
small groups N1
and N2 in this study. The group N1 comprised 6 samples of people who spoke
Altaic language. There was a sample of Han Chinese in North China and a
sample of Han Chinese from Yunnan. The group N2, including samples of 4
ethnic minorities (of which there was just one ethnic group in Ningxia

known from

the

originated from

Northeast

of

Asia. According

to the

unexpected

result

in

statistical

analysis

of

genetic

province

who spoke Chinese), was

ancient

age

in the
in the

history

that

it

distance, the group N2 was close on the genetic tree with the group S2 in the
south. Mr. Chu and his colleagues thought maybe the group N2 mixed with
peoples in the south.

Scientists of Institute Franco-Asiatique, Doctor Tran Dai Sy, Italian Professor

Tarentino and Varcilla Pascale, a French Professor of Natural History, applied
the system of DNA - the latest biological system - and gave us the most
persuasive results. Scientist studied their clothes, tombs, teeth and bones in
ancient graves of the ages to the 1st century, after that, they used system of DNA
to check skeletons and blood of 35 families in Southern China and Vietnam, then
compared it with other families in Northern China and came to the conclusion:

1.

Southern Chinese

from

the

South

of

Yangtze

River to Central Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand are

blood-relations and the same race.

2.

These inhabitants were completely different from

Han inhabitants in Northern China.76

In 1998, J.Y. Chu, a scientist, and his colleagues in The University of Texas
analyzed from 15 to 30 samples of micro satellites of DNA to test the heredity
differences of 24 groups of inhabitants in many different provinces in China
including 4 groups of inhabitants in Southeast Asia, 2 groups of American
Indians, one group of Australian aborigines

and

one

group

of

Papua

New

Guinea

aborigines, 4 groups

of Caucasians

and 3 groups

of

Africans. Scholar Chu and other 13 colleagues at the biggest universities and
institutes in China announced the successful work of genetics named “Genetic
Relationship of Population in China” made by Phylogenic Analysis published in
The magazine of US National Academy of Sciences in 1998 as follows:77
76 Presentation by Doctor

Tran Dai

Si, Director

of Franco-Asian
of Franco-Asian

Institute Paris on the occasion of starting a new academic year 1991

1992 at Franco-Asian Institute Paris.

1.

Two groups of inhabitants who had the most clearly differences were Africans
and other groups who didn‟t belong to Africans.

2. Ancestors of groups of South Asian inhabitants today have the origin from
people in Southeast Asia and Chinese in Northern China who have genetic
structure differences from Chinese in the South.

Scholar Chu and his group of researchers said that 50,000 years

ago, prehistoric

men

“Hoabinhian-Protoviets” migrated

Australia and islands in Southeast Asia. About 40,000

years ago, because it was less cold in the north, ancient Vietnamese moved to
China and about 30,000 years ago, they crossed the Bering land bridge
connecting Northeast Asia with Alaska to reside in the North of America.

in

Southeast

Asia

from

Vietnam

to

In 2001, professor Lam Ma Ly, a geneticist, published in Magazine of Sciences

the result of “Immune system of Human Leukocyte Antigen HLA of the 6th
the result of “Immune system of Human Leukocyte Antigen HLA of the 6th
chromosoms through blood of Hoklo people and Hakka people and samples

of

blood from

many

countries

combined in

international group of HLA in 1998” as follows “Hoklo people and Hakka

people were close to Vietnamese, Thai, and Mongoloid clans in South Asia.
Taiwanese belonged to

Min-Yueh

people

while

BaiYueh

people

were

completely different from Han (Chinese)clan”. Besides, researches of the origin

of the race were based on DNA, which were made M. Liu at Mackay Memorial
Hospital and sponsored by National Institute of Health in Taiwan.

It

proved

that

South

Chinese,
Chinese,

Vietnamese,

Thai,

Malaysian, Indonesian had DNA differences from Han clan in the North.78
77 J. Y. Chu “Genetic Relationship of Population in China. The Nation Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 95
Issue 20, 1763 - 1768, 29 Sep
1998. “Nevertheless, genetic evidence does not support an independence origin of HomoSapiens in China.
Chu, J. Ỵ et al Genetic relationship of populations in China, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 95,
11763 - 11768 (1998).

The result of scientific works determined Southeast Asia to stretch from valleys
of the Yellow river and Yangtze

river to valleys

of

the

Red river and

Nine

Dragons river and the delta plain of the Red river was the center and the origin
of Hoa Binh civilization of Southeast Asia inhabitants: Hoabinhian or Protoviets.
Comparing this basis of science with historical sources of ancient Chinese
bibliography, we have the right to affirm that Malaysian were

ancient

Vietnamese. Ancient

Chinese

historical books read States of BaiYueh who were called BaiYueh

community

(Malayo-Viets) by
(Malayo-Viets) by

J. Needham

appeared all over from Malaya plateau to plains in the valley of Yellow river,
Yangtze river and Nine Dragon river and Red river.
78 Li Yin, et al. Distribution of haplotypes from a chromosome 21

region distinguishes multiple prehistoric human migrations, Proc. of Natl. Acad.

Scị, USA, vol 96, pages 3796-3800 (1999).

Researches of Ocean showed that marine transgression made Hoa Binh

inhabitants remove to Malaya plateau, therefore, Hoabinhian people were
Protoviets, ancestors of Bai-Yue. Therefore, modern Vietnamese originated from

the

Red

river

valley

in

Northern

Vietnam

(Nanhailand) and Nine Dragon river valley (Sundaland) and belonged to

Hoabinhoid = Hoabinhian (Protoviets) => Malaysian => Malayo-Viets. Malayo-
Viets or BaiYueh and they had an average skull index of 81.13 and the type of
round skulls with its capacity of 1341.48

which were completely different from Han clan skull index of 76.51 and the type
of long skulls with its capacity of 1440.

The most persuasive and latest researches of the origin of South Asian
inhabitants by anthropologists clarified the historical truth that all South Asian
inhabitants had the same

origin. Scholar Douglas

origin. Scholar Douglas

C. Wallace

at

Emory

University, Atlanta and Georgia discovered a specially genetic mutation of the

Asian continent. It was 9 base pair deletion

between

COII

and

tRNALYS genes.

Anthropologist

Tréjaut

studied Taiwanese

aborigines,

Southeast

Asian people,

and Polynesian people

and

announced a truth which upset all judgments of this matter forever.79

1. Taiwanese aborigines resided over 15 thousand years.

79 Mitochondrial DNA

provides a link
provides a link

between

Polynesians

and

Indigeneous Taiwanese. Tréjaut, JA, KivisildT, Lo JH, et al PLoS Biol.

2005. (Dr. Nguyen De and Dr. Tran Thi Nhung: Mitochondrial DNA and the
origin of Vietnam, China and Maya. (Fine work of art spring of lunar buffalo
year, Association of Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists of Florida in 2009 on
page 51).

2. Taiwanese aborigines had 3 times of special mutation like Malaysian and

Polynesian people which Chinese in Northern China didn‟t have.

3. The factors mtDNA B existed in East and Southeast Eurasia, American

Indians and Polynesian people.

4.

Anthropologists

Melton

and

Redd

found

that

Polynesian people have a high rate of 9 base pair deletion between COII and
tRNALYS genes.

Magazine of Science Progress published the result that Southeast Asian

aborigines, Polynesian aborigines and American Indians had the same origin and
Lapita culture (1500-800TC) with uniquely

aesthetic
aesthetic

potteries.

Now

there is a dug-out canoe in the Polynesian Center of Culture in Hawaii. They

pierced hollows of trees to make boats to move, when coming to sea, they
combined 2 dugout canoes to keep balance on the sea.

In March 2007, the US National Academy of Sciences announced the research

of mtDNA of pigs and their teeth all over the Southeast Asia Continent and
islands by anthropologists at Durham University and The University of Oxford
in UK and they came to the conclusion that: “The new research of DNA of pigs
showed the history of migration all over Pacific Ocean regions and ancient
Vietnamese (BaiYueh) were the first inhabitants to reside in islands in Southeast
Asia, then moved to Papua New Guinea, Hawaii and French Polynesia. They
brought with them

techniques

of

dug-out

canoes.

Anthropologist

Ballinger and his colleagues did research of mtDNA of 7

ethnic

groups

in Southeast

Asia and came

to the
conclusion of Mongoloid in the South that Vietnam was the center of mtDNA
from which it was pervasive all over Pacific Ocean regions”.80

Haplogroup

O-M175

is

Ychromosome

DNA

haplogroup of Southeast Asian and East Asian lineage. It descends from

Haplogroup NO. Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of
Haplogroup NO-M21481 and first appeared according to different theories, either
in Southeast

Asia82 or East

Asia83 between 28,000

and

41,000 years before the present according to Scheinfeldt 2006 or between 23,000
and 32,000 years before the present according to Yan et al. 2013. Haplogroup O-
M175

is

one

of NO-M214's

two branches. The

other is

Haplogroup N, which is
Haplogroup N, which is

common throughout

North

Eurasia. This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most of populations in East Asia

and Southeast Asia.

9bp

deletion

beetween

the

COII/tRNALYS genes

“Mitochondrial DNA provides a link between Polynesians and indigenous

Taiwanese”. Mitochondrial DNA

(Deoxyribonucleic Acide) is DNA made of 4 orderly base agents for each

species by sequence of base pairs. There are 2 types of DNA:

DNA in nucleus and DNA in

cytoplasm in Mitochondria, the cell‟s power producers.

Haplotype is a combination of DNA sequences. Mutation is

change

of

base

pairs

of
DNA

sequences. Mild

mutations don‟t obstruct in cell growth and reproduction of base pairs. It helps
us know evolution of human beings and

other

living

beings.

This

mutation

allows

anthropologists to determine ancestors of some peoples in the world and their

migration over 10 thousand years in the prehistoric age.
. Dr. Nguyen De and Dr. Tran Thi Nhung: Mitochondrial DNA and the origin of Vietnam, China and Maya.
(Fine work of art spring of lunar buffalo year, Association of Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists of
Florida in 2009 on page 53).
81 In

human

genetics, Haplogroup

NO (M214)

is

human

Ychromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the

greater Haplogroup MNOPS (also known as K(xLT)) and a phylogenetic sibling
of Haplogroup M, Haplogroup P, and Haplogroup S. Haplogroup N and
Haplogroup O originated in North East Asia, together they are overwhelmingly
dominant in most populations of North and East Eurasia.
82 Rootsi 2006, TMC , Shi 2005, and Bradshaw.
83 ISOGG 2012.

Theoretically,

every

person

has

copy

of

Mitochondrial which is the same as their ancestors‟ but in fact it is not like that
because of wrong reproduction of DNA sequences. Peoples in each continent
have their own Haplotypes such as Caucasoids in Europe have H, I, J, K, M, T,
U, V, W and X, Africans have L, L1, L2 and L3, Asians and Americans-Indian
have the same Haplotypes of A, B, C and D.

Research of mitochondrial DNA which was done by anthropologists coming

from USA, UK, Europe, China, Thailand,

Indonesia

and

other

countries

in the

world
showed us the following results:

1.

VIETNAM:
- Haplogroups comprise A, B, C, and D.

- 9 base pair deletion between COII/tRNALYS genes which were called “Asian
special mutation=“9bp deletion between COII tRNA LYSgenes”, bp=base pair).

2.

CHINESE (Northern Chinese):

- Haplogroups: A, C, D, G, M 8aY and Z. (Northern Chinese has the rate of 55%

and Southern Chinese just has the rate of 36%).
- There was not an Asian special mutation.

3.

SOUTHERN NATIVES:
- Haplogroups: B, F, R 9a, N 9a (Southern Natives has the rate of 55%).

With a population of more than 16 million, Zhuang is China‟s largest minority

population, with 94% of its population living in the Guangxi autono-mous
region. The Zhuang

language

belongs

to the

Kam-Tai

linguistic

family, the Tai-Kadai sublinguistic family, and the TaiSek branch, which can be
sub-classified into Southern and Northern dialects bounded by Yongjiang River
for details on the distribution of the Zhuang branches. It should be noted that
the

Bouyei

ethnic

group in the

Guizhou

Province

actually

belongs

to the

same

population as

Zhuang, as shown by their language and culture, and the so-called Shui Hu in the
Yunnan Province, which is completely different from Shui people in Guizhou, is
in fact Bouyei. Therefore, all of these ethnic groups are considered Zhuang

academi-cally. Unfortunately, the

Zhuang population does not have its own written script and

has

to

use

Han

characters

to
record

events

historically, and these records might be incomplete. On the basis of the few
available historical records, Zhuang can be traced back to the „Luo-Yueh‟ and
„Xi‟Ou‟ groups, 2000 years ago.

Zhuang, the

largest

ethnic

minority

population in

China, is one of the descendant groups of the ancient BaiYue. Linguistically,

Zhuang languages are grouped into northern and southern dialects. To
characterize its genetic structure, 13 East Asian-specific Ychromosome biallelic
markers and 7 Ychromosome short tandem repeat (STR) markers were used to
infer the haplogroups of Zhuang populations. Our results showed that O, O2a,
and O1 are the

predominant

haplogroups

in Zhuang. Frequency

distribution and principal component analysis showed that Zhuang was closely
related to groups of BaiYueh origin and therefore was likely to be the
descendant of BaiYueh.

Ychromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations 1061

the East Asian population. By clearly tracing the paternal migration route in East
Asia and the Pacific Region, Su et al. found that the SouthAsian group had more
Y-haplogroups compared with the North-Asian group, indicating

that
that

the

East

Asians

originated from the south.84

4.

THAI:
- Haplogroups: B
- 9 base pair deletion between COII/tRNALYS genes.
84 On the basis of the data of Su et al., Li et al. (CHEN Jing et al.: Ychromosome Genotyping and Genetic
Structure of Zhuang遗 传学报

Acta Genetica Sinica, December 2006, 33 (12)：1060–1072 ISSN

0379-4172).

5.

SOUTHERN NATIVES including BURMESE

and HMONG-MIEN:
- Haplogroups: B, F, M7 and R.
- 9 base pair deletion between COII/tRNALYS genes.
6.

POLYNESIANS:
- Haplogroups: B (90%).
- 9 base pair deletion between COII/tRNALYS genes.
7.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN PEOPLE:

- Halogroups: B
- 9 base pair deletion between COII/tRNALYS genes.

8.
8.

MAYA ABORIGINE in Central America and South America

and PIMA

PEOPLE

in North

America:

- Haplogroups: A, B, C and D.
- 9 base pair deletion between COII/tRNALYS genes.85

Anne C. Stone and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists, did research of mtDNA of

Oneta primitive men, then compared with mtDNA of the aborigines of America
before

Christopher

Columbus

discovered

the

new

continent and they found that the American Indians of today have

4 Haplogroups such as A, B, C and D.

Especially, American Indians does not have 9 base pair between COII/tRNALYS
genes.86
85 Founding Amerindian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages I ancient Maya From Xcaret, Quintana Ro o,
Angelica Gonzales - Oliver, Lourdes Marqueze - Morfin, Jose c. Jimenez, and Alfonso Torres - Blanco,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 116 - 230 - 235 (2001) published by Los Angeles Times and
Orlando Sentinel newspaper.

and
and

his

colleagues

Ballinger

Southeast

determined the

migration route

of

Baiyue

people

to

Southeast Asia, then to America.87 Therefore, Hoabinhian people

had

to

remove

themselves

when

marine

transgression occurred and marine transgression occurred 3 times 14 thousand

years ago, 11,500 years and 8,000

years in 2 groups. One group moved in the direction of Northeast through the
Bering land bridge into America because of marine transgression before 14
thousand years ago, they then become North American Indians. The other group
moved in the direction of the south to Mallacca Peninsula
moved in the direction of the south to Mallacca Peninsula

(Malaysia), then crossed the

seas to desert

islands named later Indonesia, The Philippines, Hawaii, Polynesia, New

Zealand, then moved to California,

Central America and South America.

Anthropologist

S.W.

analyzed

mtDNA

of

Asian people

and American Indians

and
87 S.W. Ballinger and his colleagues: Southeast Asian mitochondrial DNA

Analysis

reveals

genetic continuity

of

ancient Mongoloid

migration. Genetic in 1992 no. 130 pages139-145.

 THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN WORLD,
KEITH BUCHANAN, NW 1967 p 45.

OCEANOGRAPHY
AND THE ORIGIN OF THE VIET PEOPLE

The

recent

research

of

oceanography

by
by

Stephen

Oppenheimer Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia

clarified many questions of the origin of Viet

clan

from

time

immemorial.

Department

of

oceanography showed that within 2 million years from now, 20 times of glacials
and interglacials occurred on earth, which meant

sea

levels

rose

and went

down.

Eighteen thousand years ago, sea levels went down about 100 meters, therefore,
North Viet delta which stretched to the East of Hainan Island created immense
ecological environment for Hoa Binh people.

According to scholar Stephen Oppenheimer, marine science

recorded 3

times
of

the

most

recent

marine

transgression occurred 14 thousand years ago, 11,500

years

and 8,000 years. When marine

transgression

occurred, some Hoabinhian people had to remove to caves in Hoa Binh

Mountains, and the rest of them removed in the direction of Northwest to
Yunnan, then to Malaya Plateau. When sea level gradually went down,
Hoabinhian gradually removed from Malaya Plateau to the south. The most
recent marine transgression occurred 8,000 years ago,

which

submerged

the

ancient

Southeast

Asia

Civilization.88

Southeast Asia continent in the ancient age comprised 2

continents: Sundaland continent comprising Nine Dragon valley stretching to

Indonesia and Nanhailand continent comprising Red River valley stretching to
Indonesia and Nanhailand continent comprising Red River valley stretching to
Hainan Island today. Tonkin gulf and gulf of Thailand today were 2 low plains.
Southeast Asia monsoon has all good conditions for all beings to grow but
because stratum structure lies between interface

areas

of

Indian Ocean

and

Pacific

Ocean, earthquakes and tsunamis

frequently occurred.

Therefore, when sea level rises high, it brings about disasters

seriously

Southeast Asian people.

such as

earthquakes

and tsunamis, which

affects

the

living

environment

of

ancient
ancient
88 Stephen Oppenheimer: Eden in the East, The Drowned Continents of Southeast Asia, Phoenix, London
1998.

Researchers

recorded

that

previously

sea

levels

suddenly rose to the highest level of 130 meters, which terrified human beings.
The phenomenon of high sea level was recorded in Bible of The Deluge in the
old days and the legend of Son Tinh (the God of the Mountain) and Thuy

Tinh (the

God of

Vietnamese

legendary

Oppenheimer wrote in his famous book “Eden in the East: The Drowned
Continent of Southeast Asia” in 1998 that there was a small continent named
Sundaland in Southeast Asia. Sundaland was the origin of ancient civilization
with the

language

of

South

Island.

Scholar
Scholar

Stephen

Oppenheimer also proved that ancient people came to Southeast Asia, then
moved to the north and unified with Altaic people. Stephen Oppenheimer and
his colleagues studied mtDNA of local inhabitants and came to the conclusion
that about 11,500 years ago, high sea level caused the terrifying deluge which
made inhabitants in ancient

areas

of

Indochina

disperse

to

surrounding

highlands, they even came to highlands in Taiwan.

the

Sea) in a treasure

of

stories.

Scholar

Stephen

Departments

of

Oceanography

and
and

Archaeology

proved

that

because

of

the

most

recent

marine

transgression 8,000 years ago, ancient Hoabinhian people moved to highlands in

Hoa Binh, Bac Son and moved in the

direction northwest.

When sea

levels

rose

high,

inhabitants everywhere flocked to highlands, therefore, there were a lot of

discoveries for adapting to the life and Hoa Binh culture, an ancient culture and
the quintessence of

human beings, was

formed. High sea

level
level

made

ProtoViets people (Hoabinhian) in valleys of 2 big rivers: Red river and Nine
Dragon river-migrate in the direction of

northwest

to

the

plateau between the

Himalaya

Mountains and Kunlun Mountains. Another group moved in the direction of

northwest to Qin mountains to reside in highlands of Fujian, Zhejiang, Shandong
in China today.

They

brought

with them

characteristics

of

Hoa

Binh

culture to new locations in the plateau between the highest Himalaya Mountains
and the oldest Kunlun Mountains in the Northwest and Thai Son mountains in
Shandong.

From 1937, researcher Heine Geldern found many direct relations between
inhabitants in Marquesas Islands and Southeast Asia about 660 BC. Geldern
thought that Viet people in Southern China maybe traveled by sea to New
Zealand about the 3rd century BC because Maori people
Zealand about the 3rd century BC because Maori people

and

Southern

Chinese,

who

were

ancient

Vietnamese residing in Southern China, had the same arts.

Researchers Robert Heine Geldern affirmed there were a lot of cultural relations
between America and the coast of the Orient which were affected clearly by
Dong Son culture in Vietnam.

William

Meacham

judged that

ancient

Vietnamese

resided in water and coastal areas, therefore, they were good at rowing boats.
Archaeologists also found many tools for fishing such as fishing lines, fishing
nets, dug-out canoes. Especially, when sea levels went down but were still
higher than before, sea was formed, which made groups of inhabitants reside in
Taiwan islands which were separated from the mainland and coastal areas of
China and Hainan from Northern Vietnam, and The Philippines, Malaysia from
Indonesia, Pâques. It was necessary for them to communicate. Therefore, they
invented sails and rudders to go out to sea and avoid being washed aside into the
sea. To find direction, ancient Vietnamese invented the compass as well as the
earliest marine engineering which researchers called sea civilization of Yueh -
ancient Vietnamese.
After analyzing geographical changes of East Sea, Scholar Carl

Sauer came

to the

conclusion: “with 2

annual monsoons, East Sea made it easy for development of agriculture, fishery,
and shipping. Therefore, fishing and marine techniques contributed an
important part to the process of ancient Southeast Asia civilization”.89

French Linguist Paul Rivet did a thorough research and came to the conclusion
“From Southeast Asia. There was a language

which was

spread to Japan, Tasmania,

Mediterranean Sea area, Africa and America”. Researchers Charles F. Keyes

thought that Vietnam was a place for originating Hoa Binh civilization spreading
all over Southeast Asia: “Prehistoric culture of Southeast Asia was divided into
many stages named by place names in Vietnam such as Hoa Binh, Bac Son,
Dong Son. The Bronze Age existed from 3,000 to 2,500 years BC in Southeast
Asia, which meant it was sooner than in China and India. The principal symbol
of this civilization was bronze drums found in distance areas such as Sulawesi in
Indonesia. These bronze drums were founded in Dong Son narrow areas

in Vietnam, from

there,

drums

were

distributed all over Southeast Asian by sea”.

89 C, O. Sauer: Agricultural Origin and Dispersals, 1952 New York.

American Geographical Society.

American Geographical Society.

Researcher Chester Norman judged that civilization was

formed

during

the

time

continental shelves of Sundaland and Nanhailand were flooded. Thousands of

years ago, Hoa Binh inhabitants in the primitive age just lived on what they
hunted and gathered, then gradually cultivated dry fields in valleys.

When sea levels rose high, inhabitants more and more gathered in highlands,
lack of

food

made

Hoa

Binh

inhabitants produce important inventions which brought into

the

world

plants

the

produced

seeds,

and
domesticated grains which were suitable for cultivating and

tilling

in

the

field.

This

was

an

important

breakthrough of the most ancient Hoa Binh civilization of human beings.

According to scholar Wilheim G. Soheim: “About 5,000 years ago, when sea
level gradually went down, it divided inhabitants in the mainland from those in
islands, Southeast Asia people took risks to go out to sea to contact inhabitants
in the islands. Windstorm and sea current of East Sea swept away some people
to Japan, other

groups

were

swept

away

to the

Phillippines,

Indonesia and Melanesia. Since

then, they

brought
brought

characteristics of Hoa Binh culture to offshore islands in the Pacific Ocean and
Madagascar. In the ancient time, East Sea in Southeast Asia was the origin of a
marine route to communicate with coastal areas in Asia, Europe, Africa,
Oceania and America. Southeast Asia has the role for spreading out to
everywhere like the spokes of a hub of a wheel. That‟s why many peoples in the
world are very

Hoa Binh

when the

similar in living and social culture” .90 Especially, Scholar Joseph Needham
came to the conclusion that: “After marine

transgression,

Hoabinhian-Protoviets

people

brought

with them

25

cultural
important

inventions

such

as
characteristics

and

planting
wet

rice,

astronomy, maritime techniques, building cities in new location in Trung

Nguyen, China and other locations to build ancient civilizations in the world
such as Middle East, India and China such as making bark clothes, tattoo
customs, setting a forest

on fire

to

till

the

fields,

techniques

of

tilling

the

fields, techniques

of

digging

ditches to irrigate the fields, techniques of domesticating buffaloes to draw

ploughs, civilization of planting wet rice, characteristics

of

a village

house
to gather,

techniques of planting bamboos and using bamboo tools, specific

characteristics

of

tamed dogs, techniques

of

making lacquer paintings, sea and river culture, technique of

long shipbuilding, boat

race

customs

in festivals,

legend of dragon, dragon worship, ancestral worship customs, customs of killing

pigs for ceremonial offerings, customs of praying for a son to maintain the
continuity of a family line, Spring and Autumn festivals for marriage, customs

of

making mountains

sacred, bronze

drum

civilization, techniques of founding iron, techniques of shooting arrows,

techniques of manufacturing weapons and poisoned arrows”.91
90 W.

G.

Solheim
Solheim

II: New

Light on

a forgotten

Past,

National

Geographic Vol. 139, No. 3, 1971. Reflection on the new data of Southeast Asia
prehistory: Autronesian origins and consequence. A. P.

18: 146 - 160. 1979a: New data on late Southeast Asia prehistory and their
interpretation, JHKAS 8:73 - 87. Wilhelm G. Solheim H. Ph. D, published by
National Geographic magazine Vol. 139 n. 3 March 1971, in the title of “New
light on Forgotten Past”.

Great scientific breakthroughs of the dating method by C14 has helped

archaeologist to determine the date of ancient

relics, which has

helped learn us

about

the

civilization of a nation as well as evolutionary processes of a race. Research

works of scholars such as W.G.

Solheim, Joseph Needham, and Stephen Oppenheimer, and

especially

Genetics

and
Modern

Biological

Technology have helped to discover genome of humans, from that we can trace
the origin of fatal diseases such as cancer, innate diseases and especially the
origin of a nation as well as migration routes of humans.
91 J. Needham: Science and civilization in China, Introduction. History of Science thought, Cambridge,
England 1956.

Hung King Temple in Pleiku

CHAPTER VI
THE ANCIENT VIETNAMESE
Ancient Vietnamese “Toraja”
live in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT VIETNAMESE
TOTEM OF VIET CLAN

In the primitive period, all clans chose a sacred object to be their symbol called
totem. According to J.K Lung, totem was transcribed phonetically from Toten
that meant the family in the Ojibwa language of native Americans. The concept
of totem

led

to the

other concept

that

there

was a

special

consanguinity between totem and the clan by a supernatural belief. It was an

animal representing clan to differentiate clans and sometimes some tribes
considered it as a deity to worship, therefore, Lung was wrong to think that it
was a religion or a religion of totem.

With their belief in the state of neglect, primitive men often likened men to
animals or plants in festivals by animal clothing. In the ancient Chinese
bibliography, book of heroes of former ages recorded that “The family of
Emperor used cloud to mark the family of Shennong used fire. The family of
Cong Cong used water, the family of ThaiHao used dragon, and the family of
ShaoHao used bird”.

What was called Totem of the fairy and the dragon, in fact, was just a symbol of
Luo-Yueh clan and Ou-Yueh clan descendants

of
Shennong. The

ancient

bibliography

read

Shennong used characteristics of fire for the king. The south was hot, therefore,
it belonged to fire, and Viet clan was also called Shennong (Viem) clan. The
image of Shennong with human head and buffalo body showed that Viet clan
was agricultural and it had buffaloes connecting closely with the field. Viet clan
first planted wet rice in the world; therefore, ancient Vietnamese people
worshiped the God of the Earth or the God of the harvest or Shennong, the
forefather of Viet clan.

The

totem

of

Bird

of

Ou-Yueh

clan implied

that

inhabitants lived in the mountaineous highlands and thick forests. Because of

living in the forest, they had to live in houses on stilts to avoid dangerous
animals. In addition, Viet clan was

descendant

of Shennong and inherited the

knowledge of the transformed Yin and Yang theory. For this reason, if checked
by application of five basic elements, totem of the south was Bird and totem of
the east was Dragon. In fact, ancient

Vietnamese

people

chose

the

fairy

and

the

dragon as their totems. Ancient bibliography affirmed by Han clan that Viet clan
used to live in trees. In fact, ancient Vietnamese people lived in houses on stilts
which were away from the ground a few meters. The nearer the houses on stilts
were to the forest, the higher they were. If living in the middle of the forest, they
cut upper branches to make the house on stilts with roof on the tree to avoid
dangerous animals.

Although the Vietnamese clan‟s totem being anim ated of

bird, a form to express clearly the origin of their residence, they chose Tat
Phuong bird and Chuong Duong bird (fire birds) that were considered the God of
fire in the south. On the bronze drums, the carving of water-bird aroused in us a
concept that agriculturalists of Viet clan lived in rivers or lakes.92

According to ornithologists, water-birds lived in Southeast Asia. This

reality

matches

the

location
location

of

MalayoViets

people or Baiyue people. Ancient bibliographies affirmed that ancient

Vietnamese people in Chu State chose the totem of Hong Hoc bird. Hong Hoc
birds are a species of water-bird close to storks and cranes. Hong bird or Luo
bird flew high, therefore, they acknowledged to be the race of „Lac Hong‟,
which means that they were a clan having a high desire for progress like Lac
bird and Hong bird which flew higher than other birds.93
92 According to philosopher Kim Dinh, the totem of water bird of Viet clan could fly up to the sky and fly
down to the water, which showed the Ying and Yang principles of Viet clan.

According to Dao Tu Khai, upon studying designs on bronze drums, it was

proved that totem of ancestors of Dong Son people was Hong bird, until the
period of Dong Son.

Researcher Doan Nam Sinh said that on Cuu Cao drums found in Van Giang and
Hai Hung other researchers also recognized 4 different kinds of Hong birds
including 2 species of birds with a bared neck and a pointed beak like milky
storks in the Red river Delta and 2 species of birds with a gonfalon which was a
pinch of its feather from its top of head to the back of its neck as a flag. Carving
of Hong birds like Flamingoes was found on Mieu Mon drum I and Ha Noi
drum I. The number of Hong birds with a bared neck made up a high rate on
drums of Hich, Lang Vac, Dac Giao, Truong Giang, Lang Vac IV, Dong Son IV,
Giao Tat, Lang Gop, Ha Noi III, Xuan Lap II, Phuong Tu, Vu Bi, Ban Thom,
Pha Long, etc. and the rest was almost Hong birds with a long beak and a
gonfalon.94
93 The ancient book recorded Tuy Duong Viet Tri „pheasants‟ were peacocks of Viet. They flew to the
sun, which gave us a suggestion that ancient Vietnamese people removed to the East, in the direction of the
sun. Lac Dich Tap Ky Ta Duc „legendary phoenixes‟ were about the Peacocks (Pheasants) of Viet clan.
When flying, they usually curled their left wing expressing Viet clan of character of fastening with buttons
by the left hand. According to historian Dao Duy Anh, Lac birds were migratory birds. They lived in flocks
on water and ate fish and shrimps. Migratory birds belonged to wild ducks and were bigger than geese. Its
feather on wings was long and the bird made the long sound of hark! hark!. They usually migrated
southward in the cold season to find warmth of the sun and returned when the weather in the north was
warm.
While Ou-Yueh clan occupied 18 mountainous provinces and chose Bird as their
totem, Luo-Yueh clan of Bai-Yue community

chose Dragon as their totem. The location of Luo-Yueh clan comprised 12

provinces in the China plain bordering East Sea which Western scholars called
the coastal Malaysian area. Dragon was a visualization of a serpent like monster
in the

basin of

the

Yangtze

river. The

original

meaning of 2 words ZiaoZhi was the region where there were a lot of
monsterlike serpents in the basin of the Yangtze river, not 2 crossed big toes as
explained wrongly before. Long meaning dragon denoted beasts such as
dinosaurs, lightening dragons, monsterlike serpents. Monsterlike serpents were a
species of amphibian reptile and its body was huge, almost all the time they
lived in water. Muong people called it Prudong or Tu-Luong, later Prudong was
spoken with accent into Rong (dragon) and Tu Luong was spoken with accent
into Thuong Luong (monsterlike serpents). They were huge and their fangs were
long and pointed. Generally, they were called serpentine by folk people,
therefore, children have had the game named Follow-my-leader.
94 According to materials of a survey of researchers in Blanford, France in 1929, there was a map of
distribution and migration of Hong birds throughout the South of China and Northern Vietnam. Researcher
Doan Nam Sinh said that according to the part of Animals of Vietnamese Red list published in Ha Noi in
2000, until now, Flamingoes have scientific names of Grus Antigone sharpie or Sarus crane still living in
Tam Nong Indigo forest. They flew to search for food throughout Mo Xo Ha Tien, Nui May, Kien Luong
and other places in The Mekong River Delta. Sometimes, they take a rest in Tan Hung, Long An, or Can
Gio bird yard.

On Mieu Mon drums, there was a carving of an animal with legs, 4 toenails, a
horn, a mane and a tail like a rudder.

Serpent monsterlike was a reptile with a big tail and a long and flexible neck like
dinosaurs. Designs on Hoa Binh drums were a beast with a crocodile mouth, a
monsterlike serpent‟s body, a beaver tail, 2 stripes with big scales along its
body.

Images of dragons on boats which were carved on bronze drums showed that
totem of ancient Vietnamese people was a dragon.

According

to researchers, monsterlike

serpents

were

species of huge crocodiles named Alligater who lived in the Yangtze river for a
long time and were extinct in the 9th century. Dragons of agriculturalists were
peaceable and they originated from Southeast Asia and penetrated to the farther
region in Europe. They were a variant of ferocious crocodiles but dragon-headed
lions in Europe. The word „Rong‟ (dragon) and „Long‟ (dragon) originated
from the word „Krong‟. In language of Southeast Asia, Krong Klong also meant
rivers.

According to historian Dao Duy Anh, about 5 thousand years BC, in the
Neolithic Age, Jiaozhi people formed the primitive society in the basin of
Yangtze river. Approximately 15

Jiaozhi tribes resided together from the delta of Yellow river and Yangtze river
to Vietnam. These tribes were called BaiYue people who reached to the Age of
Bronze, and their society was stable. The state of Xich Quy and the state of Van
Lang were formed.

Chinese archaeologists had just found a 3,700 year olds the most antique dragon-
shaped totem made of more 2,000 pieces of turquoise. It was excavated from the
grave of a mandarin in the court in Erlitou relic area in Yanshi City, Henan
province.

The statue made of turquoise was found between shoulder and hipbone of the
owner of the grave. Yanshi was the capital city of the Xia Dynasty of Viet clan
owner of the grave. Yanshi was the capital city of the Xia Dynasty of Viet clan
(2,100 - 1,766 BC). Images of dragons were also found in other regions such as
on potteries and a bronze slab in Erlitou. Some dragons looked like snakes but
others looked like dragons today with bird claws and fin.

This archaelogical relics proved that the Xia dynasty belonged to Viet clan and
their totem was dragon.95 Therefore, the status of dragon in Erlitou was the
lineal origin of the totem of dragon of Viet clan. The historical truth proved Xia
dynasty of Viet clan and just Viet clan had the totem of dragon. In the Han
dynasty, Liu Bang came from the region of Huai river and was

affected by

Viet

civilization, therefore, they

considered dragon as the totem and also worshiped Xi Vuu or a leader of “The
Tree Hmong-Mien” of BaiYueh.

The

Book of

Tang

by

Tu Ma

Trinh was

about

the

differences between Han clan and Viet clan as follows: “Viet clan was

different

from
Han clan or

other

clans

by

characteristics such as haircut, tattooed arms, painted body, squatting, telling

fortunes by chicken legs, using boats and planting rice well, etc”. The Classic of
Rites by Khong Dinh Dat in the Tang Dynasty read the word Jiaozhi as a special
aspect

of

Man people

as

follows: “Jiaozhi meant „Man people‟ (Yi-Yueh), when lying, they turned their
head outside and their legs inside and crossed their legs”. The book of „Sui
Book-Geography‟ read that “People of the family name of Ly were upright,
reliable, brave and self-reliant. They farmed industriously, made securities by
wood-engraving, and kept their promises until death. These were Vietnamese‟s
normal characters”.
95 Du Jinpeng, a researcher at Chinese Archaeological Institute, said that “the totem of dragon has 70.2 cm
in length and it looks like a python. It was made of over 2,000 pieces of turquoise of 0.1 cm in thickness
and 0.2-0.9 cm in length. It was a skillful carving of dragon, therefore, at that stage, the value of history,
arts and science was deep.

Just the dragon found in Erlitou had a direct connection with Xia Dynasty.

Scientific researches were proved by Prehistory, Ethnology, Race studies,

Linguistics and Culture studies that there was the common culture of inhabitants
residing from the delta of Yellow river and Yangtze river to Southeast Asia
which was the cradle of residence of BaiYueh community (MalayoViets)
including Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hainan, Indochina, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos,
Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, The

Philippines,
Hawaii,

Melanesian

Islands

and

connected closely

with

living environment

of

plants

and

animals such as betel and areca, strawberry trees, pigs, chickens, peacocks, and
technical and physical living such as bronze drums, Noria, paper kites, cock-
fighting, blow-pipe, spinning wheels, grinning cotton by double axis. They had
the same

customs

such

as

tattooing,

chewing

betel

leaves,

blackening the teeth, filing the teeth, water festivals, and the important role of
bronze drums and gongs in folk festivals.
Researchers called that area bronze drum culture of Bai-Yue community from
South China including Taiwan, Hainan to Indochina concluding Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand to Malacca Peninsula, Malaysia, Indonesia, The
Philippines, Hawaii, Guinea, Micronesian Islands, Melanesian Islands and
Paques”.

Guinea,

Micronesian

Islands,

Paques: “Cultural characters

Some scholars listed cultural characters of groups of Viet clan as follows:96
1. The customs of haircut and tattoo.

2. Building stilt houses.

96 Yu Tianji, Qin Shengmin, Lan Riyong, Liang Xuda and Qin Cailan (eds.) Gu Nan Yue Guo Shi., [The
History of the State of Ancient Yue.]

Nanning: Guangxi Renmin Chubanshe, 1988., pages 179-188.- Chen Guoqiang,

Wu Nianji, Jiang Bingzhao and Qin Tucheng, Bai Yue Minzu Shi, [The History
of the Bai Yue People.] Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1988,
pages 41-61.

3. Typical clothes were short pans or kilts and turbans.

4. The meals had a lot of shell-fish and frogs.
5. The customs of extracting teeth, usually eyeteeth or upper front teeth.
6. The customs that the father took part in deliveries, then took care of the baby
in order that the mother worked in the fields.
7. Molding and using bronze drums in rites.
8. Telling

fortunes

by

bones.
9.
Worshiping

totems,

toads/frogs.
10. The customs of burying on cliff.
11. Using many boats and attaining perfection in naval battles.
12. Making potteries in geometric forms.
13. High techniques of weaving.
bird bones, especially

chicken

especially

bird,

reptiles

and

Historian Jeffrey

Barlow

Chinese

scholars

about

nine

culture. Scholar Yu Tianjin and his colleagues including: led scholars‟ judgment
of

characteristics

of

Bai-Yue
1. The custom of short hair cutting and tattooing.
2. Techniques of making house on stilts.
3. The custom of wearing shorts, short skirts and scarves.
4. Using oysters and other hermaphrodite animals both on land and in water as
the main food.
5. Blackening the teeth.
6. The custom of men participated in the birth process and took care of infants,
so women had a bowel movement soon.
7. Casting

bronze

drums

and using

drums

in festival

occasions.
8. The custom of telling fortune by bones; especially chicken bones (chicken
feet).
9. Totemic

beliefs, especially

for birds

and snakes.

Professor Chen Gouqiang and his researching team said that beside the above
nine characteristics of Bai-Yue, there were still four cultural characteristics
including: 1. The custom of burying according to one's knees clasping posture.
2. Specializing in using boats and very good at sea battles.
3. Making

ceramics

according
to geometrical

shape.
4. High techniques of knitting textile fabrics (silk).

Among of them, ancient Vietnamese had cultural characters which were

considered special characters of Viet clan as follows:

1.

THE DUG-OUT CANOE

Viet clan were agriculturalists who had the first wet rice civilization of
humankind. Almost all ancient Viet people lived on rivers, especially branches
of Viet clan residing on coastlines

such

as

Min

Yue, therefore

they

mastered in

techniques of shipbuilding, sailing and naval battles. Viet Books

read: “Viet people lived on mountains as if on waterways, used boats and

paddles like vehicles and horses, moved as quickly as wind, fought without fear
of death, it was Viet people‟s characters”. From the ancient age, Viet people
pierced hollows of trees to make dug-out canoes to move in thick forests and
brooks. Burmese archaeologist Aung Thaw thought that Southeast Asians used
dug-out canoes 7 thousand years. One thousand years later, they combined 2
dug-out canoes to keep balance in order that the dug-out canoes couldn‟t turned
over and sank when they got over big waves of the open sea. Boats met
windstorms and drifted in the direction of the north to Japan and brought many
types of secondary farm produce such as cassava (manioc) which have been
planted in Japan. According to Aung Thaw, over 5

thousand years ago, ancient Viet people crossed the sea to The Philippines

and

Indonesia. They

brought

techniques

of

drawing geometry including spirals, triangles, quadrilaterals in the strips of

borders carved on wooden products, tattoo, weaving by bark and bronze drums
in the period of Dong Son to Indonesia.97

According to historian Shi Shi, Viet people of U Viet State (Yu Yueh) had the
first civilization of sea in the world. Seven thousand years ago, they had big
fleets and controlled an immense area from Northeast Asia to Southeast and
South Asia. With their nautical and astronomical experience, ancient Viet people
crossed the Pacific Ocean and New World and became Ameriviets (American
Indians).

2.

VILLAGE HOUSE

Cultural

characteristics

of

Hoabinhian

people

(MalayoViets people) were recorded in cultural and social living through the
structure of sweeping roofs of Village House. The roofs of MalayoViets people
were sweeping roofs 2,000-year fossil residential buildings were excavated in
Dong Son and recovered by V. Goloubev, the roof lengthened to the floor, the
door had to be built in the gable. Especially, boats of MalayoViets people were
like sweeping roofs which we can see it in boats which Malaysians and
Indonesians are still using. This image of a boat with curved prow like a
sweeping roof was also engraved on Dao Thinh bronze jars. The unique and
specific image of the village house with sweeping roof decorated by images of
birds or buffalo‟s horns looked like communal

houses

of

highland people

in the

Vietnamese

Highlands. Communal house was also called Guol House with high curved thick
cottage roof. Village houses in highlands in Northern Vietnam

were similar with them. Archaeologist Goloubev found a fossil house with the
date C14 of about 2,000 years in Dong Son. Based on patterns of the surface of
the

drums, Goloubev

restored unrotten materials

which

showed that 2 roofs lengthened to the bamboo floor, therefore, they make a hole
in a door in the center. It was called communal house or village house in order
that people in the village could gather for meeting, sacrifices and festivities.
97 Phylogeographic Differentiation

of

Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA

in

Han

Chinese. Mitochondrial DNA and the origin of Vietnam, China and Maya by
Doctor Nguyen De and Doctor Tran Thi Nhung in Fine work of

art of

The Spring

of

Lunar

Buffalo

Year

of

Association

of

Vietnamese Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists of Florida on page 41.

Especially, the

house

was

250 meters

in length and

comprised 50 rooms of Pakoh people. In the center of the house, there was a
room called „Moong‟ which was the place of worship, receiving visitors, and
meeting. The rest of the house was divided into small rooms for each family.
Families gathered in one place, which made their relationship closer to cope with
famine, diseases, dangerous animals and natural calamity. According to scholar
O. Jansé, head of Dong Son antique excavating team of The French School of
The Far East in Ha Noi, many types of houses and sepulchers of highland people
in central highlands were the same as images of stilt houses engraved on the
surface of the bronze drums.

Inside the stilt house, there were not any piles like communal houses today and
its floor was the space of living. It is easy to realize that the stairs is a little
sloping and when everybody goes up or down, their face is in the direction of the
length of the house. The stairs were inside the stilt house, not outside under the
lean-to. Outside the stairs, there was a strip of convex dots showing the cutting
plane of the drying ground which was suitable for the type of house being
flooded on a seasonal basis. Drying ground connecting with the floor still has

existed in many

places. Besides

stilt

houses

with

sweeping roof, there were stilt houses with arched roof, piles and horizontal
girders to support the roof and the floor. The stilt house with arched roof was
usually used for storing rice and farm produce to prevent them from being wet
by rain and wind. According to „Tam Tai Do Hoi‟ by Le Quy Don, round
granaries were called Heap. It was plastered inside by mud and covered above
by bamboo wattles, therefore, it was called open-cast Heap which was round
granary.98

Scholar L. Bézacier came to the conclusion that: “Houses

with beams seen in Vietnam today were relics of Luo Yueh (Lacviet) because
when a nation was dominated and enslave in culture,

they

tried
tried

to cling to some

things

such as

architecture. Viet people clung to architecture of communal house because it

was a sacred place which reminded them the origin of Luo Yueh (Lac Viet)”.
Over time, village house gradually became a communal temple with rows of big
black shiny ironwood piles and Yin and Yan tiled roof which was a little curved
and shaped into the curved beginning of knife in the middle of architecture of
ancient Viet people. The top and roof of the house of Chinese were even and flat
like Western people. Until Tang Dynasty, they had cultural exchanges with
Japanese; therefore, they adopted ancient Viet people‟s architecture of sweeping
roofs of Chinh Xuong Institute in Japan and added Chinese‟s architecture which
originated from the structure of the house in the shape of „the letter Dinh‟ of
Viet clan. Researcher Clacys determined that the architecture of sweeping roof
made in China imitated ancient Malaysian peoples architecture and has still
remained in Vietnam today.

Looking

at

the

grandiose

and aesthetic

work of

Purple

Forbidden City with the architecture of sweeping roof in Beijing, everybody

thought that it was architecture of Chinese but in fact, the

chief architect was an Annamese eunuch named Juan

An, who also played a

An, who also played a

major

role

in the

rebuilding of Peking during the Chengt‟ung reign.99

98 According to 100-year summary record of Vietnamese archaeology published in 2002, on November
2001, archaeological institute and English Professor Ivan and Japanese Doctor M. Maruko excavated in
Mau Hoa Village, Duy Trung Commune where is next to the area of breeding silkworms in Ma Chau, Duy
An, Duy Xuyen District, Quang Nam Province and found an ancient wooden stilt house which was burnt. It
had earthen wall, floor, 7 piles, 3 compartments and two leantos. Below were bronze arrows and bricks
whose shape was same as Co Loa Citadel‟s, Luy Lau‟s, Tien Ngu thu thoi Ma Vien, but in Sa Huynh
culture. This house‟s shape was the same with that on the Dong Son bronze drum which was first
discovered in Southeast Aisa. Doan Nam Sinh: About Dong Son on page 71.

Legend has it that Buddha-Mother incarnated to become an old lady and

descended in earth to teach 2 brothers Lo Ban and Lo Boc to build the house in
the shape of letter Dinh which is the letter T today in countryside. In the mid-
room there was an ancestral altar including „Heaven‟, „Earth‟ and „Man‟ were
called the three powers of “Heaven-Earth-Man”.

Man was in the middle, Heaven was in the left and Earth was in the right, which
represented the philosophy of human culture of Vietnam.

In the communal temple in the village, the mid-room was called Dai

Bai used for worshiping

Earth genie

called

Tutelary God of the village. After Dai Bai room, there was a room inside of the
temple. Each village worshiped their own God. It was called Tutelary God of the
village in some places.

In china, there was not a communal temple in the village but just

a
a

roadside

house

for pedestrians

to

take

rest. If

worshiping, they worshiped earth genie which was appointed by the court. While
in Vietnam, villagers would worship anyone, although he was a beggar, he
deserved credit for village and after his death, he was awe-inspiringly powerful.

The court just conferred the title of Village God worshiped by villagers

but

not

appointed like

in

China.

Therefore,

communal temple

and

Tutelary God of the

village

were
were

specific characters of Viet clan.100

99 Juan An (d 1453). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Part I, p
240.

Malayo-viets

or Baiyue‟s ancient architecture with sweeping roof seen through communal

temples and pagodas in

Vietnam,

Korea,

Japan,

Malaysia,

Thailand,

Laos,

Cambodia has still remained but before we thought that it belonged to the
Chinese. In fact, until the Tang dynasty, The Japan‟s architecture of sweeping
roof was imported into China. The image of communal temples with sweeping
roof used for worshiping the village God in Vietnam today, as well as the village
god in Japan, Communal House of highland people

and

Keramat

of

Malaysians

and Indonesians, all

represented the culture of beliefs of worshiping Heaven and the village god of
MalayoViets. Besides, Vietnamese are agriculturalists, therefore, each locality
MalayoViets. Besides, Vietnamese are agriculturalists, therefore, each locality
would build the

temple to State Gods such as Land God and Agricultural God who presided over
rice and made grains full of baskets in seasons. When

Han clan invaded Baiyue, they

always

destroyed

temples

to

State

God

representing

cultural

characters and land of Viet clan. For Vietnamese, losing our country means
losing mountains and river, therefore, the concept of mountains and rivers
always connected closely with country (God of Land and God of the harvest).
100 Binh Nguyen Loc: The Malay origin of Vietnamese people on page
427 quoted by Henri Maspéro in the work “Some things in the Han Dynasty”. Binh Nguyen Loc quoted on
pages 430 - 433.

The village enclosed by bamboo trees where there were temples to a village god
and state good under the leadership of a leader called Village Chief who was
elected by villagers was an inviolable fortress to defend Viet country during the
protracted history. Defending the country means defending mountains

and rivers

forever. The

country
represented

consciousness of ancient Viet people and a long-term deeply spiritual life which
agglomerated into quintessence to form sacred souls of mountains and rivers of a
nation having nearly 5 thousand years of culture. Paul Mus who studied Vietnam
said “The village community is a factor constituting Vietnam and When being in
danger, through the village community, we can understand the country and their
national spirit”. Indeed, during the history of Vietnam, everlastingness of Viet
clan depended on their strong

attachment

and bravery

and

institution of this village community. If it was like that, according

to Paul

Mus, it

was

because “On the

social

foundation of Vietnam, during the history, rice field provided Vietnamese society
with a reason to live. Rice field provided the foundation for unshakeable social
structure and the selfdiscipline for

matters

and a rhythm

for

festivals

of
the

community. In brief, it was a promise, therefore, the harmony between

Vietnamese and conditions of living conditions was so deep that no peoples
could stop their advance”. When against

alien aggression,

Vietnamese

villages

became

an

imprescriptibly holy city of the

country because

villages

scattered everywhere, but not gathered in a place, which made the enemies
occupy the capital and overthrow the dynasty and ruled the people. Each village
usually had a force of watchers to keep the peace for villages. When the country
was invaded, watchers became militia to perform their duties to defend village.

During

Vietnamese

history

of

fighting

against

alien
aggression, a militia and fighting village played a strategic role of „Protracted
resistance, grinding down the enemy‟s strength‟ to prepare for a general
counter-offensive to drive the enemy from the country. The resistance against
the Qin invader to drive them off West Ou‟s territory (Ou Yue in the West) and
Ou Luo (Au Lac) in 210 BC was the achievement of the task „the whole people
fought the enemy, protracted resistance‟ of Vietnamese people. It began the
history of the first guerrilla war of human kind. This fact was affirmed in
„Huainan‟ by Liu An, a Chinese, “Vietnamese people ran into thick forest. It is
better to live with animals than to be prisoners of Qin army. They chose the
talented people as their general to lead army and people. Every night, under the
leadership of their chief, they made a raid to drive Qin army off. Finally, they
killed Qin General Do Thu. Qin army was utterly defeated and left ten thousands
of mortal remains in the battle”.

3.

TATTOO

The custom of tattoo connected closely with the legend of founding the country
of Luo Long Quan, a hero who founded the country and national culture. Legend
has it that in the period of founding the country, the hero who founded the
culture taught people to farm and dress. Their society had hierarchy and order of
King and his subjects, father and son, and husband and wife. Vietnamese people
called father dad, ruler king, therefore, Luo Long Quan was Luo Long King.

Ngo Si Lien wrote in his Complete Annals of Great Yueh about the origin of the
custom of tattoo of ancient Vietnamese people as follows “The people who lived
in the foot of the mountain saw a lot of shrimps and fish in rivers, they come to
catch them and a lot of them were killed by serpent like monster. They reported
to their king. Their king said the serpent

like

monster

liked their species and hated other

different species. Then he taught his people to use ink to draw images of sea
monsters on their body. Since then, serpent like monster didn‟t harm them.
Baiyue people‟s custom of tattoo maybe
originated from

that”.

themselves

from

sea

monsters

spiritual life of Viet people. According to “Classic of the Mountains and Seas”,
the ancients wanted to participate in sacred totem, and there were 3 ways such as
calling the name of totem, tattooing or drawing totem on their body, or eat totem
to mix their blood with sacred blood. It was the belief that

they

wanted to participate

in sacred

life

of

totem;

therefore, ancient Viet people had the custom of tattooing the image of Dragon.
Tattoo not

only

defended

but

also showed spirit

of
It was written in The Records of The Historian that Viet people in the area of
Southern Zhejiang had the custom of drawing on their shoulders and body.
People of Wu State had close-shaven heads, drew on their foreheads and
blackened their teeth. It was written in the 1st volume of Abbreviated History of
Great Yueh, which was considered as the first historical book of our country,
about the 1st changes of the country as follows: “In the period of King Cheng of
Zhou, Viet Thuong Thi presented a white pheasant which was called Khuyet Dia
by The Spring and Autumn Annals and Dieu De by Dai Ky Book”. “Dieu” meant
carving and “De” meant the forehead. “Dieu

De”

meant

tattooing

or drawing

on the

forehead. The book of Tu Hai read “Jiaozhi people tattooed or drew on their
forehead”, and Sima Qian also wrote that “Ou Luo people tattooed or drew on
their forehead”. It was written in Vietnamese history that the custom of
tattooing and drawing on their forehead had still remained popularly in the
period of King Le Dai Hanh and the custom of tattoo was kept until in the Tran
Dynasty.

The custom of tattooing and drawing were popular all over South China
Zhejiang, Taiwan, Hainan, Southern Sichuan and Ai Lao. Yue people in
Zhejiang were the same branch with Yue people in Shushan and Jingchu. The
custom of tattoo was a

special

character of

MalayoViets

people

or Baiyue
or Baiyue

community. It

was

written in “The

Book of

Wei”

that

Japanese had the custom of tattoo. This custom was popular in Japan and until
the

dynasty of Emperor Meiji, Japanese

bushidos considered tattooing or drawing to be an honor of descendants of Sun

Goddess.

In Taiwanese natives, Tahiti natives, Indonesian native, people

in Micronesia

islands

and

Pâques

islands

and

American natives, men and women applied soil to their face, tattooed and drew
one their body with motley colors, put their head bird feathers, sang and danced
in festivals. Five thousand years ago, first tattoos in Japan were found on small
terracotta statues whose tattoos were carved or drawn. Marco Polo wrote in his
diary of long trip that Laotians and Burmese tattooed all over their body. In
Yunnan, China, They tattooed on their arms and legs lines of colors which
showed elegance and it was also a good sign of coming into the world. Thais and
showed elegance and it was also a good sign of coming into the world. Thais and
Cambodians tattooed by scratching their skin with a sharp stick. Colors were
made of soot or ash, organic chemicals or botanical

chemicals

mixed with water, wine

or blood.

Tibetans also

had

the

custom

of

tattoo when

they were

pubescent, ill, gave birth, or had a funeral.

4.

CHEWING BETEL LEAVES

AND BLACKENING TEETH

Scholar Andreas Lommel wrote in „Prehistory‟ that people

in all immense area from Pacific Ocean upwards to South China had the same
culture. People in Borneo island in Indonesia also had the same art with people
in area of Huai river in Jiangsu in the South of Wu State in the Spring and
Autumn period and the warring states period in China.

According to researchers of Culture and Ethnology, betel trees grow in the area
of 8 million km2 at longitudes 68-178
east and at latitudes 12-300 north and there are hundred millions people chewing
betel leaves. Previously, blackening teeth and chewing betel leaves were
considered as a cultural beauty Viet great race. The common people orally
handed down about the legend of betel and areca as follows “Once upon a time,
there was a confucian scholar named Quang Lang. Because he was tall, king
conferred him the family name of Cao (tall). Quang Lang had two sons. The
eldest son was Tan, and the youngest son was Lang. Both of them were taught by
Taoist hermit of surname Luu. The family Luu had a beautiful 17-year-old girl.
She wished to find a man for marriage but she didn‟t know who the eldest
brother was. She brought a bowl of soup and a pair of chopsticks and invited
them to distinguish. She saw the eldest brother resigned to the youngest brother
and the youngest brother carried with both hand to invite the eldest brother to
eat first. She remembered it and narrated to her parents. Parents of both sides
agreed the eldest brother would marry the girl of the family name of Luu. Their
affection was more and more passionate and close.

After a time, the youngest brother realized that his elder brother was not close
him as before, he became sad and left.

Lang came to a pastoral place and saw a big stream which prevented him from
coming to the other side. He was sad and cried, then died and metamorphosed
into areca tree. When the elder brother knew his younger brother left for sadness
and self-pitying, therefore he also left home to find his younger brother. Coming
to the foot of the tree, he knew that his younger borther died, he regreted and
killed himself. Then he metamorphosed into a rock holding the foot of the tree.
The wife saw that her husband had left home for long time and had not come
home yet; therefore, she also left home to find her husband. Coming there,
seeing that her husband died, she cried heart-rendingly, then thrashed her head
into the rock and died for affection between husband and wife. The she
metamorphosed into a creeper winded the rock. The leaves were verdant and
smelled sweet and tasted pungent”.101

Parents of the wife sought for ther daughter and when coming

there, they

saw

3 people
died heart-rendingly,

therefore, together with local people, they built a temple there.

The local people usually came there to burn incenses to make ceremonial
offerings. In their heart, they were really admired the harmonious relationship
between brothers and affections between husband and wife. Hung King made a
royal progress and passed by the temple, and saw the temple covered by creepers

and leaves. The

king

stood on the

rock to

contemplate a scene and asked the local people about it and he knew about the
story of loyal between husband and wife and brothers. Hung King ordered his
courtier to pick a areca and a betel leave. He chewed both of them together, then
spitted in the rock and saw it red.
101 It was written in ancient Chinese historical book that in the year of Dragon of 2513 BC, the family
name of Cao Tan or Cao Duong succeeded Emperor Shaohao and set up the capital in Boc, and also known
as Zhuanxu. In the period of Zhuanxu, he founded alliance of the elder of Di Viet. Location of these clans
had a place name of Tan Lang and it was them who opened the Silk Road to Central Asia (Eurasia). The old
citadel of the family name of Zhuanxu is now located in Ty in Ha Nam Province. Was Zhuanxu or Cao Tan
or Cao Duong a Confucian scholar whom Hung King conferred the family name of Cao and he gave birth 2
sons named Cao Tan and Cao Lang in the legend of betel and areca of Vietnam. Nguyen Hien Le: Chinese
history, episode 1 on page 84.

The king knew that it would be good if he chew three of them together,
therefore, he ordered his court officials to use fire to burn the rock until it
become lime, then chew lime, leaves and areca together. The more he chewed,
the more he felt sweet, a little greasy, sweet-smelling, hot, red on lips. To be
moved for affection between brothers and husband and wife, Hung king ordered
that betel leaves and area which represented affection husband and wife and
brothers would be used in wedding or meeting. The legend of betel and area had
the beautiful and lofty sense of relationship between husband and wife and
brothers. Since then, the common people usually used betel leaves and areca to
begin a conversation. They met each other, shook their hands, and invite to eat
betel leaves and areca first. Chewing betel leaves made women excited and red
betel leaves and areca first. Chewing betel leaves made women excited and red
in face

which

beautified them, and made

their

atmosphere friendlier and openly in sacrificea and festivals.

Betel leaves and areca went down in the folk literature in loving folk verses
which every Vietnamese would know by heart.

Betel and areca came into consciousness of Vietnamese so much that whereever
there were some rows of areca trees in a village, it really is a Vietnamese village.
Today, in Yunnan in China, there are the names of place and river named Tan
Lang cave and Tan Lang river. In Malaysia, there is also place name of Tan
Lang which is tin mine in Penang island. The custom of chewing betel leaves
goes together with the custom of blackening teeth of Yue clan. From the ancient
times, ancient

Vietnamese

blackened

their

teeth.

Paleoanthropologists found ancient people‟s traits of face and skull

in

Shaoyang

and

La

Doi

resembled
resembled

modern

Vietnamese‟s. They had a round head, a relatively wide face, too high
cheekbones, relatively pug nose, a little projecting face and especially they
blackened their teeth, which made them same with Muong people in Tan Lac,
Hoa Binh.

Today, the custom of chewing betel leaves is still popular in Guangzhou,

Taiwan, Thailand. Japanese kept their custom of blackening teeth until 1870
when Sakoda Queen didn‟t. At that time, the custom of blackening teeth was in
decline.

Especially, Samurai

circle

have

still

kept

the

custom

of

tattooing and blackening teeth to heighten their honor to be descendants of Sun

Goddess. Today, Rhadé people, Gia Rai people and some highland people in
highland have still kept the custom of blackening teeth and filing teeth. In
“Truyen Ky Man Luc” by Nguyen Du, the image of black teeth was used to
show a disgrace of losing the country:

How piteous was the destiny of our country When the white teeth bullied the
black teeth!

When hundred thousands of Qing Dynasty led by Sun Shiyi attacked

our
our

country,

they

performed

the

policies

of

assimilation. They forced us to keep our teeth white and wear plaits. In
proclamation of going into battle, Emperor Quang Trung called upon everybody
fight against Qing army. Fight them even they didn‟t have a piece of armour.
Fight their carriage reduced to dust. Fight for the right of putting our hair in a
bun and blackening our teeth. In the proclamation of going

into battle,

everybody

to fight

characters which also defend the national independence.

Emperor Quang

Trung

called upon

Qing

army

to defend the

national


Phat
Diem Church with ancient-styled architecture
 Vietnam pagoda
with ancient-styled architecture of sweeping roofs and curved knives

Nine Dragon Gate and “Yueh style architecture” Dongting Temple China
(NguyenxuanQuang Blog)

CHAPTER VII
INVASIONS BY HAN CHINESE

Thuong Dynasty in 1766 BC

Zhou (Chou) Dynasty of China

INVASIONS BY HAN CHINESE

The Chinese history was the history of invading, taking

over and assimilating

other people. Since

the

nation's

founding to the present day, the „Great Chinese expansionism‟

invaded Vietnam to dominate the residential locality which

covers the entire territory of China now. Vietnamese people

had to move down south, and remain part of the current

territory of Vietnam. However, the nature of the inherently

expansionist aggression of the Great Han of old and New Red

Chinese Empire launched today invaded Vietnam 26 times. It

was written in China's March Toward the Tropics of Herold J.

Wiens: “Most of present-day China Proper divides up into the

drainages of three major systems, the Huang Ho or Yellow

river in the north, the Yangtzu Chiang in the central portion,

and the Hsi Chiang or West river in the south. The HanChinese, developing their
culture in the Yellow river Huang

Ho region, expanded first into the Yang-Tzu and then into the

Hsi

Chiang

region,

conquering,
conquering,

and

driving

out,

or

exterminating, or absorbing the tribes peoples occupying the

Yangtzu and Hsi River valleys”.102

1. The First invasion by Shang race (1766 BC).

2. The Second invasion by Yin dynasty (1401-1374 BC).
3. The 3rd invasion by Zhou dynasty (659 BC).
4. The Fourth invasion of Shu by Qin state (316 BC).
5. The Fifth invasion of Bai-Yueh by Qin state (223 BC).
6. The Sixth invasion of Tay Au Viet by Qin (218 BC).
7. The Seventh invasion of DaLang by Han state (136 BC).
8. The Eighth invasion of West Bai-Yueh by Han (135 BC).
9. The Nineth invasion of Nan-Yueh by Han (111 BC).
10. The tenth invasion of Dien-Yueh by Han (109 BC).
102 Herold J. Wiens (1912 - 1971): China's March Toward the Tropics,

Yale University 1954, chapter I.

11. The eleventh invasion Hung Lac by Han (43).

12. Twelveth invasion by Wu dynasty (246).
13. The invasion of Lam Ap by Song (420).
14. The invasion by Tuy (602).
15. The invasion by Tang dynasty (722).
16. The invasion by South Han army (938).
17. The invasion by Song dynasty (980).
18. The invasion by Song dynasty (1076).
19. The invasion by Mongol army (1257).
20. The invasion by Mongol-Yuan dynasty (1285).
21. The invasion by Mongol-Yuan dynasty (1287).
22. The invasion by Ming dynasty (1407).
22. The invasion by Ming dynasty (1407).
23. The invasion by Qing dynasty (1789).
24. The invasion of Paracel by Red China 01-19-1974.
25. The invasion of Vietnam by Red China 02-17-1979.
26. The invasion of Spratly by Red China 03-16-1988.

DOMINATIONS BY HAN CHINESE

The Chinese history was the history of invading, taking

over and assimilating other people. Since Shang race defeated

Xia Dynasty of Viet Clan to establish China‟s first Dynasty,

Han has sent their army to Vietnam to take up the land and

governed Vietnamese there for 26 times. However, Han was

not able to carry out their intention of destroying Vietnam as

they wished for.

HanChinese

has

dominated Vietnam

for 9 times

as

followed:

1.

First Dominated (111-39TDL): Ended with the Trung

King drove the Han out of the country in 39 and

established Hung Lac nation.

2.
2.

Second Dominated

(43-178)

has

lasted from

Ma

Vien‟s overthrowing the Trung King to the hero

Luong Long‟s getting independence from HanChinese.

3.

Third Dominated (181-468) has gone along with other

events including the establishment of Lam Ap nation

by Hero Khu Lien (190-192), the revolution of the

Great Woman Ba Trieu in 248 and Hero Ly Thuong

Nhan‟s Independence for 17 years (468 – 485).

4.

Fourth

Dominated

(485-544)

ended

with

the
Independence‟s hero Ly Nam De to establish a new

independent Van Xuan nation for 61 years.

5.

Fith Dominated (603-722) ended with the event that

Hero Mai Hac De was announced independent from

722 to 725.

6.

Sixth Dominated (728-784) ended with hero Phung

Hung‟s independence from 784-791.

7.

Seventh dominated from

791 to 803

Vuong

Quy

Nguyen‟s independence (803 – 806).

8.

Eighth Dominated (806-905) ended with the time of

hero Khuc Thua Du‟s independence in 905.

9.

Nineth Dominated (1407-1427). Le

Loi drove the

Ming uprising in the country in 1427.

Vietnam history is the one of the longest histories in the

Vietnam history is the one of the longest histories in the

world, and the

history of

the

people

who has

struggled

continuously for independence. Vietnam history researcher,

Danielle Emeri has wondered “What is Vietnam history?” It is

a continuous fight for a nation‟s existence for their own

country” (Vietnamese Encyclopedia, 1992). G. Buttinger, the

author of The Small Dragon has noticed “It is unbelievable

that

none

of

historians

could

be

able

to

explain why

Vietnamese culture has not been removed by the invaders

Vietnamese culture has not been removed by the invaders

after one thousand years of foreigners‟ dominance, but their

people

still

consistently

struggled and fought

for

their

independence”.

Philippe

historian

has

made

strong

statement that with thousand years of history, Vietnamese

who had a non-conventional and durable ability has still been

able to keep the characteristics of their own culture during ten

centuries of China‟s invasions and dominance, and to stand up

for their country, to fight the invaders who believed to be

better off in human power. However, Vietnamese history has

proved that Vietnamese people who were patient, clever and

proved that Vietnamese people who were patient, clever and

strong enough to be able to adapt to all the worst conditions of

their nation during the time they had to struggle against the

biggest invader, China wcre ultimately victorious.

Nowadays, many historians in the world have the same

question why the previous imperialist The Great-Han and „the

new imperialist Red China always want to invade Vietnam to

expand China‟s territory. Why did not China invade Lao,

Thai, and Burma instead of Vietnam in order to satisfy greedy

China‟s expansion? Another question that most foreign

historians wondered at was how a small nation under China‟s

dominance

for nearly

one

thousand years

could defeat

Mongols who brought wars most to the world and establish

their

own independence. However, there

were

not

any
any

answers for these questions yet. This evidence was really

unique in the world history.

Through the stages of Vietnam history, there were two

things that have made us to believe why all HanChinese

dynasties from different periods of time wanted to wipe out

the Vietnam. They were China‟s culture and people. China‟s

culture and civilization originated from Vietnam‟s culture.

Being the winner, HanChinese race received Vietnam culture

for their own culture. They altered parts of Vietnam‟s culture

to make it became Chinese's civilization. Therefore, the socalled China‟s

civilization was Vietnam‟s civilization.

On the other hand, more than half of Chinese people

originated from

ancient

Vietnamese. Since

both Chinese

culture and people were from Vietnam, China considered it as

a fact that might influence Chinese people and threaten their

governance over China. Therefore, all Chinese Kings of any

dynasties wanted to destroy Vietnam at any price.

There were many reasons that inspired Vietnamese from

There were many reasons that inspired Vietnamese from

different generations to face up to the brutal domination of

China. So the spirit against the invader created „a patriotic

gene‟

in

every

Vietnamese

to

fight

for

Vietnam‟s

Independence and for Vietnam‟s territory protection. Those

reasons were the meaningful legend of being originated from

Dragon-Fairy

descendants, the

culture

of

agriculture

and

wisdom of taking advantages of opportunities. The legend of

being originated from Dragon father and Fairy mother is a

powerful
powerful

message

passing

over generations

that

every

Vietnamese is very proud of being a member. This legend has

taught Vietnamese the philosophy of their culture that people

from the same country, specifically Vietnamese from the

same „a womb of one hundred eggs hatching one hundred

children‟. So they should love each other, love the lands that

their ancestors have possessed, and have to protect them from

any enemy who tried to take them away from them. That

became

the

national

tradition of

Vietnamese

ethics

and

civilization for generations.

In history, when Nan Yue nation became strong under

In history, when Nan Yue nation became strong under

King Trieu, Han had to send their ambassador to Nan Yue to

offer gifts to King Trieu Da and negotiating in returning the

land from Lingnan to downwards to Nan Yue for peace.

Vietnamese have been under China‟s dominations long

enough to understand exactly the strength and the weakness of

China. Once China was strong in power, Vietnamese are

sometimes ready to offer some gifts for survival, but once

China was weakened, Vietnamese united together to fight

back for their independence.

Taking advantages of the separation of China, Khuc Thua

Du applied and took a leader position in Tang dynasty; and

that was open to the new time that Vietnamese controlled

Vietnamese in 905. Khuc Thua Du pleased Tang Dynasty so

wisely that Tang dynasty trusted Khuc Thua Du and did not

send any army to the south for attacks. During this time,

Vietnamese

made

use

of

the

strength of
strength of

the

nation and

successfully

planned for fighting

against

the

Han for

independence. Consequently, South Han was defeated by hero

Ngo Quyen when South Han army attacked through Bach

Dang river in 938. That marked the new era of independence

for the whole Vietnam nation at that time.

The

long

history

of

Vietnam

has

shown

that

the

Vietnamese
Vietnamese

were

population of

patriotic

people

who

constantly stood for their own country and tried to fight for

independence from their long-life enemy, China. Vietnamese

have given their invader, Chinese several and diverse lessons

that they should have kept in their mind.

The Vietnamese, in the future, with all supports from all

over the world are able to strongly believe that a Vietnam

renaissance will exist and will regain the land and territory of

which Vietnam should have been the only owner.

Qin empire and Yueh peoples, 210 BC

 Map of
Bai-Yue in the Spring and Autumn period
History of China Invasion by Qin Empire

THE WESTERN HAN EMPIRE (CHINA), Atlas of World History

1997. The Great Han Empire invaded to expand territory (140-87 BC)

CHAPTER VIII
VIET CLAN
WAS A GREAT RACE
VIETNAM
THE LONG-STANDING HISTORY NATION

In the past, we usually said that Vietnamese people had more than 4 thousand
years of history and removed gradually from the north to the south.103 Marxist
historians wrote the history based on resolution and they didn‟t dare to mention
the territory of Bai Yue in Chinese territory today. They postdated the history to
match with the Abbreviated History of Yue which was the only copy in
„Imperial Collection of Four‟ in the Qing dynasty and it was changed and
distorted by Tien Hy To, a historian of the Qing dynasty. In the name of the
science and the history, they thought that Vietnam just had more 2 thousand
years of history. This is a betrayal to the Fartherland and the ancestors of
Vietnam, and the most mean and ignoble betrayal to the people in Vietnamese
history.

Meanwhile, the

objective

truth

of

the

history

was

recognized by international researchers in the conference of Chinese

study including

China

and Taiwan in

Berkerley
University in USA in 1978 that Bai Yue clan who were called Yi Yue first
resided in the center of China at that time. Later, they were driven off from low
course of Yellow river by Shang clan to found the Shang dynasty first in the
Chinese history. After Shang dynasty, the Zhou dynasty and the Qin dynasty
drove

off them, therefore, Bai Yue

clan had to

remove

to the

south. Therefore, in the past,

researchers

thought

that

Vietnamese

people

removed from the north to the south.

historical

gradually
103 „Viet‟ is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Yueh and thus was derived the name of a people. The
modern name of Vietnam dates from
1803, when envoys from the new Nguyen dynasty went to Peking to establish diplomatic relations (K
Taylor‟The Birth of Vietnam‟, p 44)

But, a

research

work
by

the

famous

scholar

Stephen

Oppenheimer published in the work of “Eden in the East: The Drowned

continent of South-East-Asia” upset all awareness before and now. The
Oceanography affirmed that about 8.000

years ago, the ancient civilization of Southeast Asia was sunk.

At

that

time, Southeast

Asia

comprised

2 continents:

Sundaland

continent

expended from

the

valley

of

Nine
Dragon

(Mekong)

river

to

Indonesia

and

Nanhailand

continent expended from the Red river valley to coastlines in the West of Hainan
island today. The sea level rose high unexpectedly, which remained in Bible
mentioned about the deluge and the legend of the God of the Mountain - the God
of the Sea of Vietnam. The sea level rose higher 130 meters, therefore,
Hoabinhian people had to remove to highland area to avoid marine
transgression.

Vietnamese people had the oldest origin in Southeast Asia.

Archaeologists found ape-man in Binh Gia (Lang Son) and stone tools of
primitive men in Do mountain (Thanh Hoa) in the Paleolithic age. It can be
affirmed that humans existed in Viet land over 30,000 years ago. Archaeologists
found teeth of fossil men in the geologic period of Pleistocene about 300,000
years ago. Archaeologists found relics of the life of primitive men in Son Vi
(Lam Thao, Vinh Yen), Bac Son, Hoa Binh, Hang Muoi and Quynh Van, Quynh
Luu district (Nghe An). Archaeologists found primitive men in Vietnam were
inhabitants of Son Vi culture aged from about 11 to 20.000 years and next is Hoa
Binh culture of HoabinhianProtoviets people.

The latest discovery by Chinese scholar J.Y. Chu and his 13 colleagues by DNA
genetics was affirmed that the origins of Chinese and East Asian originated from
Southeast Asian race. These originated from Africa and removed to Southeast
Asia, went through South Asia and moved up to Northern China.

Hoabinhian people were

HoabinhianProtoviets
HoabinhianProtoviets

people

who removed to Hoa Binh mountainous area in Bac Son and to Yunnan in the
direction of northwest, went through Ba Shu, today Sichuan, China to move to
Tibetan plateau located between

Himalaya

mountains

and

Kunlun

mountains.

HoabinhianProtoviets people brought with them important inventions such as

planting wet rice, astronomy, ancient script (Tadpole script), marine engineering,
and constructing cities to form ancient civilizations in the world such as
civilizations of Middle East, India and China. Therefore, HoabinhianProtoviets
people removed from the Northern Vietnam in Southeast Asia to the north.

Around 5,500 years ago, the sea level gradually went down, therefore, ancient
Vietnamese people gradually removed to the delta plain of 3 big rivers, Yellow
river, Yangtze river and Nine Dragon river, then moved along the valley of Red
river and Ma river to go back to the ancient ancestral land. This fact was
determined by scientists of the French School of The Far East that they found the
route of ancient Vietnamese people‟s removal which was based on the result of
skull index by Prehistoric

Archaeologists. Vietnamese people

had round

skull with its capacity of 1341.48 and their average skull index is 82.13 which
was definitely different from Chinese people‟s long skull with its capacity of
1440 and its index of 76.51. This historical fact determined the reality of the
legend of the origins of Viet clan.

According to the
According to the

legend, ancient

Vietnamese

people

removed gradually from the plateau between the 2 highest and oldest mountains,
Himalaya mountains and Kunlun mountains to the valley of the delta plain of big
rivers such as Yellow river, Yangtze river, and Nine Dragon (Mekong) river to
break

fresh ground to settle. Malaysian people removed

gradually

and by

stages

to China

plain. According

to

Prehistoric Archaeologists, a group of ancient Vietnamese people who belonged

to Shennong in the South according to the legend removed from the upper
course and went along the valley of Yangtze river and Nine Dragon (Mekong)
river to settle in basin of red soil in Da Lang and Ba Shu, Sichuan, China today.

The ancient book Classic of History read the area of Basalte from Yellow river,
Wei river, and Luo river to the area of Yuan river, Xiang river and Yangtze river
was called “Xich Quy Phuong”. Over 5,000 years ago, a group of Malaysian
people removed to the area of Yellow river, Wei river and Luo river. The name
of Luo river was written by the word “bird” indicating a kind of bird with a short
tail which was represented the group of Ou-Yue of ancient Vietnamese people
who worshiped the bird in Shanxi. According to the legend, the Shennong in the
North founded the dynasties of Nghi, Lai and Du Vong emperor.
Classic of History read the names of mountains and rivers in The three rivers in
the north were called “Quy”. The word “Phuong” meant ear of rice indicating
that agriculturalists planted rice. Therefore, leaders of 2 districts of Kinh and
Duong used the name of the land to name the country “Xich Quy Phuong”
indicating it was the country of agriculturalists in the red soil in Xich Quy. Zhou
Dynasty called surrounding countries Nine Devils and since then, Han Chinese
historians wrote “Xích Quy” into “Xích Quỷ (devil)” to despise our people to be
devil barbarians.

From the Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty, and Han Chinese called themselves
Celestial Empire and Chinese kings called themselves Celestial Emperor (the
celestial son, on behalf of the God, performed the right). China was located in
the center of countries, therefore, it was called Middle Country and they
despised ethnic groups around China such as East barbarians , West barbarians,
North barbarians and South barbarians.

Sima Qian, an orthodox historian of Han-Chinese clan, admitted a truth that

“Although ancient Vietnamese were called barbarians, in the beginning they
made great merits to all people...”. Sima Qian elevated De Hoang who was the
God revered by people in Shangdong to the status of leader and according to the
grammar of Han Chinese, it was written Hoang

De

(Emperor)

who founded the

Chinese

history.

Meanwhile, Chu Coc Thanh, a Chinese historian, admitted in General History of

China that “Shennong clan resided all over China from the ancient times and
before other ethnic groups came, therefore they were considered as the first
owner of Chinese territory. When Shennong clan (Yueh clan) settled, Han
Chinese were still nomadic people in Xinjiang, Qinghai. Later, they went along
Yellow to come to Northern China and occupied Yueh clan‟s territory”. The
group Doubtfullism school led by author Guo Moruo abrogated the period of the
three sovereigns and five emperors belonging to China because the names of
these kings in the ancient times were not written on tortoise-shells or oracle
bones, but just appeared all in the spring and autumn period and the warring
states period which were the prosperous period of Baiyue states. Therefore,
Liang Qichao thought that Chinese history just had 4 thousand years of history.
It was a historical truth which could not

be

refuted by

Chinese

scholars

and

researchers.

Based on the result of skull index of ancient Vietnamese people by Prehistoric

Archaeologists, our country had at least over 6 thousand years of history. In the
other hand, the research work of Ocean as well as the results of DNA

analysis, HoabinhianProtoviets people resided in the Red river valley at least

over 8,000 years ago. By the persuasive scientific results, we can say that
Vietnamese people had the oldest origin in Southeast Asia and so, Vietnamese
people have the oldest history in the world. Archaeologists found ape-man in
Binh Gia (Lang Son) and stone tools of primitive men in Do mountain (Thanh
Hoa) in the Paleolithic age. It can be affirmed that humans existed in Viet land
over 30,000

years ago. Archaeologists found teeth of fossil men in the geologic

period of

Pleistocene

about

300,000 years

ago.
ago.

Archaeologists found relics of the life of primitive men in Son Vi (Lam Thao,
Vinh Yen), Bac Son, Hoa Binh, Hang Muoi and Quynh Van, Quynh Luu District
(Nghe An).

Scientists determined that Viet clan made up the highest rate of genetic changes
in population,104 therefore, they were considered the oldest nation in Southeast
Asia. Therefore, researchers recognized Vietnam was the center of Hoa Binh
culture and from here, Asian Mitochondrial DNA spread all over Southeast Asia
and America.
104 Intrapopulatinal genetic divergence 0.236% and Hinc II/ Hpal.
VIETNAM
THOUSAND YEARS OF CIVILIZATION

The period of Zhao Tuo and Nan Yue State was the prosperous period of Viet
clan from the period of Kinh Duong King‟s founding the state. Although Nan
Yue just existed for nearly a century, it opened the new age: the most brilliant
age of freedom of Yue clan. Zhao Tuo was a historical genius, a hero, a founder
of the state, and the first Emperor of Yue clan who could be equal to Emperor
Gaozu of Han in China. Zhao Tuo was the pride of Yue clan, therefore, the great
poet Nguyen Trai

respected Zhao Tuo and Nan Yue state in

immortal literature „Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Wu‟

as

a „Declaration

of

Independence

of

our people‟

meaning: it demonstrated the history of Great-Yueh with its identity and

tradition of fighting against Chinese dynasties for the purpose of independence
and equal position as China.

Famous scholar Nguyen Trai affirmed “Up to now, there has just

been our

Great

Yueh
having thousand

years

of

civilization...!”.

Indeed, Han-Chinese clan were nomadic people who were inclined to reason and
strength, therefore, their nature was invading and expanding their hegemony.
The Chinese history was the history of invading, taking over and assimilating
other people. They recognized themselves to be the center of the world Middle
country, and the celestial son of Great Han to rule

all

the

people.

Han Emperor

called themselves

the

celestial emperor, and Han dynasty was Celestial Empire, therefore, they

considered their surrounding

countries

as

barbarians such as Northern barbarian, Southern barbarian, Eastern barbarian

and Western barbarian. Han clan despised them to relieve their complex because
the Tay Nhung, the West barbarian drove off Zhou dynasty to run to the East,
therefore, Chinese History called Eastern Zhou. Yueh clan were agriculturalists
planting wet rice, therefore, they were inclined to culture, morality, spirit.
Confucius, The master of all times of Han Chinese, admitted that the civilization
of the North (Han clan) belonged to bellicose
man

and the

civilization of

the

South (Yueh

clan) was

wisdom

of

honorable man. The Chinese civilization was the adoption of Vietnamese

civilization then they developed gradually, then they

cultivated influence

on Vietnam

as

well

as

Asian

countries, therefore, before, researches thought it belonged to Han Chinese clan.

During the protracted history, although Yueh clan were invaded by Han clan and
left China territory to the south, the civilization of Yueh clan absorbed in the
country and people of Han clan to form “The so-called civilization of China”.

Emperor Xian of Han, a king of Han clan, admitted:“Jiaozhi is civilized land

with many rivers, mountains, jewel, cultural objects and talented people”.
Therefore, Sima Qian, an
orthodox historian of Han Chinese, admitted a truth “Although Yueh clan are
called barbarians, in the beginning they made great merits to all people!”.
Confucius, the master of all times of

Han Chinese, glorified the

brilliant

civilization, and

affirmed the superiority of Baiyue civilization in the south.

Confucius wrote in the book of „Doctrine of the Mean‟ that “Generosity,

civilizing, and no revenge on immoral people which are strength of

the

south represent

a great

man!

Wearing armor, riding horses, fighting with cold steel until death which are
strength of the north represent a bellicose man”.

Confucius recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals many cases the father
killed the son, the son killed the father, the father usurped the son‟s wife, the son
usurped the father‟s wife, the brothers and the sisters had incestuous
relationships, the subject killed the king. This proved nomadic Han Chinese
were

barbarous

in the

manner of

survival

of the
fittest

regardless of human love and morality. However, in Chinese history,

Vietnamese people was barbarians and Han Chinese governors put

on airs

and civilized Vietnamese

people

whereas Baiyue in the south had the agricultural civilization for a long time.
Confucius, the master of all times of Han Chinese, researched, collected, and
learnt from civilization of Baiyue in the south to make rules and orders for the
northern society.

All

Five

Classics

which were considered as the

quintessence of Han Chinese were confirmed by Confucius that

he

just

repeated

it

from

predecessors

without

any
inventions. Nowadays, the truth of history is recovered when all researchers
affirms most inventions which were considered as the Chinese civilization from
the agricultural civilization to the metal civilization, techniques of bronze-
casting, papermaking, glass-melting, gunpowder-making, architecture of

sweeping roofs and curved knives, etc. belong to Baiyue‟s civilization.

If it was counted from the time Minh Emperor conferred Nghi Emperor to be the
king of the North and Kinh Duong King to be the king of the South in 2879 BC,
at that time the society had hierarchy, order, culture, rules and regulations. In the
age of Hung kings, there were rules and regulations based on agricultural
civilization and morality through the legend of “Father Luo taught his people to
farm and dress. Since then, there was the order of King and subjects, social
order, moral principles between father and son (Gentle father, dutiful child),
husband and wife”, conjugal principles “faithful husband, loyal wife”.

In the period of Hung Kings, administrative organization in our country was

ruled by Li Dao Yuan, a Han Chinese mandarin, which was written in Shui-
Ching-Chu quoted from Giao Chau Ngoai Vuc Ky about the life and society as
follows “When Jiaozhi had not divided into districts (it means Jiaozhi had not
invaded and ruled by Han Chinese yet), there were a lot of fields. Rising and
ebbing tide formed the area of the field. The people who broke the fields were
called Luo people.

Hung Kings appointed Luo-Lord to rule districts. Mostly Districts were ruled by
Luo-General had bronze seal and green belt...”.105 The book Giao Chau Ky, the
oldest Chinese historical books, recorded “In ancient times, When Jiaozhi had
not divided into districts, which meant Jiaozhi had not dominated by Han clan,
its territory was divided into fields called Luo‟s rice fields. In these fields, the
tide rose and ebbed and the people ploughed the fields to earn their living”.

Professor Maspero of the French School of the Far East judged about Van Lang
State of Viet race: “The society had the order superiors and inferiors and
feudality similar to Thai people, Muong people in Da Giang and areas
bordering northern Vietnam and Laos today. They made two crops one year, and
if they really knew to take advantage of rising and ebbing tide to irrigate, they
were good agriculturalists. About weapons, they made big bows of some meters
in length to shoot poisonous arrows and they knew to cast bronze to
manufacture arrows. They liked to tattoo, do chignon after their back of the neck
and winding a turban round their head like their descendants today”.

If it was counted from the year of 2879 BC when Kinh Duong king crowned up
to now 2015, Vietnam had 2879 +

2015 = 4894 years which means approximately 5 thousand years of civilization.

105 Li Dao-yuan et al. Shuiching chu [Thủy Kinh Chú, TKC], Tom. 37, p 62; Idem.

THE COUNTRY NAME OF VIETNAM

THROUGH THE HISTORICAL PERIODS

XICH QUY STATE

Minh emperor conferred Nghi emperor as the king of the North and Loc Tuc as
the king of the South. Loc Tuc enthroned in 2879 BC, together with Nghi
emperor in the North, named the country Xich Quy and called himself Kinh
Duong

King.

The

historical

book

wrote

that

it

was

unreasonable that

18 Hung Kings ruled for 2.622 years.

Actually, there were 18 generations and there were many Hung Kings in each
Actually, there were 18 generations and there were many Hung Kings in each
generation. If it was counted from the period of independence by Ngo Quyen in
938 to the period of Bao Dai King, the last king of Nguyen dynasty in 1945,
there were 7 dynasties of Ngo, Dinh, Prior Le, Ly, Tran, Le, Nguyen ruling for
1007 years. There were many kings in each dynasty, therefore, it was
understandable that 18 generations of Hung Kings ruled for 2622 years.

In the Hung temple, there were parallel sentences being written in the period of
Le Trung Hung in 1532:

“Hong Bang in Viet expanded the territory for over two thousand,

six

hundred

years,

together

with

one

time

prosperous dynasties of Tang, Ngu, Shang, Zhou … Three deep rivers and five
high mountains, there were forty two kings

from

Dinh,

Le,

Ly,

Tran,

Le

who
were

still

worshiped…”.

VAN LANG STATE

The legend of the fairy and the dragon recorded that “Fifty

sons follow their mother Ou and go up to the mountain. The oldest son, Hung
King, became the king and named the country Van Lang”.

Complete Annals of Great-Yueh by Ngo Si Lien wrote: “When Hung Kings

enthroned and founded the country named Van Lang being bordering by South
Sea to the east, Ba Thuc (Sichuan today) to the west, Dongting lake to the north,
Ho Ton State (Chiem Thanh, The State of Champa) to the south. The book „Odd
stories in LingNan‟ by Tran The Phap wrote clearly that 15 states of Van Lang
were Viet Thuong, Giao Chi, Chu Dien, Vu Ninh, Phuc Loc, Ninh Hai, Duong
Tuyen, Luc Hai, Hoai Hoan, Cuu Chan, Nhat Nam, Chan Dinh, Van Lang, Que
Lam and Tuong Quan”.

OU-LUO (AU LAC) STATE

Although abbreviated history of

„The Great Yueh‟ was

changed by Qing dynasty, it was still recorded the foundation of „Ou-Luo‟ State
as follows “At the end of Zhou dynasty, Hung King was drove off by Thuc Phan,
the son of Thuc king.

Phan built his citadel in Viet Thuong and called himself An Duong King, then
not

kept

contact

with Zhou dynasty

anymore”.

Ou-Luo

(Ou-Yue+Luo-Yue=Ou-Luo)

state

was

the

unification of two ethnic groups of Ou-Yue (Au Viet) and Luo-Yue (Lac Viet) to
fight Qin invaders.106 It was written in the family tree of Hung kings that Hung
Due king ceded the throne to Thuc Phan, therefore, when enthroning, An Duong
King built a “Stone stele” written his oath on Nghia Linh mountain “Please the
high heaven witness and consider, I will preserve and protect the country
forever Hung temple. If I don‟t keep my words, I will be punished …”.

The oath column has still existed up to now in the upper temple of the temple of
Hung King ancestors in Phu Tho. In the period of An Duong King, Ou Luo state
had formidable feats of arm of defeating Qin army which was recorded in
„Records of the Grand Historian‟

by Sima

Qian, a

Han

Chinese historian.
106 In 314 BC, Qin army attacked and occupied Ba Shu. Thuc Khai Minh, the king of Shu, and crown
prince were killed by Qin army, royal descendants of Shu ran to The South. Thuc Phan, the grandson of the
king of Shu, together with his people founded Tay Au State (which means Ou Yue State in the West) in
Guangxi, China today. Knowing that later or sooner, Qin army would attack and occupy Baiyue in the
South, Thuc Vuong Tu, the son of the king of Shu, cooperated with Hung King in Van Lang state to fight
Qin invaders. Han Chinese historical books wrote that Hung King refused, therefore Thuc Phan, the
grandson of Shu King, attacked and army of Hung King followed him. But according to the legend of
Thanh Tan Vien (the God of the Moutain) as well as General Vietnamese folk history, it was said that
“After defeating the God of the Sea and Shu army, Hung King recognized that Thanh Tan Vien, personal
name Tuan, the son of the village elder of the Nguyen family in Son Tay, was talent and virtue, he gave the
power to rule the country but he just did it for few month, then ask for the king‟s permission to go
sightseeing in the country. When Shu King proposed a cease-fire, Nguyen Tuan, or Thanh Tan Vien,
advised Hung King ceded the throne to the King of Shu. The country was peaceful, and Nguyen Tuan and
his wife and Hung Due Vuong flew to the heaven ..!”

NAM VIET (NAN YUEH) STATE

At the end of Qin dynasty, China became disorder. In the north, Liu Bang (Han
clan) and Xiang Yu (Chu State=Viet clan) attacked Qin dynasty. After the
collapse of the Qin state, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of

Han, killed Xiang

Yu to

enthrone. He began the Han dynasty in the Chinese history.

On the occasion Qin dynasty became weakening, Zhao Tuo, a chief commander
of Nanhai district, occupied Nanhai district, Que Lam district and Tuong Quan
district in Lingnan, then became a king named Nan-Yueh King and named the
country Nan-Yueh (Nam Viet). The book „Complete Annals of the Great Yueh‟
by historian Ngo Si Lien wrote: “The family name of Trieu, on the occasion of
the collapse of Qin dynasty, killed mandarin of Qin dynasty, occupied LingNan
(Linh Nam), proclaimed himself emperor, which was equal to as Han dynasty.
He reigned over the country for 100 years.

He was really a hero”. Because of strength of Nan-Yueh, emperor Wen of Han

had to propose a cease-fire and gave back Lingnan aerea for trade between 2
countries. Communist historians wrote the history based on resolution of
Vietnamese Communist Party and they were afraid of colliding with Communist
China, therefore, all of them agreed with wrong theoretical point that Zhao Tuo
was Chinese.

In fact, Chan Dinh belonged to Truong Sa and was one of 15 districts of Van
Lang State and written clearly in “Odd stories

in Lingnan”

by

Tran The
Phap.

Famous

scholar

Nguyen Trai determined clearly Nan-Yue (Nam Viet) was also VietNam in the
“Geographic Book” as follows "In the book by Thien Vuong, there were Viet
Nam, Nanyueh (Nam Viet), Giao Chi, An Nam, Nam Binh, today Viet Nam". The
book “An Nam Book” by Le Tac also affirmed Emperor Wen of Han gave back
Lingnan area to Viet people and Zhao Tuo must have been Viet person. Nan-
Yueh (Nam Viet) must be Viet Nam, therefore, Emperor of Han gave back
Baiyue‟s territory to Zhao Tuo.

TRUNG VUONG RECOVERED

THE INDEPENDENCE OF HUNG LAC STATE

(39-43)

Trung Trac, born in a famous and noble family, was a daughter of Military Chief
in Me Linh, therefore she married a son of Military Chief Chu Dien, to perform
the general situation as Empress‟s proclamation of going to the battle “First,
take revenge for the country, second succeed Hung Kings...”.

The book „

Odd stories in Lingnan‟ wrote “Trung sisters intrinsically belonged to the

family of Hung. The eldest sister was Trac and the youngest sister was Nhi,
living Me Linh District, Phong Chau. They were daughters of Hung general in
Giao Chau”. Me Linh was the name of place and river in Truong Sa in the South
of Tien Tang, Tuong Kha district, Hunan province, China today. According to
old historical books, Phong Chau was called the upper Phong Chau located
between Guizhou and Yunnan. But Phong Chau in Phu Tho in the Northern
Vietnam was the later name by Tang Dynasty when they dominated our country
in 621 BC.

The book „

Complete Annals of „The Great Yueh‟ by Le

Van Huu wrote “Trung Trac and Trung Nhi were women and just said a word,
Cuu Chan District, Nhat Nam District, Hop Pho District

and 65 citadels

in Lingnan

all

responded.

Founding the country and proclaiming emperor were very easy, which showed
that our country could build suzerainty”. Le Tung wrote in the book „Thong
Giam Tong Luan‟ about descent of Trung sisters “Trung Vuong were descents
of Hung Kings. Both sisters were famous for braveness and resenting and hating
severe and wickedly cruel deeds of To Dinh. They were

eager

to raise

strong and famous

army. Districts

responded, therefore, they took back 65 citadels in Lingnan and all the old land
in Nan-Yue. They were also heroines”.

Famous scholar Nguyen Trai wrote in „Geographic Book‟

that Trung King came to the throne and set up the capital in Me Linh and named
the country „Hung Lac‟. It was written in the book „Geographic Book‟ by
Nguyen Trai: “Kinh Duong King founded Xich Qui State, Hung King founded
Van Lang State and set up the capital in Phong Chau, Zhao Tu founded Nan-Yue
State and set up the capital in Phien Ngung, and Trung King founded Hung Lac
State and set up the capital in Me Linh”.

PRIOR LY DYNASTY

AND VAN XUAN STATE (541-602)

Complete Annals of
Complete Annals of

„The Great Yueh‟ by historian Ngo Si

Lien wrote “In January of the spring of 541, after defeating the enemies, he
came to the throne and proclaimed himself king named Nan-Yue Emperor, and
used new dynastic title, built hundreds of steles, and named the country Van
Xuan which meant the country would exist forever. The King built the Van Tho
temple for meeting, bestowed Trieu Tuc as the first of the prince, Tinh Thieu as
Civil Mandarin, Pham Tu as Military Mandarin…”.

DINH TIEN HOANG EMPEROR

DAI CO VIET STATE

In 968, Dinh Bo Linh defeated 12 independent feudal warlords, came to the

throne and used the name of Dinh Tien Hoang De and the country name of Dai
Co Viet and set up the capital in Hoa Lu. Becoming a king, having a new
dynastic title and bestowed his son, Dinh Lien, as Nam Viet King all represented
the freedom of our country, which could be equal to Song Dynasty in the north.

Our country name wa

s „Dai Co Viet‟ in which „Dai‟ meant

great, „Co‟ whose old meaning was the hawk having flashing eyes. Dinh Tien
Hoang De wished our country to become a Great Viet country of the Lac Hong
race who worshiped the Dragon and the Bird as the totem.

THE COUNTRY NAME OF ‘THE GREAT YUEH’

(DAI VIET)

In 1010, Emperor Ly Thai To moved the capital to Dai La Citadel and named it
Thang Long. Until 1054, Emperor Ly Thanh Tong came to the throne and
named the country „The Great Yueh‟ (Dai Viet).

THE COUNTRY NAME OF DAI NGU

UNDER THE REIGN OF HO QUY LY

Viet Su Thong Giam Cuong Muc wrote “His subjects

submitted a petition 3 times, Quy Ly accepted. Quy Ly came to the throne and
called himself emperor, his dynastic and changed the country name into the
Great Ou (Dai Ngu)”. The book “Viet Su Tieu An” by Ngo Thi Si wrote: “Quy
Ly alleged that he was a descendant of Ho Cong Man, worshiped the Emperor
Yao Shun who was his ancestor, therefore, he named the country name „The
Great Ou (Dai Ngu)”. An ancient historical book wrote Shun was Eastern
barbarian (Dong Yi) person or ancient Vietnamese belonging to the group of
Luo Bo Trai in Shandong. Under the reign of Shun, his country was peaceful and
prosperous, therefore Quy Ly named the country Dai Ngu which meant he
wished to build a peaceful

and prosperous

country

as

Emperor Yao‟s and

Emperor Shun‟s before.

THE COUNTRY NAME OF VIET NAM

UNDER THE REIGN OF EMPEROR GIA LONG

In 1804, Emperor Gia Long sent Le Quang Dinh as an envoy to China to ask for
the country name of Nam Viet but Qing Dynasty changed it into Viet Nam. It
was written in Emperor Gia Long‟s royal proclamation on the new country
name that: “Now I issue an edict to all the people. I think for a long time,
Emperors who have founded the country had to name the country to show the
change, or used the new country name for beginning, or used the good meaning
for the country name. Considering the old books, it was clearly a proof. Our
strong country belongs to Duc star and Chan star, before they were

Van Lang Kingdom, Van Xuan Kingdom

but

still
still

boorish. Until the reign of Dinh Tien Hoang, it was named Dai Co Viet but
Chinese still called it Jiaozhi. From the Ly dynasty on, the country name of An
Nam named by Song dynasty has been used. Therefore, although there were any
changes, after a long time, the old country name is still used.

It was contrary to founding the country. I will continue to build the country and
expand the territory. After taking a look, I should have the good name for
posterity.
The country name was changed into Viet Nam. China knew it well. From now
on, our country will exists forever, its good name too.

All people in our territory will have blessing.

How happy … Unification spread everywhere. Everybody will have a lot of
favors and blessing. Therefore, Now I proclaim to everyone. Now it is issued”.

THE COUNTRY NAME OF DAI NAM

UNDER THE REIGN OF MINH MANG

At the end of 1838, Emperor Minh Mang issued an edict to name the country
Dai Nam as follows: “Now our ruling dynasty has the South, and our territory is
more and more wide. The strip in the East spread to the sea in the South and in
the West. Everybody who has hair and teeth exists on the map, from the beaches
to the forest … Before it was called Viet Nam, now is Dai Nam. All documents
were based on it to execute…”.

THE COUNTRY NAME OF VIET NAM

UNDER THE REIGN OF BAO DAI

On 9th March 1945, Japanese staged a coup d‟etat to French in Indochina and
declared to give back the freedom to Vietnam. On 11th March 1945, King Bao
Dai announced the „Declaration of Independence‟, and cancel dominated
treaties signed with French, dispersed the cabinet of the court of Hue and asked
historian Tran Trong Kim to set up the independent government before all the
people on 17th April 1945.

On 3rd May

1945, King
1945, King

Bao Dai

issued a

royal

proclamation to affirm the new country name as follows “My favorite subjects,
this cabinet is the first government of the independent country of Viet Nam after
80 years of being dominated by foreign countries. The future constitution of Viet
Nam will be based on the unification of our country. The army and the people
cooperate and stipulate the freedom, politics, religion, and trade union of the
people…”.

THE COUNTRY OF VIET NAM

The president of the Coalition National Front fighting against French

colonialism was established on 20th Apr 1946

in the South. On 9th Sep 1947, 24 representatives of unions and parties went to
Hong Kong to meet the former King Bao Dai. On 7th Feb 1948, Bollaert talked
with the former King Bao Dai in Geneva, Switzerland. Bao Dai sent the message
to Nguyen Van Xuan about agreeing the establishment of the Provisional Central
Government of Vietnam. On 2nd Jun 1948, the Provisional Central Government
of Vietnam was, Nguyen Van Xuan was

prime

minister and issued the

Provisional Constitution of Vietnam, selected the national flag by yellow flag

with three red stripes and the song „Youth Marching Song‟ after changed the
word of Luu Huu Phuoc into the

national

anthem. On 5th

Jun

1948, issued the

1948, issued the

Declaration of

Vietnam

and France

on Duguay-Trouin

Warship in Ha Long Bay between France‟s High Commission Émile Bollaert

and Provisional Prime Minister Nguyen Van Xuan. The Ha Long Bay
Declaration clarified that France recognized Vietnam as an independent and
united nation in France Union with the status of a linking nation.

On 8th Mar 1949: Bao Dai signed Elysees Treaty with France‟s President
Vincent Auriol, in which it declared the establishment of Vietnam nation by
Chief of State Bao Dai.

Vietnam Nation was an independent nation, a member in France Union. On 24th

Apr 1949, Chief of State Bao Dai came back the country. On 16th Jun 1954,
Chief of State Bao Dai appointed Ngo Dinh Diem as Prime Minister. On 7th Jul
1954, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem officially took up office. On 26th Oct
1955: The government announced the result that 98.2% people agreed to depose
Bao Dai and trusted Ngo Dinh Diem‟s government in the referendum on 23rd
Oct 1955. Ngo Dinh Diem declared the Temporary Constitution to establish the
First Republic on 26th Oct 1955. The regime of Republic of Vietnam chose
Saigon as the capital of the Republic of Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem as
president. The country name of Viet Nam just existed for 6 years (1949 1955). In
1955, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem dethroned Chief of State Bao Dai to
establish a new government with the country name of Republic of Vietnam.

REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

On 16th Jun 1954, Chief of State Bao Dai appointed Ngo Dinh Diem

as

Prime

Minister. On 7th Jul

Minister. On 7th Jul

1954, Prime

Minister Ngo Dinh Diem officially took up office. On 26th Oct 1955: The
government announced the result that 98.2%

people agreed to depose Bao Dai and trusted Ngo Dinh Diem‟s government in
the referendum on 23rd Oct 1955. Ngo Dinh Diem declared the Temporary
Constitution to establish the First Republic on 26th Oct 1955. The regime of
Republic of Vietnam chose Saigon as the capital of the Republic of Vietnam and
Ngo Dinh Diem as president. President Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown 1-11-
1963.

On 1-4-1967, promulgated the Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam and

Nguyen Van Thieu as president of the Second Republic of Vietnam.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

On the consecutive date of 18th January 1950 and 31st January

1950,

Communist

recognized the

government

Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh. After Communist China and Soviet

Union recognized that

Democratic

Republic

of

Vietnam became a member of Communism, on 7th February 1950, USA and UK

recognized the government of Vietnam led by Chief of the State Bao Dai.
Vietnam‟s struggle changed from a struggle for independence into a struggle for
ideology between communism and capitalism. On 23rd Aug 1945, Ho Chi Minh
founded the Provisional Government: Ho Chi Minh, President cum Minister of
Foreign Affairs, ministers were held by Communist‟s Party Members, such as:
Vo Nguyen Giap was Minister of Interior Ministry, Chu Van Tan was Minister
of Defense Ministry, Tran Huy Lieu was Minister of Information and
Propaganda Ministry. On 24th Aug 1945, Abdication Ceremony of Bao Dai
King was held in front of Southern Gate of Hue Citadel. Bao Dai King gave gold
sword and pearls stamp to the representative of Viet Minh who was Tran Huy
Lieu. On 02nd Sep 1945, Ho Chi Minh read "The Declaration of Independence"
and presented the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government in Hanoi.

China

and

Soviet

Union

of

Democratic

Republic

of
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

On 30-4-1975, the

Democratic

Republic

violated the
Republic

of
Paris

Agreement, lead troops

Agreement, lead troops

Vietnam.

Parliament

elected

of

Vietnam

invaded the

Communist

government declared the day 25-4-1976 unified Vietnam on 2-7-1976 and

named the country the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

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Trương Bổn Tài.

INDEX

309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315,
A
318, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325,
330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338,

America, 41, 213, 217, 218, 223,340, 341, 342

246, 255, 323 Chinese, 6, 8, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26,

Ameriviets, 291 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45,

An Nam, 52, 331, 335, 340 50, 51, 52, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72,

Annamistes, 340 73, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89, 94,

Archeology, 342 95, 96, 97, 99, 105, 106, 107,

Au Rousseau, 340
112, 113, 114, 116, 120, 122,

136, 137, 138, 141, 146, 154,

B
155, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164,
170, 175, 178, 187, 193, 197,

B.E.F.E.O, 173, 341 198, 199, 205, 206, 207, 208,

Binh Nguyen Loc, 65, 139, 204,212, 218, 219, 222, 226, 227, 210, 211, 251, 295
228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233,

240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248,

251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 282,

C
286, 287, 289, 291, 293, 295,
297, 303, 310, 311, 312, 313,

Ch‟ing-Lien-Kang, 159, 342

314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321,

Chih-Chang, 342

322, 324, 325, 326, 330, 331,

China, 8, 11, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27,

335, 340, 342

28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 41, 43, 45,

Civilization, 13, 19, 28, 60, 137,

49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 60, 61, 75,

138, 142, 159, 198, 255, 341,

78, 80, 83, 95, 96, 99, 100,

342
102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109,

Confucius, 19, 26, 27, 28, 31, 79,

110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115,

96, 199, 229, 236, 243, 325

116, 121, 122, 135, 136, 137,

Cranologie, 340
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144,

Cung Dinh Thanh, 137, 159, 216,

Cung Dinh Thanh, 137, 159, 216,

148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157,

220
158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163,
170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 188,D197, 198, 199, 203, 204, 205,

207, 208, 209, 217, 218, 219, Dai Nam, 173, 336220, 222, 226, 227, 229, 232,

Dai Viet, 87, 88, 115, 205, 239,236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 334244, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, Dao Duy
Anh, 104, 223, 239, 284,254, 255, 260, 262, 264, 277, 286284, 285, 288, 291, 294, 295,

Darwin C, 342298, 299, 301, 302, 304, 307,

David N Keightley, 340

Do Thanh, 76

Dr Huard, 340

Eden, 55, 201, 204, 217, 255, 271, 319, 340

J. Deniker, 223, 340

J.Cusinier, 341
Jiaozhi, 9, 20, 34, 45, 49, 69, 79,

104, 106, 129, 146, 199, 205,

227, 230, 240, 241, 242, 248,
286, 287, 298, 325, 327, 335

G. Coedès, 138, 250, 340, 341

Genetic, 12, 217, 218, 219, 255,

260, 267, 269, 340

Géographical, 340

H
H. Mansuy, 342
Han, 8, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,

29, 31, 34, 35, 40, 45, 50, 52,

65, 67, 69, 72, 79, 83, 95, 96,

103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 111,

112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 122,

128, 153, 159, 161, 164, 175,

178, 197, 198, 199, 212, 219,

178, 197, 198, 199, 212, 219,

226, 229, 240, 241, 242, 244,

245, 251,252, 254, 255, 283,

287, 291, 295, 309, 310, 311,

312, 313, 314, 315, 321, 322,

324, 325, 326, 330, 331, 340

Heritage, 44, 59, 342
Histoire, 48, 341
Humaines, 341

I
Indochine, 161, 250, 341
Indonesian, 32, 33, 63, 64, 136,

138, 170, 188, 203, 219, 221,

222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 248,

251, 253, 255, 299

Indonésien, 341

K
Kinh Thi, 26, 341

L
Leggs, 342
Les Mường, 341

M
Malaysia, 47, 61, 75, 135, 136,
137, 144, 176, 251, 254, 255,
288, 295, 304
Malaysian, 33, 64, 136, 138, 139,
170, 188, 193, 203, 204, 208,
210, 211, 219, 222, 223, 224,
225, 227, 232, 233, 248, 251,
253, 255, 285, 321

N
Neolithic, 137, 138, 145, 149, 152,
153, 157, 158, 221, 224, 225,
232, 236, 250, 286, 342
Ngo Si Lien, 87, 88, 93, 230, 239,
297, 329, 331, 333
Nguyen De, 41, 245, 262, 264,
291
Nguyen Hien Le, 303
Nguyen Trai, 20, 240, 324, 331,
333

O
Owen Lattimore, 341
P
Paracel, 39, 44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 311
Pièrre Gourou, 341

R
Race, 106, 126, 247, 287

Records, 26, 27, 96, 240, 241,

243, 245, 298, 330, 342

Richard Pearson, 342

S
S Oppenheimer, 340
S.W. Ballinger, 219, 255, 269, 342

Salvas, 342
Sima Qian, 26, 27, 30, 79, 95, 96,

103, 105, 160, 175, 199, 240,

241, 242, 243, 245, 298, 322,
325, 330, 342
Southeast Asia, 8, 39, 43, 44, 46,
47, 82, 106, 135, 136, 137,
140, 141, 144, 147, 149, 158,
170, 176, 182, 193, 198, 201,
202, 204, 215, 217, 218, 220,
221, 246, 247, 255, 271, 276,
283, 286, 288, 319, 320, 323,
340
Spencer Wells, 217, 341
Spratly, 39, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 311

T
Terrien de la Couperie, 342

Te-Tzu-Chang, 161, 342

The-Ch'unTsen, 342

Tonkin, 43, 44, 49, 55, 57, 255,

341
341
Tran Dai Sy, 255
Tran Thi Nhung, 41, 245, 262,

264, 291
Tsui-Chi, 341

V
VaLois, 341
Vietnam, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19,

24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39,

40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49,

51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64,

66, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79,

80, 82, 83, 84, 93, 103, 104,

105, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,

116, 117, 118, 121, 127, 128,

130, 135, 137, 140, 141, 143,

144, 146, 149, 152, 158, 159,

160, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169,

170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176,

177, 180, 188, 191, 193, 197,

198, 202, 206, 212, 218, 219,

220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 230,

231, 232, 237, 239, 240, 241,

242, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251,

253, 254, 255, 262, 264, 284,

286, 288, 291, 292, 293, 294,

295, 296, 301, 303, 310, 311,

312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 319,

320, 323, 325, 327, 332, 336,

337, 338, 339

Vu Huu San, 43, 47, 49, 141

W
Will Durant, 341
William Meacham, 138, 255, 342

Y
Yoshihara Tsuiboi, 341

Yueh, 20, 28, 30, 32, 33, 78, 89,

242, 255, 282, 285, 287, 288,

95, 97, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105,

291, 293, 297, 298, 301, 308,

106, 109, 110, 114, 116, 119,

310, 318, 322,324, 325, 329,

120, 123, 127, 129, 138, 148,

331, 332, 333, 334, 342

152, 155, 156, 157, 160, 171,

175, 199, 206, 209, 231, 241,
This book has benefited from the editorial of Professor Jerry Livingston
Voorhish. So, I am grateful to Professor Jerry Livingston Voorhis Ph.D. All the
mistakes are mine.

I am also grateful to my anonymous editor, my friends Dr Nguyễn Anh Tuấn,

Dr Synguyen and all my benefactors.
FIRST EDITION BY AMAZON 2015 Layout Uyennguyen
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY PHAMTRANANH
VIETNAM TOMORROW FOUNDATION

PUBLISHING 2015
Email: phamtrananh2015@gmail.com