E 4 WEEK 1
OP -2
H
Mountaineering
PRESENTED BY: YADZMINE PORTES
RYZA BEGUNA
SHIEN LEGASPI
JULIOS LAMOSTE
Topic Outline
A
Tools used in mountaineering
B
Benifits of mountaineeting
C
Safety protocols
Tools used in
Mountaineering
Climbing helmets are to protect you from any head
injuries. And the risks of head injuries during a climb are
probably a lot higher than you imagined.
Here are just a few of the potential causes:
Falling during a climb and hitting a hard surface
Falling objects from climbers above you
Falling rocks and ice due to natural causes such as
strong winds, tremors etc.
Falling rocks and ice caused by climbers before you
A harness lets you tie into a rope for
belaying and climbing. In the past, climbing
ropes are tied directly onto the climber’s
body. As you can imagine, that was very
uncomfortable and can even cause serious
injuries during a fall.
Types of harnesses:
Seat harness
Chest harness
Full body harness
When wearing a seat harness, the
climbing rope is tied in around your navel
region. During a fall, there is a risk that
the climber may flip upside down.
The body harness is an integrated chest
and seat harness. The rope is tied in
around the chest area. A body harness
can better distribute the impact of the
force throughout the body. It is less likely
cause injuries than the seat or chest
harnesses. However, they are bulkier and
typically more expensive. It’s not
commonly used in climbing.But children
should use body harnesses instead of
seat harnesses. Their hips are usually not
fully developed and they have a higher
center of gravity. They are more likely to
flip upside down when using a seat
harness.
For climbs where flipping over is likely, you may add
on a chest harness. Clipping the rope through the
seat and chest harnesses will keep the climber
upright. However, a chest harness is likely to cause
injuries to the ribs during a fall. Climbers usuallyonly
clip in the rope to the chest harnessaftera fall to help
upright themselves.
Dynamic Ropes
All ropes used for climbing have to be dynamic ropes.
Dynamic ropes can stretch and elongate when loaded.
This will absorb the impact during a climber’s fall.There
are three types of dynamic ropes –single ropes, twin
ropes or double/ half ropes.
Both solid and wire gatecarabinerscan be either
"straight gate" or "bent gate". Bent-
gatecarabinersare easier to clip a rope into usingonly
one hand, and so are oftenusedfor the rope-
endcarabinerof quickdraws and alpine drawsusedfor
lead climbing.
A basic ice axe is designed to be
used as a balance and safety tool
when walking up or descending
steep slopes, as a self-arrest tool
for stopping an expected fall and
down slope slide, a brake when
glissading (sliding downhill on your
butt), and as a retrievable snow
anchor when you need to rappel
down a pitch.
Runner/ Slings
They are used to set up anchors
and belay points. Webbing and cords
are the materials used to make
runners and slings. Webbings (also
known as tubular webbings) are
made of fabric woven together into a
flat strip or tube. Webbings can be
sewn or tied to form a runner or sling.
Cords (also known as accessory
cords) are an alternative to
webbings. They are a type of static
rope. You can tie a cord into a loop to
make a runner or sling.
A bolt looks like a large tubular screw. Bolts are more
commonly today used than pitons. Climbing bolts come
in 10mm, 12mm, and 14mm in diameter. A bolt typically has
a bolt hanger where you can clip in a carabiner. This is
what you see in climbing gyms. However, not all bolts
have bolt hangers when climbing outdoors. It is a good
idea to bring some spare bolt hangers when climbing.
Essential of
Backpacking
Navigation
A compass helps you orient the map, identify land
features and locate your position.It also gives you
the knowledge in which direction you are travelling
or your heading.
Sun Protector
Sun protection is essentialto protect your skin
from skin damage, eye damage, immune system
suppression, premature aging and lowers your risk
of skin cancer. Sunscreenlabeled as. “broad
spectrum” that reduces your overall UV exposure.
Head Lamp
Headlamps are an essential item to keep with you
when hiking during the night, one distinct
advantage that has over a flashlight is thatyou
keep your hands free. They are extremely
lightweight, doesn't weigh more than a few ounces
so you can easily walk around when fixed on the
head
First Aid Kit
Helpsyou handle the medical
emergencies as quickly as possible.
In an emergency, a delay of just a
single minute can cause
irreconcilable damage. These kits
offer basic and instant care for
common medical injuries like
injuries, burns, cuts etc.
Fire Water
Survival matches will ignite after
being submerged in water and
are more reliable in the cold.
Therefore, in extreme situations,
survival matches are the best
option to light a fire. However,
for general use in normal
conditions,a lighter is superior. If
possible, both types should be
carried in a survival pack.
Nutrition
(extra foods)
To keep you properly hydrated at altitude and
avoid problems concerning dehydrationand
diarrheait is important to prepare your food during
the expedition. Good nutrition helps you to induce
energy expenditure.
Hydration
Every hiker must bring sufficient
loads of water,
becausedehydration is a very real
possibilitywhen hiking –especially
during the summer or dry season.
While its effects are usually mild,
dehydration can also lead to
fatigue, headache, confusion, and
more severe illnesses or injuries,
and thus must be avoided
Insulation
(extra cloths)
It is necessary for an emergency beyond the basic
climbing garments used during the active portion
of a tripandcan add warmth without adding much
weight.
Benefits of
mountaineering
Benefits of
Mountaineering
1. Physical health:
Climbing uses lots of muscle groups, both in the
upper and lower body. Your back, abdominal and leg
muscles all get exercised as well as your fingers,
shoulders and arms. Regular climbing can improve
stamina and endurance as well as muscle strength. In
addition, all the reaching and stretching for holds
improves flexibility and agility.
MENTAL HEALTH AND BEING CLOSE
WELL BEING TO NATURE
Climbing offer a wealth of health The need to respect and
benefits that are not just physical. It preserve the natural
improves yourself-esteem, mental environment is never more
agility and self-awareness. It’s a great apparent than to those who
stress-buster and a full body workout,
visit, explore and enjoy the
so it’s good for general
landscape in which they
wellbeing.Mountaineeringrequires a lot
of problem solving,mental
undertake their activities.
concentration and focus, so it helps
sharpen your brain.
safety
protocol
How to avoid
dehydration?
How can you avoid Dehydration?
1.You must drink fluids before, during and after exercise or
climbing.
2.One to twocups of fluid must be consumed around 30
minutes to 1 hour prior exercise.
3.Half to one cup of fluid must be consumed every 10 to 15
minutes of exercise.4.3 to 4 cups of fluid must be consumed
after 30 minutes of exercise, even if one is not thirsty
How to avoid
overexertion?
To avoid overexertion:
Your training must start from a low level of
exertion before to higher levels.
How to avoid
hypothermia?
How to avoid hypothermia:
Must layer clothesand cover parts of the
body with othertypes of clothing such
as hats, mittens and ear cover.
How to avoid
hyperthermia?
How to avoid hyperthermia?
1.You have to take frequent breaks.
2.Drink plenty of water.
3.You have to wear cool clothing during climbing.
4.Find shady place to rest.
Thank you for
listening!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!
