Lecture 4 LRP

Long Reading Passages: Strategies & Practice

Paragraph 1: Introduction/proposition. Paragraph 2: First point in support of proposed argument with supporting data. Transition sentence. Paragraph 3: Second point in support of proposed argument with supporting data. Transition sentence.

And so forth. (There may or may not be a conclusion included in the excerpt.) The first chunk will almost certainly contain the main idea of the whole passage; the first sentence of each subsequent paragraph usually contains at least some hint of the main idea of that paragraph; and the last sentence of each paragraph usually provides a transition to the next point. Now this wont always be the case, but it is the case often enough to make the reading vs. skimming time savings an excellent bet for the savvy test-taker. Knowing which parts of a passage you need to actually read and which you can skim is a crucial part of getting the most points you can on RPs. Follow this method every time you encounter a Long RP: Step 1: Read the italicized introduction. Step 2: Read only the first quarter of the passage. Jot down the key features of this chunk. Step 3: Skim every subsequent paragraph. Jot down the main idea of each paragraph. By key features, we mean the topic, main idea, purpose, and tone of the passage.

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Long Paired Reading Passage: Humanities Directions: The passages below are followed by questions based on the content of the passages and the relationship between the two passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what the passage states or implies and on any introductory material provided. Questions 110 refer to the following pair of passages. These passages, adapted from recently published articles, discuss restoring acknowledged masterpieces of art. The first passage is written by a renowned professor of art history. The second is written by a journalist. Passage 1 Watch reruns of so-called historical dramas on television, and you will have little difficulty in identifying the decade in which the show was originally produced. Does anybody really believe that the long-running 1970s television show Little House on the Prairie actually provided an accurate glimpse of nineteenth-century rural life? The actor who played Pa, for instance, lacked a beard, even though men of that period generally had facial hair. His feathered hair and perfect white teeth further located the show in the 1970s and detracted from the authenticity of the shows intended reconstruction of a bygone era. No one expects the entertainment industry to accurately characterize the past for its own sake; shows like Little House use an imagined past to satisfy a nostalgic urge for a way of life that never existed. It is only to be expected that Little House says far more about the time in which it was created than the time in which it was set, and one should not get too worked up about it. However, the contemporary trend of restoring classic works of art raises similar issues in a far more serious context. Restoration, as the word itself implies, assumes that one can recreate an artists original intent and product. At best, restorers and museum directors aesthetic preferences and historical theories drive restorations, for it is impossible to step outside ones historical context. How can restorers be so sure that removing a layer of lacquer isnt merely their subconscious attempt to refashion an artwork according to contemporary tastes? Whats restorative about that? The restored Sistine Chapel may look authentic today, but will it still look so when aesthetic and historical theories have changed? Will the newly bright colors heralded as the masters work reborn look as embarrassingly anachronistic as Little House? Surely the best approach with any great work of art is to simply

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leave it alone. Restorers use the science that informs their task to lend an unwarranted objectivity to their activities. Sciences objectivity is beside the point. A scientist can determine the molecular composition of the substances that make up a painting, but a scientist cannot determine the original intent and state of the artist. It will be the art-historian restorer who will use that objective data to decide which substances to remove. The art historian will use his at least partially subjective judgment, informed by objective scientific data though it may be, to deem which substances are authentically original. The crux of the problem is that restoration assumes that a contemporary art historian can reproduce the original artwork by recreating the often subconscious decisions of the original artist. Of course there are occasions in which an artwork must be restored, but only when the works existence is threatened. But why have so many works of art that are not facing an imminent threat been restored? The reasons, sadly, are more a matter of marketing than conservation. The recent exhortations to clean up Michelangelos David provide a good example. The Galleria dellAccademia wanted to spruce David up for his five-hundredth birthday, for they knew that a refurbished David would be catnip for tourists and a windfall for the museum. Not only ticket sales and food concessions but also the inevitable T-shirts, posters, and other cross-marketed products would fill their coffers. Profit, then, and not restoration, is the true cause of the art-restoration craze. Like their Medici forerunners, museum directors love of art rarely outstrips their love of money. Passage 2 After years of hand-wringing, the verdict followed hard on the heels of the unveiling: Michelangelos David was once again revealed to be the most beautiful representation of the male form ever sculpted. The art world was greatly relieved. In fact, David had not been restored, but merely cleaned, which had been the museum directors intent. Free from blemishes and stains, that statue again revealed its essential seamlessness. Lines flowed without interruption; shapes melted imperceptibly into one another. As is usually the case with restorations, controversy had plagued the project, and understandably so. The sad history of poorly restored masterworks has tainted all restorative efforts and prejudiced much of the art world. But the hysteria that surrounded Davids restoration was excessive. Chief among the

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1. In the context of lines 2123 of Passage 1, the reference to subconscious attempt refers to (A) an actors inability to portray the time in which he lives (B) a museum directors questionable motives in organizing a restoration project (C) a restorers tendency to favor the aesthetics of his time (D) an artists unique ability to recreate the past on canvas (E) a funders secret motive in donating to a restoration project 2. The word anachronistic is used in lines 2527 to signify (A) something that is very old (B) strong optimism (C) something out of place in its time (D) peers who share a similar agenda (E) color that is bright and flashy in nature

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concerns was a debate over the cleaning method. The original restorer wanted to use dry techniques to rub off the dirt. When a rival wet technique was chosen, he resigned in a huff, convinced that any application of water to the marble would permanently damage the sculpture. His replacement mixed cellulose, clay, and water and wrapped the creamy ointment in rice paper. This compress was then held against the stone, which lifted grime from the surface. This arrangement ensured that only distilled water had any contact with the sculpture. The recent change in Davids appearance was neither the first nor the most intrusive. Far from it: in 1504, an angry mob expressed their political dissent by throwing stones at the statue. Davids left arm was broken into three pieces only 23 years later. In the mid-nineteenth century, David was moved from the Piazza della Signoria courtyard, where he had stood exposed to the elements for over 350 years, to his present home, the Galleria dellAccademia. Well-meaning restorers then gave David an acid bath to remove centuries of accumulated pigeon droppings. In 1991, a deranged tourist attacked Davids toe with a hammer. Despite this long history, or perhaps because of it, many scholars are loath to make even the slightest change to Davids frame. It is worth noting, however, that the recent cleaning uncovered a crack on Davids left ankle. Davids real enemy is not sophisticated, respectful, and painstaking cleaning, but an earthquakea relatively common event in Italy. Scientists are working now to determine how best to protect David from such an event. In the end, the restoration that so many feared may well have given us the impetus to combat a far more dangerous threat to this great sculpture.

3. The argument that the desire for profit drives restoration projects in lines 59-61 would be most STRENGTHENED by which of the following? (A) Museum directors have openly stated that profit was the primary motivating factor in initiating restoration projects (B) No museum restoration project has ever turned a profit (C) Many art pieces are difficult to represent on T-shirts and mugs (D) Most art restoration projects are undertaken on pieces that are on the verge of disintegration, regardless of the popularity of those pieces (E) Museums never display restored works of art to the public 4. According to the author of Passage 2, those who argued that the David should not be cleaned were (A) reasonably prudent (B) unnecessarily redundant (C) overly emotional (D) highly biased (E) unforgivably ignorant 5. The word tainted in lines 73-75 most nearly means (A) physically putrefied (B) morally corrupted (C) intrinsically weakened (D) inappropriately pigmented (E) adversely colored According to Passage 2, opponents of Davids restoration failed to take into account

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(A) David has been restored without ill effect several times in the past five hundred years (B) we do not know how Michelangelo would have felt about the restoration (C) water might damage the surface of the sculpture (D) the current David has withstood many and more severe changes since his original creation (E) there is a copy of the original David standing in the Piazza della Signoria courtyard 7. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the last paragraph of Passage 2? (A) The author provides a counterexample that forces him to alter his argument. (B) The author relates an unforeseen benefit of an event he has supported. (C) The author makes a prediction of future events. (D) The author reiterates the argument against his point of view. (E) The author supports his position with historical evidence. 8. Both passages are primarily concerned with (A) the successful cleaning of David (B) the Sistine Chapels restoration (C) the inadvisability of cleaning paintings with water (D) the best way to depict the past on television (E) the appropriateness of art restoration

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9. The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the author of Passage 1s argument that profit drives restorations (lines 59-61) by doing which of the following? (A) Denying that profit ever motivates restoration projects (B) Maintaining that it is possible to accurately recreate the original artwork through restoration (C) Arguing that even if profit motivates restorations, it still ends up preserving and popularizing beautiful and enriching works of art (D) Insisting that scientific research, not profit, motivates restoration projects (E) Refuting the notion that art historians can be objective 10. How would the author of Passage 1 most likely respond to the author of Passage 2s report that the recent cleaning uncovered a crack on Davids left ankle (lines 99-106)? (A) The restoration caused the crack. (B) The crack will cut into the museums projected profits, as visitors will be disappointed. (C) Since contemporary restorers cant recreate the original intent of the artist whose work they restore, we cant be sure that Michelangelo didnt intend for that crack to be there. (D) Water caused the crack; the dry method should have been used after all. (E) Further restoration work should begin immediately, as the artworks existence is threatened.
Paired Reading Passage: Science

Directions: The passages below are followed by questions based on the content of the passages and the relationship between the two passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what the passage states or implies and on any introductory material provided. Long Paired Passage Questions 112 refer to the following pair of passages. On January 14, 2004, President Bush announced a reorganization of NASA resources to make a manned mission to Mars the agencys primary goal. This announcement reignited a long-smoldering debate on manned space travel. These passages, adapted from recently published articles, discuss the advisability of further American investment in manned space travel. Passage 1 The popularity of manned space flight stems from a peculiar mixture of American ideals buried deep in the national consciousness. Can-do optimism and engineering know-how combine with a New Frontier to provide something quasi-religious: the chance to be born again by ascending to the heavens. Unprecedented material benefitsthe storied spin-offs that were always promisedwill doubtlessly emanate from this noble effort that will unify our fractious country. Marshalling Americas techno-scientific expertise for a Pilgrimage into space will allow us to re-enact our national origins and renew our appointed role: to create a shining City on a Hill in a New World that presents the last best hope of mankind. Thus, manned space flight reconciles seemingly contradictory aspects of the national
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identity: nostalgic and forward-looking, religious and scientific, spiritual and material. Only through the sobering examination of the costs and benefits of manned space flight can the effect of so seductively romantic a brew be shaken off. Should we spend hundreds of billions of dollars on, say, a mission to Mars when we face crushing problems such as poverty, terrorism, and global warming? The likely benefits of manned space flight had better be staggering in the face of the opportunity costs * of not directly investing in problems such as these. Thus, I would like to discuss a non-romantic argument often put forth in favor of manned space flight. Enthusiasts claim that space-based scientific research is both invaluable and impossible to replicate on Earth. There is little proof for this claim. For example, Mir, the now-defunct space station, yielded no scientific breakthroughs commensurate with its cost. In one experiment, scientists concluded that plants did not grow well in space. Clearly, this bit of information would be invaluable only to astronauts. Furthermore, a reexamination of this experiment found that plant growth had been stunted for quite mundane and well-understood reasons. Ethylene, a gas long known to be released by plants, had accumulated in the enclosure and inhibited growth. So much for invaluable groundbreaking advances . As for important research that cant be accomplished on Earth, it is often argued that the only way to study the long-term effects of zero-gravity on the human body is in space. This argument carries weight only for those already committed to manned space flight. But as an independent argument for manned space flight, this argument is circular: we must have manned space flight to understand the long-term effects of zero-gravity in order to have more manned space flight. A sober cost/benefit analysis shows that robotic space exploration trumps manned space flight. Robots have proven to be remarkably effective at exploring our solar system. Their scientific impact is ubiquitously acknowledged. In terms of financial and human cost, robot expeditions are far cheaper to mount. The circularity of even seemingly non-romantic arguments for manned space flight belies the fundamental romanticism of its supporters. Doubtlessly unaware of the ingredients in the seductive brew noted above, enthusiasts support manned space flight because they think it would be really fun and exciting.

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Being an American, I can understand this. I, too, yearn for adventures on alien shores. But even though it would be really fun and exciting to deplete all my savings on a year-long adventure on merely Mediterranean shores, as an adult I know that I have more pressing, if less enticing, claims on my resources. Those who argue for manned space flight do so out of romantic, escapist, and childlike notions that they should outgrow. * An opportunity cost is a comparison between the likely return on one investment and the likely return on another. Passage 2 The orbiting astronaut looks down on his home and grasps both its fragility and the pettiness of our mundane conflicts. How trite! How dare we spend vast sums on manned space flight when six billion of us live in the midst of conflicts and problems, which, while perhaps petty from a Gods-eye view, threaten the future of our civilization and species? Furthermore, the oft-made assertion that manned space experiments have yielded critical advances either directly or indirectly is arguable at best. So goes the fashionable critique of manned space travel. However, rather than cynically dismiss the astronauts now proverbial reaction to seeing the Earth from on high, I propose that we consider the potential benefits that this change in perspective would have on real-world problems were it only spread more widely. Moreover, equally intangible romantic impulses to explore should not be thrown aside so lightly. Motivation matters. Where would we be today if Christopher Columbus had not embarked on his folly to open a western passage to the East? Beneficial unintended consequencesor, spin-offsare real and pre-date the moon shot. Columbus, in fact, failed to open a new trade route to the East, but he did find two continents previously unknown to his contemporaries in Europe, Asia, and Africa. While clearly not entirely beneficialespecially for the millions of Native Americans felled by Old-World diseases or conquistadors musketsColumbus discovery nevertheless made great things possible, such as the United States. Rather than retreat in embarrassment from the charge of romanticism, we should embrace it. The case for manned space flight should rest explicitly upon the rejuvenating and unifying potential the effort provides our troubled world. In particular, we should cease insisting that immensely important scientific discoveries are imminent and inevitable. While this almost certainly is the case, we really dont need manned space flight

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to yield scientific discoveries; robots do very well for that purpose. Moreover, the real-world benefits of intangible inspiration are not limited to a welcome and fruitful change in perspective. How many young people would rush into the sciences if a full-scale global effort in manned space flighta mission to Mars is the obvious choicewere launched? How beneficial would the consequences of the requisite and unprecedented international cooperation be for the grave issues that face our species here on Earth? Rather than promise dubious economic boons when were labeled escapist, we should explicitly state the possibility that we have already failed on this planet and that space is our only long-term option. Most scientists agree that we are already dangerously close to Earths carrying capacity. Surely, within the half-century or so it would take to truly conquer manned space flight, we will be that much closer to a nightmare of ecological or societal collapse. Doesnt the likely prospect of global collapse in itself represent the most massive opportunity cost possible for not investing heavily in manned space flight? Its at the very least arguable that the new frontier of the Americas gave rise to a kind of society whose ideals truly are the last best hope of mankind. Wouldnt the new frontier of space bestow another opportunity for fruitful experiments in enlightened government? I maintain that we cannot afford to throw aside the undeniable romantic appeal that a global effort to put man in space would engender. Our civilization will need all the help it can get to survive this century. I can think of no argument for manned space flight more unromantic than that.

1. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly STRENGTHEN the assertion in Passage 1 about science experiments conducted in space (lines 31-38)? (A) Many of the recent developments in gene therapy are directly attributed to experiments conducted on Mir. (B) Recent reports have questioned the objectivity of the critics of the Mir program. (C) A full report on all experiments conducted in space has yet to be evaluated. (D) A list of the 100 most important scientific discoveries since the beginning of manned space travel yielded none based on experiments conducted in space. (E) Many of the experiments conducted in space are highly technical, and not easily accessible to the layman.

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2. With which of the following statements would the author of Passage 1 be LEAST likely to agree? (A) When considering whether an investment is worthwhile, the likely benefits of that investment should be weighed against the likely benefits of a similar investment in another venture. (B) The benefits of manned space missions do not outweigh the benefits of robotic space missions to a degree significant enough to justify the higher cost of the former. (C) The strong support for manned space missions among Americans is surprising given the spirituality of the American people. (D) It is part of the American character to be attracted by the idea of experiencing exciting adventures in new territories. (E) Part of becoming an adult is coming to recognize that the potential benefits of any venture must be weighed against the costs. 3. serving (C) illustrate the accuracy needed to gauge an astronauts health in space (D) demonstrate the progress that has been made in helping humans to adapt to the demands of space (E) refute the argument that space travel is costly and even unnecessary 4. In line 48, trumps most nearly means (A) devises (B) suits (C) duplicates (D) outperforms (E) defrauds According to Passage 2, the argument that people should not go into space is (A) harmlessly entertaining (B) unjustly scornful (C) logically flawed (D) astutely argued (E) unnecessarily complicated The author of Passage 2 begins by describing an astronauts view from space in order emphasize that the astronaut is a kind of national hero show how overly simplistic things look in space prepare the reader for the idea that new perspectives can be important warn the reader against adopting an overly romantic notion of space travel prove that environmental problems are so severe that their effects can be seen In the context of lines 43-46, the reference to circular serves to (A) outline the path which astronauts take when in orbit (B) emphasize that arguments which support sending humans into space are self-

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The word fashionable in line 77 most nearly means (A) flattering (B) apparent (C) wholesome (D) trendy (E) conspicuous

8. Which of the following strategies for arguing in favor of manned space missions would the author of Passage 2 be MOST likely to favor? (A) emphasizing the importance of scientific experiments conducted in space (B) showing the benefits of traveling to Mars (C) emphasizing the way it will nurture and inspire positive sentiments in the people back on Earth (D) proving precisely what discoveries lie in wait for us in space (E) eliminating the danger of manned space travel 9. Which of the following most accurately describes the last paragraph of Passage 2 in relation to arguments in Passage 1? (A) The author of Passage 2 proposes a new argument and revives an argument dismissed in Passage 1. (B) The author of Passage 2 predicts a future series of events also considered in Passage 1. (C) The author of Passage 2 examines an idea from Passage 1 and disputes the figures offered in support. (D) The author of Passage 2 asserts a viewpoint shared by the author of Passage 1 by offering up historical evidence. (E) The author of Passage 2 reconciles his point of view with the author of Passage 1. 10. In each passage, the author assumes that the efficacy of scientific experiments conducted in space is (A) useful only if carefully monitored by a mirror crew on the ground (B) called into question only by the most cynical of observers (C) tragically underutilized by the most talented scientists (D) only justifiable under certain circumstances (E) not enough to justify manned space flight 11. The passages differ in their evaluation of manned space flight in that Passage 1 claims that (A) space enthusiasts ultimately want to go to the moon for romantic notions (B) propagandists have falsified the data of scientific experiments to justify their continued use (C) the only real benefits of manned space travel could be achieved less expensively with robotic space exploration (D) Christopher Columbus had a specific goal in mind when he set off on his journey (E) the only way to understand the long-term impact of space travel on the body is to engage in manned space flights
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Both passages are primarily concerned with (A) the poor planning of current space missions (B) the future of manned space flight (C) the eventuality of going to Mars (D) the best way to improve the space program (E) the introduction of more math and science into the school curriculum

Long Reading Passage: Fiction Questions 19 refer to the passage below. The following passage is from a 2003 novel about a young woman named Angela who at age eight left China with her family to move to San Francisco. Our parents had known each other in China; wed even taken the same boat to America. However, within five years of our arrival in San Francisco, Norman and I had become strangers. Relatives already established in the city helped Normans parents assimilate. Within a year, they had not only learned English, but had also become real estate moguls. I learned all this from the Chinese American gossip machine that constantly tabulated every familys level of success. The machine judged my family lacking. My parents ran a grocery store and, unlike Normans family, gravitated to the immigrant subculture. They never learned English, but they respected that I tamed that beast of a language. I was my parents communication link with the outside world. My parents denied themselves in order to ensure that I could attend Baywood, a top private high school. That was where Norman and I crossed paths again. However much my relative mastery of English had elevated my status at home, at Baywood I remained a shy and brainy outsider. Norman was very popular: he played football and was elected class president. He and gorgeous Judy Kim were named King and Queen of the Winter Ball; their portrait adorned every available bulletin board. I scoffed at the celebrity silently. Back then, I did everything silently. Compared to Norman, who had already achieved the American teenage ideal, I was anonymous. From the sidelines I observed his triumphs with barely acknowledged envy. In May of our freshman year, Norman approached me after our chemistry class. Hey, Angela, he said as my heart leapt into my throat. I missed class a couple of days ago. Can I copy your notes? Sure, I said. I was horrified to find myself blushing. We soon became study buddies. It was all businessno small talk beyond the necessary niceties. But the hours we piled up

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studying together generated an unspoken mutual respect and an unacknowledged intimacy. Judy noticed this and took an increasing dislike to me. This relationship continued throughout high school. One day in eleventh grade, without looking up from the math problem he was working on, Norman asked: What schools are you applying to? It was the first time he had shown any real personal interest in me. Berkeley, if Im lucky, I said. You could probably get in anywhere. What do you mean? He looked up from his math problem and met my gaze. Berkeley is just across the bay. Dont you want to experience something new for once? Im applying to schools back East, he said. You should, too. Not for the first time, an exciting vision of ivy-covered walls and perhaps even a new identity swept over me and was almost immediately subsumed by a wave of guilt. But what about my parents? But what about you? Norman had broken a taboo. I launched into a self-righteous refutation of the possibility he had dared to voice. I told him that even though I wasnt popular and my family wasnt as successful as his, I at least hadnt forgotten that it was my parents who had brought me here and who had struggled so much for me. How could I make them unhappy? Norman had expected this outburst. He smiled. Were not so different, you know. We started out in the same boat. Now were in the same boat again. He laughed. Weve always been in the same boat. Our parents might be kind of different, but they want us to succeed and be happy. Youre so American, I said in a tone hovering between approval and reproach. Youre not even worried about leaving your parents to go to school back East. Thats not what being American means, he insisted. Well, what does it mean, then? I demanded. Surely, I, and not this superficial football player who needed my academic help, knew what it meant to be American. That very day I had received an A on my American History term paper. It means, Angela, he said gently, that our parents brought us here so we could have the freedom to figure out for ourselves what to do with our lives. He smiled at my speechlessness and then returned to his math

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problem. Without looking up from his notebook, he said, If I can decide to go to school back East, so can you. 1. What is the purpose of the information in the first sentence? (A) to show Angela and Normans similar histories so as to emphasize their current differences (B) to emphasize that both Angela and Norman have come a long way since their childhoods in China (C) to let the reader know that Angela came from a poor family that could not afford to fly to America (D) to make the reader think that Norman and Angela will inevitably become friends (E) to let the reader see how highly Angela values her familys history 2. The word tabulated in line7 emphasizes that (A) the other Chinese immigrants were very aware of who was succeeding in a material way and who was not (B) Angelas neighbors calculated the exact amount of money her family was earning (C) Normans family checked the prices of everything they owned (D) Angela lived in a poor section of San Francisco (E) Angela was determined to earn more money than Norman 3. The use of italics in line 51-52 serves to emphasize (A) Normans unrealistic desire to go to school outside of California (B) Normans idealistic goals as contrasted with Angelas lack of ambition (C) Normans concern that Angela has not thought about her own educational (D) (E) 4. the small chance that Angela will accomplish her dreams the degree to which Angela has undermined her potential
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Angelas response in lines 53-58 reveals that she (A) wants Norman to be impressed with her (B) is afraid to express her true emotions (C) stubbornly wants to attend Berkeley (D) is unable to reveal her true ambitions to Norman (E) has consistently adopted her parents happiness as her own In line 64, Angela uses the word American to differentiate between (A) concern for the future and fear of failure (B) personal ambition and responsibility to ones parents (C) imagination and conservatism (D) duty to family and duty to friends (E) love for adventure and love for travel

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In lines 70-71, Angela mentions her A on her history paper in order to (A) suggest that she assumes that she knows the definition of American better than Norman (B) emphasize the high quality of her education (C) highlight the irony of knowing the textbook definition of a term versus a reallife meaning (D) remind herself that she has spent many years mastering the English language (E) strengthen her resolve to go to school in Berkeley instead of the East Coast 7. Normans statement in lines 71-74 primarily shows him to be (A) selfish in his desires to achieve success (B) ambitious in a manner Angela had not considered for herself (C) dismissive of his parents hopes for his future (D) secretly hoping to corrupt Angelas future plans (E) arrogant in overestimating his abilities Throughout the passage, the main focus is on (A) the awkwardness Angela feels knowing that Norman already has a girlfriend (B) Angelas ambition to do well in school and get into a good college (C) the challenges Angela faces living in America while feeling like an outsider (D) Angelas excitement over getting an A on her history term paper (E) how personal ambition is the key to getting ahead in America From details in the passage, it is clear that (A) Angela went ahead with her plan to attend Berkeley (B) Angela grew to be more outspoken (C) Norman went on to play football in college (D) Angela decided to go to college back East (E) Angela majored in math at college
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