WIKIPEDIA “Ihe Free Encyclopedia Judicial review Judicial review is a process under which executive, legislative and administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.79 A court with authority for judicial review may invalidate laws, acts and governmental actions that are incompatible with a higher authority: an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a constitution, Judicial The High Court of Australia, Under the Constitution of Austral review is one of the checks and balances judiciary forms part of the separation of powers, with executive or in the separation of powers: the power of legislative actions subject to review by the judiciary. Laws, acts and the judiciary to supervise the legislative governmental actions that are incompatible with a higher authority and executive branches when the latter (60 the Constitution) can be reviewed and overturned exceed their authority. The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries. General principles Judicial review can be understood in the context of two distinet—but parallel—legal systems, civil law and common law, and also by two distinct theories of democracy regarding the manner in which government should be organized with respect to the principles and doctrines of legislative supremacy and the separation of powers. First, two distinct legal systems, civil law and common law, have different views about judicial review. Common-law judges are seen as sources of law, capable of creating new legal principles, and also capable of rejecting legal principles that are no longer valid. In the civil-law tradition, judges are seen as those who apply the law, with no power to create (or destroy) legal principles. Secondly, the idea of separation of powers is another theory about how a democratic society's government should be organized. In contrast to legislative supremacy, the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu;(*! it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court's ruling in Marbury v. Madison that the court had the power of judicial review to enforce the separation of powers stated in the US Constitution. This was left uncontested by the U.S. Congress and president Thomas Jefferson, despite his expressed opposition to the principle of judicial review by an unelected body. Separation of powers is based on the idea that no branch of government should be able to exert power over any other branch without due process of law; each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government, thus creating a regulative balance among allbranches of government. ‘The key to this idea is checks and balances. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary. Differences in organizing democratic societies led to different views regarding judicial review, with societies based on common law and those stressing a separation of powers being the most likely to ilize judicial review. Nevertheless, many countries whose legal systems are based on the idea of legislative supremacy have gradually adopted or expanded the scope of judicial review, including countries from both the civil law and common law traditions. Another reason why judicial review should be understood in the context of both the development of two distinet legal systems (civil law and common law) and two theories of democracy (legislative supremacy and separation of powers) is that some countries with common-law systems do not have judicial review of primary legislation. Though a common-law system is present in the United Kingdom, the country still has a strong attachment to the idea of legislative supremacy; consequently, judges in the United Kingdom do not have the power to strike down primary legislation. However, when the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union there was tension between its tendency toward legislative supremacy and the EU's legal system, which specifically gives the Court of Justice of the European Union the power of judicial review. Principles of review When carrying out judicial review a court may ensure that the principle of ultra vires are followed, that a public body's actions do not exceed the powers given to them by legislation. The decisions of administrative acts by public bodies under judicial review are not necessarily controlled in the same way that judicial decisions are, rather a court will enforce that principles of procedural fairness are followed when making judicial decisions.(!'38 Types Review of administrative acts and secondary legislation Most modern legal systems allow the courts to review administrative "acts" (individual decisions of a public body, such as a decision to grant a subsidy or to withdraw a residence permit). In most systems, this also includes review of secondary legislation (legally enforceable rules of general applicability adopted by administrative bodies). Some countries (notably France and Germany) have implemented a system of administrative courts which are charged with resolving disputes between members of the public and the administration, regardless these courts are part of administration (France) or judiciary (Germany). In other countries (including the United States and United Kingdom), judicial review is carried out by regular civil courts although it may be delegated to specialized panels within these courts (such as the Administrative Court within the High Court of England and Wales). The United States employs a mixed system in which some administrative decisions are reviewed by the United States district courts (which are the general trial courts), some are reviewed directly by the United States courts of appeals and others are reviewed by specialized tribunals such as the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (which, despite its name, is not technically part of the federal judicial branch). It is quite common that before a request forjudicial review of an administrative act is filed with a court, certain preliminary conditions (such as a complaint to the authority itself) must be fulfilled. In most countries, the courts apply special procedures in administrative cases. Review of primary legislation There are three broad approaches to judicial review of the constitutionality of primary legislation— that is, laws passed directly by an elected legislature. No review by any courts Some countries do not permit a review of the validity of primary legislation. In the United Kingdom, ‘Acts of Parliament cannot be set aside under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, whereas Orders in Couneil, another type of primary legislation not passed by Parliament, can (see Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service (1985) and Miller/Cherry (2019). Another example is the Netherlands, where the constitution expressly forbids the courts to rule on the question of constitutionality of primary legislation passed by the Dutch legislature or States- General {31 Review by general courts In countries which have inherited the English common law system of courts of general jurisdiction, judicial review is generally done by those courts, rather than specialised courts. Australia, Canada and the United States are all examples of this approach. In the United States, federal and state courts (at all levels, both appellate and trial) are able to review and declare the "constitutionality", or agreement with the Constitution (or lack thereof) of legislation by a process of judicial interpretation that is relevant to any case properly within their jurisdiction. In American legal language, "judicial review" refers primarily to the adjudication of the constitutionality of statutes, especially by the Supreme Court of the United States. Courts in the United States may also invoke judicial review in order to ensure that a statute is not depriving individuals of their constitutional rights.'4! This is commonly held to have been established in the case of Marbury v. Madison, which was argued before the Supreme Court in 1803. Judicial review in Canada and Australia pre-dates their establishment as countries, in 1867 and 1901, respectively. The British Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 provided that a British colony could not enact laws which altered provisions of British laws which applied directly to the colony. Since the constitutions of Canada and Australia were enacted by the British Parliament, laws passed by governments in Australia and Canada had to be consistent with those constitutional provisions. More recently, the principle of judicial review flows from supremacy clauses in their constitutions.{5! In Australia, the term ‘judicial review’ generally refers to reviews of the lawfulness of the actions of the executive and the public service,!®! while reviews of the compatibility of laws with the Australian Constitution is known as characterisation or constitutional challenges.!71 Review by a specialized courtIn 1920, Czechoslovakia adopted a system of judicial review by a specialized court, the Constitutional Court as written by Hans Kelsen, a leading jurist of the time. This system was also adopted the same time by Austria and became known as the Austrian System, also under the primary authorship of Hans Kelsen, being emulated by a number of other countries. In these systems, other courts are not competent to question the constitutionality of primary legislation; they often may, however, initiate the process of review by the Constitutional Court.[8] Russia adopts a mixed model since (as in the US) courts at all levels, both federal and state, are empowered to review primary legislation and declare its constitutionality; as in the Czech Republic, there is a constitutional court in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of primary legislation. The difference is that in the first case, the decision about the law's adequacy to the Russian Constitution only binds the parties to the lawsuit; in the second, the Court's decision must be followed by judges and government officials at all levels. By country The below table compares the approach of different countries to constitutional review or judicial review as of 2010.9)Constitutional Constitutional Court High Court Council z 33 Country = = i gs § s (52/3 Bs Bs ds 35 3s 5 33.C 2 ¢ 53 3 33 3 2 3 ae dz 22 52 82 a2 82 2 sos Afghanistan none vi co. HB Abania oe CN. IE Algeria ey co- Bil Andorra EM co. Arcola ea HC- | Antigua and Barbuda FE Antigua and Barbuda A == argentina He cc- Bam Armenia ce Gi Australia other — cc. usta oe co- Hi Azerbaijan eM = Bahamas he ‘Wi Bahrain none [i Bangladesh aa HC- [El Barbados ae co- Mi Bolarus EM HC-EM HC- AM co- EM HC- aNConstitutional Constitutional Court High Court Council z 53g Cour = = ney i g ls g | §2| 3 Bs Bs ds 35 3s 5 33.3 ¢ £ 53 3 23 3 2 2 ae ge 42 22 G2 a2 82 2 cc- IRB Bosnia and Herzegovina ce = botswana aa 3 Brazil HC-MX SS Brunei none co- mm Bulgaria EM I Burkina Faso HC-EM co- 5 Burundi EM CN. Cambodia on Hl Cameroon HC-EM [oI Canada HO-MX cape Verde HO-MX SE Central African Republic oe [ll chaa HC-EM co- Bes Chile EM [il People's Republic of China (PRC) none 7 co: i Colombia ied CN. See Comoros fe [B Democratic Republic of the Congo HC-EM WEA Republic of the Congo other = Costa Rica HC-EM. cc. == Croatia ce = Cuba none HC- © Cyprus Hc cc- |Gzech Republic Deer Czech Republic seConstitutional i Constitutional Court High Court Council z 53g Cour 2 = my 5 5 8 gs §8 3 Bs Bs ds 35 3s 5 33.C 2 28 32 23 23 82 #8 2 as bz 22 32 £2 G2 82 2 HC- Denmark He cn $a Djbout on BBB Dominica ye He. Dominican Republic = Dominican Republ aa Ba East Timor cc- HE Ecuador ce co. = = Enypt EM El Salvador HC-MX co. Equatorial Guinea EE Equatorial Gui on BE Eritrea HC-EM HC- Hi Estonia He BIE Ethiopia other other other cn FM cc. —M He. aM HC. AM co. EM HC- AM HC-MX Ea Grenada aaConstitutional i Constitutional Court High Court Council z 53g Country = = 5 5 8 gs §8 3 Bs Bs ds 35 3s 5 33.C g 83 53 23 22 82 Ef 3 ae ge 42 22 G2 a2 82 2 [ell Guatemala [Nl Guinea aa EE Guinea-Bissau none BES Guyana aa Edit aw ‘SS Honduras HC-MX EE Hong Kong other — cc- = Hungar EM 1H Iceland HC-EM , He. SE india Ad Indonesia HC-MX = CN. Sen fu none HC- AM israel HC co. EBay ce CN. I Bivory Coast fu ES Jamaica ne HC- @ Japan ~”M I= Jordan CN. ml Kazakhstan cn EB Kenya neConstitutional ‘Court High Court z 33 Country 3 3 5 5 8 fe | 3 i i fs gz i 33.3 s3 3 23 £8 83 §3 22 ¢ as ge £2 32 £2 G2 S= 2 fem Kina wo. El Kosovo EE Kuwait none. cc- EE Kyrgyzstan em EE Laos none = co. Latvia se TE Lebanon =F Lesotho none Liberia none EB Livya none Hil Liechtenstein cc. ime Lithuania se — co = Luxembour em cc- BE Macedonia Se cc- [Bi Madagascar Em Masaya uo. HC- Hi Malawi He Ei Maldives none co: El var a cc- Bata ce Ho: Marshall Islands: AM BE Mauritania ES Mauritius otherConstitutional i Constitutional Court High Court Council z 5B Cour 2 = my 5 5 8 gs §8 3 Bs Bs ds 35 3s 5 33.C £ £3 58 23 22 88 Be 3 ag ge 42 22 G2 a2 82 2 HC- AM He. AM cc. Tl Moldova cc ™™ Monaco HO-EM Il Mongotia ce cc- HE Montenegro oe cn. Hl Morocco on N- FS Mozambique cn EEE Myanmar other He. Bi Namibia He HC- BE Nepal ke = Netherlands none ial New Zealand ge = Nicaragua HC-EM ZENiger HC-EM HC. H ENigeria he im North Korea (DPRK) none HE Norway ne lex Oman none TE Pakistan other [Ol Palau ne Panama HC-EM HB Papua New Guinea veConstitutional i Constitutional Court High Court Council z 53g Country 5 gs § gs §8 3 as fs ds zz 3 i 2303 £ e$ 38 22 G2 82 #8 2 ag ge 22 32 &3 Gz 52 2 Paraguay HC-EM. co. Mx Philippines HC-EM cc- mm Poland oe ce. EE Portugal wx mm Qatar none , co. Hl Romania gc cc. as Russi ce co. Rwanda em Ei Saint Kitts and Nevis ve (1a Saint Lucia ne He. [2 Saint vincent and the Grenadines AM Hm Samoa He co. San Marino em EEE Sao Tomé and Principe other EB sauci Arabia none [El Senegal aN cc. HIB serbia cc Ho. B® Seychelles AM = Sierra Leone a Sm singapore aConstitutional i Constitutional Court High Court Council z 5B 8 Cour 2 = my 5 8 gs § 3 Bs ds 2 3 3 5 33.C 3 32 8 28 88 523 ge 22 32 &2 G2 62 2 co. EM Hid Solomon Islands fe [Ell Somalia ce. BE south attica cc ‘© cc. {0 South Korea oe I south Sudan cc. HE spain ce ; co. MGI Sri Lanka EM He-EM cc- EM EE Swaziland ne HEE Sweden we ‘Switzerland Ho-Mx cc. Syria EM Hi Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) HC-MX Tajikistan va PF Tanzania aa = co. = Thailand cc. co. [BB Togo EM HC- AMConstitutional Court Constitutional High Court Cutie Country Other form or limited review No judicial review European Model Mixed Model Mixed Model = American Model 23 BSN Trinidad and Tobago Te tunisia hone cc. TE Turkey £6 Hil Turkmenistan none EE Tuvalu ue. HEB Uganda HC-EM cc- BE Ukraine ge I United Arab Emirates other 33 United Kingdom other Hc- = United States AM Uruguay HC-EM — cc. S Uzbekistan Em BB Vanuatu Vatican city none Hi Venezucla HO-Mx EE Vienam none =vemen HO-EM Hi Zambia He-EM Se Zimbabwe other In specific jurisdictions = Australian administrative law § Judicial review Judicial review in Austria Judicial review in Bangladesh Judicial review in Canada Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic Judicial review in Denmark= Judicial review in English law = Judicial review in Germany = Judicial review in Hong Kong = Judicial review in India = Judicial review in Ireland = Judicial review in Malaysia = Judicial review in New Zealand = Judicial review in the Philippines = Judicial review in Scotland = Judicial review in South Aftica = Judicial review in South Korea = Judicial review in Sweden = Judicial review in Switzerland = Judicial Yuan (Taiwan / Republic of China) «= Judicial review in the United States See also Judicial Appeal Judicial activism Living Constitution Originalism Unconstitutional constitutional amendment References 1. Elliott, Mark (2001). The constitutional foundations of judicial review (https:/Awww.worldcat.org/oc! /191746889), Oxford [England]: Hart Pub. ISBN 978-1-84731-051-4. OCLC 191746889 (https:/w ww worldcat org/ocic!191746889) 2. Montesquieu, Baron Charles de, The Spirit of the Laws 3. Article 120 of the Netherlands Constitution (http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001840/geldigheidsd atum_28-07-2014#Hoofdstuk6_Artikel120) 4, ESKRIDGE ET AL., supra note 532, at 1207 (“Presumption in favor of judicial review."); id.(“Rule against interpreting statutes to deny a right to jury trial."); id.(“Super-strong rule against implied congressional abrogation or repeal of habeas corpus."); id. at 1208 ("Presumption against exhaustion of remedies requirement for lawsuit to enforce constitutional rights. that judgements will not be binding upon persons not party to adjudication."); id. (“Presumption against foreclosure of private enforcement of important federal rights.”). See, e.g., Demote v. Hyung Joon Kim, 538 U.S. 510, 517 (2003). But see SCALIA & GARNER, supra note 532, at 367 (describing as a “false notion” the idea “that a statute cannot oust courts of jurisdiction unless it does so expressly’). 5, Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 AustLl (http:/Awww.austli.edu.au/ au/cases/cth/HCA/1951/5.htm!) 6. Parliamentary Education Office. "What is judicial review?" (https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parli ament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-is-judicial-review/). Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 9 March 2023.7. Keyzer, Patrick; Goff, Christopher; Fisher, Asaf (23 December 2016). Principles of Australian Constitutional Law (5th ed.). Australia: LexisNexis Butterworths. p. 36. ISBN 9780409341959 8. The strength of the combination Government - Parliament ... far from outperform the reasons of the Constitutional scrutiny, makes the judicial review more necessary than ever: Buonomo, Giampiero (2006). "Peculato d'uso: perché il condannato non puéd fare il Sindaco. Dalla Consulta “no” ai DI senza necesita e urgenza” (htips://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http:/mww.q uestia.com/projects#l/project/89404092). Dirilto&Giustizia Edizione Online. Archived from the original (https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89404092) on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2016-04-09. 9. "Dr. Ame Mavéié. (2010). A Tabular Presentation of Constitutional/Judicial Review Around the World” (http:/Avww.concourts.net/tab/tab1 php ?ing=en&stat=0&prt=0&srt=0). concouris.net Retrieved 2022-05-10. Further reading = Edward S. Corwin, The Doctrine of Judicial Review: Its Legal and Historical Basis and Other Essays. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2014. = R.L. Maddex, Constitutions of the World, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-87289- 556-0. External links = Judicial Review: A Legal Guide (https://web archive orghveb/20131029210018/http://a4id.org/site sidefaultfiles/user/Judicial%20Review. pdf) = Corrado, Michael Louis (2005). Comparative Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials (https://boo ks.google.com/books?id=5_OPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22comparative+judicial%22+vetotreview+supre macy+control). ISBN 0-89089-710-7. (Country by country case studies) = N. Jayapalan (1999). Modern Governments (https://books.google.com/books?id=V_iw2ZSPQbQC &q=comparativejudicial+vetotreview*supremacy+control&pg=PA86). Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-837-6. (A comparison of modem constitutions) = Beatty, David M (1994). Human rights and judicial review (https://books.google.com/books?id=N_ UjZarvAwYC&q=comparative+%22constitutional+review%22&pg=PA135). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-2968-8. (A comparison of national judicial review doctrines) = Wolfe, Christopher (1994). The American doctrine of judicial supremacy (https://books.google.co mibooks?id=Kev8w 1 pinaUC&q=judicial+review&pg=PA3). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0- 8226-3026-5. (This book traces the doctrine's history in an international/comparative fashion) = Vanberg, Georg (2005). "Constitutional Review in Comparative Perspective". The politics of constitutional review in Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83647-0. (The effects of politics in law in Germany) = Galera, S. (ed.), Judicial Review. A Comparative Analysis inside the European Legal System, Council of Europe, 2010, ISBN 978-92-871-6723-1, [1] (https://web.archive.orghweb/20061122080 732/http://book.coe.int/EN/ficheouvrage.php?PAGEID=36) Retrieved from "https://en. wikipedia. org/wlindex php title= Judicial_reviewSoldid=1145453693"