ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TITLE :- DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC

FLOOR CLEANING MACHINE

A THESIS REPORT SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
INPARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT FOR BACHELOR OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME ID NUMBER

1. DANIEL ALEMAYEHU……………….. RU 1760/10

2. EYASU ABRHAM……………….. ……. RU 0890/10

3. FASIL BISET…………………………….. RU 1755/10

NAME OF ADVISOR: MR. AYENEWU TS (MSC)

JULY 29,2022G.C

ASSOSA/ETHIOPIA
 Design and simulation of semi-automatic floor cleaning machine

DECLARATION
This is to certify the thesis prepared by Eyasu Abrham,Fasil Biset and Daniel Alemayehu,
entitled Design and simulation of semi-automatic floor cleaning machine and submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Science in Mechanical
Engineering complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted
standards with respect to originality and quality.

Mr.

Chairman Department Signature Date

Graduate Committee

Mr.

Chairman Department Signature Date

Advisor Signature Date

Mr.

Chairman Department Signature Date

Examiner Signature Date

1. Mr.

2. Mr ________________________ _______________ _________

3. Mr ________________________ ________________ __________

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ABSTRACT
In modern days, Humans are emphasizing the use of machines in day-to-day activities,
which reduce the time and effort required. With the advancement of technology
automating floor cleaning machines are getting more attention of researchers to make life
of human kind comfortable. Floor cleaning has always been most time-consuming and
tedious work as it is being done manually. The concept is developing in economic
countries but in the case of our country, these machines are not yet popular due to high
price of machines, complexities in design, operating cost and adaptation of new
technology. Due to these reasons, most of the Public services, households and industries
are still using traditional floor cleaning methods.

In this project, a semi-automatic floor-cleaning machine is proposed. In early day a floor

is clean by using a broom which is operated by human hand, in this a continuous
movement of human hand is required which create fatigue and time consuming. The aim
of this work is to develop and modernized process for cleaning the floor with wet and dry.
Current project work targets to use semi-automatic floor cleaner for large floor in
household purposes and office floors (cement concrete and ceramic floors), at the same
time, the floor cleaning machine is capable of cleaning smooth floors and inaccessible
corners effectively.

The cleaning purpose is specifically carried out by continuous relative motion between a
scrubber and the floor surface. During the cleaning and moving operation of vehicle
mechanism such as, driven wheels and guide wheels for the dry tracking on the floor
surface to be cleaned, suction of water is carried out by vacuum pump; the scrubber
directing water towards rear end does scrubbing action. This machine is capable of
performing cleaning of floor in dry as well as wet condition, and it have storage box to
store a dust and dirt.

SOLID WORK 2017 is used for 2D and 3D modeling to show the design parts and sub
assemblies. The assembly of the machine is done to visualize what the machine looks like
on SOLID WORK software.

Key word, Semi -Automatic floor cleaning machine, design and simulation

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our supervisor
Mr. Ayenewu lecturer of Mechanical Engineering for providing precious guidance,
inspiring discussions and constant supervision throughout the course of this work. His
timely help, constructive criticism, and conscientious efforts made it possible to present
the work contained in this project.
We want also to express our sincere thanks to Assosa university and alumnus graduates
for their support and commitment. We are also thankful to all the staff members of the
department of Mechanical Engineering and to all my well-wishers for their inspiration
and help.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents Pages
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................viii
NOMENCLATURE ...........................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of History Cleaning ............................................................................... 2
1.2 Problem Statement .....................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Specific Objective ............................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope ..........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Limitation .................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Significance of the Project .........................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEWS ..............................................................................................5
2.1 Types of Floor Cleaning Machine ............................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Hardwood Floor Cleaners and Steam Cleaners .................................................. 6
2.2.1 Vacuum cleaners ................................................................................................. 9
2.2.4 Portable Dryers ................................................................................................. 12
2.2.5 General Cleaning Equipment May Include .......................................................12
2.4 The Nature of Cleaning ........................................................................................... 15
2.5 Methods of Floor Cleaning ......................................................................................16
2.6 Types of Floor ..........................................................................................................17
2.6.1 Cement Concrete Flooring ................................................................................ 17
2.6.2 Timber Floors (Wood Flooring) ....................................................................... 18

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2.6.4 Vinyl Composition Tile .................................................................................... 21

2.7 Categories of Dirt’s ..................................................................................................22
2.7.1 Soiling ............................................................................................................... 22
2.7.2 Staining ............................................................................................................. 22
2.7.3 Corrosion ...........................................................................................................23
2.9 Conceptual Frame Work ..........................................................................................23
CHAPTER THREE ...........................................................................................................24
3.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ................................................. 24
3.1.1 Design Methodology .........................................................................................24
3.2.1 Selection of Materials and Design Criteria ....................................................... 25
3.2.2 Design Consideration ........................................................................................26
3.3 Working Principle ....................................................................................................27
3.4 Components of Machines ........................................................................................ 28
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 29
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC
FLOOR CLEANING MACHINE .....................................................................................29
4.1 Conceptual Design Of Semi-Automatic Floor Cleaning Machine .......................... 29
4.1.1 Overall Function Structure ................................................................................30
4.1.2 Embodiment Design ..........................................................................................32
4.2 Component Design and Analysis .............................................................................35
4.2.1 Design of Axle .................................................................................................. 35
4.2.2 Torque Requirement and Selection of Motor ................................................... 37
4.2.3 Bearing design ...................................................................................................38
4.2.4 Wheel Design ....................................................................................................43
4.2.6 Pulleys ...............................................................................................................59
4.2.7 Design of Shaft ..................................................................................................60
4.2.8 Design of key .................................................................................................... 66
4.2.9 Design of Bearing Selection For Shaft ............................................................. 67
4.2.10 Design of Scrubbing Mechanism ..................................................................68
4.2.11 Design of Frame ..............................................................................................70
4.2.12. Design of The Handle .................................................................................... 73

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4.2.13 Design Of Tank ...............................................................................................73

CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................74

DESIGN RESULT AND COST ANALYSIS ...............................................................74

5.1 Design Result and Discussion ................................................................................. 74
5.2 Assembling Procedure ............................................................................................. 75
5.3 Cost Analysis ........................................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................. 82
CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION ................................................................... 82
6.1 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................82
6.2 Recommendation ..................................................................................................... 83
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 84
Appendix Annex 1; 2D drawing and Assemble Drawing .................................................85
Annex 2 Simulation of Part ............................................................................................... 96
Annex 3 Standard Value Tables ........................................................................................99

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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 : Cleaning chemicals are classified in the following categories ...........................14
Table 2 : Nature of Cleaning ............................................................................................. 15
Table 3 : Decision matrix for cleaning dirt on floor ..........................................................31
Table 4 : Decision matrix Move the dirt to the tank ......................................................... 32
Table 5 : Some of selected material for semi-automatic floor cleaning machine ............. 34
Table 6 : Material and their stress (Gupta) ........................................................................35
Table 7 : Design value for journal bearing ........................................................................41
Table 8 : Horse power for V-belt (from Gupta text book) ................................................ 50
Table 9 : Density for different belt materials .................................................................... 53
Table 10 : The values of coefficient of friction for various materials of belt and pulley ..53
Table 11 : The mechanical properties of these grades of carbon steel ..............................62
Table 12 : Standard dimension of radial ball bearing ....................................................... 68
Table 13 : Materials and their stress (Gupta) .................................................................... 70
Table 14 : Design result of machine component ...............................................................74
Table 15 : Calculated cost of the machine design components .........................................81

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 : Hard wood floor cleaning machine ....................................................................6
Figure 2 : Bluetooth based automatic floor cleaning machine ..........................................8
Figure 3 : Remote operated Robotic cleaning machine ...................................................... 8
Figure 4 : Vacuum cleaners ..............................................................................................10
Figure 5 : Manual scrubbing machines ............................................................................. 11
Figure 6 : Cleaning Equipment ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 7 : Floor cleaning accidents ................................................................................... 17
Figure 8 : Timber floors .................................................................................................... 18
Figure 9 : Brick floors ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10 : Plaster floors ................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11 : Ceramic Tile ................................................................................................... 20
Figure 12 : Methodological Procedure .............................................................................25
Figure 13 : Overall function structure ............................................................................... 30
Figure 14 : a) Concept 1 scrubber b) Concept 2 sweep ......................31
Figure 15 : Geometrical layout of semi-automatic floor cleaning machine ......................33
Figure 16 : Axle .................................................................................................................35
Figure 17 : Free body diagram of the axle ........................................................................ 36
Figure 18 : The wheel assembly ........................................................................................43
Figure 19 : The hub with all its dimensions ...................................................................... 44
Figure 20 : The hub with all its dimensions ...................................................................... 51
Figure 21 : pulley and belt geometry .................................................................................55
Figure 22 : Free body diagram for shaft. ...........................................................................64
Figure 23 : Section view of middle scrubbing .................................................................. 69
Figure 24 : Section view of corner scrubbing ................................................................... 69
Figure 25 : Assemble Drawing ..........................................................................................76

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NOMENCLATURE
P = Power

N = Speed in RPM

Fs = shear force applied

As = shear area

Z = viscosity.

N = journal speed.

β = contact angle.

f = coefficient of friction.

Δt = bearing surface temperature.

Qg and Qd; = heat generated and dissipated.

M= bending moment

Z= section modulus

σ = Allowable stress of belt material

X = Center distance of the belt

Tc =centrifugal tension

Te = equivalent twisting moment

σc = crushing stress

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CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
In large floor area such as malls, colleges, railway stations, hospital cleaning is serious
issue; it sets aside a lot of effort for the manual human hand or needs more labor. In
modern days, interior decorations are becoming important in our life and Cleanliness
plays a crucial role in adding value to ambience of any workplaces. However,
maintaining clean environment involves tedious work and high work force. Hence, there
is a requirement of designing and developing of floor cleaning machine.

Automatic floor cleaner is a compact robotics system, which provides floor-cleaning

service in room and big offices reducing human labor, as a robot it eliminates human
error and provides cleaning activity with much more efficiency. If we clean the floor
manually then there is a possibility that the operator will leave some portion of the floor.
Different types of floor need different type of treatment. The floor should be totally dry
after the cleaning process. Otherwise, it may result in hazard. On some floors, sawdust is
used to absorb all kind of liquids. Our semi-automatic floor cleaner will save huge cost of
labor in future. This ensures that there will be no need of preventing them from spill of
the sawdust has to be swept and replaced every day.

Household cleaning is a repetitive task carried out by number of people every day. It is
also considering the intensity of labor required and improving qualities to its optimum
level. The need of designing a new technological based vacuum cleaner, which could
overcome the short coming of existing vacuum cleaner. Therefore, this semi-automatic
cleaning machine is very simple in construction and easy to operate. Anybody can
operate this machine easily. The size of the machine is also portable, so we can transfer
from one place to another place very easily. This machine is applicable for various floor-
cleaning activities. Hence, there is a need of bringing revolution in the area of science
and technologies, which could help easily in repetitive tasks, which we perform daily.

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1.1 Background of History Cleaning

Historical evidence suggests that floor-cleaning procedures emerged during the 19th
century. The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas of cleanliness in Europe and North
America. During that time Wealthy, individuals used canvas cloth to cover carpet while
away on vacations and during social events held in their homes. The lack of ventilation
caused houses to fill with dust, dirt, and soot, which prompted people to search for ways
to clean their homes. Societies placed significant value on their homes at that time, which
sparked an innovative mindset to clean houses more efficiently [4].

One of the most common techniques for cleaning carpet involved beating rugs with
brooms to remove sand, dust, and soot; however, this method did not remove stains.
Effective stain removal methods did not emerge until the 1830s, when creative
homemakers recorded their secrets for the removal of ink, grease, and oil. One stain
removal method involved scrubbing carpet with lemon juice and a hot loaf of bread.
During the late 1860s and 1870s, carpet-cleaning techniques took a leap for the better
with the advent of the first manually operated vacuum cleaner. The vacuum cleaner made
it easier for people to manage their daily housecleaning. Ives W. McGuffey invented the
Whirlwind, or the first manually operated vacuum cleaner in 1868. The Whirlwind‖ was
lightweight, compact, and difficult to operate [1].

Other inventors designed their own manually operated vacuum cleaners in the United
States and Europe. By the 1880s, readers could find an array of professional cleaning
advice in various publications. One carpet cleaning method involved mixing water and
bull’s gall before scrubbing it with a flannel cloth and then rinsing it with cold water. The
vacuum cleaning industry went silent during the 1920s and 1930s, because carpet had
become unfashionable during this time. However, most people acknowledged that rugs
needed vacuuming before shampooing. Over the years, the carpet cleaning and flooring
industry has improved its system and chemicals to clean more efficiently [8].

1.2 Problem Statement

The main problem that made us to do this project is, during the manual cleaning
operation some dust and dirt particle may remain on the floor and due to the action of air
the dirt and dust particle transfer from one surface to another surface, which creates the

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problems during cleaning which tends to increase manual effort. In addition, many types
of floor cleaning machines are available in the market that possess high range and high
cost. Therefore, keeping the focus on weight as well as cost, they are not affordable to
everyone. Also cleaning is done traditionally by sweeping the floor, and this sweeping
could result a major health issue. There is all kinds of dust and dirt flowing around in the
room, hence there is need to design and develop a floor-cleaning machine, which is a
combination of many mechanisms and cost effective. Design and development of floor
cleaning machine will reduce the cleaning time, increase the quality of cleaning and
reduce the fatigue of workers and at the same time will be cost efficient offering the same
specifications as compared to readily available machines in the market.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this project is to design semi-Automatic floor-cleaning machine,
which can achieve dry and wet cleaning simultaneous in a single run.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

More specifically the project aims the following as specific objectives

Identify simple and suited mechanism for semi-Automatic floor cleaning

machine.
Concepts generation and analyzing.
Design the components and assembly of a selected concept.
Force and stress analysis for major components of the machine.
Preparing 2D, 3D and simulation using Solid Work 2017 software.
Evaluate the cost benefits of using Automatic floor cleaning with previously
made machines.

1.4 Scope
The scope of this project is to design and developing semi-automatic machine that could
clean Cement concrete, floors and ceramic floors specifically, which are commonly used
in our country. For this project, proper cleaning is achieved by motion of the scrubber.
Motion is delivering from a dc motor. Special type of brush is mounted on the scrubber,
to wipe the dirt away.

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The brush is called nylon bristle brush. There is a corner brush that is installed on the
machine, which helps for cleaning corners. Vacuum pumps are also used, this vacuum
pump sucks only wet-dirt’s from the floor. Thus, lead to proper cleaning of the surface.
There may be oily surfaces in some cases to counter act this situation necessary
disinfectants and liquid detergent are used and mixed inside the water tank before being
sprinkled & 3-wheel drive mechanism is used for proper control of the machine.

1.5 Limitation
The project is concerned in designing the semi-automatic floor-cleaning machine, which
has inability to perform the cleaning task without the power source (electrical current).
Besides the project machine is designed only to clean indoor areas like ceramic and
cement floors.

The design of the floor-cleaning machine is designed more specifically to clean flat
surfaces, which means bumped areas may not be get cleaned well using the machine.

1.6 Significance of the Project

There is vast application of floor cleaning machine. They are mainly used in commercial
places like hospitals, malls, colleges where surface to clean be large. They are also used
to clean the floor of factories and industries. Nowadays, airport cleaning is also done by
floor cleaning machine. They have a wide application where cleaning is required for large
surfaces, this machine can be used. Thus, for better cleaning with less effort of human,
semi-automatic floor cleaning machines is used. The significance of this project is to
provide easy accessibility and economic benefits when the Automatic floor cleaning
machines is used. Specifically, the proposed study will contribute the following
advantages, such as

Significant energy and time saving.

The system is portable, durable and easy to operate and have Low maintenance
requirement
Minimizing of cost of production and could be considered major problem solver
in interior decoration jobs.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature Reviews
Traditionally floor is cleaned by hand using different hand made instruments. Initially
different reed brushes washed it. According to Egyptian houses were built of sun dried
mud bricks at times white washed and the floors were stamped earth. The floor of the
outdoor kitchen too was simply the ground-baked stone hard by the sun. Unless it was
raining, which happened only rarely, these floors were easy to keep clean by sweeping.
Like most ancient Egyptian tools, these brushes did not have long handles, which would
have rendered their use less irksome, and required bending low when employing them.

For the ease of human being’s different designs of brushes are evolved. Again, during the
age of monarchs’ carpets of different designs are utilized to cover the floor to keep it
clean. As the time passed new scientific era begins many new methods are used to clean
the floor. The first among those was the reciprocating action of brush actuated by
muscular force. The brush design is changed time to time depending upon the floor
structure and ease of washing personnel. As the electricity came into role vacuum cleaner
are invented to clean a dry surface. Moving forward different floor cleaning machines are
being invented to clean the floor with less application of muscular power. Then, the
concept of mobile robot came.

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment. In contrast,
industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm (multi-
linked manipulator) and gripper assembly (or end effectors), attached to a fixed surface
for the help of humankind the first-floor cleaner was manufactured during 1980s. In that,
equipment the aim was to wash the floor with less power utilization. They are sweeping
mechanism of mop is actuated by a timing motor which was controlled by the dc circuit.
Here water is sprinkled on the mop and hence the wet mop is used to clean the debris
from the floor. However, the problem here was it could not use any chemical solvent or
disinfectant. Again, for soaking purpose only hot air is used. Again, for moving the
machine a worker has to be engaged. To overcome these conflicts current study was done
to enable the cleaner move automatically throughout any kind of room. The moping

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mechanism is also modified to lessen the cost. In current study, the mop is continuously
revolving about an axis perpendicular to the motion of the cleaner, which also helps in
directing water on the floor backward. Instead of using a wet mop, a sprinkle mechanism
is used to make the floor wet which the mop scrubs. A vacuum cleaner was used to soak
dirty water from the floor surface and side by side cleaning the surface. For automatic
motion of the cleaner mobile cleaning machines are used . [10]

2.1 Types of Floor Cleaning Machine

2.1.1 Hardwood Floor Cleaners and Steam Cleaners
Hardwood floor cleaners makes every day cleaning routine a breeze with good selection
of vacuums that safely tackle messes on all sealed hard floors – such as hardwood,
laminate, tile and vinyl. With patented Spin Scrub Brush Technology, we can gently
scrub and suction to clean in between grooves and textured floors from all angles for an
effortless, deep clean. Enhance your cleaning routine with our hard floor cleaner
solutions – designed to remove dirt, grime, pet messes and odors on area rugs and sealed
floors. The lightweight and compact design makes it easy to move from room to room to
tackle the toughest of messes. Simplify your cleaning routine with your perfect Hoover
hard floor cleaner machine.

Figure 1: Hard wood floor cleaning machine [13]

It is a wireless Bluetooth control floor-cleaning machine and will be amazed at the
simplicity and effectiveness of the idea. It is DC motors wired in a wheeled plastic
container with a cleaning solution placed on top and a scrub attached in the bottom
through one of the motors. The brush cleans the floor and dried with aid of CPU fan.
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Bluetooth module is used for controlling the entire system with help of remote or mobile.
There is an application in mobile for Bluetooth connection between the system and
mobile. By using Bluetooth module, we can direct and turn the system as the user needs.
It works great and controlled manually based on the user convenience.

Bluetooth Module

Bluetooth wireless technology is a 2.4GHz ISM-band open industry standard for short-
range wireless communication, which is capable of voice and data.

a) Short Range Wireless

There are many short-range digital communications among computing and

communications devices; today much of that communication takes place over cables.
These cables connect to multitude of devices using a wide variety of connectors with
many combinations of shapes, sizes and number of pins; this plethora of cables can
become quite burdensome to user. With Bluetooth technology, this technology can
communicate without wires over a single air interface, using radio waves to transmit and
receive data. Bluetooth wireless technology is specifically designed for short-range
communications; one result of this very low power consumption, making the technology
well suited for use with small, portable personal devices that typically are powered by
batteries.

b) Voice and Data

Voice appliances such as mobile telephones are also used for data applications such as
information access or browsing. Trough voice recognition, computers can be controlled
by voice, and through voice synthesis, computers can produce audio output in addition to
visual output. Bluetooth wireless communication makes provisions for both voice and
data, and thus it is an ideal technology for unifying these worlds by enabling all sorts of
devices to communicate using either or both of these content types Bluetooth is split into
two sections: Bluetooth Specification and Bluetooth Profile. The Specification describes
how the technology works The Profiles describe how the technology is used.

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c) Technical Features

Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM)
frequency band as shown in Figure below. It uses 79 channels between 2.402 GHz to
2.480 GHz. It uses power of 1mW to100mW. The nominal range is 10 meters, but can be
extended to more than 100 meters by increasing the transmission power to 100mW. The
gross data rate is 1Mbps. Bluetooth uses a combination of packet and circuit switching
technologies for transmission.

Figure 2: Bluetooth based automatic floor cleaning machine [8]

Robot is an intelligent device having its own brain fed with computer logic so that it can
do the work according to the algorithm designed. The logic controller designed guides
autonomous movement of vehicle. Robots play an important role in every field of life. It
is used in industries, in households and in institutes. The robots are just becoming as
intelligent as human now days. Mostly an average human uses 2-3 robots per day in his
day-to-day life. Therefore, remote operated robotic cleaners perform their work through
the sensor that is mounted on them. The presence of a sensor plays great role in the
flexibility; time saving and efficiency make the robot a clean choice for cleaning the floor.

Figure 3: Remote operated Robotic cleaning machine[12]

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Cleaning equipment covers a wide range of products and items. The following
information is to help you decide which machine you may need to use. Electrical
equipment may cover.

2.2.1 Vacuum cleaners

The vacuum cleaner is the most used piece of electrical cleaning equipment. If it is
properly cared for it will become your best friend.

How does a vacuum cleaner work?

The purpose of a vacuum cleaner is to collect all small pieces of litter and dust which is
embedded in the carpet. A vacuum cleaner is powered by a central motor, which drives a
fan creating suction.

The strength of suction is dependent on the power of the motor. They have a combination
of filters, which collect the dust and prevent it from being reticulated into the atmosphere.
The primary filter is the dust bag, which can be made either of fabric or of paper, which
is disposable.

Upright models

These are used by pushing backwards and forwards over the floor Older styles of upright
models have one motor which drives a belt which rotates the brush at the front. The brush
lifts the pile and the suction action, draws the dirt into the bag More modern models have
two motors, the main motor drives the fan and the second motor drives the brush which
rotates and sweeps the carpet as well as helping to lift the pile. The brush height can be
adjusted for different types of floor. The switch is usually located on the handle but can
also be foot operated.

Barrel style

The barrel vacuum cleaner is named because of its appearance. They are usually on
wheels with a flexible hose and have extension tubes with a nozzle attached. The nozzles
can be interchanged for different surfaces e.g., a brush nozzle would be used on hard
floor, where a flat nozzle would be used on carpet. The switch is located on top of the

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barrel. The motor is attached to the base by clips and is removed when the vacuum
cleaner needs to be emptied. Most vacuum cleaners have a paper bag but many are also
used without the bag. When there is no paper bag, the secondary filter will block more
easily and this will cause the vacuum cleaner to age prematurely and becomes very messy
to empty.

Backpack

This is a vacuum cleaner where the body of the machine is carried on the back. It is worn
like a backpack and is strapped to the operator by straps and buckles. They are designed
to be used in areas where access is difficult e.g. in cinemas and theatres between all the
seats or in restaurants where there is a large amount of tables and chairs. They can be
heavy and hot if worn for an extended period. They are designed to be used on curtains
and air vents and periodically on carpets. The size of the machine limits the AMO of
suction that is generated. People who have bad backs should not use them.

A) backpack B) barrel style C) upright model

Figure 4: Vacuum cleaners [8]

A floor-scrubbing machine is used for wet scrubbing on hard floors. They vary in sizes
and the machine can be either manually operated or automatic.

 The manual scrubbing machine requires the floor to be mopped first with wet
cleaning solution and then scrubbed with the machine using a bristle brush. The

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wet solution can either be mopped away with clean water or suctioned with a wet
vacuum. Some models have a tank on the upright from which the cleaning
solution is dispensed by the operator.
 The automatic scrubbing machine has simplified this method of cleaning as the
machine wets, scrubs and suctions in one pass. Inside the machine there are two
tanks:- the first has the cleaning solution and the second tank is empty. The
operator uses the switches and controls located on the handles and dispense the
cleaning solution. The brushes then scrub the floor as the machine moves forward.
At the back of the machine there is a squeegee attachment, which then passes over
the clean floor and suctions up the dirty cleaning solution in to the empty tank.
This makes large hard floor cleaning more efficient.

Figure 5: Manual scrubbing machines[10]

Polishing machines are used as the name implies for the polishing of hard floors such as
vinyl, cork and marble. They are single disc machines used in conjunction with brushes,
floor pads, floor strippers and polishes according to the task. These machines can be used
to strip, polish and buff floors. The speed at which they rotate creates heat, which hardens
the floor polish creating a high gloss shine sometimes described as a "wet look”.

All machines are different but generally, they rotate between 150 and 650 rpm
(revolutions per minute) depending on what they are to be used for. These are classified
as slow machines many polishing machines are used in a side-to-side or "swing" motion.

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The handle is lowered to move left and raised to move right some machines may have a
vacuum attached so they can polish and pick up dust at the same time. All machines
should have a protective skirting around. This helps to protect walls and furniture as well
as protecting them from chemical splash.

2.2.4 Portable Dryers

These are portable electrical blowers, which circulate the air at room temperature under
great force. They are used to dry wet floors and are particularly helpful when drying
carpets where areas have been flooded.

Blowers

Blowers are used outside to blow leaves and litter to a central point for pick up. Some
may also have a reverse action and can then vacuum up all the leaves and litter into a bag,
which is connected to the blower.

2.2.5 General Cleaning Equipment May Include

a) Buckets

Buckets can be made of plastic or metals. There are single buckets and double bucket
systems. You may have a bucket purely to hold all your cleaning chemical bottles in or a
special long low bucket for window cleaning. Whichever type used, they must have a
strong handle and be heavy duty. Metal buckets may rust over time and leave marks on
the floors being cleaned. Castors may break, as may the mop wringer. Double bucket
systems are used for mopping and rinsing a floor. One bucket has the cleaning solution
and one has clean water for rinsing.

b) Mops

There are cotton mops, cotton/polyester blends, sponge mops, dust mops and microfiber
mops. Cotton and cotton polyester blends come in different weights. Female staff may
use a lighter one than a male. Cotton mops are used for mopping as they are more
absorbent and cotton/polyester ones are used for applying polishes to hard floor because
they are lint free and so do not leave particles. Microfiber mops do not require the use of

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any chemicals. Sponge mops are not recommended for commercial heavy cleaning as
they disintegrate quickly.

C) Rakes

Rakes can be used for collecting leaves in outdoor areas but they are often used on carpet
to collect large amounts of litter (after parties when there may be streamers and balloons)
or after wet cleaning of long pile carpet to lift the pile. Specially designed carpet rakes
also exist.

D) Brooms and Brushes

Brooms are available in different widths and with different bristle types. Soft bristle
brooms are usually better on indoor hard floors and hard bristles better on outdoor areas.
The wider the broom, the larger the areas that can be swept in one pass.

Figure 6: Cleaning Equipment [13]

Proper use of chemicals makes your job easy but, if it is not, can be both hazardous to
your health and damage surfaces that you clean. It is important that you understand all
aspects of each chemicals including the safety precautions to take.

Firstly, determine:

The cleaning tasks to be done

The types of surfaces to be cleaned
Consider the safety of using every chemical
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The ability of the chemicals to do the job required

The smell of the chemical should be pleasant and fresh Labeling of containers.
Consider how the chemicals are dispensed and stored.

Cleaning is a science and knowledge and understanding of cleaning chemicals is vital.

You should have a basic understanding of the ph. scale. The ph. scale measures the
intensity of acidity or alkalinity of a product.

Table 1: Cleaning chemicals are classified in the following categories

Detergents

Detergents used for cleaning are usually synthetic and are a byproduct of petroleum i.e.
they are manufactured in a laboratory and they are designed by chemists for specific
cleaning tasks They are usually slightly alkaline as they are designed to remove soil
which is acidic in nature Detergents are usually mixed with water at different dilution
rates in order to penetrate the soil and hold it in suspension until it can be rinsed away
Synthetic detergents have largely replaced the use of soap because unlike soap they have

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a high tolerance to hard water and can be efficient at all temperatures. Soaps can leave a
scum film when used with hard water which can be redeposited on the surface that is
being cleaned Detergents can be formulated for floor cleaning Some may produce a high
foam (hand dish washing) and others a low foam (carpet cleaning detergents).

2.4 The Nature of Cleaning

There are four broad categories of cleaning. Although in most conservation work, any
cleaning is really a combination of one or more methods. Traditionally mechanical
cleaning is the term used when corrosion is physically removed from the surface of an
object using an external force. There is no requirement that a machine is used and most
mechanical cleaning is done by hand using small tools with no moving parts. The
simplest act of mechanical cleaning is the removal of superficial dust or particulate
matter using a soft, dry cloth.

Table 2: Nature of Cleaning

Method Tool
Air Movement Rubber bulb
Breath
Vacuum cleaner
Compressed air jet

Brushing Natural Bristle

Nylon bristle

Glass bristle brush

Brass wire brush

Steel wire brush

Peeling / pulling Adhesive Tapes

Latex poultices

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Rubbing /polishing Cotton swaps cotton

swap with a polishing compound

soft

pencil eraser

Hard pencil Eraser

Scraping /scratching Bamboo sticks

Needle probe scalpel

Cutting Scalpel

Thermal shock Laser ablation

2.5 Methods of Floor Cleaning

The treatment needed for different types of floors is very different. For safety, it is most
important to ensure the floor is not left even slightly wet after cleaning or mopping up.
Sawdust is used on some floors to absorb any liquids that fall rather than trying to prevent
them being spilt. The sawdust is swept up and replaced each day. It used to be common
to use tealeaves to collect dirt from carpets and remove odors. There are also wide
varieties of floor cleaning machines available today such as floor buffers, automatic floor
scrubbers and sweepers, and carpet extractors that can deep clean almost any type of hard
floor or carpeted flooring surface in much less time than it would take using a traditional
cleaning method.
1. floor buffers,
2. automatic floor scrubbers and sweepers,
3. Carpet extractors that can deep clean almost any type of hard floor or carpeted
flooring surface.
The principal reasons for being careful around floor cleanings are to prevent injuries due
to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips and trips on level floors are a major cause of

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accidental injury or death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is itself a major cause of
accidents

Figure 7: Floor cleaning accidents[14]

2.6 Types of Floor

1. Cement concrete floor
2. Timber floors (Wooden flooring)
3. Tile and stone floors
4. Vinyl composition tile

2.6.1 Cement Concrete Flooring

Cement concrete flooring is one of the most common types of flooring used in both in
residential as well as public buildings Rural and Urban areas owing to its non-absorbent
nature and thus it is very useful for water stores, durability, smooth and pleasing in
appearance, good wearing properties and easy maintenance and is economical.

Durability:

Concrete floors possess good durability and resistance to abrasion and wear depending
upon the following factors:

 Choice of aggregate - Hard tough aggregate is essential for good durability as

well as abrasion resistance.
 Water-cement ratio - Provided the flooring is fully compacted, the lower the
water-cement ratio the greater the durability and wear resistance; a lower water-
cement ratio compatible with workability is, therefore, essential.
 Density of flooring - Durability is increased in accordance with the degree of
density of finish, consequently the flooring shall be well compacted. The staining

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on the floor surface that may result from absorption of oils is reduced by
increasing the density of floor finish.
 Curing - Adequate curing is very essential to ensure good wear resistance.

2.6.2 Timber Floors (Wood Flooring)

Wood flooring should be treated completely differently depending on whether it waxed

or oiled, or else. It is important to determine the type of finish of a wood floor and always
treat it the appropriate way, for instance it is difficult to clear wood floor wax from a
polyurethane floor. Hardwood floors should be washed rarely and only when necessary.
Minimal quantities of water should be used on timber, particularly softwood floors, to
prevent raising the grain, expansion, warping and possible damage to ceilings below.
Washing timber floors can also set off fungal decay. Water should be cold or warm (not
hot). A little neutral pH soap can be added to the water but traces should be removed by
rinsing. The bucket system of washing, rinsing and mop drying boards, working over a
small area at a time, will speed up drying. If scrubbing is really necessary the brush
should not be too wet and scrubbing should be in the direction of the grain. Polished
floors should not be washed but cleaned with liquid wax Unpolished floors can be
cleaned, prior to an initial application of wax polish with turpentine.

Figure 8: Timber floors[14]

Nowadays many modern kitchens, stairs, and bathrooms have tile flooring that can be
cleaned in three simple steps:

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1. Dirt or dust should first be removed with a vacuum cleaner or a broom.

2. Have a floor cleaning solution or spray bottle for the appropriate floor. If you are
cleaning stone floors (marble, granite, travertine, etc.), make sure the cleaning
agent states that it is for stones. An acidic tile cleaning solution can be used on
ceramic and porcelain floors.
3. After spraying the tile or stone floors in a small area, use a mop to clean and scrub
floors.
A) Brick floors

Most brick floors were bedded directly on the earth or over a layer of sand or clay on a
bed of well-compacted rubble. Their surfaces are seldom level but this ‘defect’ will
usually contribute to the aesthetic value of a room. Many bricks are non-uniform
dimensions and of irregular thickness. It can be difficult to lift and reverse them and set
them to the level on a renewed base. If the joints between bricks have not been filled with
mortar, it is usually an advantage to leave them so. This will allow any moisture present
to evaporate through open joints instead of through bricks. Mechanical abrasive cleaning
methods can scar the surface and destroy the surface ‘skin’ coating making the bricks
more vulnerable to the absorption of dirt and erosion. Many old brick floors have worn to
a smooth hard surface and do not require further treatment. Here heavy silting on the
surface can be difficult to remove without saturating the bricks and introducing moisture
into the joints. Saturation can lead to efflorescence, which can also be difficult to remedy.
Surface dirt will usually respond to scrubbing with a bristle brush, using minimal
quantities of warm water and a little sulfate free detergent.

Figure 9: Brick floors [14]

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B) Plaster floors
Plaster was a sound, warm, economical and fireproof means of flooring and as a
lightweight material it was particularly suitable for finishing, mainly, upper floors.
Many such floors continued in use and were still being used A greater variety of
aggregates is usually visible in gypsum plaster floors compared with modern concrete,
especially after the surface has been wiped with a damp sponge .

Figure 10: Plaster floors[14]

Ceramic Tile

Ceramic tile is one of the most durable floor and wall materials, that easy to care for it,
clean and available in hundreds of styles, wide variety of shapes, sizes and colors Is a tile
made of clay, by subjecting it to burn under high temperatures, then fat his face with a
layer strong quartz or basalt, the thickness of this layer thin, very often, so a value of
neglected relative to the thickness of the tiles.

Figure 11: Ceramic Tile[14]

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Properties of ceramic

Temperature

Ceramic is cold when used as flooring and can be quite uncomfortable during wintertime
in colder climates. (Because of the density of ceramic, it takes longer to heat or cool than
other flooring materials).

Hardness

While most consider the hardness of ceramic to be an added value, there is also a
downside. Because the ceramic material has no flexibility, the ceramic itself is more
prone than other floor types to surface cracking when heavy items are dropped.

Durability

Ceramic tiles are very durable and lighter than porcelain or real stone tile flooring.
Properly installed, ceramic flooring will last for 20+years.

Suitability

Ceramic flooring is very easy to maintain. It is smooth and non-porous. Because of its
durability and its resistance to moisture

Technical characteristics

1. Water absorption: Zero - 2%

2. Density: 2.25 - 2.35 g / cm 3
3. Resistance to bending: 300 to 350 kg / cm 2
4. Glazed surface hardness: 6 to 9 degrees hardness.
5. They are water and bacteria resistant.

2.6.4 Vinyl Composition Tile

Vinyl composition tile or VCT is a common commercial floor type. Cleaning this type of
floor is done with either a mop or bucket or with a floor scrubber VCT requires a
polymer coating or floor finish to protect it. This needs to be kept clean with dust
mopping and wet cleaning (i.e. wet mopping or floor scrubber).

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2.7 Categories of Dirt’s

The impulse to clean an object arises from an unconscious idea that cleanliness is the
correct or appropriate state for the human environment. When we talk about cleaning, we
most often think in terms of the surface appearance of an object Alternatively, the
chemistry and structure of the original surface may have been sufficiently altered by
degradation processes (e.g. corrosion of metals or glass) that cleaning will never reveal
the appearance the object may have had in the past. Over cleaning in search of an
assumed original surface can seriously damage a floor tiles. It is essential that the nature
of the “dirt” and the way the floor surface and interior have been altered with the passage
of time are understood before any attempt is made to “clean” an object.

There are three broad categories of dirt

2.7.1 Soiling
Soiling may be considered as solid particulate matter sitting on the surface of an object.
Soiling includes dust accumulated over time on the floor. It also encompasses particulate
mineral and other matter that was previously suspended in liquid (often water but also
possibly oil or grease) and hardened by evaporation after having come into contact with
the object. Soiling may be bonded to a floor either mechanically or via electrostatic
attraction, hydrogen bonding or Van der Waal’s forces. This definition would also
describe the intentional application of a paint layer. i.e. a finely ground mineral pigment
suspended in water or a drying oil. Soiling on the other hand is normally considered as an
accidental process.

2.7.2 Staining

Staining occurs when liquid matters are carried in to a porous substrate by capillary
action, darkening or discoloring the surface. Again, staining is distinguished from
intentional dyeing by being an accidental event. Staining differs from soiling in that any
particulate matter must generally be very small in order to penetrate the pores of the
substrate. Staining an also be caused by liquids, either because the liquids are themselves
colored e.g. ink or coffee – or because the liquid changes color because of a chemical

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reaction with the substrate or due to subsequent degradation of the liquid – e.g. oxidation
and yellowing of an oil or fat.

2.7.3 Corrosion
Corrosion is a general term that can describe alteration and degradation of the original
composition of the surface, either by external or internal chemical processes. Corrosion is
often used to describe the degradation of inorganic materials such as metal, glass or stone.
In the corrosion of metals water, oxygen or other corrosive gasses react with the surface,
which is transformed from a metallic state to a mineral, usually an oxide, carbonate or
sulphate Corrosion may take place above ground or within the soil for an archaeological
object and the thickness of the corrosion layer will depend upon the environment as well
as the type of metals involved. Corrosion usually involves the migration of charged ions
into and out of the metal surface. As a result, the outer layers of the object are
transformed into an oxide while the surface becomes covered with a mixed layer of
corrosion products depending upon the environment. Transformations are necessarily
accompanied by significant change in volume. Thus, the internal corrosion becomes more
porous but may also be distorted by blisters and pits. If the corrosion takes place in the
soil then the external corrosion incorporates soil, grit and any other material that is in
close proximity to the corroding metal.

2.9 Conceptual Frame Work

Modification of Floor Cleaning Machine

Popularize and Adopt

Cost Reduction Modified & Easily Apply Easy Mechanism

Operable

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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Design Methodology and Materials
3.1.1 Design Methodology
In order to design semi-automatic floor cleaning machine we consider the following
procedures:
 Selection of material (with justification)
 Preparation to manufacturing component drawing and assembly drawing
 Design material of machine components such as belt, shaft, axial, wheel
etc.
To clean the floor, fiber cloth is attached to the wiper, addition to that there is provision
of water jet through nozzle. Considering the ergonomics, position of handle is fixed, for
ease of operation two switches are provided. The machine steel is chosen for most of the
components since it having required properties. It is also beneficial from cost and
availability criteria.This machine is simply operated by pushing the handle with less
effort as heavy load rollers are provided at the base. Designed machine operates on
battery which can be charged either on solar or by electric supply. It is mainly designed
to clean the Educational institutes, malls, hostels, colleges, hotels so that hectic work of
sweepers can be reduced to great extent.
 The overall methodology steps we possess to do this project are showed in the
schematic diagram below.

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Figure 12: Methodological Procedure

3.2.1 Selection of Materials and Design Criteria
The best material is one which serves the desired objective at the minimum cost. The
following factors should be considered while selecting the material:
Availability of the materials,

Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service, and

The cost of the materials

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General Requirements of our machine project needs: -

High productivity

Ability to produce and provide required accuracy of shape and size and also
necessary surface finish.

Simplicity of design

Safety and convenience of control and

Low Cost

Good Appearance

3.2.2 Design Consideration

Different design factors were taken into consideration. These are:

 Durability
 Strength
 Corrosiveness
 Availability
 Quality
 Cost
Durability:-The parts of machine are chosen that they may last for longer period before
any sign of damage may be noticed.
Strength:-Before any construction work could be done, the behavior of stress action on
the machine parts should depend on the load that machine is to carry and this is very
essential.
Corrosiveness:-Machine parts must be prevented from moisture as to prevent corrosion
of the machine. This is achieved by painting the machine parts.
Availability:-This is one of the most important factors to be considered when selecting
materials. The materials must be readily available at low cost to ease the construction
work and maintenance. The parameters considered in this automatic floor cleaning
machine design include the following: -
 Weight of equipment for portability

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 Simplicity of design

 Safety and convenience of control

 Low Cost
 Good Appearance and performance

3.3 Working Principle

A rigid supporting iron frame is used in which whole assembly is mounted. Vacuum
cleaner having suction power of 1000 watt is used to collect the dry dust & dirt. Rotating
mop (scrubber) is connected to AC motor which works on 220V, 50Hz having a
maximum of 48lit/sec blower efficiency. A V-belt is used for transmission of power from
motor to scrubber shaft using pulley system. Energy required to run the motor and
vacuum cleaner is provided electrically. Therefore, motor and the vacuum cleaner are
connected to the switchboard through the electric supply.
The parts of the system are easily replaceable if they are damaged, as the system works
manually if the machine starts and a movement is given by operator, vacuum cleaner
suck the dry dust particles on the floor. In front of it, mop rotates on which a water is
sprayed from water tank through a pipe and the wet cleaning is achieved. The remaining
water on the floor is removed by the vacuum by turning on the switch simultaneously, to
the motor rotation. The debris that sucked has got stored inside the tank so that it could be
removed later.
This floor cleaning machine is comprised by DC motors. Wiring of the motors are
properly designed that, the wheels set up is considered control from two dual one-way
switches. A push button is also set as ON/OFF switch of the rotating objects as scrubs.
Plastic pipe is also designed in which it has holes and gate valve that manages the release
of cleaning liquid on the floor (Detergent & water). This project is applicable for several
floor cleaning activities. Torque required to revolve the scrubber is about 5.88 N-M. D.C
Motor gives 4.94 N-M at 1410 R.P.M. A smaller pulley is fixed on the motor shaft and
bigger pulley is fixed on the main shaft so that speed is reduced to 360 Rpm and torque is
increased up to 9.81 N-M. Hence motor will run without getting any load on it.
The vacuum pump used to suck wet and dry debris from the floor. The debris thus sucked
has to be stored so that it could be removed later. This is achieved by using a vacuum

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pump with a debris chamber attached to it. The next aim is to make the surface wet which
is carried out by sprinkling water on the floor. The aim is achieved by using a motor and
a sprinkler system. This system has a shower like outlet and a chamber whose outlet is
controlled by a D.C motor pump. To clean the surface scrubber has to move or scrub over
the floor. The dirt should be completely removed and the debris laden water will flow
towards the rear of the bot. the scrubber is fixed to the chassis using clamps. The
construction of the scrubber includes fixing one side to the motor and the other to the ball
bearing. The bearing is clamped to the chassis. At the rear of the system a vacuum
mechanism is used to suck the debris laden dirty water. This is also the same type of
pump and the chamber.

3.4 Components of Machines

The machines we are designing have many components. The followings are the main
components of a machine:-

Water tanker
Wheels
Shafts
Scrubber
Pulley
Vacuum cleaner
V belt
Motor and other links

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CHAPTER FOUR

Conceptual Design And Component Analysis of Semi-Automatic Floor

Cleaning Machine
4.1 Conceptual Design Of Semi-Automatic Floor Cleaning Machine
The conceptual design determines the general layout and design of the floor cleaning
machine. The first step in this phase was the identification of design goals. By
considering customer needs, the following fundamental machine requirements were
considered:

Easy to operate; no need of additional knowledge to operate.

Save time and reduce labor effort; cleaning large area within short period of time
comparing with manually cleaning machine.
Low cost; easy accessible for medium and high income comminute.
Light weight: easy to move from place to place.
Cleaning capability: collecting and cleaning wet, dry materials easily.

Product Specification

Based on the above machine requirements specification of the product was specified as
follows:

The design of this semi-automatic cleaning Machine is based on consideration of design

specification whose chose based on number factors that include the availability of
construction materials needed, cost of such materials and durability as well as the
prolonged life of using the machine. All over specification of the machine is as follows:

 Overall machine dimension (length x width x height) 750mm x 725mm x 700mm

by considering average height of the person that used this machine and by
considering of the cost of the machine, Shaft of maximum 700mm in length by
considering the width of the machine and the components that hinged or fixed on
it. Steel bars rectangular hollow section standard dimension 30mm by 50mm for
frame by considering easily available, less in cost and better strength.

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 For required speed a type of v belt pulley drive with selected.

Diameter of larger pulley (D2=140mm
Center distance between pulleys (X)=200mm
 For less weight aluminum pulleys are selected

Angle of v groove (2β) in pulley is usually 300-40o degree for our design we selected 38o

 For high yield strength stainless steel shaft is selected

Function Structure

To simplify the design process and to get plenty of alternative concepts, it important to
establish function structures.

4.1.1 Overall Function Structure

The overall function shows the problem in general with inputs and output relationships.
Here the inputs are material (debris on floor) and energy (human power and energy from
motor) whereas the outputs are material (debris on dirt tanker) and energy (kinetic
energy).

Materials (debris on floor) material (debris on dirt tanker)

Energy (human power and

Energy from motor) energy (kinetic energy)

Figure 13: Overall function structure

Separating dirt from floor

Here are some initial factors to consider when determining whether sweeping, scrubbing
or a combination of both is best for your plant or warehouse.

 The size of dirt and debris particles generated.

 The amount of dirt and debris generated.
 The character of the dirt (fibrous, oily, dusty, wet).
 The type of floor surface (tile, bare concrete, coated concrete, outdoor,
etc.).

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 A definition of what constitutes “clean” for your facility.

Concept 1: attaching scrubber on rotating shaft while scrubber rotates the debris on the
surface of the floor move easily to next sub function.

Concept 2: attaching sweep on rotating shaft while the sweep rotates it moves the debris
on the surface of floor.

Figure 14 : a) Concept 1 scrubber b) Concept 2 sweep

Table 3: Decision matrix for cleaning dirt on floor

Criteria Weight Concept 1 Concept 2

Dust control 2 9 5
Cost 2 7 7
Manufacturability 1 7 8
Safety 2 9 5
Reduce design complexity 0.5 7 8
Weight 1 8 9
Simplicity 1.5 9 8
Sum 56 50

To choose the best design concept, decision matrix was made and concept 1 was selected

Move the dirt to the tank

After lifting up the dirt from floor surface, the next task will be move the dirt to the tank.
To accomplish the task two design concepts were considered.

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Concept 1: creating vacuum inside tank by using a vacuum cleaner or fan.

Concept 2: using conveyor from ends of guider to the dirt tank.

Table 4: Decision matrix Move the dirt to the tank

Concept 1 Concept 2
Weight
Criteria
Cost 1.5 9 10
Simplicity 1 8 8
Manufacturability 1 7 8
Safety 2 9 7
Space utilization 1.5 8 5
Dust blowing up 2 9 6
Power consumption 1 8 8
Sum 58 52

To choose the best design concept, decision matrix was made and concept 1 was selected.

Store dirt in dirt container: using medium size tank that a single person can unload the
tank easily.

4.1.2 Embodiment Design

Embodiment design is the part of the design process in which, starting from concept of a
technical product, the design is developed in accordance with technical criteria and in the
light of further information, to the point where subsequent detail design can lead directly
to production.

During the embodiment design, the overall layout design, component shapes and
materials has been determined.

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Figure 15: Geometrical layout of semi-automatic floor cleaning machine

After determining the general arrangements, the next step was the preliminary form
designs. Parts, assembly of machine were done using Solid Works 2017 software.

Material Selection

Material selected in order to ensure that the component functions well i. e. failures do not
occur too frequently. Further reasons are to make full use of the materials and to obtain
cost effective components. When we talk about selecting materials for a component, we
take into account many different factors.

A vailability of the materials,

Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service, and

The cost of the materials

Selected Materials for Different Parts

During the selection process we considered different factors such as corrosion, weight,
strength, cost, availability and manufacturability of the components.

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Table 5: Some of selected material for semi-automatic floor cleaning machine

No Part name Selected material Reasons for selected

1 Axle Carbon steel Good machinability
High strength
Good heat treatment
properties
2 Wheel Carbon steel Good machinability
High strength
Good heat treatment
properties
3 Pulley Cast iron Good wear resistance
Good resistance to
deformation
Easy to machine
4 Shaft carbon steel 45 C 8 High strength, Low notch
sensitivity, Good
machinability

5 Scrubber Plastic Easy manufacturing

Good bending strength
Cheaper and abundantly
available
6 Frame Mild steel High tensile strength
High impact strength
Good ductility
7 Tank Plastic Easy manufacturing
Good bending strength
Cheaper and abundantly
available

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4.2 Component Design and Analysis

4.2.1 Design of Axle

Material selections
Materials used for axle/shaft should have the following core properties:
 It should have high strength: therefore, to with stand forces applied on it.
 It should have good machinability: for the easy of manufacturing
 Good heat treatment properties: This provides the shaft with good surface
properties that can resist failures due to fatigue, wear and creep.
 It should have good wear resistance properties especially when there is a
necessity to use the axle with journal bearings and similar parts.
So, meet these requirements carbon steel is selected. It has carbon content 0.35-0.45%
and 0.6-0.9% manganese.

Table 6: Material and their stress (Gupta)

Indian standard design Ultimate tensile Yield strength�� (mpa)
strength(�� ) (mpa)

40C8 560-670 ,we take 570 320

Figure 16: Axle

The total weight applied on the axle assumed to be 30kg, where 1kg=9.81N then
30kg=294.3N and the distance of the axle, L=0.7m=700mm

The reactions R1 and R2 are the supported forces of the wheel.

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Figure 17: Free body diagram of the axle

We brought the forces applied to the midpoint. The axle is considered as simply
supported beam. Therefore, the maximum moment can be calculated as follows.

∑F x =0

R1 + R2 =294.3N

But from symmetry R1 and R2 are equal.

294.3
Therefore R1 = R2 = 2
=147.2N

��
Mmax = 4

147.2�×700��
= 4

= 25760N-mm

= 25.76 Nm

The maximum moment is at the middle of the axle

Deflection or bending consideration

Assumed safety factor to be 2

�y
σb = ��
=160Mpa is the allowable bending stress

To find the dimension of the axle

����
σb = �

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Where Z is section modulus and it is calculated as follows

z=πd3 / 32

For a circular cross section so,

25.760
160MPa = πd3 / 32

25.760∗32
d= 160π∗106
=0.01179m= 11.79mm

We can take the diameter as much as we want as far as it is greater than 11.79mm to meet
other requirements.

So, let us take it to be 20mm.

Design for shear stress

The shear stress is applied at the wheel positions and it is due to the shear force of
147.2N.

��
�=
��

Where,

Fs is the shear force applied

As is the shear area
��
�= ��2
4

=147.2 *4/400π

= 0.468MPa

So the shear stress applied on the axle is less than the allowable stress, which implies
the axle is safe for shearing.

4.2.2 Torque Requirement and Selection of Motor

Coefficient of friction in between sponge/ brush and floor = 0.8

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Load on the bracket =10kg and diameter of bracket=150mm=0.15m

Torque required= F x R=µ ×Fn× R=µ×m × g × r

= (0.8 x 10 x 9.81) x 0.075m

=5.88Nm

Formula P= 2πNT / 60

N= Speed in RPM

P=power

T=Torque

550W motor torque = 4.94 N-M at 1410 RPM.

Then at 360 RPM Torque will be 9.81 N-M.

Hence, here 550W motor at 360 RPM can be used.

Design tip: for optimal continuous performance, DC motors typically operate at 70-90%
of its no load speed.
For design purpose the selected motor (550W) delivers 4.94N-M torque continually at
1410 RPM which is between 70-90% of its no-load speed.
550W motor torque = 4.94 N-M at 1410 RPM.
Then at 360 RPM Torque will be 14.6 N-M.
Hence, here 550W motor at 360 RPM can be used.
4.2.3 Bearing design
As we are looking for a component that are with by far manufacturability by local and
the raw materials are abundantly available with low cost, the first thing to be decided is
to see the properties of materials around us and select the suitable one. There are two
types of bearings commonly used for different machine components; sliding bearings
or rolling type bearings. Each of the above has its own merits and demerits with respect
to the other. Generally for low power operation requirements the sliding bearings have
the following advantages over the rolling one:

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Advantages of sliding bearings over rolling bearings

 Rolling bearings may eventually fail from fatigue while sliding bearings are less
sensitive to fatigue
 Sliding bearings requires less space in radial direction
 Good damping ability
 less noise level
 less sensitive to sever alignments
 low cost
 highly available
However, in some cases where higher speed and power transmission required the rolling
bearings show the following advantages
 Can support combined radial and axial load/thrust load
 Less sensitive to interruption of lubrication
 No self-excited instability
 Good low temperature starting.
 Can seal lubrication with in bearing and be life time lubricated
Looking closer to the working environment, the users’ economy and operating skill and
the above physical and mechanical comparisons, it is reasonable if the sliding bearings
are selected though it has some drawbacks that are not considerable limitations for
operation.
Hence the sliding bearings are selected the one used for the cleaner must possess;
 Compression strength to resist permanent deformation
 Suitability, ability to accommodate misalignments of journals
 Low coefficient of friction and oiliness
 Must be soft enough for the hard abrasive particles (dust, grit etc), that may interfere
its operation.
 Resistance to corrosion so that it can with stand oxidation
 Good heat conductivity to help the dissipation of heat generate3d
 Low thermal expansion so that the clearance doesn’t change if bearing is to operate in
wide range of temperature.

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Material selection
The common sliding bearing materials are:
 Metals (Babbitt metal, Bronze, Cast iron, Silver etc.)
 Non-metals (carbon graphite, rubber, wood, plastic)
The bearing for the cleaner wheel may be made from any one of the above recommended
materials. However, it is necessary to analysis the bearing especially for heat dissipation
capacity of the bearing by assuming particular material. Therefore, the bearing for the
wheel is designed considering cast iron journal type bearing.
Analysis
Assumptions
The design of journal bearing involves many variable; such as viscosity, Z; load per unit
projected area of bearing, p; the journal speed, N; bearing dimensions radius, r; clearance,
C; contact angle,  ; length, l; and the performance variables: coefficient of friction, f;
bearing surface temperature, t ; heat generated and dissipated, Qg and Qd; the maximum
film thickness, ho.

Assuming radius of wheel 200 mm and the maximum good upper body strength
push horizontal force needed to move on the wheel maximum up to 50kg =490N,
where 1kg=9.81N.at the speed of 0.4m/s .The speed of the journal N will be
calculated as
� 0.4
�= == = 2rad/sec
� 0.2
When 1rad/s=9.5493rpm from this N will be calculated to be 19.1rpm

The maximum resultant assumed to be the resultant of the vertical weight and the
horizontal traction forces.

2
Load on the bearing F  W  F
2
R
W = (147.22 + 4902)0.5
=511.6N
Where: - F=R1 = R2 = 147.2N are reaction forces on the axle ends, which are
applied on the bearing, and d represents journal (axle) diameter.

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Journal diameter d= 20 mm => r=10mm

Operating temperature to= 30oC and ambient temperature ta= 20o
Table 7: Design value for journal bearing

Machinery Bearing Maximum bearing Operating value

pressure(N/mm2) Absolute viscosity Z C l
Kg/m-s d d

Steam Driving axle 2.8 0.03 0.7 0.001 0.8-1.3

locomotive Wrist pin
Railway Axle 3.5 0.1 7 0.001 1.8-2
cart
Generators . . . . .
Motors . . . .
. . . .
Centrifugal Rotor 0.7-1.4 0.025 28 0.001 1-2
pumps
The following procedure will lead to determine the required variables of the bearing.

�
 Determine the bearing length by choosing �
ratio of 2

 l=2d=40 mm where diameter of axle is 20mm

 the bearing pressure p = ld = 20∗40 = 0.639 N

w 511.6
mm2
The bearing pressure is in the limit given in table above for corresponding railway
cart (3.5N/mm2), therefore the above value of p is safe and hence the dimensions
of l and d are safe.
 By selecting typical lubricant oil and its recommended working temperature
determine the viscosity
 i.e. SAE70,Z = 1 at operating temperature to=30oC
��
The bearing characteristics number �
= 32.6................................................ (4.1)

 The minimum value of the bearing modulus k at which the oil film will break is given
by:
��
3K= �
= 7=K=2.33..................................................................................... (4.2)

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Since the calculated value of the bearing characteristics number is greater than the
maximum requirement K= 2.33, therefore the bearing will operate under hydrodynamic
conditions.

 Take the clearance ratio c/d= 0.001

 Coefficient of friction for journal bearing is given by:
33 �� �
� = 108 �
+ �………………………………………… (4.3)
�

Where k= factor to correct leakage. It depends on the ratio of l/d, k=0.002 for l/d ratios
of 0.75 to 2.8

 � = 0.011
 Heat generated �� = µ��
� �
 �� = �. �. � �. � �� � �� �����…(�) �ℎ��� � =
����������� �� ��������, � = ���� �� �ℎ� ������� �� �,
= �������� �� �ℎ� ������� �� �/��2
× ��������� ���� �� �ℎ� ������� �� ��2 = � (� × �),
 � = ������� �������� �� �/� = ���/60
 , � �� �� ������, ���
���
 � = ����� �� �ℎ� ������� �� �. �. �. Where � = 60 ........................ (4.4)

 �� = 0.12����
 Heat dissipated Qd=C.A(tb-ta)=C.l.d(tb-ta), A=ld............................................(4.5)
Where C=heat dissipation coefficient. For unventilated air C is in the
range of 140-420 w/m2/oC. Take C=180 w/m2/oC

tb=temperature of bearing surface=30oC

ta= ambient temperature =20oC

tb-ta =0.5(to-ta) =5oC

 �� = 0.72����
It has been seen that the heat generated is smaller than the heat dissipated which implies
that the bearing is safe, that is it doesn’t need artificial cooling.

 Bearing bore diameter db=axle diameter + diameter clearance C

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C
 Recommended value of C for bearings is  0.001
d
 Where d is diameter of axle, d= 20mm, => db= (20 + 0.03) mm
 Bearing outer diameter do= 40mm

4.2.4 Wheel Design

The wheel for the cleaner can be made from different materials and with different
arrangements. As we have done at the bearing analysis the analysis of the wheel will be
done by considering as if it is made of a typical material and it has specific arrangement
and geometry likely suited for analysis take it has got perfect circular circumference. The
design will be based on the specified type of wheel material arrangement and other
alternatives and options will be matched after some parameters of the wheel are
determined.
The wheel going to be designed is the one fixed on the axle for a required dimension. It
rotates with the axle at a translational speed of 0.4m/s and rotational speed of 38.2rpm.
The diameter is assumed to be 200mm.

Figure 18: The wheel assembly

1. Design wheel hub

The wheel hub is the one which have direct contact with the axle. It is fixed with the axle
using nail through hole provided both in the hub and the axle.

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Figure 19: The hub with all its dimensions

Material of the hub

Since we have chosen carbon steel for the axle, we should choose a comparable material
for the hub too. This is to reduce wear of parts due to hardness difference. Therefore, we
choose the same material for the axle.

��
Shear stress = ��

Where shear stress= σy/SF

= 160MPa

The resultant force applied is calculated to be 147.2N

160=147.2/As

As=147.2/160=0.92mm

And we have A s = L * t

We can assume L=40mm

Therefore, t is calculated to be 0.023mm.

Design for crushing

Because it is in direct contact with the axle it tends to be crushed.

1. due to the vertical weight

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2. due to the traction force

The more critical is crushing due to the traction force. This force is divided equally
into the two wheels.

We have

570
σc allow = σt = 2
= 285mpa Where 570= ultimate tensile strength of carbon steel

Fc
σc = Ac Where Fc=Fr=147.2N reaction force at the support of the axle

πdl
Ac = 2

π×200×20
Ac = 2
= 6280mm2

147.2N
σc = 6280mm2 = 0.02mpa

The value is very less than the allowable shear stress. So, it is safe for crushing.

Design for tearing

The empirical formula of tearing analysis

��
�� =
��

Ft= 147.2���

�� = 2�� = 12560��2

147.2
Therefore �� = 12560 = 0.01���

The allowable tearing stress is less than allowable bearing stress of the material. So, the
hub is safe for tearing.

Generally, the hub with such a material is safe enough. Strength is not critical here.

But to meet other requirements we may change the hub thickness and length as
required. As checked in the previous analysis

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Hub thickness, t = 5-10mm

Hub length, L= 40mm

Hub profile is circular.

2. Design of Arms

Arms of the wheel are subjected to variable loading.

The main stresses are;

1. Compressive stress when arms are in the lower half of the wheel

2. Tensile stress when arms are in the upper part of the wheel

3. Bending stress due to the tangential force developed at the circumference of the
wheel.

Design of the arm length

In the preceding analysis the wheel diameter has been assumed to be 200mm. So,
subtracting the outer hub diameter from the wheel diameter, the length of the arm will
be 200mm – (40+ (2*t)) mm = 160mm.The total number of arms recommended for a
wheel with a diameter of 200mm is 12.

Material for arms

Material for the wheel should full fill certain property requirements that are necessary to
with stand the above three critical stress and be able to easily couple to the hub of the
wheel. Therefore the material selected for the arm of the wheel is carbon steel used so far.

For a cantilever beam the bending moment and stress relation is:

�
�� = � ………………………………………………….(4.6)

��
Where �� = �� = �� = 160��� i.e yield stress=320 and safety factor =2

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294.3
M= bending moment M= �� × � =11760 N-mm where �� = 4
= 73.5N

Where -number of arms are assumed to be 4.

-length of the arm =160mm.

Z= section modulus, for circular rod it is given as:

�
�� = �

�  .ra3   .ra3 
=Z  , i.e. for half of the arms Z  6 

�� 32  32  ……………………….. (4.7)

Substituting in (4.7) gives

 ra = 5 mm => da =10 mm
3. Designs of the Rims

The rim of the wheel critically subjected to three main stresses: tearing, shearing,
bending stress at the rim part between consecutive arms ends.

Assumptions

For shearing it is assumed only parts of the rim with area equals to the projection of the
end of the arm end is subject.

In case of tearing it is assumed that only the part between two arms is assumed to be
subject to. The bending is critical when the part of the rim at the middle of two
consecutive arms is in contact to the ground.

Width of the rim is considered to be (b) = 10mm

Inter arm length is calculated as

L = πd/12 = 52mm, where d=200mm

Design for bending

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From the angle of application of the force Fb the horizontal component of this force is
not significant as compared to the vertical component. Assuming only the two arms are
subjected to the load, Wt =294.3N

Fby = Wt / 4 = 73.5N

And considering the rim portion as a cantilever fixed at the middle ‘o’

�
�� =
�

��� �
�� =
�

��2
And � = �
So, rim cross section.

Then solving for t = 4.6mm, Let us take t = 5mm

Design of v-belt drive

A belt provides a convenient means of transferring power from one shaft to another.
Belts are frequently necessary to reduce the higher rotational speeds of electric motors
to lower values required by mechanical equipment (Spotts 1985). The belt driver relies
on frictional effects for its efficient operation. When the belt connecting two pulleys is
stationary the tensions in the two portions of the belt are equal but when torque is
applied to the driving pulley, one portion of the belt is stretched and the other portion
becomes slack.

Selection of a belt drive

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Following are the various important factors upon which the selection of a belt drive
depends:
Speed of the driving and driven shafts

Speed reduction ratio

Power to be transmitted

Centre distance between the shafts

Position of shaft

Space available and

Service conditions.
Types of belt drives
Depending on speed the belt drives are usually classified into the following three groups:
1. Light drives: These are used to transmit small powers at belt speeds up to about 10
m/s as in agricultural machines and small machine tools.

2. Medium drives: These are used to transmit medium powers at belt speeds over10
m/s but up to 22 m/s, as in machine tools.

3. Heavy drives: These are used to transmit large powers at belt speeds above 22 m/s
as in compressors, crushers and generators.
 Based on shape belts can be classified as:
A. Flat belt. The flat belt is mostly used where a moderate amount of power is to be
transmitted, from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are not more than 8
meters apart.
B. V-belt. The V-belt is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be
transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to
each other.

C. Circular belt or rope. The circular belt or rope is mostly used where a great
amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two
pulleys are more than 8 meters apart.

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Since huge amount of power transmitted by floor cleaning machine V-belt type
has been selected.

The procedure for selecting a V-belt drive is dependent on the motor horse power and the
speed (rpm) rating. V-belts are rated from class A to E.

Table 8: Horse power for V-belt (from Gupta text book)

Type of Power Minimum Top Thickness(t)mm Weight per

belt ranges in pitch dia. of width(b)mm meter
Kw pulley(D)mm length
in(N)

A Up to 0.7 75 13 8 1.06
B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89
C 7.5-75 200 22 14 3.43
D 20-150 355 32 19 5.96
E 30-350 500 38 23 -
Table 4.6 Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494–1974. (All
dimensions in mm).

(r1+r2)2
We know that the pitch length of the belt, L = π(r1 + r2) + 2x+ x

The amount of power transmitted by belt depends upon the following factors:

 The velocity of the belt.

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 The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.

 The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.

 The conditions under which the belt is used.

Figure 20: The hub with all its dimensions

Advantages of V-belt Drive over Flat Belt Drive
1. The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between
centers of pulleys.

2. Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore
the drive is smooth.

3. It provides longer life, 3 to 5 years.

4. It can be easily installed and removed.

5. The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.

6. The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.

Belt Materials
The material used for belts and ropes must be strong, flexible, and durable. It must have a
high coefficient of friction.
The belts, according to the material used, are classified as follows:
1. Leather belts. The most important material for flat belt is leather. The best
leather belts are made from 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters long strips cut from either
side of the back bone of the top grade steer hides.

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2. Cotton or fabric belts. Most of the fabric belts are made by folding Convass or
cotton duck to three or more layers (depending upon the thickness desired) and
stitching together. They are impregnated with some filler like linseed oil in order
to make the belt water-proof and to prevent injury to the fibers. The cotton belts
are cheaper and suitable in warm climates, in damp atmospheres and in exposed
positions.

3. Rubber belt. The rubber belts are made of layers of fabric impregnated with
rubber composition and have a thin layer of rubber on the faces. These belts are
very flexible but are quickly destroyed if allowed to come into contact with heat,
oil or grease. One of the principle advantages of these belts is that they may be
easily made endless.
4. Balata belts. These belts are similar to rubber belts except that balata gum is used
in place of rubber. These belts are acid proof and water proof and it is not affected
by animal oils or alkalis. The balata belts should not be at temperatures above
40°C because at this temperature the balata begins to soften and becomes sticky.
The strength of balata belts is 25 per cent higher than rubber belts.

Working stresses in belts

The ultimate strength of balata belt varies from 21 to 35 MPa and a factor of safety may
be taken as 8 to 10. However, the wear life of a belt is more important than actual
strength. It has been shown by experience that under average conditions an allowable
stress of 2.8 MPa or less will give a reasonable belt life. An allowable stress of 1.75 MPa
may be expected to give a belt life of about 15 years.

Density of belt materials

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Table 9: Density for different belt materials

Material of belt Mass density in kg/m3

Leather 1000

Canvass 1220
Rubber 1140
Balata 1100
Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley
The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley depends upon the following
factors:
 The material of belt

 The material of pulley

 The slip of belt; and

 The speed of belt

Table 10: The values of coefficient of friction for various materials of belt and pulley

Belt material Pulley material

Cast iron, steel Wood Compressed Leather Rubber

paper face face
Dry Wet Greasy
Lather oak 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.3 0.33 0.38 0.4

tanned
Cotton 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.3

woven
Rubber 0.3 0.18 - 0.32 0.35 0.4 0.42

Balata 0.32 0.2 - 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.42

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From the above table 4.8 balata v-belt type with cast iron pulley material of dry type
which has coefficient of friction (=0.35) has been selected.

V-Belt Drive Design process

Need rated power of the driving motor/prime mover.

Center distance (adjustment for center distance must be provided or use idler
pulley) nominal range D2 < C < 3(D2 + D1)

Power rating for one belt as a function of size and speed of the smaller sheave

Belt length (then choose standard size)

Sizing of sheaves (use standard size). Most commercially available sheaves

should be limited to 33m/s belt speed

Belt length correction factor

Angle of wrap correction factor. Angle of wrap on smaller sheave should be

greater than 120 deg.

Number of belts

Initial tension in belts

Design specification for V-belt derive

 Power to be transmitted = 0.733Hp = 0.55 KW,

 Input speed (N1) =1410RPM from motor selection

 Output speed (N2) =360RPM (Reduced by 25% of input speed)

 Diameter of large pulley (D2) =140mm

 The included angle (2β) for the V-belt is usually from 30° to 40°. For our design
we have been taken (2β)= 38

 Balata belt material is used

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 Density of belt material (Balata) (p)=(1100kg ⁄�2 )

 Allowable stress of belt material � = 4���

 Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley (N)=0.35

 Center distance of the belt (X) =200mm

Speed ratio of the V-belt can be calculated;
�1 �2
Speed ratio= �2 = �1

�2�2
�1 = , D1=36mm
�1

The angle of contact for both pulleys from geometry

Figure 21: pulley and belt geometry

�2−�1
���� = 2�

140−36
= 2� 200 = 0.26���

� = 15.1°

Where:

α- is angle of lap

β - is angle of contact

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Now the angle of contact on small pulley

�1 = 180° − 2� = 149.8°

�1 = 2.6 ���

Angle of contact on larger pulley (�2)

�2 = 180° + 2� = 210.2°

�2 = 3.66 ���

When pulleys have different angles of contact (�) then the design will refer to a pulley
for which the value of (� × �) is small.

We know that for a smaller v-pulley

�. � = � × �1������ = 0.35 × 2.695�����19° = 2.4

For larger pulley

�. � = � × �2������ = 0.35 × 3.66�����19° = 3.94

Since (�. �) for smaller pulley is small, therefore the design is based on smaller pulley.

���1
Belt speed (V)= 60
= 4.26�/�

Mass of the belt per meter length will be

For standard specification of belt; for a thickness t=8’ width is in the range of 35-65mm,
for our design we took 40mm width belt .i.e. w=40mm, t=5mm
Mass (m) =Area (A)*length (X)*density (p)

I.e. w=13mm, t=5mm A= w× � =200��2

Mass (m) = area ×length ×density

=200*10−6 �2 × m×1100kg/�3

=0.22kg/m

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Centrifugal tension (Tc)

Since the belt continuously run over the pulley, therefore some centrifugal force is caused
whose effect is to increase the tension on both the tight and slack sides.

Let m = Mass of belt per unit length in kg,

v = Linear velocity of belt in m/s,

r = Radius of pulley over which the belt runs in meters, and TC = Centrifugal tension
acting tangentially at P and Q in newton’s.

Tc=m× �2 = 0.22× 4.26 =3.99N=4N

Maximum (total) tension in belt- it is equals to the total tensions in tight side of the belt.

T= T1+�� or

T=� × �= 4mpa × 200mm2=800N

So tension on the tight side (T1) = T-Tc

= 800N- 4N=796N

Where - T1- tension on the tight side

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� − Allowable stress of belt material

� − Cross sectional area of the belt = b×t= 40×5=200mm2

When centrifugal tension is neglected than T=T1, i.e. tension in the tight side of the belt.
We know that ratio of driving tension for the belt drive give the following relation
between the tight side and slack side tensions, in terms of coefficient of friction angle of
contact.

�1
2.3log  �2
=� × �1������ = 2.4

�1
log  �2
=2.4/2.3=1.04

�1
�2
=antilog (1.04) =11.02

T2=72.5N

Power transmitted per belt = (T1-T2) V= (796-72.5) *4.26m/s

=3082.11W=3.082KW

Number of V-belts (n)

n =total power transmitted/power transmitted per belt

0,55��
n =3.8845�� = 0.14 ≈ 1

Length of each belt (L);

� �1+�2 �2+�1 2
L= 2
+ 2� +
4�

� 36+140 140+36 2
L= 2
+ 2 × 200 + 4�200

L=716mm

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4.2.6 Pulleys
Pulleys used for the v-belt drive mechanism, as specified previously first of all should
have to satisfy the geometric requirements. Then to take care of strength, reliability and
durability necessities the selection of material for the pulley should be based on such
considerations in addition to cost, availability and manufacturability requirements.

Pulley materials

Commonly used pulley materials are metals which include cast iron, steel, aluminum etc.,
and to light duties non-metallic pulleys are used such as plastic, paper and wood are the
commonest of the non-metallic pulleys. Metallic pulleys are most of the times used for
high power rating and greater load capacity transmissions. They are most reliable and
durable pulleys against variable working environment.

Nonmetallic pulleys made of wood or plastic on the other side are used for less power
rating and minimum load operations. They are naturally susceptible to difficult failures;
however, with proper care and provision they are giving service for acceptable life with
accurate transmission. The cleaner belt system is required to transmit very low power and
load but with high accuracy and efficiency, therefore, the wooden pulley can be used
properly with great advantages and can perform as good as enough to achieve by the
rotation.

Cast iron is selected as a material for both small and large pulleys. Pulley material must
have the following properties

 Good wear resistance

 Good resistance to deformation
 Easy to machine
 Should have enough friction coefficient to maintain the motion
transmission uniform.
The following procedure may be adopted for the design of cast iron pulleys.

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Dimensions of pulley

i. The diameter of the pulley (D) may be obtained either from velocity ratio consideration
or centrifugal stress consideration. We know that the centrifugal stress induced in the rim
of the pulley, σt = ρ.ν2 where ρ = Density of the rim material = 7200 kg/m3 for cast iron
ν = Velocity of the rim = πDN / 60, D being the diameter of pulley and N is speed of the
pulley.

 Diameter of large pulley (D2) =140mm

Speed ratio of the V-belt can be calculated;

�1 �2
Speed ratio= �2 = �1

�2�2
�1 = �1
, D1=36mm

ii. If the width of the belt is known, then width of the pulley or face of the pulley (B) is
taken 25% greater than the width of belt. ∴ B = 1.25 b ; where b = Width of belt.

For a 5 mm thickness v-belt , the width is taken as between 35 to 65 mm. we took a 5mm
thickness and a 40 mm belt width for the design.

B = 1.25 *b =1.25*40=50mm. i.e. 50mm width pulley is used for our design.

So generally, the Pulley is specified as

Larger pulley diameter =140mm
Side Length of the pulley = 50mm
Smaller pulley diameter= 36mm
Center distance between pulleys= 200mm
Total length of belt = 716mm
4.2.7 Design of Shaft

A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit power or
motion. It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys,
flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the geometry of their motion.
Shafts are the elements that support rotating parts like gears and pulleys and in turn are

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themselves supported by bearings resting in the rigid machine housings. The shafts
perform the function of transmitting power from one rotating member to another support
by it or connected to it. Thus, they are subjected to torque due to power transmission and
bending moment due to reactions on the members that are supported by them. Shafts are
to be distinguished from axles which also support rotating members but do not transmit
power. Axles are thus subjected to only bending loads and not to the torque.

Shafts are always made to have circular cross-section and could be either solid or hollow.
The shafts are classified as straight, cranked, flexible or articulated. Straight shafts are
commonest to be used for power transmission. Such shafts are commonly designed as
stepped cylindrical bars, that is, they have various diameters along their length, although
constant diameter shafts would be easy to produce. The parts carried by axle or shaft are
fastened to them by means of keys or splines and for this purpose the shaft and axle are
provided with key ways or splines. The bearings that support the shafts or axle may be of
sliding contact or rolling contact type.

Shaft Material

Deflection is not affected by strength, but rather by stiffness as represented by the

modulus of elasticity, which is essentially constant for all steels. For that reason, rigidity
cannot be controlled by material decisions, but only by geometric decisions.
Shaft material would be required to possess;
 High strength,

 Low notch sensitivity,

 Ability to be heat treated and case hardened to increase wear resistance of

journals, and

 Good machinability.
Shafts could be made in mild steel, carbon steels or alloy steels such as nickel, nickel-
chromium or chrome-vanadium steels.

Heavily loaded shafts are often made in alloy steels which because of their high strength
would result in smaller diameters. These steels are amenable to heat treatment and

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especially high wear resistance in journal is obtainable by case hardening treatment.

Diameters larger than 125 mm are regarded as large in this respect. The forged shafts are
subsequently machined to size. Steel castings are also used as shaft material and their
strength is comparable to mild steel. Modulus of Elasticity for most steels 200 GPa.

Stresses in Shafts
The following stresses are induced in the shafts:
 Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due to torsional load).
 Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine
elements like gears, pulleys etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself.
 Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.
Maximum permissible working stresses for transmission Shafts
According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code for the design of
transmission shafts, the maximum permissible working stresses in tension or compression
may be taken as;
 (a) 112 MPa for shafts without allowance for keyways.
 (b) 84 MPa for shafts with allowance for keyways.
The maximum permissible shear stress may be taken as
 (a) 56 MPa for shafts without allowance for key ways.
 (b) 42 MPa for shafts with allowance for keyways.
A shaft with key ways used for horizontal shaft impact stone crusher.

Shaft Design for Stress ;The material used for ordinary shafts is carbon steel of grades
40 C 8, 45 C 8, 50 C 4 and 50 C 12. The mechanical properties of these grades of carbon
steel are given in the following table 4.9.

Table 11: The mechanical properties of these grades of carbon steel

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It is not necessary to evaluate the stresses in a shaft at every point; a few potentially
critical locations will suffice. Critical locations will usually be on the outer surface.
Possible Critical Locations, axial locations where:

1) The bending moment is large and/or

2) The torque is present, and/or

3) Stress concentrations exist.

Shaft design specification

 Shaft material is carbon steel of grades 45 C 8, of

 Ultimate tensile strength(σu)=610-700mpa, take 650mpa and

 Yield strength=350mpa

 Power is constant=0.55KW

 For shafts purchased under definite physical specifications, the permissible shear
stress (τ) may be taken 0.18 σu, whichever is less.

i.e. 0.18 σu= 0.18×650mpa=117mpa.

 Mass of middle scrubbing=49N

 Mass of corner scrubbing =19.6N

 Mass of pulley=19.5N

From V-belt design we have;

N2=360rpm, T1=796N,

T2=72.5N, R2=0.07m

Torque transmitted by driven or rotor shaft from v-belt design

60 × � 60 × 550
�= = = 14.59�� = 14596��� = 14.596��
2� × �2 2� × 360

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888.1N 49.1N

19.6N65

65mm RB 680mm RC 100mm

Figure 22: Free body diagram for shaft.

Vertical load on the pulley by belt and pulley (WA) at A;

= T1+T2+Pully weight

=796+72.5+19.6=888.1N

From equilibrium equation; ∑Fy = 0

WA + W + WD − RB − RC = 0

RB+RC = 888.1 + 49.1 + 19.6

RB+RC =956.8N………………… (4.8)

Taking moment at B;

WA 0.065 − W 0.34 + RC 0.68 − WD (0.780) = 0

888.1 0.065 − 49.1 0.34 + RC 0.68 − 19.6(0.780) = 0

RC = 38N………………………….……… (4.9)

From equation (4.8) and (4.9)

RB +RC =956.8

RB = 956.8 − 38.

RB = 918.8N

Bending moment at B and C is zero;

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MB + MC = 0

Bending moment at A

MA = RB (0.065) = 59.9Nm

Bending moment at D

MD = RC (0.1m) = 3.8Nm

Maximum bending moment is at point A

M = MA = 59.9Nm

According to maximum shear stress theory, equivalent-twisting moment given as;

Te = M2 + T2

Te = 59.92 + 14.590

Te = 3588 + 212.8

Te = 61.6Nm

Now equivalent twisting moment (Te);

π
Te = × τ × d3
16

16Te
d3 =
π(τ)

3
d= 4.901m3

=0.01698m=17mm

d = 17mm ≈ 25mm

From the standard shaft diameter (d) =25mm

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Maximum premissable working shear streess 84mpa

Safety factor (n) = Maximum premissable shear stress
= 42mpa = 2

4.2.8 Design of key

A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley to
connect these together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always
inserted parallel to the axis of the shaft. Keys are used as temporary fastenings and are
subjected to considerable crushing and shearing stresses. A keyway is a slot or recess in a
shaft and hub of the pulley to accommodate a key. Different types of keys are available,
the choice of which is dependent on power requirements, tightness of fit, stability of
connection and cost. For a light transmission, a set screw may be employed. But for this
work, a flat key of rectangular type was adopted, as this is used where added stability is
desired.

Specification for key design

Key material is mild steel.
Key material property
Shearing stress (τ)=42Mpa

Crushing stress (σc) = 70mpa

For rectangular key, we find the following dimension based on diameter of shaft (25mm);
Rectangular sunk key. The usual proportions of this key are : Width of key, w = d / 4 ;
and thickness of key, t = 2w / 3 = d / 6 where d = Diameter of the shaft or diameter of
the hole in the hub
Width of the key, W=7mm

Thickness of the key, t=5mm

The length of the key is obtained by considering the key in shearing and crushing.
Considering shearing of the key, Shearing strength (or torque transmitted) of the key

T == F ∗ 2 = (l × w) × τ × 2 = l × 7mm × 44 N
d d 25
2 ×
mm 2

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T = l ∗ 3850N……………………………… (4.10)

And torsional shearing strength (or torque transmitted) of the shaft

T=16 × τ × d3 =16 × 42 N
π π
× 253
mm2

T=128854.4 N.mm………………………………… (4.11)

Equating (4.10) and (4.11)

The key material is same as that of the shaft, then τ = τ1.

∴ T=T

So l ∗ 3850N=128854.4N mm

l =34mm

Now considering crushing strength (Torque transmitted) of the key,

=l × 2 × 70 N
t d 5 25
T=l× 2 × σc × 2 2 × = l 2187.5N………. (4.12)
mm 2

Now considering equation (4.11) and (4.12)

128854.4Nmm= l 2187.5N

l=59mm

Take the large of two values we have length of key so,

l =59mm=0.059m

4.2.9 Design of Bearing Selection For Shaft

From the standard dimension of radial ball bearing based on shaft diameter from (Gupta)
material used for bearing carbon steel.

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Table 12: Standard dimension of radial ball bearing

Bearing no Bore (mm) Outside diameter Width (mm)

205 25 52 15

4.2.10 Design of Scrubbing Mechanism

Scrubbing of surface is necessary for proper cleaning. For different type of floors
different types of scrubbers are to be used. For stone flooring soft cloths, for cement
floors hard plastics are used.

The scrubbing process has two advantages.

1. It ensures the surface to be proper clean.

2. It makes the flow of water towards the rear side where vacuum pump is fixed.
Material for scrubbing component
Required properties of material for the scrubbing component
 Easy manufacturing
 Good bending strength
 Cheaper and abundantly available
Therefore through all the above necessity under consideration material selected for
the scrubbing component.
 Plastic
 Circular cross section

4.2.10.1. Design for Middle Scrubber

 Assumption for middle scrubber
 The total load of the scrubbing mechanism=5kg
 The friction force between the scrubbing and the floor=0.8
 Inside diameter is equal to the shaft diameter (di) =25mm
 The outside diameter is equal to (do) =150mm
 Length of the scrubbing mechanism =680mm
�� −�� 150−25
 Thickness (t) = 2
= 2
==62.5mm

 Diameter of bristles(nylon brush )= 50mm

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Figure 23: Section view of middle scrubbing

Tangential force of the scrubbing mechanism due to friction

�� = 0.8 × 9.81�/� × 5�� = 39.24�

Torque required =�� ∗ �=39.24 ∗ 0.075�=2.943N-m

4.2.10.2 Design for Corner Scrubber

 Assumption for corner scrubber
 The total load of the scrubbing mechanism=2kg
 The friction force between the scrubbing and the floor=0.8
 Inside diameter is equal to the shaft diameter (di) =25mm
 The outside diameter is equal to (do) =150mm
 Length of the scrubbing mechanism =100mm

Figure 24: Section view of corner scrubbing

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do −di 150−25
Thickness (t) = 2
= 2
=62.5mm

Tangential force of the scrubbing mechanism due to friction

�� = 0.8 × 9.81�/� × 2�� = 15.69�

Torque required =�� ∗ �=15.69 ∗ 0.075�=1.17N-m

About 4.1 Nm torque is require for both middle and side scrubber to perform the task. We
need to make sure the scrubber is covered by the bucket. Beside the bucket should
perfectly prevent dirt and water from splashing in to the interior of the cleaner. The
reason why we need to use the bucket is because of these two reasons, first as mentioned
above it has to prevent the dirt and water from splashing into the parts and second and
most importantly it has to collect the dirt for the suction through the vacuum cleaner to
the tanks.

Excellent material insures at the bucket is not easily damaged and have a long service life
even in harsh conditions. Considering different criteria we select a sheet metal made
bucket. The length of the bucket is similar to the length of the scrubber.

4.2.11 Design of Frame

It is the backbone of the system. All the systems and parts are attached to it. The solidity
of the system is greatly affected by the chassis.

Material:-Mild steel
 Cross section :-rectangular hollow section standard dimension 30mm by 50mm

Table 13: Materials and their stress (Gupta)

AISI NO Treatment Tensile stress Yield stress

130 Annealed 430mpa 317mpa

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Where 539.35N is the total sum of the tension pulley load and weight of the, middle and
side scrubber.

From equilibrium equation; ∑�� = 0

49� + 956.5 − �� − �� = 0

�� + �� = 1005.5�……………………….….. (4.13)

Taking moment at A;

49 400�� + 956.5 650�� − �� 750 = 0

�� = 855.1�……………………………………..…… (4.14)

From equation 4.13 and 4.14

�� + �� = 1005.5�

�� = 1005.5� − 855.1�

�� = 150.4�

Bending moment at B and C is zero;

�� = 150.4 ∗ 400 = 37932���

Bending moment at C

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�� = �� (100��) = 85510���

Bending moment at B

� = �� = 85510���

Consider load act on center and factor of safety =2

��
�� =
��

317
�� = 2
=158.5mpa

With the section of modules the thickness of the beam is determined as

�
�� =
�

b = 30

85510���
158.5��� = = 539.4��3
�

� ℎ3 − ℎ13
�=
6 ℎ

30 503 − ℎ13
�=
6 50

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30 503 − ℎ13
539.4 =
6 50

ℎ13 = 119606��3

3
ℎ1 = 119606�3

ℎ1 = 49.27��

ℎ − ℎ1 50 − 46.27
�= = = 1.865�� = 2��
2 2

4.2.12. Design of The Handle

The handle simply a tube of 20mm diameter, the two ends are welded to the side frame.
It is banded in L-shape. The handle as a whole makes 300 with the horizontal. It has
effective height of 700mm, which is normal for average of man.

4.2.13 Design Of Tank

The required capacity of tank is specified by the company which is minimum 10 liters for
both the tanks.
Material:-plastic
Cross section:-rectangular section

According to design, tank dimensions selected for required capacity are,

For dirt water tank,

 Length = 15cm
 Width = 20cm
 Height = 40cm
Volume of tank = 15×20×40 = 12000 cm3
V= 12 liters
For clean water tank,
 Length = 15cm , Width =20cm , Height = 40cm
Volume of tank = 15×20×40 = 12,000 cm3 =12 litters

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CHAPTER FIVE
Design Result And Cost Analysis

5.1 Design Result and Discussion

The aim of the thesis is to design and developing semi-automatic floor cleaning machine.
The main criteria of this thesis are by using motor rotate power 550W the shaft and
multiply the torque by larger pulley. The shaft in larger pulley can rotate the scrubber and
clean dust from the floor. The dimensional result of the components of the machine can
be expressed in the table below from the part design as a result.

Table 14: Design result of machine component

Components Parameter Design results
Axial Diameter 20mm
Length 700mm
Shaft Diameter 27mm
Real wheel Diameter 200mm
Length 40mm
Thickness 10mm
Bearing Diameter 20mm
Length 40mm
Small pulley Diameter 36mm
Width 11mm
Thickness 12mm
Large pulley Diameter 140mm
Width 11mm
Thickness 12mm
V-belt Width 13mm
Thickness 8mm
Length 1518,7
Tension one 413.5N
Tension two 37.5N
Speed 10.33m/s
Handel Diameter 20mm

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Length 700mm
Width 300mm
Frame Thickness 7.9mm
Width 725mm
Length 750mm
Middle scrubber Length 450mm
Inside diameter 30mm
Outside diameter 150mm
Corner scrubber Length 100mm
Inside diameter 30mm
Outside diameter 150mm

5.2 Assembling Procedure

The assembling procedure of the semi-automatic floor cleaning machine is as listed

below

1. Prepare the main support frame attached the wheel shaft with the bearing on the lower
part of the frame and insert the wheels on the shaft, then join the caster wheel to the front
of the frame.

2. Prepare the main support frame and attach the bearing and the input shaft with the
pulley into the main frame.

3. Placed the shaft on the supporting frame through the bearing by fixing it with the large
pulley and the scrubber on it.

4. Connect the lower and upper pulleys using v-belt strand.

5. Attached the wheel shaft with the lower part of the frame and insert the wheels on the
shaft.

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6. Insert the tank on the frame and attach them on the main frame then connect the pipe
with tank and dust collector. Finally we insert the prepared handle.

Figure 25: Assemble Drawing

5.3 Cost Analysis

The following table shows the name of component, quantity, unit cost in birr and total cost in birr
of the machine.

Cost of axle

Mass (axle material) = volume (axle material)*density (axle material)

ma = va * ρa Where, ma = mass of the Axle

va = volume of the Axle

ρa = density of material of Axle, which is 7850kg/�3

Vb = π*r2*h = 3.14*52 *700 = 54,950mm3 = 0.00005495m3

mb = 0.00005495m3*7850kg/�3 = 0.4313575kg

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Cost for axle material (40C8) per kg is 1.5

$1=52birr

Cost/kg =52*1.5 = 78birr/kg

Cost =m*cost/kg

Cost = 0.4313575kg*78birr =33.64birr

Cost of pulley

Mass=volume*density

mp = Vp * ƍp Where, mp = mass of the pulley

Vp = volume of the pulley

ƍp = density of material of the pulley, which = 1010kg/m3

cost=3.37birr/kg*1010kg/m3=300birr

Cost of belt

The Belt what we preferred to use is Balata (width=40mm, thickness=5mm)

Length of belt=716mm, then Total cost=150birr

Cost of shaft

Mass=volume*density

ms = Vs * ƍs

Where, ms = mass of the shaft

Vs = volume of the shaft

ƍs = density of material of the shaft, which is = 7870kg/m3

Vb = π*(r2)*h = 3.14*(12.52) *845 = 414,788.407mm3

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Vb = 0.000414788m3

mb = 0.000414788m3*7870kg/m3

mb = 3.264kg

Cost for shaft material per kg is 1.5

$1=52birr

Cost/kg =52*1.5 = 78birr /kg

Cost =m*cost/kg

=3.264kg *78birr/kg=254.592birr

Cost of key

V=l*w*t

V=59*7*5= 2065 mm3

V=0.000002065 m3

M=V×d= 0.000002065m3 * 7870kg/m3

M=0.0162kg

Cost for fiber glass per kg is 1.5

$1=52birr

Cost/kg =52*1.5 = 78birr

Cost =m*cost/kg

=0.0162kg *1000birr/kg =16.2 birr

Cost of frame

Mass=volume*density

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mf = Vf * ƍf

Where, mf = mass of the frame

Vf = volume of the frame of = density of material of the frame, which is =

7850kg/�3

Area of hollow rectangular frame (Af) = Outside Area- Inside Area

Outside Area= 50mm * 30mm = 1500mm2

Inside Area= 26mm*46mm = 1196mm2

Af = 1500-1196= 304mm2

Vf = 2*(L* Af) + 2*(W* Af)

L= length of frame

W= width of frame

Vf = 2*(750*304) + 2* (725*304) = 896,800mm3

Vf = 0.0008968m3

mf = 0.0008968m3*7850kg/�3

mb = 7.03988 kg

Cost for fiber glass per kg is 1.9

$1=52birr

Cost/kg =52*1.9 = 98.8birr

Cost =m*cost/kg

=7.03988 kg *98.8birr/kg = 695.54 birr

Cost of handle

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Mass=volume*density

mh = Vh * ρh

Where, mh = mass of the handle

Vh = volume of the handle

ρh = density of material of the handle, which is = 7850kg/m3

Vb = π*(r2)*h = 3.14*(102) *300 = 94247.78mm3

Vb = 0.000094247m3

mb = 0.000094247m3*7850kg/m3

mb = 7.398kg

There are two (2) handles. Therefore,

Total mass= 2*7.398kg=14.8kg

Cost for fiberglass per kg is 1.9

$1=52birr

Cost/kg =52*1.9 = 98.8birr

Cost =m*cost/kg

=14.8kg *98.8birr/kg= 1462.24birr

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Table 15: Calculated cost of the machine design components

No Components Quantity Cost Total cost

(BIRR)
1 Axle 1 33 33
2 Shaft 1 245 245
3 Bearing 2 1000 2000
4 Real wheel 2 310 620
5 DC motor 1 2200 2200
6 Small pulley 1 240 240
7 Large pulley 1 300 300
8 V –belt 1 150 150
9 Handle 1 1406 1406
10 Tanker 2 100 200
11 Middle scrubber 1 200 200
12 Corner scrubber 1 140 140
13 Castel wheel 1 100 100
14 Cost of wheel 2 310 620
15 Vacuum cleaner 1 8570 8570
16 Chassis 1 669 669
17 Key 1 17 17
Total 17710

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CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION

6.1 Conclusions
Reviewing various literatures on floor cleaning machines it is concluded that there are
certain limitations in floor cleaning machines, which can be worked upon. For example,
cleaning machines are made with an aim to clean only dry surface of the floor. This
means that they are not use for wet surface of the floor. This is the major issue for
cleaning the floor surface but in case of wet surface; floor-cleaning machines contain
moisture or little amount of water on the surface of floor. This machine can work in both
dry and wet conditions.

This design can be used to clean any kind of flat space as the motors selected can
consume much less power so it will be the power saving and cost saves too. Effective
power given to the brush does number of cleaning tasks. The need of this project is
satisfied and with the help of machine, cleaning of the floor can be done easily. The
machine is flexible and effortlessly operated. The time required for cleaning has been
reduced.

During the design time, each of the major parts of the machine was well designed and
evaluated numerically and stress analysis gained from each part was safe. 2D and 3D
drawings are done depending on the values gained from the design analysis. Finally, the
assembly of the machine is done to visualize what the machine looks like by Solid work
2017 software and how mechanism of the machine is worked by simulation, thus the
product developed is fully operational and gives desired motion.

Thus, by using manually operated floor cleaning machine a clean surface i.e. free from
dirt and dust is achieved. As the desired effect is for dry and wet cleaning is done
simultaneously .The human efforts is also reduced to a great extent. The work of
sweeping and wiping is also saved. Overall, the concept is very much helpful and there is
scope of a lot of development in mechanical parts.

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6.2 Recommendation
 The machine is not capable of cleaning stair of any building because the machine
works on only flat surfaces so for the future, it is expected to add some futures
and mechanism be to solve this kind of problems.
 Regular Maintenance for brush on scrubber is required.
 The driving mechanism of the machine is operated manual labor, this will create a
stress on the operator to move the machine, so we recommend integrating
electrical driving system to the current design.
 The machine cannot clean rough and bump surfaces so we recommend
developing such mechanisms to overcome this problem.

Finally, yet importantly, we recommend that by upgrading the motor capacity and power
delivering system to the scrubber we can make the machine to be used outside the indoor
to, like to clean towns and rough roads like Asphalts.

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REFERENCE
[1].Dhomne, S., Gajbhiye, R., Singh, A., Prajapati, P., Shende, S., & Binzade, S.
(2020). ’Design and Fabrication of Manually Operated Floor Cleaning Machine’.

[2]. Geren, N., Uzay, Ç., & Bayramoğlu, M. (2018). Mechanical engineering and issues
on teaching mechanical engineering design in Turkey. International Journal of
Technology and Design Education, 28(3), 843-866.

[3].Gibson, B. M. (1969).The use of the abrasive process for cleaning ethnological

materials. Studies in Conservation, 14(4), 155-164.

[4]. Jones, T. J. (2007).Professional management of housekeeping operations. John Wiley

& Sons.

[5]. Khurmi, R. S., & Gupta, J. K. (2005).A textbook of machine design. S. Chand
publishing.

[6]. Liu, K., & Wang, C. (2013). A technical analysis of autonomous floor cleaning
robots based on US granted patents. European International Journal of Science and
Technology, 2(7), 199-216.

[7]. Riaz, M., Nur, O.,Willander, M., & Klason, P. (2008).Buckling of ZnO nanowires
under uniaxial compression. Applied Physics Letters, 92(10), 103118.

[8]. Roshan, D., Bhosle, O., Bhosale, G., Borse, A., & Bandsode, T. (2020).Bluetooth
Operated Vacuum and Floor Cleaner using Android Mobile.

[9]. JGUPTA, a textbook of machine design, eurasia: eurasia publishing house (pvt.) ltd.,
2005, pp. 996 - 1020.

[10].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271156448_Design_and_Development_of
Floor_Cleaner_Robot_Automatic_and_Manual.

[11].https://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/3468-floor-cleaning-machines-offer-
advanced-options

[12] .https://www.tennantco.com/en_us/solutions/robotic-cleaning-machines.

[13]. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_cleaning

[14] . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324528763

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Appendix Annex 1; 2D drawing and Assemble Drawing

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All Dimension are in mm

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ASSEMBLE DRAWING

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Annex 2 Simulation of Part

Simulation analysis of maximum von-mesis stress on the axle

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Simulation analysis of maximum von-mesis stress on the frame

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Simulation analysis of maximum von-mesis stress on the shaft

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Annex 3 Standard Value Tables

1. Values of allowable shear stress, Modulus of elasticity and Modulus of rigidity
for various spring materials. [R.S. KHURMI and J.K. GUPTA (2005)]

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2. Physical properties of metals.

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3. Design value of journal bearing

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