Chapter 2 : Cell Biology and organisation

Plant Cells Animal cells

Has a fixed shape Does not have fixed shape

Has a cell wall Does not have cell wall
Has chloroplasts Does not have chloroplasts
Has a large vacuole No vacuole/ if present, it is small
Stores carbohydrate in the form Stores carbohydrate in the form
of starch of glycogen
Does not have centriole Has centrioles
Comparisons

Chapter 4 : Chemical composition in a cell

4.4 Lipids
Saturated fats Unsaturated fats
Fatty acids only have one single Fatty acids have at least one
bonds between carbon double bond between carbon
Do not form chemical bonds with Double bonds can still receive
additional hydrogen atoms one or more additional hydrogen
because all bonds between atoms because carbon atoms are
carbon atoms are saturated unsaturated.
Exist in solid form at room Exist in liquid form at room
temperature temperature
Chapter 6 : Cell Division
Mitosis Meiosis
Occurs in somatic cells Occurs in reproductive organ
Nuclei only divides once Nuclei divides twice
Two daughter cells are formed Four daughter cells are formed
Daughter cells are diploid Daughter cells are haploid
Daughter cells form somatic Daughter cells form gametes
organs
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase Prophase, metaphase, anaphase
and telophase happen once and telophase happens twice
Number of chromosomes are Number of chromosomes are
not changed in daughter cell reduced to half
No crossing over between Crossing over occurs between
chromosome non-identical chromatids
Chapter 7 : Cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration Fermentation
The breakdown process of The breakdown process of
glucose is completed in the glucose is incomplete without
presence of oxygen oxygen or in limited oxygen
conditions
Occurs in cytoplasm and Occurs in cytoplasm
mitochondrion
Produces water Does not produce water
Glucose is oxidised completely Glucose is not oxidised
into carbon dioxide and water completely into ethanol and
carbon dioxide or lactic acid
One molecule of glucose One molecule of glucose
generates 2898 kJ of energy generates 210 kJ (alcoholic
fermentation) or 150 kJ (lactic
acid fermentation) of energy
Chapter 8 : Respiratory systems in humans and animals
Respiratory structure
Characteristics Insects Fish Frogs Humans

Respiratory Tracheole Filament Skin and Alveolus

structure and lamella lungs

How the large Large Large Surface of Large

ratio of total number of number of in the lungs number of
surface area tracheoles filaments is folded alveoli
to volume for and lamella and overall
the skin
respiratory surface
structure is
achieved
Breathing mechanism
Characteristic Insects Fish Frogs Humans
s

Respiratory spiracle Mouth Nostrils Nostrils

aperture and
operculum

Structure Thorax, Operculu Muscular Diaphrag

that help abdomen m and buccopharynge m,
breathing muscular al Ribcage
floor of wall and
buccal intercostal
cavity muscles
Breathing Assisted Assisted Assisted by the Assisted
mechanism by by rapid by the
contractio movement movement of contractio
n and s of the the n and
relaxation floor of buccopharynge relaxation
of the buccal al cavity floor of the
abdominal cavity and and elasticity of intercostal
muscles operculum the lungs muscles
and the
diaphragm
muscles as
well as the
movemen
t of the
ribcage
upward
and
outward,
downward
and
inward.
Chapter 10 : Transport in humans and animals
Organism Insect Fish Amphibians Humans
Types of Open Closed Closed Closed
circulatory blood blood blood blood
system circulatory circulatory circulatory circulatory
system system system system
Number of - single Double Double
circulations
Number of The heart Two Three Four
heart cavitiesis made up
of many
cavity
segments
Separation of - - Incomplete Complete
oxygenated
blood and
deoxygenate
d blood
Characteristics Artery Capillaries Veins
Wall Wall is thick, Wall is one cell Wall is thin,
muscular and thick, not less muscular
elastic muscular and and less elastic
not elastic
Lumen Small Very tiny Large
Valve No valve No Contain valves
except for to maintain
semilunar valve one-way flow
at the base of of blood
aorta and at
base of
pulmonary
artery
Blood pressure High Low Very low
The direction From heart to From the From whole
of blood flow entire body artery to the body to the
vein heart
Lymph Tissue fluid
Higher content of fat and fat- Low content of fat and fat-
soluble substances soluble substances
High content of lymphocytes Low content of lymphocytes

Lymph Blood
Does not contain plasma Contains plasma proteins,
protein, erythrocyte and platelet erythrocytes and platelets
Chapter 11
Aspect Artificial active Artificial passive
immunity immunity
Acquired through Vaccine injection Antiserum injection
Injected substance Suspension of Serum that contains
pathogens that dead, specific antibodies
weakened or non-
virulent.
Purpose Prevention Treatment or when
immediate
protection is
required
Effect Does not give Immediate
immediate protection
protection
Immunity period Lasts for a long timeTemporary and does
not persists
When injection is Administered before Given in advance if
given being infected there is a high risk of
infection or
immediately after
being infected by a
disease.
Antibody Produced by Obtained from
lymphocytes antiserums
The need to give Must be given to Only given when the
second injection boost level of antibody level in the
antibodies above the blood drops below
level of immunity as the level of immunity
a protection against and the patient is
the disease. still infected by the
disease
Chapter 12
Voluntary action Involuntary action
Actions that we are conscious of Actions that occur automatically
and done on our own will and occurs without us being
conscious
Involves the somatic nervous Involves autonomous nervous
system system
Controlled by the cerebral Controlled by medulla oblongata
cortex
Involves the reaction of the Involves the reaction of the
skeletal muscles smooth muscles and glands

Nervous system Endocrine system

Made up of network of millions Consists of ductless endocrine
of neurones glands
Duration of effect is short Duration of effect is long
Signal in the form of electrical Signal is delivered by organic
impulse through neurones chemical substances which are
hormones through blood flow.
Nerve response is quick and Slow and prolonged
immediate
Effect of an impulse produces Effect of hormones produces
the response of an organ responses in several organs
Chapter 14
Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae
Short spinous Long spinous process Short spinous
process process
Wide and short Long transverse Short transverse
transverse process process process
Small centrum Medium-sized Large centrum
centrum
A pair of transverse No transverse No transverse
foramina foramen foramen
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
It takes place in the testis In the ovaries
Spermatogonium produces four Oogonium (diploid) only
sperms (haploid) after meiosis produces one functional oocyte
and three non-functioning polar
bodies after meiosis
Sperms are smaller and made up Secondary oocyte are large and
of midpiece, head and tail spherical in shape
After meiosis 1, two secondary One secondary oocyte and one
spermatocytes are produced polar body is produced
Meiosis is complete Meiosis 2 is only completed
when a sperm fertilises the
secondary oocyte
Spermatids undergo Secondary oocyte does not
differentiation to become undergo differentiation
sperms
Production of sperm is Not continuous. Starts in the
continuous from puberty until female foetus and remains
old age dormant when the baby is born.
The process continues once the
female reaches puberty and
stops during menopause
Millions of sperms are formed Only one secondary oocyte is
everyday released from the ovaries at
every menstrual cycle.
Form 5 chapter 1
Primary growth Aspect Secondary growth
Apical meristem Meristem tissue Lateral meristem,
involved vascular cambium
and cork cambium
Stem and root in Part of plant that Occurs when primary
younger region of undergo growth growth ceased on
plant matured stems and
roots
Growth occurs Direction of growth Growth occurs
longitudinally radially
Increases the length Growth effects Increases the
of stems and roots in thickness or
plants circumference of
stems and roots of
plant
Epidermis, cortex Tissues and Bark, periderm (cork
and primary vascular structures formed cambium and
tissues ( primary tissues), lenticels and
xylem and phloem) secondary vascular
tissues (secondary
xylem and phloem)
Do not have woody Presence of woody Have woody tissues
tissues tissues
Thin Thickness of bark Thick
Absence of annual Presence of annual Presence of annual
growth rings growth rings growth rings at the
plant stem.
 Light dependant reaction Light independent reaction
Produces ATP molecules Use ATP molecules
Site or reaction : thylakoids Site : stroma
Reaction substance : water Reaction susbstance : carbon
Reaction products : oxygen, dioxide
water molecules Reaction product : glucose
Chapter 2 F5
Photosynthesis Aspect Respiration
Green plant and Organism involved All living organism
photosynthetic
bacteria
Happens in cells Type of cells Happens in all cells
containing
chlorophyll
Anabolism process Type of metabolism Catabolism process
happens happens
chloroplast site Mitochondria
Carbon dioxide and Reaction substances Oxygen and glucose
water
glucose Products Energy
Oxygen and water By-products Carbon dioxide and
water
Light energy is Energy involvement Chemical energy is
absorbed and converted to ATP
converted into and heat energy is
chemical energy released
Needs light Light requirement Does not need light