Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Goa, Camarines Sur

_______Tinambac____________
Name of Campus/ College

Module 7
Crafts Using Paper

Name of Student: _________________________________ Week No: _____10-11_____________________

Course Code: _____ESELEC3______________________ Name of Faculty: ______YOLDA T. ABANTE___
Course Title: _ Indigenous Creative Craft_____________________________________________________

I. OBJECTIVES

This lesson provided for the crafts produced out of the different kinds of paper used for paper craft.
Understanding the art and craft of papermaking will enable every students to appreciate the importance of using
and re-using paper as a means of producing a particular craft that can showcase one’s personal skill and talent or
exhibit a certain kind of culture. Since we are now finished identifying all the materials used in arts and crafts,
this specifically is focused on paper crafting.

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Know the history and the different types of paper crafts.

2. Create own paper craft and be able to explain and distinguish it from the various crafts introduced in
this lesson.

II. LESSON

The word "paper" derives from papyrus, the name of the ancient material manufactured from beaten reeds
in Egypt as far back as the third millennium B.C. [4] Indeed, the earliest known example of "paper folding" is an
ancient Egyptian map, drawn on papyrus and folded into rectangular forms like a modern road map.[5] However,
it does not appear that intricate paper folding as an art form became possible until the introduction of wood-pulp
based papers.[5]
Paper craft is a collection of crafts using paper or card as the primary artistic medium for the creation of two or
three-dimensional objects. Paper and card stock lend themselves to a wide range of techniques and can be
folded, curved, bent, cut, glued, molded, stitched, or layered.  Papermaking by hand is also a paper craft.
Papermaking is the manufacture of paper and cardboard, which are used widely for printing, writing, and
packaging, among many other purposes. Today almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, while
handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression.

Paper has been traced to China in about AD 105. It reached Central Asia by 751 and Baghdad by 793, and by
the 14th century there were paper mills in several parts of Europe. The invention of the  printing press in about
1450 greatly increased the demand for paper, and at the beginning of the 19th century wood and other vegetable
pulps began to replace rags as the principal source of fiber for papermaking.

Papermaking can be traced to about AD 105, when Ts’ai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court
of China, created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags,
and hemp waste. In its slow travel westward, the art of papermaking reached Samarkand, in Central Asia, in
751; and in 793 the first paper was made in Baghdad during the time of Hārūn ar-Rashīd, with the golden age of
Islāmic culture that brought papermaking to the frontiers of Europe. By the 14th century a number of paper mills
existed in Europe, particularly in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany. The invention of printing in the 1450s
brought a vastly increased demand for paper. Through the 18th century the papermaking process remained
essentially unchanged, with linen and cotton rags furnishing the basic raw materials. Paper mills were
increasingly plagued by shortages; in the 18th century they even advertised and solicited publicly for rags. It
was evident that a process for utilizing a more abundant material was needed.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Before 1798, Nicholas-Louis Robert constructed the first paper-making machine. Using a moving screen belt,
paper was made one sheet at a time by dipping a frame or mold with a screen bottom into a vat of pulp. A few
years later the brothers Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier improved Robert’s machine, and in 1809 John Dickinson
invented the first cylinder machine.

A sheet of paper composed only of cellulosic fibers (“waterleaf”) is water absorbent. Hence, water-based inks
and other aqueous liquids will penetrate and spread in it. Impregnation of the paper with various substances that
retard such wetting and penetration is called sizing. Before 1800, paper sheets were sized by impregnation with
animal glue or vegetable gums, an expensive and tedious process. In 1800 Moritz Friedrich Illig in Germany
discovered that paper could be sized in vats with rosin and alum. Although Illig published his discovery in 1807,
the method did not come into wide use for about 25 years. Discovery of the element  chlorine in 1774 led to its
use for bleaching paper stock. Lack of chemical knowledge at the time, however, resulted in production of
inferior paper by the method, discrediting it for some years. Chlorine bleaching is a common papermaking
technique today.

Although modern inventions and engineering have transformed an ancient craft into a highly technical industry,
the basic operations in papermaking remain the same to this day. The steps in the process are as follows:
(1) a suspension of cellulosic fiber is prepared by beating it in water so that the fibers are thoroughly separated
and saturated with water;
(2) the paper stock is filtered on a woven screen to form a matted sheet of fiber;
(3) the wet sheet is pressed and compacted to squeeze out a large proportion of water;
(4) the remaining water is removed by evaporation; and
(5) depending upon use requirements, the dry paper sheet is further compressed, coated, or impregnated.

The differences among various grades and types of paper are determined by:
(1) the type of fiber or pulp,
(2) the degree of beating or refining of the stock,
(3) the addition of various materials to the stock,
(4) formation conditions of the sheet, including basis weight, or substance per unit area, and
(5) the physical or chemical treatment applied to the paper after its formation

Although almost all steps in papermaking have become highly mechanized, the basic process has remained
essentially unchanged. First, the fibers are separated and wetted to produce the paper pulp, or stock. The pulp is
then filtered on a woven screen to form a sheet of fiber, which is pressed and compacted to squeeze out most of
the water. The remaining water is removed by evaporation, and the dry sheet is further compressed and,
depending upon the intended use, coated or impregnated with other substances.

Differences among the grades and types of paper are determined by several factors: the type of fiber used; the
preparation of the pulp, either by mechanical (ground wood) or chemical (primarily sulfite, soda, or sulfate)
methods, or by a combination of the two; by the addition of other materials to the pulp, among the most
common being bleach or coloring and sizing, the latter to retard penetration by ink; by conditions under which
the sheet is formed, including its weight; and by the physical or chemical treatments applied to the finished
sheet.

Although wood has become the major source of fiber for papermaking, rag fibers are still used for paper of
maximum strength, durability, and permanence. Recycled wastepaper (including newsprint) and paperboard are
also important sources. Other fibers used include straw, bagasse (residue from
crushed sugarcane), esparto, bamboo, flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf. Some paper, particularly specialty items, is
made from synthetic fibers.

Weight or substance per unit area, called basis weight, is measured in reams (now commonly 500 sheets). Paper
is also measured by caliper (thickness) and density. The strength and durability of paper is determined by factors
such as the strength and length of the fibers, as well as their bonding ability, and the formation and structure of
the sheet. The optical properties of paper include its brightness, color, opacity, and gloss. Among the most
important paper grades are bond, book, bristol, groundwood and newsprint, kraft, paperboard, and sanitary.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Sources of Fiber:

Plants

The cell walls of all plants contain fibers of cellulose, an organic material known to chemists as a linear

polysaccharide. It constitutes about one-third of the structural material of annual plants and about one-half that
of perennial plants. Cellulose fibers have high strength and durability. They are readily wetted by water,
exhibiting considerable swelling when saturated, and are hygroscopic—i.e., they absorb appreciable amounts of
water when exposed to the atmosphere. Even in the wet state, natural cellulose fibers show no loss in strength. It
is the combination of these qualities with strength and flexibility that makes cellulose of unique value
for paper manufacture. Most plant materials also contain non-fibrous elements or cells, and these also are found
in pulp and paper. The non-fibrous cells are less desirable for papermaking than fibers but, mixed with fiber, are
of value in filling in the sheet. It is probably true that paper of a sort can be produced from any natural plant.
The requirements of paper quality and economic considerations, however, limit the sources of supply.

Wood

Pulped forest tree trunks (boles) are by far the predominant source of papermaking fiber. The bole of a tree
consists essentially of fibers with a minimum of non-fibrous elements, such as pith and parenchyma cells.

Rags

Cotton and linen fibers, derived from textile and garment mill cuttings; cotton linters (the short fibers recovered
from the processing of cottonseed after the separation of the staple fiber); flax fibers; and clean, sorted rags are
still used for those grades of paper in which maximum strength, durability, and permanence, as well as fine
formation, color, texture, and feel, are required. These properties are attributed to the greater fineness, length,
and purity of rag fiber as compared with most wood pulp. Rag papers are used extensively for bank note and
security certificates; life insurance policies and legal documents, for which permanence is of prime importance;
technical papers, such as tracing paper, vellums, and reproduction papers; high-grade bond letterheads, which
must be impressive in appearance and texture; lightweight specialties such as cigarette, carbon, and Bible
papers; and high-grade stationery, in which beauty, softness, and fine texture are desired.

Rags are received at the paper mill in bales weighing from 200 to 500 kilograms (400 to 1,200 pounds). After
mechanical threshing, the rags are sorted by hand to remove such foreign materials as rubber, metal, and paper
and to eliminate those rags containing synthetic fibers and coatings that are difficult to remove. Following
sorting, the rags are cut up, then dusted to remove small particles of foreign materials, and passed over magnetic
rolls to remove iron. The cut and cleaned rags are cooked (to remove natural waxes, fillers, oils, and grease) in
large cylindrical or spherical boilers of about five-ton capacity. About three parts of cooking liquor, a dilute
alkaline solution of lime and soda ash or caustic soda combined with wetting agents or detergents, are used with
each part of rags. Steam is admitted to the boiler under pressure, and the contents are cooked for three to ten
hours. Once cooked, the rags are washed, then mechanically beaten. The beating shortens the fiber, increases
the swelling action of water to produce a softened and plastic fiber, and fibrillates or frays the fiber to increase
its surface area. All of these actions contribute to better formation of the paper sheet, closer contact between
fibers, and the formation of inter-fiber bonding that gives the paper strength and coherence.

Types:

1. Cardstock

Cardstock is a medium weight paper. It is heavier than printer paper and thinner than cardboard.  Greeting cards,
scrapbooking, handmade boxes, and more are most often made from this type of paper. Cardstock is sold in a
variety of textures and colors. It can also be lignin and acid-free which is the perfect medium for scrapbooking.
Cardstock is the most popular type of crafting paper.
Weight paper – I t is heavier than printer paper and thinner than cardboard. Greeting cards, scrapbooking,
handmade boxes, and more are most often made from this type of paper. Cardstock is sold in a variety of
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

textures and colors. It can also be lignin and acid-free which is the perfect medium for scrapbooking. Cardstock
is the most popular type of crafting paper.

Common types of paper cardstock based on texture and finish.

 Glossy Cardstock - This has a shiny or lustrous coating.

 Matte Cardstock - This one has a dull or lusterless coating.
 Vellum Cardstock - Vellum is a fine parchment paper made from a calf, kid, or lamb’s skin. It can range
from almost transparent to almost opaque.
 Textured Cardstock - This is made up of various fiber or other content that gives it a unique texture.
Standard textures include linen, canvas, wood, etc.
 Glitter Cardstock - This has a colored glitter coating.
 Iridescent Cardstock - This one’s coating displays a spectrum of colors that shimmer and change as the
observer's position changes. 
(Source: Create For Less)

2. Scrapbooking

Scrapbooking is a method of preserving, presenting, and arranging personal and family history in the form of a
book, box, or card. Typical memorabilia include photographs, printed media, and artwork. Scrapbook albums
are often decorated and frequently contain extensive journal entries or written descriptions. Scrapbooking
started in the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century.
In the 15th century, commonplace books, popular in England, emerged as a way to compile information that
included recipes, quotations, letters, poems and more. Each commonplace book was unique to its creator's
particular interests. Friendship albums became popular in the 16th century. These albums were used much like
modern day yearbooks, where friends or patrons would enter their names, titles and short texts or illustrations at
the request of the album's owner. These albums were often created as souvenirs of European tours and would
contain local memorabilia including coats of arms or works of art commissioned by local artisans. Starting in
1570, it became fashionable to incorporate colored plates depicting popular scenes such as Venetian costumes or
Carnival scenes. These provided affordable options as compared to original works and, as such, these plates
were not sold to commemorate or document a specific event, but specifically as embellishments for albums.  In
1775, James Granger published a history of England with several blank pages at the end of the book. The pages
were designed to allow the book's owner to personalize the book with his own memorabilia. The practice of
pasting engravings, lithographs and other illustrations into books, or even taking the books apart, inserting new
matter, and rebinding them, became known as extra-illustrating or grangerizing.  Additionally, friendship
albums and school yearbooks afforded girls in the 18th and 19th centuries an outlet through which to share their
literary skills, and allowed girls an opportunity to document their own personalized historical record  previously
not readily available to them.

A page from a Smith College student's scrapbook circa 1906. This page uses drawings, ephemera,
and physical objects to represent a day in the life of the student.

For example, college women around the turn of the century used scrapbooks extensively to construct
representations of their everyday life as students. Without photograph albums to provide images of these life
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

events, students created unique representations through scrapbooks in order to illustrate their lives using
ephemera and memorabilia. A guest list or group of visiting cards might represent a young woman's visit to a
party. A playbill and ticket stub might serve as reminders of a trip to New York to see a Broadway show. Solid
objects such as plants, silverware, or small trinkets were also used when further visual representation was
needed.
A page from these subject-based scrapbooks might include class schedules, exam booklets, letters from
professors, or other printed material from school events. Thus scrapbooks from this era can create a more
complete image of their maker's life.
During the 19th century, scrapbooking was seen as a more involved way to preserve one's experiences than
journaling or other writing-based forms of logging. Printed material such as cheap newspapers, visiting cards,
playbills, and pamphlets circulated widely during the 19th century and often became the primary components of
peoples’ scrapbooks. The growing volume of ephemera of this kind, parallel to the growth of industrialized
society, created a demand for methods of cataloguing and preserving them. This is why scrapbooks devoted
solely to cataloguing recipes, coupons, or other lists were also common during this time. Until later in the 19th
century, scrapbooks were seen as functional as well as aesthetically pleasing.  Several factors, including
marketing strategies and technological advancement, contributed to the image of scrapbooking moving further
toward the aesthetic plane over the years.
The advent of modern photography began with the first permanent photograph created by Joseph Nicéphore
Niépce in 1826.  This allowed the average person to begin to incorporate photographs into their scrapbooks.
However, books or albums made specifically for showcasing photographs alone were not popularized in the
United States until closer to 1860. Before that point, photographs were not thought of as items to be reproduced
and shared. Demand for photo albums was spurred on in large part by the growing popularity of the  carte de
visite, a small photograph distributed in the same manner one might a visiting card.

A page from a photograph album circa 1906. The pages and color of this album are made especially for displaying photographs.
The album's owner has arranged her photographs in order to represent her college campus and president.

Old scrapbooks tended to have photos mounted with photo mounting corners and perhaps notations of who was
in a photo or where and when it was taken. They often included bits of memorabilia like newspaper clippings,
letters, etc. An early known American scrap booker and inventor of scrapbooking supplies was Mark Twain.
Twain carried scrapbooks on his travels as he collected souvenirs, clippings and pictures.
Modern Scrapbooking
Marielen Wadley Christensen (pronounced as the names "Mary Ellen"), of Elk Ridge, Utah, United
States (formerly of Spanish Fork, Utah) is credited with turning scrapbooking from what was once just the ages-
old hobby into the actual industry containing businesses devoted specifically to the manufacturing and sale of
scrapbooking supplies. She began designing creative pages for her family's photo memories, inserting the
completed pages into sheet protectors collected in 3-ring binders. By 1980, she had assembled over fifty
volumes and was invited to display them at the World Conference on Records in Salt Lake City. In 1981
Marielen and her husband Anthony Jay ("A.J.") authored and published a how-to booklet, Keeping Memories
Alive, and opened a scrapbook store in Spanish Fork that ended up with the same name, that remains open
today.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

A digital scrapbook layout showing a varied use of photographs

In addition to preserving memories, the hobby is popular for the strong social network that scrapbooking can
provide. Hobbyists, known as "scrappers" or "scrap bookers", get together and scrapbook at each other's homes,
local scrapbook stores, scrapbooking conventions, retreat centers, and even on cruises. The term "crop", a
reference to cropping or trimming printed photographs, was coined to describe these events.
According to Google Trends, the search terms related to scrapbook and scrapbooking have seen a 70 percent
decline since its peak in 2005-2006. However, there is much debate among the community of people who
engage in memory keeping about what the decline means for the health and future of the industry as a whole.
What seems to be clear is that traditional scrapbooking is once again in a transition period due to many forces
including current economic issues, the influence of social media and the ease of digital sharing, and the rejection
of the stereotype of traditional scrapbooks being something that is for older women. However, if one takes a
closer look, it is easy to see all the ways people continue memory keeping even if it doesn't fall strictly within
the definition of traditional scrapbooking as defined here.
Some examples include the advent of Smash books created by EK Success, which in some ways, are a closer
representation to original scrapbooks in that they are wire bound books in a variety of sizes consisting of blank
printed background papers into which one can journal and glue mementos into
Another variation is the introduction and growth of pocket scrapbooking, most well known and represented by
Project Life created and introduced by Becky Higgins. Higgins created the system in response to her personal
desire to continue record the lives of her children and family, but in a quicker, more simple way that allowed her
the flexibility to complete the project, but still in an attractive, cohesive way.
One of the newest trends into scrapbooking is bringing the layout designs down to a much smaller size.  Small
enough to carry in a small bag with on the go updates and area for creativity and memory keeping. A traditional
traveler's notebook is a simple leather cover with a band to keep closed. The cover can hold up to six inserts
which can be used in many ways. The notebook has grown in popularity, allowing for journaling and memory
keeping for any interests.
Mini albums are another great way of memory keeping and a new trend in scrapbooking. They can be made in
different sizes based on the number of photos to be put inside the album. These mini albums can be constructed
and hand made from scratch.
Digital scrapbooking
The advent of scanners, desktop publishing, page layout programs, and advanced printing options make it
relatively easy to create professional-looking layouts in digital form. The internet allows scrapbookers to self-
publish their work. Scrapbooks that exist completely in digital image form are referred to as "digital
scrapbooks" or "computer scrapbooks".
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

A digital scrapbook layout that demonstrates the use of numerous digital "materials"

While some people prefer the physicality of the actual artifacts they paste onto the pages of books, the digital
scrapbooking hobby has grown in popularity in recent years. Some of the advantages include a greater diversity
of materials, less environmental impact, cost savings, the ability to share finished pages more readily on the
internet, and the use of image editing software to experiment with manipulating page elements in multiple ways
without making permanent adjustments.  A traditional scrapbook layout may employ a background paper with a
torn edge. While a physical page can only be torn once and never restored, a digital paper can be torn and untorn
with ease, allowing the scrapbooker to try out different looks without wasting supplies. Some web-based digital
scrapbooks include a variety of wallpapers and backgrounds to help the users create a rich visual experience.
Each paper, photo, or embellishment exists on its own layer in your document, and you can reposition them at
your discretion.
Furthermore, digital scrapbooking is not limited to digital storage and display. Many digital scrappers print their
finished layouts to be stored in scrapbook albums. Others have books professionally printed in hard bound
books to be saved as keepsakes. Professional printing- and binding-services offer free software to create
scrapbooks with professional layouts and individual layout capabilities. Because of the integrated design and
order workflow, real hardcover bound books can be produced more cost effectively.
Early digital scrapbooks were created from digital photos uploaded to an external site. Over time, this moved to
a model of downloading software onto a personal computer that will organize photos and help create the digital
scrapbook. With the growth of Web 2.0 functionality, digital scrapbooking is going back online, to avoid the
hassles of having to download and install PC software. The availability of cheap online storage (e.g., on
Amazon's S3 service), and the desire to leverage pre-uploaded online albums (e.g., on Yahoo's Flickr) make it
more convenient for users to directly compose their digital scrapbooks online. Print on demand fulfillment
enables such digital scrapbooks to effectively supplant traditional scrapbooks.
Digital scrapbooking has advanced to the point where digital scrapbook layouts may be made entirely online
using Web-based software.

3. Cardmaking

Card making is one of the most popular and meaningful crafts. Card making is a form of craft that aims to create
a handmade card to give. The making and also the giving of the card create joy for both the giver and the
receiver. Therefore, it does not only create beautiful works of art, but it also motivates gift giving and the
fostering of special relationships between people.

A lot of different techniques and products can be used to create a handmade card. Crafters from many different
walks of life and crafting preferences enjoy making cards and bringing in their own creative twists to the art of
making cards. They use many different techniques to put their cards together. These may typically
include stamping, die cutting, heat embossing, and other popular paper crafting techniques. At the same time,
many supplies and methods that are traditionally used for scrapbooking can also be used to create these little
works of art. If you take a look at many handmade cards, you may often spot  patterned
papers and embellishments that were intended for scrapbook use. In that way, card making often merges with
other paper crafting hobbies in fun, creative ways.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Image: Simply cards and papercraft

4. Paper Flowers

When the Chinese invented paper in 100 B.C., they started to use it for making different crafts, including paper
flowers. The flowers would be placed in buoyant containers and then floated in water as a meditative religious
offering. These flowers traveled along the Silk Road and reached the nearest countries, such as Vietnam. Paper
lotus flowers are still used for decorating altars there. Paper flowers appeared in Europe only in the 11th
century.
Then it spread quickly to colonies. The Mayans had developed a bark-paper in the 5th century A.D. and already
had a tradition of using paper flowers for decorations. Demand for the paper flowers grew, and today a lot of
festivals for paper flower decorating were held throughout the country.

Women of a certain class in Victorian England were not entitled to work according to their status, but to do
something was considered a virtue. This became fertile ground for the development of various crafts, and the
creating of paper flowers was at the top of popularity. Real flowers were sorted into petals and studied in detail,
as well as cut out patterns from paper – so that the flower turned out as realistic as possible.
Petals were tinted and apply wax to the finish. Ready-made paper flowers were placed throughout the house and
were considered an indispensable accessory.

5. Decoupage

Decoupage, also spelled Découpage, (French: “cutting out”), the art of cutting and pasting cutouts to simulate
painting on a wood, metal, or glass surface. There are many variations in technique, but the four basic steps of
decoupage generally are cutting out the pictures, arranging them to depict a scene or tell a story, pasting them
on a surface, and applying several (sometimes up to 12) thin coats of varnish or lacquer to the pictures.

Influenced by a tradition of cut work that includes the paper cutting of the ancient Chinese, the felt appliqués
found among the Siberian peoples, and the Polish folk art of paper cutting, decoupage originated in France in
the 17th century as a means of decorating bookcases, cabinets, and other pieces of furniture. It spread
throughout Europe and in the 18th century became a fashionable pastime, especially at the Italian, French, and
English courts. Graceful, charming, and colorful designs, cut from pictures printed expressly for this purpose,
were applied to fans, screens, and toilet articles. In the 19th century, peep shows, miniature vistas viewed
through a small opening, were constructed of decoupage.

The French Art Deco designer Jean-Michel Frank used decoupage on some of his earliest Parsons tables in
Paris in the 1920s. Decoupage was revived in the United States in the 1960s, as a popular decoration for boxes,
trays, wastebaskets, lampshades, chests, and screens.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Image: Crafty arts Image: Dreamstime.com Image:Color Made Happy

6. Papier-mâché

Papier mâché or paper mache is a popular crafting technique that uses paper and a paste to create a variety of
objects. The method is named after the French term for “chewed paper,” which makes sense given the steps
needed for any paper mache project.  Paper mache is the layering of moistened paper and other materials onto a
blank surface like a balloon. The adhesive used to wet the paper acts as a binding agent. As the paper dries, the
outer shell hardens, which can then be painted and decorated.  This craft is centuries old and is prized for its
affordability and practicality. Essentially, all you need is recycled paper and a simple paste to create durable
items like piñatas, vases, and jewelry boxes.  It might seem like the only paper mache options are rudimentary
objects like bowls and simple sculptures. However, this method is also used to make items as large and intricate
as carnival floats. In the past, paper mache was combined with other materials to make things like canoes and
even auxiliary fuel tanks. This age-old craft spans multiple generations and countries, assisting in the making of
several objects. Although the name is French, this method didn’t make an appearance in France until the 17th
century. Before then, the technique was used in China and elsewhere in the world as far back as 200 BC.

- In ancient China, this method was used to construct objects like snuff boxes and warrior helmets. 
- The ancient Egyptians used paper mache to make death masks using linen and plaster. 
- In 18th-century Europe, this technique was used as a less expensive option to ornamental plaster and
carved wood on furniture. 
- In modern times, paper mache has been replaced with materials like plastic, so the technique is no
longer commercially accessible for decorative objects. 

Image: The Spruce crafts Image: DIVS.com Image: rainbowtrace – WordPress.com

7. Origami

Origami is all about folding paper – shiny paper, colorful paper, even plain paper, into shapes mostly
resembling animals. To an increasingly appreciative band of origami art practitioners and audiences, there is an
astounding number of types of origami, each more complex and demanding in their execution than the last.
Avid origami enthusiasts count up to 80 different types of origami, broadly broken into four categories with its
corresponding purposes:

Classical - in its earliest days, around the 6th Century CE, origami was strictly for religious purposes such as
weddings and other ceremonies. The price of paper was quite high then and the quality was not that great,
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PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

meaning that the practice of origami was limited to the most officious of acts. Not too long after paper became
more accessible and affordable, it was common to gift warriors packages decorated with a noshi made of folded
strips of paper. These good luck charms soon became ubiquitous, leading the exercise of origami to become a
part of Samurai soldiers’ military training. Novice soldiers were tasked to work paper designs for hours on end
to develop their patience and skill with work of a meticulous nature.

Neo-Classical - Historians aver that Japan's Edo period was defined by peace and prosperity. Paper had become
downright cheap and origami had become as much a socio-cultural phenomenon as a military exercise.

Modern - This era of origami art came about around the 1950s, when patterns emerged on how to fold origami
to yield consistent designs. By comparison, throughout this art’s long history, instructions were mostly passed
down orally. Akira Yoshizawa is widely considered the father of modern origami. He developed folding
patterns and created a set of universal symbols – where folds should be and where inversions would benefit
design; he further formed local and international organizations to promote origami art.

Hyper-Modern - Today, mathematicians and architects use origami to further their theories, models and
designs. Origami puzzles are en vogue just now; part entertainment and part brain-teaser. Some artists even
build optical illusions of origami. And, origami is a popular form of expression in art, with creators such
as Jean-Claude Correia and Paul Jackson wowing the art world with their designs.

Those designations are chronological, denoting roughly when new styles of origami emerged. The more
discerning origami artist avers that those are merely epochs, not categories or types of origami. The more
accurate classification of origami types includes labels such as:

 Action origami, which has moveable parts

 Modular origami: made with several sheets of paper
 Business card origami; it’s description is in its name
 Dollar bill origami – not just limited to American currency
 Candy wrapper origami: made, obviously, from sweets wrappings
 Wet folding origami: working the paper while wet makes the constructions more durable
 Functional origami is origami you can use, anything from placemats to quilts.

You can fold origami out of fabric and toilet paper, you can create origami art out of strips of paper rather than
whole sheets and you can use scissors to precisely snip the portions of paper that do not fit into your design – a
type of origami called kirigami.

Seasonal origami – a type of origami that results in designs for a specific seasonal event such as Christmas and
New Year celebrations, special event origami for weddings, birthdays and promotions, or themed origami:
trees and flowers to depict a 3D nature scene, for example.

The Purpose of Origami

1. Practicing origami teaches discipline and increases focus, promotes culture and provides a creative
outlet for millions of practitioners of this art.
2. Origami is a great therapy for patients recovering from a stroke or who suffer from stress-related
diseases such as high blood pressure and anxiety.
3. It also promotes cognitive abilities in everyone from school-aged children to seniors battling dementia.
4. Origami provides a means of creative expression that, in some ways, requires more discipline and
focus than traditional visual art.

Types of Origami:

1. Tatsu, the Origami Dragon

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Dragons are powerful creatures in Asian folklore; the Japanese dragon

incorporates elements from Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese dragons while still
remaining its own beast. Unlike the imagery of dragons in the west, Asian dragons have
long, snake-like bodies and several limbs. They generally do not have wings or breathe
fire. The Japanese have no fewer than five dragons in their mythology but in origami,
there is only one dragon: Tatsu.
2. Chocho: the Origami Butterfly
Two butterflies dancing around each other is a sign of marital bliss; that is why paper butterflies usually
feature at Japanese weddings. Whereas butterflies generally symbolise a soul set free, here, in the UK, we have
rather more ominous superstitions about butterflies. Some areas of our country hold that butterflies contain the
souls of dead children, while in other places, superstition dictates that one must kill the first butterfly s/he sees
or have bad luck throughout the year. Should that butterfly be yellow, woe to the whole family! It means
everyone will be plagued with illness. Scotland and Ireland are mercifully kinder to these delicate flyers: they
believe that butterflies near the grave of a loved one symbolize their dear departed one has found their place in
heaven. The paper butterfly has a decidedly different meaning than any of the above. It represents the hopes
and dreams of young girls as they blossom into beautiful young women.
3. Kaeru, the Origami Frog
It is quite common in Japan for people to keep a small frog figure in their coin purse; it means that money will
be wisely spent and soon will return.
4. Neko, the Origami Cat
So enraptured with felines is Japan that they celebrate National Cat Day each year on February 22, makes one
wonder if they also celebrate International Cat Day, which is feted on the 8 th of August. As the Japanese people
have dedicated an entire day to the glory of cats, it stands to reason that cats are a popular origami creation.
Cats are seen as mysterious and elusive, independent and wise. Cats are strong and self-assured; they never ask
anyone for anything. They are also rapacious hunters all wrapped up in a coating of silky fur.
5. Hakucho, the Origami Swan
In many cultures, swans represent majesty and tranquility, loyalty and strength. Because swans mate for life,
they also represent monogamy and fidelity.
6. Suru, the Origami Crane
In Japan, the crane is the bird of peace, majesty, long life and fidelity – maybe that is why, for them, the swan
pales in comparison as a symbol. Origami cranes just might be the most renown origami bird; indeed, of all the
origami figures to learn to fold, this one has the most meaning.

8. Origata

Origata is an ancient word with nearly 600 years of history yet today, it is a lost word in Japan—in fact, very
few Japanese even know its meaning today. Simply defined, it is the method of wrapping gifts with handmade
paper without the use of scissors,tape or glue.During the 15th century, Origata was used as part of an
exclusively established tradition amongst upper-class Samurai families of the Muromachi period (1392 – 1573).
A gift would be placed on a piece of paper and neatly and elegantly wrapped without moving nor turning it. The
wrapping represented a symbolic shape of the gift inside for the recipient to identify at first glance. The giver
would directly present the gift to the recipient as making time and effort in giving the gift was thought to forge
stronger relationships. The craft eventually paved way for the much more popular paper-folding craft art but
after World War 2, Origata was lost suddenly due to Western influences in Japanese culture.

9. Quilling

Quilling or paper filigree is an art form that involves the use of strips of paper that are rolled, shaped, and
glued together to create decorative designs. The paper is rolled, looped, curled, twisted, and otherwise
manipulated to create shapes that makeup designs to decorate greetings cards, pictures, boxes, eggs, and to make
models, jewelry, mobiles, etc. Quilling starts with rolling a strip of paper into a coil and then pinching the coil
into shapes that can be glued together. There are advanced techniques and different sized paper that are used to
create 3D miniatures, abstract art, flowers, and portraits among many things. Although its exact origins are a
mystery the art of quilling is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt by the nuns. More recently quilling
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has been practiced as an art form in Renaissance France/Italy as well as in 18th century England. During
the Renaissance, French and Italian nuns and monks used quilling to decorate book covers and religious items.
The paper most commonly used was strips of paper trimmed from the gilded edges of books. These gilded paper
strips were then rolled to create the quilled shapes. Quilling often imitated the original ironwork of the day. In
the 18th century, quilling became popular in Europe where gentle ladies of quality ("ladies of leisure") practiced
the art. It was one of the few things ladies could do that was thought not too taxing for their minds or gentle
dispositions. Quilling also spread to the Americas and there are a few examples from Colonial times . Many
quilled art can be found on cabinets and stands, cribbage boards, ladies' purses, a wide range of both pictures
and frames, work baskets, tea caddies, coats of arms and wine coasters. Storage boxes, larger than most jewelry
boxes with drawers and/or tops that opened, quilled lock boxes, and more popular is quilling jewelry in recent
times became a trend for fashion lovers, as they can be very light and easy to carry on them. Some items were
specially designed for quilling with recessed surfaces. Quilling was also combined or married with other
techniques such as embroidery and painting. Today, quilling is seeing a resurgence in popularity. It is sometimes
used for decorating wedding invitations, for Christmas, birth announcements, greeting cards, scrapbook pages,
and boxes. Quilling can be found in art galleries in Europe and in the United States and is an art that is practiced
around the world.

Tools:

Slotted tool

Slotted Tool

The slotted tool is the most important quilling tool as it makes curling coils much easier and faster. The quality
of the coil is noticeably higher compared to a coil that was curled with a toothpick or hand. For younger
children, it is recommended that a Curling Coach be used with the slotted tool.
Needle tool
The needle tool plays a supporting role in the craft. It is used primarily to apply glue to hard-to-reach areas of
the coil or quilling design.
Tweezers

Tweezer
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Tweezers are used to make delicate coils to prevent warping and unraveling. They keep the coils the same size
which is important when making something with duplicate coils, like flower petals. Tweezers are also helpful in
inserting paper in tight spaces.
Circle sizer ruler
The circle sizer ruler is not essential in making coils into a desired size after curling. The ruler on the side is
used to measure each strip to ensure they are the same length before curling.
Curling coach
Curling coaches make a great complement tool for slotted tools and are recommended for younger kids and
people who like to quill 3D miniatures. It makes curling the strips much faster and easier than if they were
curled with just the slotted tool.
Crimper tool

Crimper Tool

This tool is used to make crimped quilling strips. It helps to create different patterns. it is used to curl the sheets
Paper types:
Quilling paper is available on the consumer market in over 250 colors and dimensions. It can be
divided into various categories, like solid-colored, graduated, two-tone, acid-free, and other assorted parcels of
quilling paper. It is available in various dimensions, such as 1/8”, ¼” and 3/8" or 3mm, 5mm, 7mm, and 10mm
paper parcels,  5mm being the most widely used size.
Acid-Free
As the name clearly indicates this is a paper that is completely acid-free. The quality makes it an outstanding
choice for making scrapbooks, rubber stamping, and creating frames for pictures. It assures your project will last
a lifetime, without any side effects on the framed picture or album.
Graduated
This type of paper provides an exceptional look to decorative quilling projects. The edges have a solid color that
gradually fades to white. When using a graduated paper, a quilling ring begins with a dark shade but ends up
being faded to a lighter side. On the contrary, some graduated papers begin as white, or a lighter shade, and then
slowly fades into a solid, darker color.
Two-Tone
This is another important type of quilling paper. It is quite similar to the graduated quilling paper in its use. The
look consists of a concrete color on one side and a comparatively lighter color on the other side. With two-tone
paper the color remains the same, however, the intensity of the color is different. The main use of this quilling
paper is to provide a desired level of softness to the quilled subject. It possesses the capacity to quill many
papers in a single spiral.
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10. Paper Making

Papermaking, formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibers, from water suspension on a
wire screen. Paper is the basic material used for written communication and the dissemination of information. In
addition, paper and paperboard provide materials for hundreds of other uses, such as wrapping, packaging,
toweling, insulating, and photography.

The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile
River in Egypt. In ancient times, the fibrous layers within the stem of this plant were removed, placed side by
side, and crossed at right angles with another set of layers similarly arranged. The sheet so formed was
dampened and pressed. Upon drying, the glue like sap of the plant, acting as an adhesive, cemented the layers
together. Complete defibering, an indispensable element in modern papermaking, did not occur in the
preparation of papyrus sheets. Papyrus was the most widely used writing material in ancient times, and many
papyrus records still survive.
.

III. ACTIVITIES

Create a video featuring a project out of paper craft. You may do scrapbook, paper mache, decoupage,
origami, card making, paper flowers, etc. The video must show yourself performing the step by step
process of doing your chosen paper craft It must include audio recording to add uniqueness and
creativity.

You need to be guided by the youtube videos that I have uploaded, but you can still watch other videos
to give you an exact idea of what you have to do. Please be creative in doing the paper craft and the
video recording.

IV. ASSESSMENT

Identify the different types of paper used in paper crafting. Submit your output in the submission bin. .

V. REFERENCES

Tucker, S., Ott, K., Buckler, P., "The Scrapbook in American Life", 2006, Temple University Press
Katritzky, M. A., "The Art of Commedia: A Study in the Commdia Dell'Arte 1560-1620 with Special Reference to the Visual
Records", 2006, Rodopi Publishing
Jarvik, Elaine (1997-04-23). "Memories & mementos". Deseret News. p. C1. 
https://www.britannica.com/topic/natural-fiber
https://altenew.com/pages/all-about-cardstock-paper-for-cardmaking
https://sunnydaygift.com/what-is-a-paper-flower/
https://www.britannica.com/art/decoupage
https://www.superprof.co.uk/blog/meaning-of-origami/
http://www.yamane-origata.com/?page_id=64
ᶺ"The History of Quilling". The Mighty Quill. Retrieved 18 December 2019.