| PRACTICE EXERCISES} Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions. Question 1: A. campaign —_B. global C balance D. carbon Question 2: A. natural B.endangered C.dangerous —_—_—D habitat Question 3: A. rainforest __B. tropical C. discover D. animal Question 4: A. pollution —_B. continue C. enormous D. disappear Question 5: A. devastated B.environment —_, diversity D. ecology Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions. Question 6: A. genius B. gorilla C.global D. gases Question 7: A. pollution —_B. poaching C. physical D. pesticide Question 8: A. warming —_B. warn C. walk D. wasn’t Question 9: A. floor B. flood C. moorland D. door Question 10: A. increase —_B. release C. please D. grease Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. Question 11: All nations should hands to work out a plan to solve the problem of global warming, A. join B. hold C. shake D.lend Question 12: Experts in climatology and other scientists are becoming concerned about the changes to our climate which are taking place. A. supremely B. extremely C, completely D. totally Question 13: Although climate changes have occurred on our planet before, these changes were different from the modern ones in that they occurred gradually and, as far as we know, naturally. A. climate B, climatology C. climatic D. climax Question 14: It was also suggested that more forests should be planted to create sinks to absorb greenhouse gases. A. so-called B. so-so C. so-and-so D. so called 120 | TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 15: Many scientists _ _ the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever before, the Earth is at risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. A. give B. put C.take D. have Question 16: Environmental groups are putting pressure on governments to take action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide which is given by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. A, out B. off Caway D.in Question 17: Climate change allows for infectious diseases to spread more easily; contributes to Inesses and death; has severe impact on water supplies, threatens food production and upsets ecological balance, A.heat-insulated B.heat-released _—_C. heat-related D. heat-treated Question 18: By 2050, temperatures could lead to the extinction of a million species. A. rising B. raising Garising D. plummeting Question 19: Having read the report on how the burning of petrol in cars to climate change, we decided to sell our car and get a bicycle instead. A. attributes B. contributes C. introduces D. distributes Question 20: The government has pledged to clean up industrial A. emissions B. emit C.emitted D.emissive Question 21: The country’s entire grain harvest has been hit by a A. brought B. fought C. drought D. sought Question 22: Scientists worry about the of many species of plants and animals from our planet. A. eruption B. destruction C.erosion D. disappearance Question 23: - reducing climate change - involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases or enhancing the “sinks” that accumulate and store these gases. A. Reduction B. Mitigation C. Limitation D. enhancement Question 24: The goal of mitigation is to avoid dangerous human with the climate system, and stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. A. independence _B. interference G indication D. interruption Question 25: Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted to and coped with changes in climate and extremes with degrees of success. A. various B. varied C. varying D, variable TOPIC 4 * GLOBAL WARMING | 121 TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 26: In the... of national or international climate policy direction, cities and local communities around the world have been focusing on solving their own climate problems. A. absence B. ignorance C. delimitation D. concentration Question 27: With clear ., his company couldn't deny having dumped a large quantity of toxins into the sea, A. evidence B. proof G.investigation ——_D. examination Question 28: He was suspected having received presents from the local companies and ignored their violations of the environmental law. A. about B.on Cof D. for Question 29: For many years now, have attempted to protect the environment by making businesses responsible for making sure that the chemical they use don't add to the destruction of the environment. A. politicians B. politics C. parties D. residents Question 30: The problem for businesses is that the . of the environment costs money, and businesses will always try to lower their costs if they can. A. production B. protection C. destruction D. deforestation Question 31: Although government may try to catch them doing it, it can be very difficult to get proof that a particular business is responsible for an environmental problem. A. suspicion B. suspect G inspection D. inspectors Question 32: Global warming will make life harder, not easier, for most people. A. probably B. impossibly unlikely D. possibly Question 33: Increased levels of carbon dioxide contribute to the greenhouse effect; as. the result, the earth is . up. A. speeding B. heating C.cooling D. slowing Question 34: Running cars are sending smoke and into the atmosphere, causing the Earth to warm up and increase its average temperature. A.smoke B. smog C.fumes D. sewage Question 35: To climate scientists, personal vehicles are a major: ofglobal warming. A. cause B. reason C. origin D. result Question 36: In my opinion, the most serious effect of global warming is droughts because it is killing millions of on Earth. A. creativity B. creation C. creatures D. creative 12 | TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 37: As temperatures rise globally, droughts will become more frequent and more severe, with... devastating consequences for agriculture, water supply. A. potentially B. possessively C.imperatively D. crucially Question 38: As far as | am concerned, forests are just the - of the Earth. Trees clean the ait, provide oxygen, cool streets and cities, conserve energy and save water, A. lungs B. hearts C. brains D. centers Question 39: Global warming results in climate change and weather patterns such as heat waves, floods, droughts and storms, which can affect human lives. A. catastrophe B. catastrophic C.disaster D. phenomena Question 40: Over the last ten years, there have been. changes in Vietnam's climate due to the rise in temperatures and sea level. A. noticeable B. unstoppable C. unavoidable D. foreseeable Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. Question 41; The changes currently being monitored are said to be the result not of natural causes, but of human activity. Furthermore, the rate of change is becoming alarmingly rapid. A.disapprovingly B. disappointingly. surprisingly D. worryingly Question 42: Rising global temperatures could give rise to such ecological disasters as extremely high increases in the incidence of flooding and of droughts. A. rate B. frequency C. prevalence D. phase Question 43: Having treated the environment irresponsibly, humans now have to suffer the effects of global warming, A. clumsily B.unthinkingly _C. tactlessly D. recklessly Question 44: Having been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilizers, the farmers started using them sparingly on their farms. A. carelessly B. moderately G recklessly D. irresponsibly Question 45: Having learnt that humans are responsible for global warming, we were determined to reduce our carbon footprint. A. evaporation B. mitigation C.emission D.allevi Question 46: Most people admit that they contribute to global warming. A. be partly responsible for B. disapprove C.neglect D. cause TOPIC 4+ GLOBAL WARMING | 123 TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 47; In the polluted environment, infectious diseases can be passed easily from one person to another. A. fatal B. safe C. contagious D. immune Question 48: Local people have cut down the forests to make way for farming. ‘A. allow farming to take place B. lose way in farming C. have a way of farming D. give way to farming Question 49: Global warming is one of the biggest issues facing humans nowadays. A. causes B. factors C. concerns D. agreements Question 50: The process of forests absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere has been disrupted by the current alarming rate of deforestation. A. discussed B, discovered C. disturbed distributed Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. Question 51: The factory was heavily fined for having dumped tons of toxic waste into the river. A. rewarded B. punished C. sentenced D. awarded Question 52: Adaptation - adapting to life in a changing climate - involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate. A. adopting B. maintaining C. changing D. balancing Question 53: Global warming occurs when the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the heat from the sun. A.catch B. discharge C. capture D. arrest Question 54: Deforestation is one of the biggest environmental threats to the ecological balance in the world. A. sureties B. certainties C. dangers D. safety Question 55: As fossil fuel resources are running out, it is important for the government to find some types of alternative energy. A.irreplaceable _B, substitute C. impossible D. practical Question 56: Reusing and recycling glass, plastic, paper and other products help to reduce waste and pollution, and conserve natural resources. A. damage B. reserve C.converse D. reverse Question 57: Farmers turned to bio-fertilizers after they had been told about the dangers of chemical fertilizers. A. trusted B. disbelieved C. counted on D. depended on 124 | TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 58: Some scientists are accused of not having reported the effects of climate change. A. exonerated B. blamed C. charged D. complained Question 59: They were criticized for having acted irresponsibly towards the environment. A. blamed B. commended C. condemned D. denounced Question 60: It is important to raise money to help people who have to suffer consequences of global warming. A. collect B. donate C. sponsor D. distribute Exercise 6: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 61 to 65. As Hurricane Florence zeroes in on the southeastern US, scientists are warning that climate change is exacerbating the effect of tropical storms. The powerful Category 4 Atlantic weather-front is slow moving, an increasingly common phenomenon that poses a different manner of threat to states in its path. In the event that Florence stalls or comes to a halt altogether over land, it has the potential to deposit catastrophic quantities of rainwater, posing a risk of severe flash flooding, While the high winds and waves generated by faster storms moving inland from the ocean pose a significant danger to human life and property, the effect of heavy rain can be justas devastating, if not more so. When Hurricane Harvey hit in August 2017, itdropped 60 inches of rain over Houston, Texas, flooding the streets, leaving 93 dead and hundreds more having to be rescued by boat, causing millions of dollars-worth of damage. James Kossin of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration published a study in the journal Nature in June suggesting that slow-moving tropical cyclones, which would include those like Florence and Harvey, have become more common over the last 70 years, dropping in speed by 10 percent in that time. According to Mr Kossin, global warming as a result of man-made air pollution is causing the poles to become warmer, which in turn reduces the difference in temperature between the Arctic and Antarctic and the equator, altering atmospheric pressure and slowing down the whipping currents of wind that pass between them and drive hurricanes. (Adapted from hetps://www.independent.co.uk/environment) Question 61: The best title for this passage could be A. danger of hurricane in US B. climate change and the threat from tropical storms C. climate change and people activities D. storms cause millions of dollars-worth of damage TOPIC 4+ GLOBAL WARMING | 125 TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 62: Which statement about Hurricane Harvey is probably TRUE according to the passage? A. It caused the floods in all the streets in US. B. It caused a significant danger to people and property. C. It made citizens in Texas suffer from floods and damage. D. It made residents lose millions of dollars. Question 63: The word “which” in paragraph 3 refers to 2 A.tropical cyclones Ba study C. Florence D. Harvey, Question 64: In the 3rd paragraph, James Kossin suggests that cee A. over the last 70 years, human activities have made global warming worse. B. over the last 70 years, people cause the poles to become hotter, C. over the last 70 years, Florence and Harvey are common in Texas. D. over the last 70 years, slow-moving tropical cyclones have become more common. Question 65: The word “altering” in paragraph 3 means A. fastening B. changing remaining D. keeping Exercise 7: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 66 to 70. Alaska is disappearing slowly, but surely. It is estimated that since the 1950s, as much as fifteen percent of Alaska's land area has disappeared. How can a whole state be disappearing? The problem is that Alaska’s glaciers are melting. The state has more than 100,000 glaciers. These glaciers account for about 75,000 square kilometers, or five percent, of the state's area, That is an area of land larger than Ireland! According to a recent report by the US Geological Survey, ninety-nine percent of Alaska's glaciers are either retreating or diminishing, This diminishing seems mainly due to the increase in global temperatures. Since the 1960s, the average year-round temperature has increased by almost 3°C. Additionally, the average winter temperature has increased by over 6°C. Presently, an estimated 100 cubic kilometers of ice is disappearing from Alaskan glaciers every year. It may be even more in the near future, as some scientists predict that the average world temperature could go up 4 to 7°C by the year 2100. Another problem facing Alaskais its thawing permafrost. Much ofthe landin Alaska used to be permanently frozen or frozen for most of the year. Now, the thawing permafrost is causing a number of problems for people living in Alaska. Roads and utility poles are collapsing as the ground around and under them warms and softens. Also, the hard permafrost that originally prevented beaches from eroding during violent storms is now melting. People who live along Alaska's coasts are being forced to relocate. For villages on small low islands, one terrible storm could wipe out the entire community. 126 | TAISACHONTHI.COM‘The melting permafrost and increasing temperatures are both affecting the forests of Alaska, As the permafrost under the forests melts, insects that normally do not turn up until the warmer seasons are appearing sooner. The spruce-bark beetle, for example, is increasing in numbers as a result of warmer winter temperatures, It usually takes about ‘two years for these beetles to grow and reproduce in very cold weather. However, due to the increase in temperatures, spruce-bark beetles are reproducing faster and damaging as many trees in one year as they previously damaged in two. If something cannot be done to change things, Alaska's forests will not survive the turn of the century. Some scientists believe that human activity is linked to a global increase in weather temperature. Whatever the cause of rising temperatures may be, the fact remains that temperatures are warming, affecting Alaska for the worse. Horribly, this could be a preview of what will happen to the rest of the world in the next century. (Adapted from Reading challenge 3 by Casey Malarcher and Andrea Janzen) Question 66: Which of the following could be the main topic of the passage? A. Alaska’s glaciers are reducing, B. The reasons why Alaska is disappearing. C. The areas of Alaska's glaciers are thawing. D. The problems Alaska is facing Question 67: As mentioned in the first paragraph, the glaciers in Alaska made up A. over 100,000 square kilometers B. more than 75,000 square kilometers C. about 5% of the area of the state D, an area smaller than Ireland Question 68: According to the report by the US Geological Survey, which of the following is NOT true about Alaska? A. Climate change is the major reason for the decrease of Alaska's glaciers. B. The average winter temperature has risen by nearly 3°C. C. Every year, there is about 100 cubic kilometers of ice melting, D. The majority of Alaska's glaciers are lessening, Question 69: The word “permafrost” in the third paragraph mostly means A. an area of Jand permanently frozen below the surface B. fuels formed underground from plants and animals remains millions of years ago C.a large mass of ice that moves slowly D. a very large mass of ice that floats in the sea Question 70: The word “relocate” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A.remain B. restore C disappear D. displace TOPIC 4+ GLOBAL WARMING | 127 TAISACHONTHI.COMQuestion 71: According to the passage, the following are the problems caused by the melting permafrost, EXCEPT ._.. {A. The warm and soft ground makes roads and utility poles easy to collapse. B, The beaches are effortlessly eroded by violent storms C. The insects which usually appear in warmer temperature do not come back. , D. The trees destroyed by the spruce-bark beetles in one warm year are twice as. many as those damaged in a cold year. Question 72: What does the word “they” in paragraph 4 refer to? A.trees B. spruce-bark beetles C. temperatures D. insects 5 Question 73: What is predicted in the last paragraph? ‘A. Human activities are likely to increase the weather temperature, B. The Earth is getting worse due to the influences of global warming. C. There will be other reasons why the temperature is rising. D. Alaska’s forests will disappear in the next century. 128 | TAISACHONTHI.COM