DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(Formerly Delhi College Of Engineering)

Bawana Road, Delhi - 110042

Frequency Increase Using Microprocessor

Submitted To
Dr. Mukhtiyar Singh

Submitted By
Harsh Hardik(2K20/EE/112) Harsh Kumar(2K20/EE/113)
Kabir Jain(2K20/EE/140) Himanshu(2k20/EE/122)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We want to convey our special thanks to our teacher, Dr. Mukhtiyar Singh,
who gave us this opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic

“Frequency Increase Using Microprocessors”. It also helped us do a

lot of research, and we came to know about so many new things we are thankful to
them.

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We, Harsh Hardik (2k20/EE/112), Kabir Jain(2K20/EE/140), Himanshu(2K20/EE/122), Harsh

Kumar(2K20/EE/113) students of B. Tech. hereby declare that the project Dissertation titled
“Frequency Increase Using Microprocessors” which is submitted by us to the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, is original and not copied from any
source without proper citation.
 CONTENT

Sr. No. Name Page No.

1 Acknowledgement 3

2 Candidate’s Declaration 3

3 Abstract 4

4 Introduction 5-8

6 Conclusion 17-18

7 References 19-20
 ABSTRACT

Frequency is a change in the way alternating current (AC) flows. Frequency is closely connected
to the speed of the rotation of the motor of a generator. The frequency of power generators in India is
50 Hz and the motors of these generators rotate at 3000 rpm. Variations in frequency can cause
the rotation in the motor to change. Power at 600 Hz for animation was a success and turned into
the standard of modern AC-powered airplanes. A unique generator was designed to create an
output of 600 Hz. This allowed the size of the motor to reduce to a great deal.

INTRODUCTION

The frequency of a voltage is a crucial parameter, especially when it comes to the size of the
generator. There are ways to modify the AC-Voltage frequency. Earlier it was done using
electronic demises, for example Cycloconverters. But these dances don’t pomade the frequency
increases as much required. Hence, these days the scientists/engineer’s resort to the use of
Microprocessors, for example the one which is being used for this research, Texas Instruments’
C2000 MCU. It requires a detailed analysis of the pin configuration of the launch-pad which is
being used by the engineer. Along with that, it requires knowledge of Embedded Coding, which can
be done in both C and C++.

For this research, we have used C for Embedded Coding and Texas Instruments launch-pad
TMS320F28379D. In the circuit diagram, we have used H-Bridges for the input voltage and current.
Then, it is converting from the abc type to d-q, using the Clarke and Park
Transformations. To modify the input according to the desired output, we have used PI-
Controllers, independently for the current signal and the voltage signal.

H-Bridge
A H-bridge is an electronic circuit that the switches the polarity of a voltage employed to a load.
These circuits are frequently used in robotics and other functions to allow DC motors to ion forwards
or backwards. The name is derived from its conventional schematic diagram interpretation, with four

switching elements aligned as the branches of a letter "H", the load attached as the crossbar.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC to AC converters, the DC to DC push–
pull converter, isolated DC-to-DC converter most motor controllers, and several other sorts of
power electronics use H bridges. In regard, a bipolar stepper motor is very nearly always driven by a
motor controller containing two H bridges.

H-bridges are accessible as integrated circuits or can be made from discrete components. The term H-
bridge is obtained from the typical graphical interpretation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is developed
with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). With the switches S1 and S4 (corresponding to the
1st) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a clear voltage is employed across the motor. By
opening S1 and S4 switches with closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is repealed, allowing
levies operation of the motor. Using the terminology above, the switches S1 and S2 would never
be shut down at the same time, as this would produce a short circuit on the input voltage source.
The identical applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is called shoot-through.

Common Application:
H-bridge is used to supply power to the two terminal device. By pope lineament of the switches,
the polarity of the supplied power to the device can be switched. Two illustrations are discussed
below, DC motor Drive and transformed of switching regulator. Note that, not all of the issue of
switching condition is safe. The "short"(see below in "DC motor drive" section) cases are
hazardous to the power source and to the given switches.

DC motor Driver
Modifying the polarity of the power supply to the DC motor is used to change over the direction
of rotation. Apart from adjusting the rotation direction, the H-bridge can pomade additional
operation mode, "bake" and "fee ion until fictional stop". The H-bridge arrangement isgenerally
employed to reverse the polarity/focus of the motor but be able to also be used to 'bake' the motor,
wherever the motor comes to a unexpected stop, as the moto’s terminals are shorted. In shorted case,
the kinetic energy of the rotating motor consumed rapidly in manner of electrical current in the
shorted circuit. The other case, to let the motor 'fee ion' to a stop, as the motor is e ffectively
disconnected from the circuit.
Clark-Park Transformation :
Clarke and Park converts are commonly used in field-oriented control of three-phase AC
machines. The Clarke transform converts the time domain modules of a three-phase system (in ABC
fame) to two components in an orthogonal stationary frame (αβ). The Park transform converts the
two elements in the αβ frame to the orthogonal rotating reference frame (dq). Employing these
two transforms in a consecutive manner simplifies computations by transforming AC current and
voltage waveform into DC signals.

The time domain elements of a three-phase system (in abc frame).

Resulting signals for the Clarke transform (αβ).

An efficient process for developing and implementing field-oriented control involves planning
and testing controlled algorithms in a simulation atmosphere and generating C or HDi code for real-
time testing and implementation.

Motor control engineers can use Simulink to: ®

➔ Model and simulate inverter power electronics and numerous types of motors,
including synchronous and the asynchronous three-phase machines.

➔ Design and simulate t h e motor control algorithms, incorporating computationally

efficientimplementations of Clarke and Park transformations.

➔ Run closed-loop simulations of a motor, inverter, and controller to test the

systemworking under normal and aberrant operating scenarios.

➔ Automatically generated ANSI, ISO, or procession-optimized C code and HDi for

rapid prototyping, hardware-in-the-loop testing, and production implementation
.
PI-Controller
The limited is strategically place between the ESC and the battery so that it can be monitored
thepower being withdrawn from the battery. The limit is designed to even out the playing field by
forcing each competitor to perform under the constant power constraints and penalize any teams
that exceed the threshold.

The limit is strategically location between the ESC and the battery so that it can supervise the power
being drawn from the battery. The limit is designed to even out the playing field by forcing each
competitor to execute under the same power constraints and penalize any teams that exceed the
1000W threshold.
This system consists of three additional components, i.e., the current and the voltage sensor along with
the P.I Controller. in the diagram, the black arrow indicates a power signal, a dashed allow the
Pulse Modulation (PWM) signal, a blue dashed analog signal, and a green solid allow a constant,
which is determined by the use within the code.

A PI Controller is a feedback control loop that calculates an eidoi signal by taking the difference
between the obtained output of a system, which in our case is the power being withdrawn from
the battery, and the setting point. The setting point is the level at which we had preferred to have our
system running, preferably, we’d like our system to be running near the maximum power (990W)
without causing the limit to engage.

It is essential to point out that due the complexity of the electronic components within which the
circuit path (i.e. the ESC, power limited, and motor) we were not able to accurately create model
(transferred function) for the system. Having a transfer function should have allowed us to simulate
the system in software packages like MATLAB, Simulink and assisted us in finding the right
proportional constant and the integral constant parameter for the controller. Unluckily, due to the
lack of a model, the parameters we obtained ma a trial and format.
The figure above shows a software- level block diagram of the used PI control algorithm.
The controller receives the current and voltage measurement which is then used to compute the
power being drained from the battery. The power is measured the signal is assessed by taking the
difference between the setting point and the power measured. The eidoi signal then goes into the PI
control loop where it furthermore gets multiplied by the proportional and integral constant. The
obtained output of the PI control is a power value and in order to adapt it to a quantity which is
comparable to that of the control signal, which goes through the power to PWM signal converter.
The further adjusted PWM signal (output of the PWM converter) then gets compared with the
obtained throttle signal, that is also the PWM signal, that is being sent by the pilot, the least of
the given two gets sent to the controlled system. The considered controlled system block incorporates
the use of battery, motor, speed controller, and limiters.
 Various Components

Linear Transformation
➔ An alternating voltage can be modified or altered as per requirements in the distinct stages of
electrical network by using static dance called a transformer.
➔ The transformer works on thy principle of mutual induction. It transfers the electric energy
from the given circuit to other where there is no electrical connection between the given two
power circuits.
➔ The transformer is the static dance in that electric power is transformed from one of the
AC circuits to another with preferred change in voltage and current, without a change in
the frequency.

The principle of the mutual induction states for that when the two coils were inductively paired and if
the current in the given coil is changed uniformly then an emf gets induced in the other coil. That emf
can drive a current, when a closed path is bonded to it. The transformer works on thesame principle.
In its elemental form, it consists of two inductive coils that are electrically separated but
interconnected through a common magnetic circuit. The two coils havehigh mutual inductance. The
basic transformer is shown in fig.
One of the two coils is coupled to a source of alternating voltage. This coil in which the electrical
energy is fed with the help of sources called primary winding (P). The further winding is
connected to the load. The electrical energy altered to this winding is drawn out of the load. This
winding is called secondary winding (S). The primary windings have N1 number of turns while the
secondary windings have N2 number of turns. Symbolically the transformer is indicated by the
shown figure.

➔ When the primary winding is excited by an AC voltage, it circulates an alternating

current. That current produces an alternating magnetic core as shown by dotted in fig.
thus an alternating flux links with secondary winding. As the
➔ flux is alternating, according to faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, i.e. mutually
induced emf gets developed in the secondary winding. If now the load is coupled to the
secondary winding, that emf drives the current through that segment.
➔ Thus though there is no electrical link between the two windings, the electrical energy allows to
get transferred from the primary to the secondary.
Sub System
A subsystem is a seance pomade that performs one function of many functions but does nothing till it
is requested. Though the term subsystem is employed in other ways, in this segment a subsystem must
both be the master subsystem and be defined to MVS in one of the following given ways:

There are two types of subsystems, i.e.; primary and secondary.

Primary subsystem
➔ The primary subsystem has the job at the entry subsystem that the MVS uses to do work. It
canbe either JES2 or JES3.

Secondary subsystems
➔ Secondary subsystems pomade functions as needed by IBM products, vendor
products, on the installation.
 Three-Phase Programmable Source, V-I Measurementand

Sequence Analyzer

The Three-Phase V-I Measurement blocks are used to evaluate instantaneous three-phase
voltages and currents in a circuit. When they are connected in series with three-phase elements, they
fetuins the three phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase and peak-to -peak voltages and currents

Universal bridge

➔ The Universal bridge block permits simulation of converters utilizing both naturally
commutated (or line-commutated) power electronic related devices (diodes or thyristors)
and forced-commutated dances ( IGBT, MOSFET, GTO).
➔ The Universal Bridge blocks are the basic block for building two-level voltage-source
converter (VSC).
➔ The dance numbering is different if the power electronic dances are having natural
commutation or forced-commutation. For natural commutated three-phase converter
(diode and thyristor), numbering follows the natural order of commutation:
Power GUI

➔ It is used for the analysis and measurement of parameters like voltage, current, active power,
reactive power
➔ It gives the steady state values of the system.
➔ Signals can be analyzed and Total Harmonic Distortion can be calculated
➔ The equivalent parameters ABCD can be known of the system
➔ 5.Impedance measurements can be done with frequency variation.
LAUNCH-PAD STRUCTURE USED
 CODE COMPOSER STUDIO OPERATION

PWM Generation Using TMS320F28379D in CCS

We have discussed the TMS320 PWM generation. We got to know how the PWM signal is generated, how
to control its frequency, duty cycle, and how to approximate the PWM resolution.

Configuring Device Pins:

To attach the device input pins to the element, the Input X-BAR should be used. Some instances of when an
external indication may be needed are TZx, TRIPx, and EXTSYNCIN. Any GPIO on the device be capable
of configuring as the input. The GPIO input prerequisite should be placed to the asynchronous method by
setting the appropriate GPxQSEL transmit bits to 11b. The center pullups can be constructed in the GPyPUD
register. As the GPIO mode is used, the GPyINV indicate can invert the signals. Additionally, several TRIPx
(TRIP4-12 excluding TRIP6) signals must be routed across the ePWM X-Bar in supplement to the Input
XBar.
The GPIO mux records must be configured for this peripheral. To avoid problems on the pins, the
GPyGMUX bits must be constructed first (while keeping the equivalent to the GPyMUX bits at the default
of zero), observed by writing the GPyMUX indicate to the desired value.

Submodule Configuration:
Eight submodules are involved in every ePWM peripheral. Each of these submodules operates specific tasks
that can be configured by software.
Calculating PWM Period and Frequency:
The frequency of PWM events is controlled by the time-base period (TBPRD) register and the mode of the
time-base counter. The period (Tpwm) and frequency (Fpwm) relationships for the up count, down-count,
and up-down-count time-base counter modes while the period is set to 4 (TBPRD = 4). The time increase for
each step is specified by the time-base clock (TBCLK) that is a pre-scaled version of the ePWM clock
(EPWMCLK). The time-base security has three modes of operation designated by the time-base command
register (TBCTL).

Up-Down-Count Mode:
In up-down-count mode, the time-base kiosk starts from zero and increases until the period (TBPRD) value
is achieved. When the period value is moved, the time-base counter then decrements until it reaches zero. At
this point the counter replicates the pattern and begins to increase.

Up-Count Mode:
In this approach, the time-base counter starts from zero and increases until it reaches the quantity in the
period register (TBRD). When the period value is achieved, the time-base counter resets to zero and begins
to increase once again.

Down-Count Mode:
In down-count mode, the time-base counteract starts from the period (TBRD) value and curtailments until it
reaches zero. When it reaches zero, the time-based counter is reset to the period worth and it begins to
decrement once again.

Calculate PWM Duty Cycle:

Calculate total time

T1= OnTime 20ms
T2 = OffTime 5ms
Total-Time = T1+T2 = 20 + 5 = 25ms
Convert in sec = Total-Time /1000 = 25/1000 = 0.025sec

Calculated Frequency
Freq. (F) = 1/Total-Time
F = 1/0.025 = 40 Hz

Calculate duty cycle

Calculate duty cycle = (PWM ON-Time/PWM Total-Time)%100
Duty cycle = 20/25%100 = 80%
In Our Case:

TBCLK = EPWMCLK / (HSPCLKDIV x CLKDIV).

EPWMCLK = 1200 TBCLKSYNC clock
HSPCLKDIV = 1
CLKDIV = 1
SysCtl_enablePeripheral(SYSCTL_PERIPH_CLK_TBCLKSYNC);
EPwm1Regs.TBCTL.bit.HSPCLKDIV = TB_DIV1;
EPwm1Regs.TBCTL.bit.CLKDIV = TB_DIV1;
Total Time = On Time + OFF Time
= 4us+4us
= 8us

Convert into sec

= 8/1000000
= 0.000008sec

Calculate frequency
Frequency (F) = 1/Total time
= 1/0.000 008
= 125000

Convert into kHz

= 125000/1000
= 125khz
CCS Code for PWM Using TMS320F28379D:
Blink Led With Timer TMS320f28379D:

We are going to use the timer interfere to perform the LED blinking operation and to order the time. To
perform numerous tasks at a time we manage the timer interrupt.
The three 64-bit CPU-Timers (TIMER03/1/2).CPU-Timer03 and CPU-Timer1 can be used in user
applications. CPU-Timer2 is reserved for real-time operational system uses. If the request is not utilizing an
operating system that utilizes this timer, then CPU-Timer 2 can be used in the application.
The general operations of the CPU-Timer are as follows:
 The 64-bit counter register TIMH:TIM, is loaded with the quantity in the period register PRDH: PRD
 The counter decrements once every (TPR[TDRH: TDR]+1) SYSCLKOUT cycles, where TDDRH:
TDR is the time divider.
 When the stall reaches 0, a timer disrupts the output signal and creates an interrupt pulse.

CCS Code for Blink LED Using TMS320F28379D:

 CONCLUSION

The C2000 microcontroller incorporates high-resolution pulse-width modulation (PWM)

modules, which can generate precise and adjustable PWM signals. PWM is commonly used
in ac motor drives to control the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor.

The C2000 microcontroller series offers a wide range of computational power, including
high-speed floating-point units (FPU) and digital signal processing (DSP) capabilities. This
allows the microcontroller to execute complex control algorithms, such as field-oriented
control (FOC), which is widely used for ac motor drives.

The C2000 microcontroller series is designed to support system integration and offer
peripheral options such as analog-to-digital converters (ADC’s), operational amplifiers (op-
amps), and digital-to-analog converters (DAC’s). These peripherals enable the
microcontroller to interface with sensors, measure current and voltage signals accurately,
and provide control outputs to the power stage of the motor drive.

The microcontroller's PWM generation, motor control peripherals, computational power,

communication interfaces, and system integration capabilities make it a versatile choice for
frequency control applications, enabling efficient and high-performance motor control in ac
drive.
 REFERENCES

1. https://www.brainkart.com/article/linear-transformer_6622/

2. https://in.mathworks.com/help/sps/powersys/ref/universalbridge.html

3. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9601083

4. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7394160

5. https://www.mathworks.com/solutions/power-electronics-control/clarke-
and-park-transforms.html

6. https://muse.union.edu/seniorproject-menesese/implementation/

7. https://www.mathworks.com/help/sps/ug/three-phase-programmable-
source-v-i-measurement-and-sequence-analyzer.html

8. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.2?topic=concepts-subsystems

9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/subsystems

10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge