DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY OF

MALAYSIA
NAME MUHAMMAD AS'AD NATAMUDDIN 2200142
GROUP / SECTION 3ZKO9
1. MUHAMMA AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR
2. MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI
GROUP MEMBERS 3. FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI
4. SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN

LECTURER PROF MADYA DR. MOHD ROSDZIMIN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN

LAB TECHNICIAN -
DATE OF EXPERIMENT 23 MAY 2023
DATE OF SUBMISSION 29 MAY 2023
PENALTIES

REPORT RECIEPT (tear here)

NAME: MUHAMMAD AS'AD NATAMUDDIN
MATRIC NO: 2200142
TITLE: THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 29 MAY 2023
TIME OF SUBMISSION: 12.00PM

STUDENT’S SIGNATURE:

APPROVED BY:

NAME Evaluation Scale

Score
MUHAMMAD AS'AD NATAMUDDIN Below Unsatisfactorily Satisfactorily Outstanding
Expectation
Marks: 5 Marks: 10 Marks: 15
Marks: 0
Lab Preparation
Not prepare Very little Adequately Highly prepared
Group member’s name preparation prepared
1 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR / 15
2 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI / 15
3 FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI / 15
 EML 3522
Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
(Short Module)
4 THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN / 15
Lab work Contribution
No contribution Very little Adequately Highly
contribution contribute contribute

1 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR / 15

2 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI / 15
3 FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI / 15
4 SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN / 15
Lab work Cooperation
No cooperation Very little Adequately Highly cooperate
shown cooperation shown cooperate

1 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR / 15

2 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI / 15
3 FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI / 15
4 SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN / 15
Discussion and Analysis Contribution
No Inadequately Adequately Actively
participation participate participate participate

1 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR / 15

2 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI / 15
3 FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI / 15
4 SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN / 15
TOTAL SCORE /60
2200196 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR 60
2200160 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI 60
2200164 FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI 60
2200150 SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN 60
TOTAL NORMALISED SCORE (TOTAL SCORE DIVIDED BY 12) /5
2200196 MUHAMMAD AIZUDDIN BIN MOHD NAZIR 5
2200160 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HAZMI 5
2200164 FATIN NADHIRAH BINTI JOHARI AFINDI 5
2200150 SITI NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAIRAN 5
Peer Assessment Rubric
1.0 TITLE

Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer (Kirchhoff’s Law)

2.0 ABSTRACT

This experiment was purposely to understand on how heat can be transferred from a
point to another point of a body in such ways especially heat radiation. In this research, the
experiment was carried out by heating a plate and placing another different type of plate
facing each other on various displacement. This setup was carried to evaluate the rate of heat
transfer among various type of surface (Black and Polished). Aftermath, observation can be
made that heat transfer from black plate to black plate is the highest. It is anticipated that the
black body had the highest value of emissivity of thermal radiation.
3.0 INTRODUCTION

Thermal radiation is one of the three primary modes of heat transfer, alongside
conduction and convection. Due to the difference in temperature between objects, it describes
the emission, transmission, and absorption of electromagnetic radiation, primarily in the form
of infrared radiation. No medium of transfer is needed as exemplified by the energy of the sun
reaching the earth and all bodies at temperatures above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.

As heat transfer usually know for temperature difference, heat can be transferred in
three ways, which are known as conduction, convection, and radiation. In these experiments,
some fundamental laws were used and related to radiation such as Kirchhoff’s law. Heat
radiation was differing from other thermal transfer due to the lack of intervening medium,
whereas conduction and convection need medium transfer heat.

According to Kirchhoff's law, the relationship between a body's emissive power and its
dimensionless coefficient of absorption for a body of any arbitrary material emitting and
absorbing thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength while in thermodynamic
equilibrium is only a function of the wavelength and temperature of the radiation. The perfect
black-body emissive power can be described by that universal function. The perfect black-body
emissive power can be described by that universal function. Absorptivity is the term used to
describe the ratio of energy incident to energy absorbed. Emissivity is the ratio of a polished
body's emissive power to a black body's emissive power at a particular temperature.

When the concerned surfaces can be roughly modelled as blackbodies due to the lack of
reflection, the analysis is substantially streamlined. Just radiation exchange between black
surfaces is considered in this section; in the following section, the analysis is expanded to
include reflecting surfaces. Imagine two arbitrary-shaped black surfaces that are kept at
identical temperatures T1 and T2. The fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 that strikes
surface 2, the net rate of radiation heat transfer from surface 1 to surface 2 can be expressed
as:
 The absorption of radiation incident on opaque surface of absorptivity

4.0 OBJECTIVE

 To investigate Kirchoff Law statement that good absorber are also good emitters.
 To investigate that the black-body has the best emissivity

5.0 APPARATUS
(Figure 1: Experimental Setup, Performance of Experiments with The Heat Source)

(Figure 2: Thermal Radiation Units)

(Figure 3: Heater)
 (Figure 4: Plate)

(Figure 5: Plate Holder)

(Figure 6: Plate and Plate Holder)

6.0 PROCEDURES

a. The polish emission plate was mounted to the heat source which black face is
visible on it.
b. Plate polished with a distance 20cm was mount absorption to the heat source,
with black side face to face to the heat source.
c. The thermopile of the absorption plate was connected to the amplifier.
d. The heat source was switch on.
e. The power regulator on the measuring amplifier was set to 70. We could see that
the temperature was slowly increase by time.
f. The temperature stillstands for 10 minutes and the temperatures on a both sides
were read.
g. The absorption plate was mount with 30cm to the heat source.
h. The temperature was stillstands to 10 minutes and the temperatures on a both
sides were read.
i. The heat source was switch of and the temperature was waited until it drops to
40°C.
j. The experiment was repeated with the:

• Black (attach to heat source) and black (plate absorption)

• Polish (attach to heat source) and black (plate absorption)
• Polish (attach to heat source) and polish (plate absorption)

7.0 RESULTS AND DATA COLLECTION

Table 1

L= 20CM
Plate Pattern Measuring point heat Measuring point heat
source T in °C (T1) source T in °C (T2)
Black- black 36.6 27.1
Black- polish 58.2 26.9
Polish – black 57.0 26.4
Polish- polish 61.1 27.1

*plate pattern : (emitter) to (receiver)

 Table 2

L= 30CM
Combination of plate Measuring point heat Measuring point heat
source T in °C (T1) source T in °C (T2)
Black- black 45.9 26.0
Black- polish 53.2 26.4
Polish – black 53.6 26.0
Polish- polish 59.6 27.0

8.0 DATA ANALYIS AND CALCULATION

T s=temperature surface
α =absorption coefficient
ε =emmisivit y
W
σ =5.67∗10−8 2 4
m K
At 20 cm:
4
Q̇emit max =σ T s
4
Q̇absorbed =σ T s

Plate Pattern Heat Flux, Q (T1) W/m2 Heat Flux, Q (T2) W/m2

Black- black 520.94 459.88

Black- polish 682.25 458.66

Polish – black 672.42 455.61

Polish- polish 706.46 459.88

Q̇absorbed =α Q̇emit max

Q̇absorbed
α=
Q̇emit max

Black- black:

459.88
α= =0.883
520.94
Black- polish:
 458.66
α= =0.672
682.25
Polish – black:

455.61
α= =0.67 8
672.42
Polish- polish

459.88
α= =0.651
706.46

9.0 DISCUSSION

Based on this experiment, we had considered the thermal radiation of heat transfer
(Kirchhoff law) throughout the experiment to confirm its law. From the table 1, we have made
an observation on the temperature different between two measuring point which were 20cm
and 30cm. We have identify the different temperature between two bodies by used two
different plates with different colour which were black and polished. We placed one plate at
the heater (emit plate) and one plate opposite (plate absorption) with the distance 40cm and
70cm. plates changed by:

• Black (attach to heat source) and black (plate absorption)

• Polish (attach to heat source) and black (plate absorption)

• Polish (attach to heat source) and polish (plate absorption)

• Black (attach to heat source) and polish (plate absorption)

From the data result, we calculate the heat flux, Q from temperature measured from
4
each combination of plates (emitter and receiver) using the formula , Q̇emit max =σ T s and
4
Q̇ absorbed =σ T s , where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. Then we evaluate the Heat flux
(T1 and T2) of a black body, which is the black to black plate pattern has Q emit of 520.94 W/m2
and Qabsorbed of 459.88 W/m2. Then, we evaluate the absorptivity of the body by using
Kirchhoff’s Law, which Q̇ absorbed =α Q̇ emit max which lead us to the value of 0.883. Following the
same calculation, we obtain the value of absorptivity for the Black-Polished, Polished-Black,
and Polished-Polished plate patterns which are 0.672,0.678, and 0.651, respectively.

The Black to Black has the highest absorptivity, 0.883 which is very close to 1 (Perfect
black body) due to black body absorb the most heat that emitted from the heater plate. The
value of T1 and T2 obtained also are very close. Meanwhile, the polished to polished has
lowest absorptivity ( 0.651) due to the shiny polished plate reflected some of the heat
transferred from the heater. However, we could not achieve the perfect value absorptivity of
the black body due to the present of cooler flowing air from the air conditioner in the room
that could be a disturbance of the temperature or rate of heat transfer since perfect radiation
occurs in a vacuum tube. Because of errors that occurred throughout the experiment, the
experimental results are not reliable as we can identify that the values are bit different from
the theoretical value.

Because of some errors that

occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
Because of some errors that
occurred throughout the
experiment, the experimental
results are not reliable as we
can see that the values are a bit
different from the theoretical
value.
10.0 CONCLUSION

To summarize, based on this experiment, we can investigate that Kirchhoff’s Law that states good
absorber are also good emitters is valid and confirm its theory. Black bodies were good radiation
emitters. Since a good absorber is also a good emitter, black bodies were very good at emitting
radiation. In fact, black bodies are the best emitters compared to any other objects. But in the
other hand, the polished colour plate was not a good radiation emitter. When heat radiation
strikes white or polished surfaces, most of the heat energy is reflected, but when it strikes black
or rough surfaces, all of the heat energy is absorbed.