Question Answer Mark Guidance
1 (a) function letter name
structure that makes A larynx
sounds
bone that provides E rib ;
protection for the
lungs
airway that allows J bronchus ;
passage of air only
into the right lung
airway that allows B trachea ;
passage of air into
both lungs
contracts to increase F/G (F) diaphragm /
the volume of the (G) external
thorax intercostal
muscle ;
muscle that contracts K internal
to lower the ribcage intercostal
muscles ;
site of gas exchange M alveoli ; [6]
(b) keeps, airways / trachea / bronchi, open ; I protection
allows (free flow of) air into (the lungs) ;
allows flexibility / can breathe even when, bent / swallowing / AW ;
AVP ; [max 2]
(c) (i) (aerobic) respiration ; [1] R anaerobic respiration
(ii) rate (of breathing) increases ; R it increase
[1] A it’s faster / deeper
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Question
uestio Mark Guidance
1 (iii) stimulus (is CO2) ; A acidic / pH, of blood decreases ;
(CO2 / pH) detected by the brain ;
by a receptor ;
ref to (named) neurone in context ;
brain sends impulses to, (intercostal) muscles / diaphragm / effectors ;
(intercostal) muscles / diaphragm / effectors, contract more (frequently) ;
negative feedback / homeostasis ;
reflex / automatic / involuntary ; [max 3]
[Total: 13]
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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance
2 (a) (i) bronchus / bronchiole(s) ; [1]
(ii) 1 goblet cells, release / produce, mucus ;
2 mucus traps, dirt / particles / pathogens ;
3 cilia, beat / AW ; R ‘cilia trap dirt’
4 to move, fluid / AW, up / out (of airway) ; max [3]
(b) (i) 1 diffusion ;
2 across (cell / permeable) membranes ;
3 high concentration to low concentration (of O2) / down
concentration gradient ;
4 moist lining / AW / O2 is dissolved ; max [3]
(b) (ii) 1 external intercostal muscles contract ;
2 internal intercostal muscles relax ;
3 lifts ribs, upwards / outwards ; A ribcage expands
4 diaphragm contracts ;
5 diaphragm, flattens / drops ;
6 volume of, thorax / lungs / chest, increases ;
7 pressure in, thorax / lungs / chest, decreases ;
8 air flows in down a pressure gradient ; max [4]
(iii) carbon dioxide ;
water vapour ; max [1]
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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance
2 (c) 1 tar / carcinogens ; component must be linked to correct effect
2 carcinogenic / can cause, lung cancer ;
3 sticks to / blocks / damages, (named) air passages / alveoli / cilia ;
4 (trigger) production of, more / excess, mucus ;
5 (smoke) particles ;
6 trigger white blood cells ;
7 irritant / causes asthma / prone to infection ;
8 phagocytosis described ;
9 carbon monoxide ;
10 combines with haemoglobin (permanently) ;
11 reduced oxygen transport (of blood) ; max [4]
[Total: 16]
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3 (a (i) award two marks if the answer is correct – 12 Alternative: 4 s – 9 s = 5 s for 1 breath
if there is no answer or it is incorrect, award one mark for correct working Allow 10 s for 2 breaths for working
mark.
6 s – 1s = 5 seconds for 1 breath ;
60 / 5 = 12 (breaths per minute) ; max [2]
(ii) slower breathing rate before match ; ora
deeper breathing during match ; ora
during the match breaths are different from each other ; ora
pressure (in lungs) increases during the match ; max [3]
(b) external intercostal muscles contract ; Note: internal and external must be
internal intercostal muscles relax ; stated
lifts ribs, upwards / outwards ;
diaphragm contracts ;
diaphragm, flattens / drops ;
volume of, thorax / lungs / chest, increases ;
pressure in, thorax / lungs / chest, decreases ;
air flows in down a pressure gradient / description ; max [4]
(c) (i) (CO2) is metabolic / AW, waste ; ignore – from body (in question stem)
(CO2) is toxic ; max [1]
(ii) (blood) plasma ; [1]
(iii) pH decreases / becomes acidic ; [1]
(d) more, (aerobic) respiration ;
steeper concentration gradient ; [2] A description of gradient.
[Total: 14]
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4 (a) diaphragm contracts and, lowers / flattens / AW;
rib cage rises / moves, upwards / outwards; A increases in volume / expands
external intercostal muscles contract;
max 3
(b) pH decreases; idea of more needs to be apparent at least once for
MP2 and MP3
increased rate of aerobic respiration;
more carbon dioxide (into blood plasma);
forms (carbonic) acid; A carbon dioxide is acidic
anaerobic respiration occurs (during strenuous exercise);
lactic acid produced;
max 3
[Total: 6]
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