Genbank:
1. The given spotter is identified as the Genbank Flat file.
2. GenBank is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available DNA
sequences.
3. The GenBank format was developed by the U.S. National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
4. It is widely used by public databases and is considered by many to be the standard
DNA and protein sequence file format.
5. The database started in 1982 by Walter Goad and Los Alamos National
Laboratory.
6. GenBank has become an important database for research in biological fields.
Histogram
1. The given spotter is identified as
2. It is a graphical representation of distribution of a continuous variable.
3. It was first introduced by Karl Pearson.
4. It differs from a bar graph, in the sense that a bar graph relates (or compares) two
groups, while a histogram describes distribution of data within a group.
5. A histogram is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data.
6. Histograms are useful for visualising the shape, range, and central tendencies of a
dataset.
Pie diagram:
1. The given spotter is identified as
2. William Playfair of astonishing innovation, Playfair made the first known bar
chart, line chart, and pie chart.
3. Pie diagram is a circle divided into sectors.
4. Each sector represents a category of data.
5. The area of each sector is proportional to the frequency of the category.
6. It is a static chart that works best with few variables
Phylogenetic Tree:
1. The given spotter is identified as
2. A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a diagrammatic representation of the
evolutionary relationships.
3. It is a branching diagram composed of nodes and branches.
4. The nodes represent taxonomic units, such as species (or higher taxa), populations,
genes, or proteins.
5. the terminal nodes represent the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or leaves.
6. whereas the internal nodes represent hypothetical taxonomic units (HTUs). An
HTU is an inferred unit and it represents the last common ancestor (LCA) to the
nodes arising from this point.
7. LUCA (last universal common ancestor) the root.
Pairwise alignment:
1. The given spotter is identified as
2. The pairwise sequence alignment is one of the form of a sequence alignment
technique, where we compare only one sequence.
3. The three primary methods of producing pairwise alignments are dot-matrix
methods, dynamic programming, and word methods.
4. There are two types of pairwise alignments: local and global alignments.
5. Global Alignment A global sequence-alignment method aligns and compares two
sequences along their entire length, and comes up with the best alignment that
displays the maximum number of nucleotides or amino acids aligned. The
algorithm that drives global alignment is the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.
6. The algorithm that drives local alignment is the Smith-Waterman algorithm. A
local alignment algorithm finds the region of highest similarity between two
sequences and builds the alignment outward from this region.
Multiple Sequence Alignment:
1. The given spotter is identified as
2. Multiple sequence alignment is to align multiple (more than two) related
sequences to achieve optimal matching of the sequences.
3. Multiple sequence alignment algorithm developed by Feng and Doolittle in 1987.
4. Multiple sequence alignments uses a heuristic search known as progressive
technique (also known as the hierarchical or tree method).
5. Precisely it refers to the sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences,
usually DNA, RNA or protein.
6. Alignments are generated and analysed with computational algorithms.
