Amendment List Date

Amended by Incorporated
No Date

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12

13

14

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i
 ACP 34
AIRCRAFT OPERATION

CONTENTS
Volume 1 ................. Airmanship l

Volume 2 ................ Airmanship ll

Volume 3 ................. Aircraft Handling

Volume 4 ................. Operational Flying

Volume 2

Airmanship ll
Chapter 1 ................ Air Traffice Control.

Chapter 2 ................ Rules of the Air.

Chapter 3 ................ Aircraft Knowledge.

Instructors’ Guide

ISSUED 2000

ii
iii
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

CHAPTER 1

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Introduction

ATC, ATCC & ATCRU 1. At Royal Air Force airfields all movements of aircraft, both on the ground and
in the air, are monitored and controlled by a vital service known as Air Traffic Control
(ATC). The ATC controllers and supporting staff operate from the “control tower”,
and they communicate with the aircrew by radio telephony (RT). In the tower will
be aerodrome controllers for aircraft on the ground and in the circuit, and approach
controllers for aircraft that are outside the circuit, but within the airfield’s area of
responsibility. Other controllers, responsible for the safety of aircraft flying between
airfields, may be located in Air Traffic Control Centres (ATCCs) or Air Traffic Control
Radar Units (ATCRUs) neither of which need be situated on airfields.

The Control Tower

Recognise a Control 2. The control tower on an airfield is always in a prominent position in the aircraft
Tower
manoeuvring area. It has offices and rooms for electronic equipment, and it may
house a Bird Control Unit (BCU) and a Ground Radio Flight. The size and design of
ATC towers vary considerably.

Fig 1-1 Just one of

the many types of
ATC tower

34.2.1-1
CHAPTER 1

The Aerodrome Controller

Aerodrome or Airfield 3. The aerodrome controller works in a glass walled control room on the top of
Controller
the control tower. From here there is an uninterrupted view of the manoeuvring
area, of aircraft which are on the ground, taking off, or landing and in the airfield
circuit. This controller supervises the movements of all traffic on the ground in the
manoeuvring area (aircraft, vehicles and pedestrians), and all aircraft flying in the
local circuit. The aerodrome controller may also be known as the airfield controller
or the local controller.

Fig 1-2 An aerodrome

controller and assistants
at work

The Approach Controller

Approach Controller
4. The approach controller controls aircraft departing the airfield circuit and those
making instrument approaches. In addition, the approach controller may provide a
radar service to aircraft in transit through the area of responsibility of the airfield.
Since most of these aircraft are out of sight of the airfield, the approach controller
does not need a window to the world outside. Instead, obtains information from RT,
landline communications, and radar displays.

Fig 1-3 Approach

controllers use displays
and radios

34.2.1-2
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

The Runway Controller

Runway Controller 5. For more effective control at airfields that have a high rate of take-offs and
landings, a runway controller may be used. This controller is in direct contact with
the airfield controller and works from a caravan, painted in red and white squares,
positioned to the left of the touch-down end of the runway in use. The runway
controller can refuse aircraft permission to move onto the runway, or to take off, or
to land, depending on circumstances. The controller also controls ground vehicles
in the runway area. For example the controller might:

a. Prevent an aircraft from landing with its undercarriage retracted by firing a

red Very cartridge.

b. Stop an aircraft from taking-off which had for example a panel unlocked or
a fuel leak, by showing a steady red on the signalling lamp.

c. Warn vehicles or aircraft on the ground to move clear of the landing area,
by showing red flashes on the signalling lamp.

d. Give permission to take-off, with a steady green on the signalling lamp.

Communications

Communication 6. The control of air traffic depends hugely on good communications, both
Systems
ground-to-ground and ground-to-air. Swift and accurate contact between ground
organisations is achieved through the use of special telephones and tele-talk
systems. Ground-to-air communications are by radio telephony (RT). Communication
systems must be reliable, clear and precise so that the danger of instructions and
information being misunderstood is reduced to a minimum.

Telephone

DFTS 7. The tower will most likely have its own switchboard so that it can make calls
through three separate telephone systems: these are the normal BT system; the
Defence Fixed Telecoms System (DFTS) which links all units and stations together;
and a special air traffic control system which links the tower by direct cables (called
landlines) to important centres such as ATCCs, ATCRUs, other airfields in the
emergency organisation and controlling authorities. When direct landlines are

34.2.1-3
CHAPTER 1

installed there is no need to dial a number- the person being called can be contacted
at once by lifting the receiver of the telephone.

Tele-talk Tele-talk

8. Although the tower could use its telephone system to contact any section on
the unit, it will most likely have a tele-talk system for direct contact with vital offices
and sections on the airfield. Tele-talk is used, for instance, between the tower and
the Station Commander, the Medical Officer, the met office and the fire section.

Radio

VHF & UHF 9. The main method of talking to aircraft and vehicles is, of course, by RT on
very high frequency (VHF) or ultra high frequency (UHF) bands. The importance of
these bands is that they give clear reception, free from interference. Each airfield
has its own frequencies, allocated specifically for airfields control and approach
control. Crash and vehicles using manoeuvring area will have yet another frequency.
The tower may also have further frequencies for radar controllers and visiting aircraft.
All RAF airfields also have the military distress frequency.

Fig 1-4 Pilots and

controllers communicate
using RT

34.2.1-4
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Visual Communications
Visual Communications
10. Information and instructions can also be communicated visually, either by
active means such as a signal lamp (as described earlier), or passively through the
use of ground markings and signs. For example, a runway threshold is marked in
white large enough to be seen from the air

Helicopter Operating Areas

Helicopter Operating
Areas 11. Helicopter operating areas are identified with a white letter “H”, 4 metres high
with a 2 metre crosspiece. These areas are normally well clear of fixed wing
operations and may be further highlighted by the use of edging round the landing
area.

Fig 1-5 Helicopter

operating area marker

34.2.1-5
CHAPTER 1

Airfield Hazard Markings and Obstruction markers

Stationary Hazards 12. Stationary object hazards are identified by a three sided solid, mounted on a
pole set in a round base.

Fig 1-6 Stationary objects

marker

Bad Ground
Bad Ground Markers
13. At airfields where taxying on the grass is permitted, you may see markers to
indicate bad or obstructed ground which must be avoided. Here are some examples:

a) A white canvas “V” marker

(0.45m high and 2.1m wide)
with a red band.
Fig 1-7 Canvas marker

b) A 1m-long striped solid, alternating

yellow and black every 0.2m and 0.45m
high.

Fig 1-8 Solid marker

c) Yellow flags or squares on light

stakes (sides of squares are
approximately 0.61 m).

Fig 1-9 Flag marker

34.2.1-6
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Communication Aids

Location of 14. Pilots cannot “see” the way ahead in bad weather, hence radio and radar
Communication Aids
systems are used. These systems enable pilots to take off and land almost regardless
of the prevailing weather conditions. There are also many forms of radio and radar
navigation aids to help them fly safely between airfields and on operational tasks.
These aids may not necessarily be sited on an airfield and may not therefore be
seen by you on visits.

Location of Approach 15. On your visits to airfields you may see airfield approach and runway approach
Aids
aids. An airfield approach aid is designed to guide an aircraft down to a point in the
vicinity of the airfield, from where, if the airfield can be seen clearly, the pilot will
land visually. If the pilot is still in cloud and cannot see the airfield from that point, a
runway approach aid guides the aircraft right down to a position on the correct
approach, near to touch-down point on the runway in use.

RADAR

RAdio Detection And 16. RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging). A radar system consists of a
Ranging, Displays
transmitter and a receiver. A short pulse of electromagnetic energy is transmitted
from an aerial and the receiver “listens” for an echo. Lots of objects will reflect the
electromagnetic pulse back to the receiver, including aircraft flying within range.
The receiver detects which reflections are from aircraft, and it can determine their
position, direction of travel and speed. This information is then displayed through a
cathode ray tube onto a screen. In this way radar has become the “eyes” of air
traffic control.

Radio Aids.

17. The two main radio aids likely to be seen at Royal Air Force airfields are;

DRDF a) Digital resolution direction finding (DRDF)

ILS b) Instrument landing system (ILS)

34.2.1-7
CHAPTER 1

DRDF

RT Transmission CDTC 18. DRDF is a common airfield approach aid and is likely to be seen on most
ATC towers. It receives an RT transmission from an aircraft and displays it on a
cathode ray tube as a green line called a “trace”. The line cuts the compass rose on
the edge of the screen and this tells the approach controller the aircraft’s bearing
from the airfield. It will also allow the approach controller to tell the pilot what course
to fly to reach the airfield. Using this equipment the approach controller can direct
the aircraft to a point above the airfield and from there control its descent through
cloud (CDTC) to a height and position on the approach from which the pilot can
either land visually or employ a runway approach aid.

ILS

Radio Beam 19. ILS is a runway approach aid in which fixed transmitters on the ground send
out a special pattern of radio signals which define a radio beam which is like a
pathway in the sky, down which an aircraft can be guided to the touch-down point
on the runway in use. Receivers in the aircraft pick up the signals and display the
information on special instruments that enable the pilot to fly the aircraft down the
beam to touch-down. In this system the pilot interprets the signals and does not
need any outside assistance.

Radar Aids.

20. The two main radar aids likely to be seen at Royal Air Force airfields are:

Surveillance Radar a) Surveillance radar

PAR b) Precision approach radar (PAR)

Surveillance Radar

21. Surveillance radar is used both to monitor air traffic passing through an area
and as an airfield approach aid. In the latter role it enables the controller to locate
the aircraft and direct it to a position and height near the airfield from which the pilot
can join the circuit visually and land, or, in poor visibility employ a runway approach
aid such as ILS or PAR.

34.2.1-8
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Precision Approach Radar

PAR CR62. Elevation & 22. The CR62 is the Royal Air Force’s main PAR. The radar cabin is located on
Azimuth. GCA
the airfield near to the runway, with a remote display screen for the system located
in the tower. The controller has two screens, one for the aircraft’s elevation (height)
and one for azimuth (left and right), relating to the approach path.

Fig 1-10 A CR62 PAR Fig 1-11 A CR62 PAR

cabin display

The controller uses this information to pass instructions by RT to the pilot, and thus
guide the aircraft down the correct glide slope towards the touch-down point, until
the pilot is close enough to land visually. Obviously, the controller must be very
skilled and the pilot must fly very accurately. The procedure is called a ground-
controlled approach (GCA). The CR62 will be replaced by PAR2000 in the next few
years.

Airways System - Controlled Air Space

Airways 23. As an aid to the control and safe management of air traffic, airspace is divided
into classes or functional areas. Some of these have strict rules on the conduct of
flying within them: they are termed “controlled airspace”. One important class is a
network of imaginary “tunnels” in the air called airways. They are vital in facilitating
safe transit for large numbers of aircraft in congested airspace. Any aircraft, whether
military or civilian can use them providing:

a. The pilot has a valid instrument rating.

b. The aircraft is fitted with appropriate radio and navigational equipment.

c. The flight is made in accordance with the rules.

34.2.1-9
CHAPTER 1

Fig 1-12 Airways over the

UK with letter and
number identifiers

Width of Airways 24. Airways are between 10 and 20 nautical miles (18.5 to 37km) wide and have
upper and lower height limits, although as they approach airfields they do slope
down to the ground to form airfield zones.

Centre Beacons 25. The centre of an airway is marked by a series of radio navigation beacons.
Aircraft fly from beacon to beacon reporting to ATCC their position, time and height.

34.2.1-10
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

In this manner ATCC are able to keep aircraft, which are flying at the same height,
separated by time intervals.

Clearance 26. Clearance is always required for flights along airways. The route must be
thoroughly planned beforehand and the flight plan submitted to ATCC before take-
off. Once airborne, contact with ATCC must be established before an aircraft can
enter the airway. The aircraft is then identified and tracked on radar, although it
remains the pilot’s responsibility to maintain planned tracks and timings.

Crossing Airways

Crossing Airways 27. If an aircraft flying outside controlled air space wishes to cross an airway en
route to a specific destination, there are 2 ways in which to do it:

a. Providing the base of the airway is above the ground, the aircraft can be
flown underneath and no permission is needed.

b. The aircraft can be flown through the airway, provided clearance and radar
control is obtained from the appropriate ATCRU.

34.2.1-11
CHAPTER 1

Self Assessment Questions

ATC

Do not mark the paper in 1. Where is the Aerodrome Controller located?

any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper. a. In a small darkened room at the base of the control tower
b. In a Ground Traffic Control Tower
c. In a glass walled control room at the top of the control tower with an
uninterrupted view of the manoeuvring area
d. In a green and white caravan close to the runway

2. What do yellow flags 0.61m square indicate?

a. Bad ground which should be avoided

b. Oil on the runway, aircraft should slow down
c. A stationary object hazard
d. Do not take off your undercarriage is still down

3. What is the RAFs own telephone system called?

a. General Purpose Telephone Network (GPTN)

b. Airbase Telephone System (ATS)
c. Defence Fixed Telecoms System (DFTS)
d. RAF telephone Network (RAFTN)

4. What does the abbreviation DRDF stand for?

a. Direct Radiation Direction Finding

b. Digital Reactive Detection and Finding
c. Digital Resolution Direction Finding
d. Direct Response Direction Finding

5. How are the centres of airways marked?

a. By a 4 figure map reference

b. By large white arrows cut into the ground
c. By a series of ATCRUs on the centre line
d. By a series of radio navigation beacons

34.2.1-12
 RULES OF THE AIR

CHAPTER 2

Rules Of The Air

Introduction

Avoiding Collisions 1. Without the Highway Code the many thousands of cars travelling daily on
our busy roads would find it impossible to move about safely. So it is with aircraft in
the air. There must be rules to govern the way aircraft move about the sky so that
Rights of Way Rules
accidents can be avoided. They are called “Right of Way” rules.

Rights of Way for Differing Types of Aircraft

Differing Aircraft types - 2. There are four main types of aircraft - balloons, gliders, airships and
Rights of Way
conventional powered aircraft. Balloons cannot be steered; they are completely at
the mercy of the wind and cannot easily manoeuvre to avoid collision. For this
reason, all other types of aircraft must give way to them.

3. Gliders are fairly manoeuvrable and so can try to avoid collision, but their air
speed is generally low and they do not have engines to get them out of difficult
situations. Gliders, therefore, have the right of way over both powered aircraft and
airships.

4. Airships, although not very common, do have engines to control their

movement and so can avoid collision more easily than gliders or balloons. For this
reason airships must give way to both gliders and balloons.

5. Powered conventional aircraft, by far the most manoeuvrable of the four types
must give way to balloons, gliders and airships.

Rights of Way for the Same Type of Aircraft

Approaching head - on

Fig 2-1 Head-on - both

move to their right

34.2.2-1
CHAPTER 2

6. When two aircraft are approaching head on, or nearly so, each must alter
course to the right.
Converging Courses 7. If two aircraft are flying at about the same height and are on converging
courses, the aircraft which has the other on its right must give way.

Fig 2-2 Converging

course - the left hand
aircraft gives way.

Overtaking 8. An aircraft being overtaken has the right of way. The one overtaking must
avoid the other by turning right. However, if both are gliders, the overtaker may turn
right or left.

Fig 2-3 Overtaking-the

faster aircraft moves to
starboard.

9. There are two special right of way rules that apply when aircraft are about to
land:

Approaching to Land a. An aircraft landing or on final approach to land has right of way over aircraft
in flight or on the ground.

Emergency Priority b. When two or more aircraft are approaching to land at the same time, the
lower one has right of way, unless the captain of the lower aircraft becomes
aware that one of the others has an emergency.

34.2.2-2
 RULES OF THE AIR

On The Ground

Vehicles and Aircraft On the ground, aircraft and vehicles being taxied give way to aircraft being towed.
Vehicles not towing aircraft give way to aircraft being taxied.

Rules At Night

Navigation Lights 10. At night it can be difficult for a pilot to see another aircraft - and when it is
seen, its heading may still be unknown. It is however, vital to know, so that the right
of way rules can be applied. Therefore, most modern aircraft carry one or more

Fig 2-4 The four main

types of aircraft have
different styles of
navigation lights.

34.2.2-3
CHAPTER 2

flashing “anti-collision” lights so that they can be seen easily, and “navigation” lights
- different coloured lights on the wing tips and the rear - to help a pilot judge which
way the other aircraft is travelling.

Converging at Night
Converging at Night 11. In this converging example, if the Harrier (A) pilot looks out to starboard and
sees a red light moving alongside (B), he knows that the other aircraft has right of
way and he must take action to avoid a collision.

Fig 2-5 At night

navigation lights indicate
heading of aircraft.

Crossing Flight Paths at Night

Crossing Flight Paths 12. In this example, the Jaguar pilot (A) sees a green light crossing from port to
at Night
starboard, and therefore knows that the Hawk (B) should give way. The Jaguar pilot
must, however, be aware that the Hawk pilot might not have seen him and should
therefore be ready to take avoiding action if necessary.

Fig 2-6 Flight paths cross

- uses converging flight
rules

Avoiding Other Aircraft

Clock Code 13. While in the air the best way to avoid a collision is to see the other aircraft as
early as possible. If you are a member of a crew on a normal sortie and you see an

34.2.2-4
 RULES OF THE AIR

aircraft that may pose a threat, you must inform the captain of the presence of the
aircraft and its position. To pin-point the location of this aircraft you would use the
“Clock Code” system. With this system you imagine that your aircraft is lying on the
face of a clock. Directly ahead of your aircraft is 12 ‘o clock, directly astern is 6 ‘o
clock. Any aircraft sighted can now be positioned to the nearest clock numeral. This
tells the captain which way the aircraft is, but for extra clarity you can add HIGH/
LEVEL/LOW relative to your aircraft. Using this system will give the captain a rapid
location of the aircraft and allow time for avoiding action to be taken.

Fig 2-7 Clock code used

to identify aircraft
position.

34.2.2-5
CHAPTER 2

Self Assessment Questions

Rules Of The Air

Do not mark the paper in 1. What are the 4 main types of aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper. a. Gliders, space rockets, conventional powered aircraft and airships
b. Parachutes, gliders, balloons and hangliders
c. Balloons, gliders, airships and conventional powered aircraft
d. Kites, parachutes, airships and conventional powered aircraft

2. When two conventional powered aircraft are approaching head- on they should:

a. Both turn to the left

b. Both alter course to the right
c. Not alter courses as they are very unlikely to hit each other
d. The aircraft going north should climb and the other should dive

3. When in the air the best way to avoid a collision is to?

a. File a flight plan

b. Rely on radar services
c. Hope that you don’t hit any other aircraft
d. See other aircraft as early as possible and takeavoiding action if necessary

34.2.2-6
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER 3

AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

1. All the aircraft selected to appear in this chapter are in service with the Royal
Air Force today. They fall into three groups, namely operational, training and
historical. These aircraft can be seen flying regulary either at RAF stations or at the
many public displays given throughout the year. If you ever get the chance to see
them, it should provide you with the opportunity to practice your aircraft recognition
skills. In addition, you can further your aircraft knowledge by closer studies of aircraft
during visits to RAF stations. This publication is not intended to be the sole source
of information on aircraft in the RAF. Other publications such as the Observers
Book of Aircraft and Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook can also be
consulted, together with the many high quality aircraft magazines that are available
today.

2. The information in this chapter was up-to-date when it went to press but
aircraft are generally under constant development. Engines are up-rated or changed,
airframes are modified and various equipments are improved. This means that
performance figures such as maximum speeds, all-up weights, payloads and
armament may change. You should, therefore, study the current aviation press to
keep abreast of aircraft developments. However, note that the examinations will be
set from this booklet and your answers should be drawn from it.

3. The suffixes to the names of RAF aircraft indicate the primary role and the
particular mark of aircraft. For example:

“Hawk T Mk 1A”

The “T” indicates that the role of the Hawk is training. “Mk 1A” indicates that
this is the first version of the Hawk (Mk 1) with a subsequent revision (A),
which in this case is the modification of the aircraft to carry out an air defence
role.

4. The differences between various marks of aircraft may be quite extensive -

different engines or a “stretched” fuselage for example - or very minor and hardly
noticeable as in the case of some internal equipment modifications.

34.2.3-1
CHAPTER 3

5. RAF aircraft are generally designated by a type name (also known as the
“Reporting Name”) with role letters and mark numbers to follow. Some of the more
common role letters are as follows:

AEW Airborne Early Warning

B Bomber

C Transport

E Electronic/Flight Checking

F Fighter

FG Fighter Ground Attack

GR Ground Attack Reconnaissance

HAR Helicopter, Air Rescue

HAS Helicopter, Anti-submarine

HC Helicopter, Cargo

HCC Helicopter, Transport and Communications

HT Helicopter, Training

HU Helicopter, Utility

K Tanker

MR Maritime Reconnaissance

R Reconnaissance

34.2.3-2
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

PR Photographic Reconnaissance

S Strike

T Trainer

6. Thus a Sea King HAR 3 is an RAF Sea King helicopter fitted for the air
rescue role.

34.2.3-3
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name GRIFFIN

Role Letters and Marks HT1

Role TRAINING HELICOPTER

1. The Griffin HT1, and advanced training helicopter, is operated within the
Defence Helicopter Flying School (run by FBS Ltd), a combined operation by FR
Aviation, Bristow Helicopters and SERCO, to train helicopter pilots for all three
services. First entered service in 1997, civilian contractor owned and operated.

2. Manufactured by Bell Helicopter Textron, Fort Worth, Texas, the essentially

similar Bell 212s are operated by Brunei.

Technical Data

ROTOR DIAMETER 14.02M

LENGTH 12.92M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 258km/h (161 mph)

CRUISING
SPEED

ENGINE One Pratt & Whitney Turbo

34.2.3-4
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

GRIFFIN HT1
Training Helicopter

34.2.3-5
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name GROB 115 (TUTOR)

Role Letters and Marks T1

Role PRIMARY TRAINER

1. The Grob 115 (Tutor) aircraft entered Royal Air Force service in 1999, replacing
the Bulldog at UAS and AEFs. The RAF Tutor has dual controls and the 2 seats are
in side-by-side format.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 10M

LENGTH 7.4M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 150kts at Sea Level

LEVEL
SPEED

ENGINE One Lycoming 4-cylinder

piston engine

34.2.3-6
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

GROB 115 (TUTOR) T1

Primary Trainer

34.2.3-7
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name CHINOOK

Role Letters and Marks HC2

Role MEDIUM TRANSPORT & MEDIUM LIFT HELICOPTER

1. The Chinook is a tandem-rotored, twin engined medium-lift helicopter with a

crew of four. It can carry up to 45 fully equipped troops or up to 10 tonnes of equipment
either internally or underslung. The Chinook fleet has recently undergone a mod-
life update.

Technical Data

ROTOR DIAMETER 18.29M

LENGTH 15.54M

CREW 4

MAXIMUM 157kts (291km/h) at

LEVEL maximum weight
SPEED

ENGINES Two Avco Lycoming

T55-L-712 turboshafts

34.2.3-8
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

CHINOOK HC2
Medium Transport &
Medium Lift Helicopter

34.2.3-9
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. What is the role of the Tutor?

a. Primary Trainer
b. Flight checking
c. Reconnaissance
d. Communications

34.2.3-10
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What type of engines are fitted to this aircraft?

6. How many crew are there in this helicopter?

7. What replaced this aircraft for AEF?

a. Bulldog
b. Tutor
c. Chipmunk
d. Firefly

34.2.3-11
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name CANBERRA

Role Letters and Marks PR9

Role PHOTO RECONNAISSANCE

1. The Canberra wasthe first jet bomber to enter service in the RAF and has
had a long and varied career. The prototype of the Canberra was the English
Electric A1 which first flew on the 13 May 1949. Roles over the years have included
tactical bomber, electronic countermeasures, target towing and photo
reconnaissance.

2. Production of this aircraft has been carried out in the USA, Australia and the
UK with over 1,400 aircraft being built. The Canberra has been operated by many
air forces around the world as well as the RAF, including the air forces of Argentina,
Chile, Ecuador, Ethiopia, India, Peru, South Africa, USA and Venezuela.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 19.5M

LENGTH 19.96M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 450kts (834km/h) at

LEVEL sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Two Rolls-Royce Avon

turbojets

34.2.3-12
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

CANBERRA PR9
Photo Reconnaissance

34.2.3-13
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name SQUIRREL

Role Letters and Marks HT1 & HT2

Role HELICOPTER TRAINER

1. The Squirrel HT1 is used for advanced helicopter training at RAF Shawbury.
Manufactured by Aerospatiale (now Eurocopter) in France, it first entered service in
1996. The single engine is used for training with the 2 Allison 250-C20F turboshafts
engine version on 32 ( The Royal ) Squn at RAF Northolt.

Technical Data

ROTOR DIAMETER 10.69M

LENGTH 12.94M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 144mph (238km/h) at

LEVEL sea level
SPEED

ENGINE One Turbomeca Arriel

turboshaft

34.2.3-14
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

SQUIRREL HT1
Helicopter Trainer

SQUIRREL HT2
Helicopter Trainer

34.2.3-15
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name FIREFLY MK2

Role Letters and Marks T67M

Role PRIMARY TRAINER

1. Elementary flying training is undertaken by two components of the Air Training

Group Defence Agency; the University Air Squadrons (UAS), using the Grob 115
(Tutor), which replaced the Bulldog T1, and the Joint Elementary Flying Training
School (JEFTS), operating the Firefly M260.

WING SPAN 10.6M

LENGTH 7.6M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 157mph (252km/h)

SPEED at sea level

ENGINE One Lyconing

piston engine

34.2.3-16
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

FIREFLY MK2 T67M

Primary Trainer

34.2.3-17
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which of these aircraft is the largest: in terms of wing span or rotor diameter?

a. Chipmunk
b. Canberra
c. Bulldog
d. Gazelle

34.2.3-18
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What is the name and make of the engine fitted to this aircraft?

6. Which one of these RAF aircraft is used in the photo reconnaissance role?

a. Gazelle
b. Chipmunk
c. Andover
d. Canberra

7. How many crew are there in this aircraft?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 5
d. 18

8. Which one of the following is a primary training aircraft?

a. Firefly
b. Gazelle
c. Andover
d. Chinook

34.2.3-19
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name DOMINIE & HS125

Role Letters and Marks T1 & CC1, CC2, CC3

Role NAVIGATION TRAINER & COMMUNICATIONS

1. The Dominie was developed originally as a civilian twin jet executive aircraft
(HS 125) which first flew in 1962. It was modified and adopted for RAF use in 1965.

2. The Doninie T1 is used as an advanced navigation trainer, providing students

with experience of navigation in high speed, at all height levels, such as they will
experience on operational aircraft. For this role it is equipped with a full array of
navigational aids

3. The RAF’s HS 125 CC are used mostly for VIP and communications duties.
The RAF has three types, the series 400 (CC1), 600 (CC2) and 700 (CC3). the
series 400 has five cabin windows on each side as opposed to six on the later
series. All HS 125’s are powered by twin Garret turbofans, the T1’s have Viper.
Technical Data

WING SPAN 14.33M

LENGTH 15.4M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 445kts (825km/h) at

LEVEL 30,00ft
SPEED

ENGINES Two Rolls-Royce Vipers

(or two Garrett TFE731
Turbofans - CC3)

34.2.3-20
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

DOMINIE T1
Navigation Trainer &
Communications

BAe 125 T1
Navigation Trainer &
Communications

34.2.3-21
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name HERCULES

Role Letters and Marks C1 & C3

Role HEAVY TRANSPORT

1. This versatile work horse is intended primarily for tactical operations and can
operate from short unprepared airstrips. With in-flight refuelling it also has the
capacity for long-range strategic lifts, including supply dropping, freight carrying,
trooping and air ambulance duties. Its originated from USA, where its known as the
Lockheed C130. It has been in production since 1955.

2. The RAF versions are designated Hercules C1and C3. They are fitted with
British avionics, a roller conveyor system for heavy air-drops and more powerful
engines than the C130.
Technical Data

WING SPAN 40.41M

LENGTH C1=29.78M C3=34.37M

CREW 5

MAXIMUM 335kts (621km/h) at

LEVEL 20,00ft
SPEED

ENGINES Four Allison T56

turboprops

34.2.3-22
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

HERCULES C1
Heavy Transport

34.2.3-23
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name PUMA

Role Letters and Marks HC1

Role ASSAULT TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1. The Puma ia a French-designed twin engined helicopter built by Westland

Aircraft Ltd in conjunction with Aerospatiale France. It entered service in the RAF in
1971. It has auto pilot, a heated, ventilated and sound-proofed cabin, retractable
undercarriage, and modern navigation and search systems.

2. The Puma has many roles but in the RAF it is used as a tactical transport and
support helicopter with a casualty evacuation capability. It can carry 16 fully equipped
troops, or 6 stretchers and 6 sitting patients. A 3,200 kgs underslung cargo can be
carried.

3. The tailboom, rotor blades and wheels can be removed to allow transportation
in a Hercules to any theatre of operation.
Technical Data

ROTOR DIAMETER 15.1M

LENGTH 14.1M

CREW 3

MAXIMUM 142kts at max weight,

LEVEL 158kts (293km/h)
SPEED when lighter

ENGINES Two Turbomeca Turmo

turboshafts

34.2.3-24
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

PUMAHC1
Assault Transport
Helicopter

34.2.3-25
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which engines are fitted to the Puma?

a. Allison Turboprops
b. Garrett TFE731 Turbofans
c. Turbomeca Astazous
d. Turbomeca Turmos

34.2.3-26
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. Which of the following aircraft is used in the heavy transport role?

a. Hercules
b. Dominie
c. HS 125
d. Puma

6. What is the reporting name of the aircraft on this flight line?

7. What is the wing span of this aircraft?

a. 10.60m
b. 15.40m
c. 19.50m
d. 40.41m

8. What is the length of this helicopter?

a. 14.10m
b. 15.10m
c. 34.30m
d. 15.40km

34.2.3-27
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name BAe 146

Role Letters and Marks CC2

Role VIP COMMUNICATIONS

1. The BAe 146 aircraft of 32 (The Royal) Squn of the Royal Air Force are
converted civilian short-haul feederliners. They have a special VIP interior which
seats 19 people, compared with the civilan BAe 146 Series which seats71. They
also have an enhanced communication and navigation package.

2. Externally they are identical to the early series of commercial aircraft.

Distinctive features include a T-tail and, unusually for such a small aircraft, four
podded engines under high mounted wings. Internally the CC2 has modifications
that include greater fuel capacity. The BAe 146 has the distinction of being one of
the quietest airliners in production to date, with good short field performance.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 26.3M

LENGTH 26.1M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 339mph (555km/h)

OPERATING at 30,000ft
SPEED

ENGINES Four Avco Lycoming

ALF502 turbofans

34.2.3-28
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

BAE 146 CC2

VIP Communications

34.2.3-29
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name HARRIER

Role Letters and Marks GR7

Role GROUND ATTACK AND RECONNAISSANCE

1. The Harrier was the World’s first operational fixed wing vertical/short take-off
and landing (V/STOL) strike fighter. Harriers operate in an offensive support role for
ground based troops both night and daylight. The GR7 carries forward looking
infrared (FLIR) equipment which, when used with a pilot’s night vision goggles
(NVGs) gives the aircraft a low-level night and poor weather capability. The GR7
offers many advantages over the earlier GR3 Harrier. It can carry nearly twice the
weapon load over the same radius of action, or the same weapon load over a much
increased range. Other features reduce the pilot’s work load, including multifunction
cathode ray tubes(CRT), hands-on-throttle and stick (HOTAS) systems and angle
rate bombing system (ARBS) for primary weapon aiming. Leading edge root
extensions and digital engine control systems continue the Harriers high reputation.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 9.24M

LENGTH 14.46M

CREW 1

MAXIMUM 640kts (1186km/h) at

LEVEL sea level
SPEED

ENGINE One Rolls-Royce Pegasus

105 vectored-thrust
turbofan

34.2.3-30
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

HARRIER GR7
Ground Attack and
Reconnaissance

34.2.3-31
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name WESSEX

Role Letters and Marks HC2

Role ASSAULT TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

1. The Wessex is a UK version of the original American Sikorsky S-58 single

piston-engined helicopter. Westland have built many versions of the Wessex with
different engines and equipment. The Wessex will be replaced by 22 Merlin HC3
Medium Support Helicopters at the beginning of the next century.

2. The HC 2 is a turboshaft, high-performance development. It was the first

twin-engined, single-rotor helicopter to enter service with the Royal Air Force.

3. In the tactical role, the Wessex can carry up to 15 troops or in the aero-
medical role up to 7 stretchers. In the freight role it can lift a payload of 1,816
kilograms either in the cabin or slung beneath the fuselage. If either of its two
engines is out of action it can fly on the other. For a helicopter it has a good
maximum range of 506 km (274nm) at 185 km (100 knots).

Technical Data

ROTOR DIAMETER 17.07M

LENGTH 14.74M

CREW 3

MAXIMUM 115kts (213km/h)

LEVEL at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Two Rolls-Royce Gnome

turboshafts

34.2.3-32
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

WESSEX HC2
Assault Transport
Helicopter

34.2.3-33
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. How many crew are there in a Harrier GR7?

a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 1

34.2.3-34
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What engines power this aircraft?

6. What is the role of this helicopter?

a. VIP Transport
b. Assault Transport
c. Primary Trainer
d. Ground Attack

7. What engine is fitted to this aircraft and what is special about it?

34.2.3-35
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name VC 10
Role Letters and Marks C1, C1K, K2, K3 & K4

Role TRANSPORT & TANKER

1. VC10 has been in RAF service since 1967 and has been developed to fulfil
many roles over the years. As a transporter the C1 can carry up to 150 troops or
24,516 kg of freight on pallets using a roller conveyor system. The original fleet of
VC10 C1 aircraft have been modified and supplemented by ex-civilian VC10s and
super VC10s (4m longer).

2. The tanker versions (K) are fitted with two Mk 32 in-flight refuelling pods, one
under each wing, and in-flight refuelling probe on the nose. In addition they are
fitted with close circuit television (CCTV) under the fuselage to allow the crew to
see the refuelling receivers during mid-air refuelling.

3. The K 2, 3 & 4s are also fitted with a centre-line refuelling hose drum unit
(HDU) making them 3-point tankers.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 44.5M

LENGTH K2=50.59M K3=54.55M

CREW 4

MAXIMUM 500kts (922km/h)

LEVEL at 30,000ft
SPEED

ENGINES Four Rolls-Royce Conway

301 turbojets

34.2.3-36
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

VC10 - C1
Transport & Tanker

VC10K
Refueling a VC10 - C1

34.2.3-37
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name JETSTREAM

Role Letters and Marks T1

Role CREW TRAINER

1. This aircraft was originally designed and built by Handley Page for the civil
market. A military version was delivered to the RAF in 1974; this was designated
the Jetstream T1.

2. The Jetstream is used to train pilots (who have just completed basic training)
on multi-engined aircraft, prior to their conversion to operational multi-engined aircraft.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 15.8M

LENGTH 14.4M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 248kts (457km/h) at

LEVEL 12,000ft
SPEED

ENGINE Two Turbomeca Astazou

turboprops

34.2.3-38
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

JETSTREAM T1
Crew Trainer

34.2.3-39
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name VIKING

Role Letters and Marks T1

Role CADET TRAINING

1. The Viking T Mk1 is a development of the Grob 103 and is the mainstay of
the Air Cadet Organisation’s glider fleet. It is constructed from glass reinforced
plastic (GRP) which provides strength and durability. This training aircraft has two
seats in tandem, with dual controls allowing the aircraft to be flown from either seat.
It is normally winch launched, but can be aero-towed.

2. As many gliders look similar with high aspect ratio wings of large span and
“T” tails, the main distinguishing features to look for are:

Twin wheel landing gear with the forward wheel just rear of the nose and the
larger main wheel on the fuselage underneath the wing. The dividing frame
between front and rear cockpits is thick and regular in shape.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 17.5M

LENGTH 8.18M

CREW 2

OPERATING 50-55kts (93-102km/h)

OR RANGE or 57kts (105km/h)
SPEED

ENGINES NONE

34.2.3-40
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

VIKING T1
Cadet Training

34.2.3-41
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which one of these aircraft has the fastest cruise speed?

a. Jetstream
b. VC 10
c. Puma
d. Viking

34.2.3-42
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What is the role of this aircraft?

a. Transport
b. Cadet Training
c. Crew Training
d. Ground Attack

6. What is the wing span of this aircraft?

a. 15.80m
b. 14.40m
c. 17.20m
d. 18.50m

7. What engines power this tanker aircraft?

a. None
b. 4 Rolls-Royce Gnomes
c. 2 Turbomeca Astazous
d. 4 Rolls-Royce Conway 301 Turbojets

34.2.3-43
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name JAGUAR

Role Letters and Marks GR1 & T2

Role TACTICAL SUPPORT AIRCRAFT

1. Built jointly by Breguet in France and BAe in the UK, Jaguar is designed for
common requirements in both Air Forces.

2. The RAF’s GR1 is a single-seat tactical support version with an advanced

inertial navigation and weapon-aiming system, computer controlled. Jaguar can
carry air-to-air guided missiles, 8 x 454kg bombs of various free fall and retarded
types, reconnaissance packs and fuel drop tanks. Maximum external load is 4763
kg on 5 external stations. When air-to-air missiles are required, they are carried on
distinctive over wing pylons.

3. The T2 is the two-seat (tandem) operational training version with full dual
controls. It retains the GR1’s electronics and weapons capability but only has one
30mm Aden gun.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 8.49M

LENGTH 15.52M (GR) 16.42M (T2)

CREW 1 (GR1) 2 (T2)

MAXIMUM 729kts (1352km/h)

LEVEL Mach 1.1 at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Two Rolls-Royce

Turbomeca Adour turbofans

34.2.3-44
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

JAGUAR GR1 & T2

Tactical Support Aircraft

34.2.3-45
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name NIMROD

Role Letters and Marks MR2

Role LONG-RANGE MARITIME PATROL

1. The Nimrod was developed from the Comet 4C and has the advantage of
high altitude fast transit with good low speed manoeuvring and loiter capability - for
which two engines may be shut down. The Nimrod MR2 fleet will be replaced by
Nimrod MR4 - ISD 2006.

2. The MR2 has sophisticated communications equipment, an advanced tactical

sensor, electronic countermeasures (ECM) and navigation systems.

3. Nimrods can carry Sidewinder air-to-air missiles for self defence, bombs,
depth charges, mines, sonobuoys, Stingray torpedoes and Harpoon air-to-surface
missiles.

4. In-flight refuelling probes were fitted to some aircraft during the Falklands
conflict and are now a standard fit on all MR2s.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 35M

LENGTH 38.63M

CREW 12

MAXIMUM 500kts (922km/h)

LEVEL at 30,000ft
SPEED

ENGINES Four Rolls-Royce

Spey turbofans

34.2.3-46
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

NIMROD MR2
Long-Range Maritime
Patrol

34.2.3-47
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name VIGILANT

Role Letters and Marks T1

Role CADET TRAINING

1. The Vigilant has been in service with the ATC since early 1990 and equips
many of the Volunteer Gliding Schools (VGS) around the country.

2. It is a self-launching, piston-engined motorised glider which requires no winch

or cable to get airborne. The cockpit has seating for 2, side by side, with full dual
controls and a modern instrument and radio panel. The aircraft is constructed from
glass-reinforced-plastic (GRP) for strength and durability.

3. This T-tailed glider can be distinguished from other ATC gliders because it
has a propeller and a two wheeled main undercarriage mounted on spring steel
legs. The generous canopy has gull wing doors, which hinge up from the centre,
allowing easy access.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 17.4M

LENGTH 7.9M

CREW 2

OPERATING 60kts (111km/h)

OR RANGE or 62kts (115km/h)
SPEED

ENGINE One Grob G2500 piston

engine

34.2.3-48
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

VIGILANT T1
Cadet Training

34.2.3-49
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which one of these aircraft has a piston engine?

a. Nimrod
b. Jaguar
c. Vigilant
d. Chinook

34.2.3-50
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. Which one of the following aircraft is used in the tactical support role?

a. Vigilant
b. Nimrod
c. HS 125
d. Jaguar

6. Which of these aircraft has the longest wing span?

a. Nimrod
b. Canberra
c. Jaguar
d. Vigilant

7. What is the name of the engines fitted to this aircraft?

a. Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour turbofans

b. Rolls-Royce Spey turbojets
c. Grob G2500 piston engine
d. Gipsy Major

8. What is the role of the Vigilant aircraft?

a. Transport
b. Cadet Training
c. Crew Training
d. Ground Attack

34.2.3-51
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name TORNADO

Role Letters and Marks GR1, 1A & 1B

Role MULTI-ROLE STRIKE/RECONNAISSANCE

1. Designed and built as a joint collaborative project by companies in the UK,

Germany and Italy - collectively called Panavia.

2. Tornado GR1 has a highly accurate navigation/attack system, using an

automatic terrain-following capability. It can operate in all weather conditions, day
or night at low level, delivering a variety of weapons, including laser guided bombs
and nuclear weapons with great accuracy. A variable-geometry wing allows Tornado
to perform over a wide range of speeds and heights. External stores and variable-
geometry can change the appearance of the aircraft, but it has a distinctive large
swept fin.

3. The GR1A is a reconnaissance version and the GR1B an anti-shipping

maritime version using Sea Eagle missiles. Tornado - MLU aircraft are GR4 version.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 13.9M fully forward

8.6m fully swept

LENGTH 16.7M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 800kts (1480km/h)

LEVEL (Mach 1.2) at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Two turbo union RB199

turbofans

34.2.3-52
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

TORNADO TGR1, 1A & 1B

Multi-Role Strike/
Reconnaissance

34.2.3-53
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name SEA KING

Role Letters and Marks HAR3

Role SEARCH AND RESCUE HELICOPTER

1. The Sea King is a UK development of the American Sikorsky S-61 helicopter

and is manufactured by Westland Helicopters. It is equipped with British avionics
and has Rolls-Royce engines.

2. Sea King has advanced search and navigational equipment, an auto-pilot

with on-board computer to assist positioning when hovering. A winch can be used
to raise and lower personnel and small amounts of equipment. The cabin
accommodates up to 18 passengers in addition to the crew.

3. This amphibious helicopter’s lower fuselage is shaped like the hull of a boat
and has flotation devices in the undercarriage sponsons. The undercarriage
sponsons, the boat shaped hull and radar dome aft of the main rotor are good
recognition features.

Technical Data

ROTOR DIAMETER 18.9M

LENGTH 16.45M

CREW 4

MAXIMUM 124kts (230km/h)

LEVEL at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Two Rolls-Royce Gnome

turboshafts

34.2.3-54
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

SEA KING HAR3

Search and Rescue
Helicopter

34.2.3-55
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name MERLIN

Role Letters and Marks MK3

Role SUPPORT HELICOPTER

1. The EH 101 Merlin HC Mk3 support helicopters will officially enter service in
April 2000 with 28 Sqn at RAF Benson. A direct replacement for the Westland
Wessex and the Puma, it will operate alongside the Chinook in the medium lift role.

2. The RAF’s support helicopters will be grouped with the Royal Navy’s
commando helicopters and the attach and light utility helicopters of the Army Air
Corps to form a new Joint Helicopter Command. One of its primary missions will be
to support 16 Air Assault Brigade, the seccessor to the army’s 24 Airmobile Brigade.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 18.59M

LENGTH 22.81M

CREW 2 Pilots 1 Crew

OPERATING No information
OR RANGE
SPEED

ENGINES 3 2240 shp Rolls-Royce

turbomeca RTM 322

34.2.3-56
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

MERLIN MK3
Support Helicopter

34.2.3-57
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which of the following aircraft has variable-geometry wings?

a. Firefly
b. Tornado
c. Nimrod
d. Tutor

34.2.3-58
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What is the role of the Merlin Mk3?

a. Transport
b. Cadet Training
c. Support Helicopter
d. Ground Attack

6. How many crew does this aircraft have?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

7. What engine powers this aircraft?

a. 2 Turbo Union RB 199 Turbofans

b. 4 Rolls-Royce Gnomes
c. 2 Turbomeca Astazous
d. 2 Rolls-Royce Conway 301 Turbojets

34.2.3-59
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name TORNADO

Role Letters and Marks F3

Role AIR DEFENCE

1. This is a development of the Tornado GR1, which is described earlier. It is

the RAF’s standard all-weather fighter designed to meet the RAF’s commitment for
air defence in the UK. It is able to operate independently some 650 km from base
whilst carrying out combat air patrols including loitering and multiple intercepts.

2. It has 80% parts commonality with the GR1 and externally is similar. The
nose is longer and more pointed to house the Foxhunter radar, and the fuselage is
longer to accommodate an extra internal fuel tank. The cockpit is further forward
when compared with the engine intakes on the GR1. In addition the highest part of
the fin leading edge does not have a box shaped radar warning aerial extending
forward. It carries Sky Flash missiles giving the appearance of small fins extending
below the aircraft.

Technical Data
WING SPAN 13.9M fully forward
8.6M fully swept

LENGTH 16.45M

CREW 4

MAXIMUM 800kts (1480km/h)

LEVEL (Mach 1.2) at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Two Turbo Union RB199

turbofans

34.2.3-60
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

TORNADO F3
Air Defence

34.2.3-61
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name SENTRY

Role Letters and Marks AEW1

Role AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING

1. The Sentry is a development of the American E-3 AEW aircraft which itself
was a heavily modified version of the Boeing 707 civil airliner. The aircraft has a
very distinctive circular radome above the rear fuselage, housing the surveillance
radar. The four podded engines fitted to the Sentry are bigger in size to the 707
aircraft.

2. The RAF’s Sentry has an in-flight refuelling probe fitted above and to the
right of the cockpit, as well as an American style in-flight refuelling receptacle directly
above the cockpit. There is a flight-deck crew of 4 and a mission crew of 9.

3. The wing tips are fitted with electronics pods and aerials. The information
obtained by the many sensors is processed by the mission crew. According to the
type of mission, additional members (to work shifts) may be carried. Also, airborne
technicians to carry out in-flight rectification of faults may be added.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 44.4M

LENGTH 43.9M

CREW 13 to 20

MAXIMUM 460kts (853km/h)

LEVEL at 35,000ft
SPEED

ENGINES Four CFM 56 turbofans

34.2.3-62
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

SENTRY AEW1
Airborne Early Warning

34.2.3-63
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name EUROFIGHTER EF-2000 (TYPHON)

Role Letters and Marks F

Role MULTI-ROLE FIGHTER

1. The agreement to develop what has until recently been called the European
Fighter Aircraft was signed between Italy, the UK and West Germany in May 1988,
with Spain joining the organization in November 1988.

2. This important tactical combat aircraft was planned as an extremely agile

STOL fighter with a primary air-to-air tasking and secondary air-to-surface role, and
in concept is a close-coupled canard design using a high proportion of composites
and advanced fly-by-wire control system to obtain maximum agility out of the
airframe.

3. The first prototype flew in 1994, and the first of a possible 800 production
aircraft should fly late in the decade for service early in the forthcoming century.
Service introduction of the Eurofighter will give the RAF its first single-seat fighter
since the English Electric Lighting.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 10.50M

LENGTH 15.96M

CREW 1

MAXIMUM 1,147kts (2125km/h)

LEVEL (Mach 2.0) at 36,090ft
SPEED

ENGINES Two Eurojet EJ200 Turbofans

34.2.3-64
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

EUROFIGHTER EF-2000
(TYPHON)
Multi-Role Fighter

34.2.3-65
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. How many crew are there in a Nimrod?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 12

34.2.3-66
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What is the role of this aircraft?

a. Advanced cadet training.

b. Airborne Early Warning.
c. Search and Rescue.
d. Air Defence.

6. What engines power this aircraft?

a. 2 Turbo Union RB 199 turbofans.

b. 2 Rolls-Royce Gnome turboshafts.
c. None.
d. 2 CFM 56-2A-3 turbofans.

7. What is the wing span and length of the Sentry AEW1?

a. Span 44.4m Length 43.9m.

b. Span 20m Length 8.62m
c. Span 43.9km Length 44.4m.
d. Span 13.9m Length 18.6m.

34.2.3-67
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name TRISTAR

Role Letters and Marks K1, KC1 & KC2

Role TRANSPORT/TANKER

1. These conversions of a successful Lockheed civil airliner, have given the

RAF a greatly increased strategic transport and refuelling capability. The basic aircraft
are former Pan-Am and British Airways aircraft, suitably modified. The alterations
include the fitting of an in-flight refuelling probe and centre-line hose drum unit
(HDU).

2. The tanker role has a close circuit television (CCTV) system fitted to allow
the crew to monitor the refuelling operation. On some aircraft the already large fuel
load has been increased by fitting extra tanks in the underfloor baggage holds.

3. The interior of the aircraft has been reworked to military specifications and
can take a wide variety and combinations of loads, including up to 20 pallets of
equipment or 250 passengers.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 50M

LENGTH 50M

CREW 3

MAXIMUM 527kts (978km/h)

LEVEL at 30,000ft
SPEED

ENGINES Three Rolls-Royce RB211

turbofans

34.2.3-68
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

TRISTAR K1, KC1 & KC2

Transport / Tanker

34.2.3-69
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name TUCANO

Role Letters and Marks T1

Role BASIC TRAINER

1. Shorts of Belfast produce the Tucano T1. It is a development of the Brazilian

EMB-312 Tucano (Toucan).

2. The RAF version has a 50% more powerful engine and a 50% increase in
fatigue life as a result of strengthened wings and undercarriage. The canopy perspex
is in two sections and is bird strike-resistant for pilot protection. The underside of
the fuselage has a ventral air brake. The turboprop engine exhausts protrude out of
the lower fuselage just forward of the wings.

3. The cockpit layout has been designed to mimic that of the Hawk advanced
trainer as much as possible, to aid continuity in training. The instructor’s rear seat is
raised to allow a clear view over the student’s head; this gives the aircraft a hump-
backed appearance - a good recognition feature.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 11.3M

LENGTH 9.8M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 273kts (507km/h)

LEVEL at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES 1 Garrett TPE 331

turboprop

34.2.3-70
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

TUCANO T1
Basic Trainer

34.2.3-71
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name HAWK

Role Letters and Marks T1 & T1A

Role ADVANCED JET TRAINER

1. The Hawk entered the Royal Air Force in late 1976 and is now the standard
aircraft for advanced fast-jet pilot training and weapon training. It is also the choice
of the Red Arrows Aerobatic Team. Some training Hawks (the T1A) have an
emergency war role in Air Defence Squadrons; they can be fitted with Sidewinder
air-to-air missiles and Aden cannons, which are standard on the T1A.

2. The single-engined Hawk is a low-wing monoplane with swept- back wings

and tail unit for high-speed agile flight. It has a one-piece all-moving power-operated
anhedral tail plane. The rear seat of the tandem arrangement is elevated. It has
dual controls, and the cockpits are pressurised and air conditioned. It has a large
ventral airbrake underneath the rear fuselage. There are two air intakes, one on
each side of the fuselage forward of the leading edges.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 9.4M

LENGTH 11.2M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 560kts (1038km/h)

LEVEL at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES 1 Rolls-Royce Turbomeca

ADOUR turbofan

34.2.3-72
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

HAWK T1 & T1A

Advanced Jet Trainer

34.2.3-73
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which of the following aircraft is used as a crew trainer?

a. Valiant
b. Tornado
c. Nimrod
d. Jetstream

34.2.3-74
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What engine is fitted to this aircraft?

a. Rolls-Royce RB 211 turbofan.

b. Garrett TPE 331 turboprop.
c. Turbomeca Adour turbofan.
d. Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop.

6. What is the role of the Tristar KC1?

a. Transport /Tanker.
b. Basic Trainer.
c. Support Helicopter.
d. Photo Reconnaissance.

7. What is the wingspan of this aircraft?

a. 9.4m.
b. 11.2m
c. 8.4m.
d. 11.3km.

8. How many crew are there in a Tornado GR1?

a. 2.
b. 3.
c. 4.
d. 1.

34.2.3-75
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name LANCASTER

Role Letters and Marks B1

Role BATTLE OF BRITAIN MEMORIAL FLIGHT

1. The Avro Lancaster is possibly the most famous of the British wartime
bombers. It was one in a series of evolving designs which incorporated such
innovations as hydraulic powered turrets and retractable undercarriage. The first
Lancaster flew in January 1941.

2. Altogether, 7,377 Lancasters were built, with a peak of 293 made in one
month, August 1944. Famous operational changes to the Lancaster included
structural alterations to accommodate the massive 9,979kg Grand Slam bomb,
and the Barnes Wallis “bouncing” bomb as used by No 617 “Dambusters” Squadron.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 31M

LENGTH 21M

CREW 7

MAXIMUM 238kts (442km/h)

LEVEL at sea level
SPEED

ENGINES Four Rolls-Royce Merlin

piston engines

34.2.3-76
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

LANCASTER B1
Battle of Britain
Memorial Flight

34.2.3-77
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name SPITFIRE

Role BATTLE OF BRITAIN MEMORIAL FLIGHT

1. The Supermarine Spitfire was a development of a famous Schneider trophy

racing aircraft designed by R.J. Mitchell. The prototype Spitfire first flew in March
1936 from Eastleigh Airport, Southhampton. It incorporated many developments in
advanced aerodynamics and construction techniques used on its predecessor. Its
speed and agility allowed the Spitfire to establish and maintain a reputation for air
superiority which was so vital to the defence of the United Kingdom, and ultimately
victory, in the Second World War. The RAF received its first service aircraft in August
1938.

2. It is a tribute to R.J. Mitchell’s design, that over 22,000 Spitfires were produced
in 36 separate Marks. Many of the performance improvements came from the Rolls-
Royce Merlin piston engine and its later derivative the Griffon, which had more than
double the power of the prototype Spitfire.

3. Distinctive because of the elliptical shaped wing and the roar from the powerful
piston engine, Spitfire is a stirring sight at open days and flying displays.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 11.2M

LENGTH 9.1M

CREW 1

MAXIMUM 378kts (700km/h)

LEVEL SPEED at sea level

ENGINES 1 Rolls-Royce Merlin

34.2.3-78
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

SPITFIRE
Battle of Britain
Memorial Flight

34.2.3-79
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name HURRICANE

Role BATTLE OF BRITAIN MEMORIAL FLIGHT

1. The Hawker Hurricane stands alongside the Spitfire in the halls of fame. In
fact, the Hurricane predates the Spitfire by some two years, being designed in
1934, by Sydney Camm who later designed the Hunter and Harrier aircraft.

2. The Hurricane was the first monoplane fighter in RAF service and also the
first to exceed 260 kts (482 km/h) in level flight. Although perhaps not quite as well
known as the Spitfire, it contributed more to the Battle of Britain, by destroying a
greater number of enemy aircraft. This was due partly to its better turning
performance, and partly to its the more rugged and more damage-tolerant
construction.

3. Although not developed to the same extent as its more famous contemporary,
14,533 Hurricanes had been built by the time production ended in 1944.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 12.2M

LENGTH 9.75M

CREW 1

MAXIMUM 328kts (609km/h)

LEVEL SPEED at sea level

ENGINES 1 Rolls-Royce Merlin

piston engine

34.2.3-80
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

HURRICANE
Battle of Britain
Memorial Flight

34.2.3-81
CHAPTER 3

Reporting Name DAKOTA

Role Letters and Mark DC-3

Role BATTLE OF BRITAIN MEMORIAL FLIGHT

1. One of the most famous American-built transport aircraft ever produced.

Nearly 13,000 where made by the Douglas Corporation since the first aircraft flew
in 1935. Several hundreds are still flying and working today.

2. Renowned for its rugged construction, Dakotas have transported passengers

and freight around the world. This low winged monoplane has distinctive radial
piston engines and a sleek aerodynamic fuselage.

3. The fin and rudder appear large and the tail wheel juts out below the fin. On
the ground the nose of this tail dragger sits high in the air, supported on the balloon
tyres of the retractable main under- carriage. Another good feature is the rectangular
window shape.

Technical Data

WING SPAN 28.9M

LENGTH 19.5M

CREW 2

MAXIMUM 240kts (448km/h)

LEVEL SPEED at sea level

ENGINES Two Pratt & Whitney

R1830-90D piston
engines

34.2.3-82
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

DAKOTA DC3
Battle of Britain
Memorial Flight

34.2.3-83
CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions

Do not mark the paper in 1. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?
any way - write your
answers on a separate
piece of paper.

2. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

3. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

4. Which of these aircraft is not powered by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines?

a. Hurricane.
b. Spitfire.
c. Lancaster.
d. Dakota .

34.2.3-84
 AIRCRAFT KNOWLEDGE

5. What is the reporting name of this aircraft?

6. What is the maximum level speed of the Spitfire?

a. 409 km/h.
b. 700 km/h.
c. 422 km/h.
d. 448 km/h.

7. How many crew are there in the Lancaster B1?

a. 2.
b. 4.
c. 6.
d. 7.

8. What is the wing span of the Hurricane?

a. 11.2m.
b. 9.75m.
c. 31m.
d. 12.2m.

9. How many and what type of engines power the Dakota DC-3?

a. 2 Merlins.
b. 2 Rolls-Royce Merlins?
c. 4 Rolls-Royce Darts.
d. 2 Pratt & Whitney R1830-90D piston engines.

10. How long is the Lancaster B1.

a. 21m.
b. 31m.
c 25m.
d. 19.5m

34.2.3-85
CHAPTER 3

INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 GRIFFIN HT1

Page 34.2.3-5

60 Sqn Responsible for

the Griffins

The essentially similar

bell 212s operated by 7
Flight Army Air Corps in
Brunei

Manufacturers’s
designation model
412EP

34.2.3-1 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 GROB 115 (TUTOR)

Page 34.2.3-7

Single Engine

Replaces the Bulldog

for AEF and UAS flights

Side by side seating

34.2.3-2 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 CHINOOK
Page 34.2.3-9

Twin Turbo Shaft

Engines

Smaller front Rotor

Pylon

Large rear Rotor Pylon

Engines mounted each

side of rear Pylon

Box shaped Fuselage

Twin Rotors in Tandem

34.2.3-3 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 CANBERRA
Page 34.2.3-13

Dihedral Tailplane
Fuselage mounted

Wing dihedral outboard Two wing mounted gas

of engine turbine engines

Mid wing position

Tapering cigar shaped
fuselage

Straight wings with

compound taper

Leading edge taper on

the tailplane

34.2.3-4 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 TWIN SQUIRREL

Page 34.2.3-15

First entered service in

1996

The Defence Helicopter

Flying School uses the The (Royal) Squadron
single-engined version uses the 2 engine
version

5 to 6 seat VIP
helicopters

Known in France as the

Ecurcuil and in the USA
as the Twinstar

34.2.3-5 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 FIREFLY
Page 34.2.3-17

Manufactured by
Slingsby Aviation
Kirkbymoorside North
Yorkshire

First entered service in

1995

Contractor owned and

operated by Hunting
Aviation

34.2.3-6 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 DOMINIE & HS125

Page 34.2.3-21

High set tail plane

Low mounted dihedral Fuselage mounted

wings turbofans

Stepped cockpit

Ventral fin

Swept wings leading

edge taper

Swept tail plane

34.2.3-7 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 HERCULES
Page 34.2.3-23

Dihedral from wing

roots

Under slung wing

mounted turbo props

Large tall fin and rudder

In-flight refuelling Under wing tanks can

probe be removed

Angled rear fuselage

for loading ramp

Fuselage may be longer

on some versions

Straight wings with

compound trailing edge
taper

34.2.3-8 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 PUMA
Page 34.2.3-25

Twin turbo shaft

engines

Under carriage fairings

jut out sideways

Signe main rotor

Single tail rotor

Tail boom supports tail

rotor

Single tail plane

34.2.3-9 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 BAe 146

Page 34.2.3-29

T Tail

Anhedral wings

Swept fin and rudder

Four underwing pylon
mounted turbofans

Engines are forward of

leading edge

Swept wings with

leading edge taper

Barrel shaped fuselage

34.2.3-10 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 HARRIER
Page 34.2.3-31

Anhedral high wing

position

Large twin fuselage

side intakes

Large cockpit canopy

Twin gun packs Anhedral tailplane

Six underwing pylons

Single turbofan engine

with vectored thrust
nozzles
Swept wings with
leading edge taper

Wing mounted
undercarriage
outriggers

34.2.3-11 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 WESSEX
Page 34.2.3-33

Single main rotor

Braced main
undercarriage

Single tail rotor

Pilots cockpit above

cabin

Twin turbo shaft

engines in nose Extended fuselage
supports tail

Thin rear fuselage to

tail

34.2.3-12 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 VC 10
Page 34.2.3-37

T Tail

Low mounted wings

underwing in-flight
cylindrical fuselage
refuelling pods on
some versions

rakish swept fin

Refuelling probe on
some versions

swept wings with

leading edge taper

Four engines grouped

in pairs on rear
fuselage

34.2.3-13 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 JETSTREAM
Page 34.2.3-39

Mid set tail plane fin

mounted

Dihedral wings
mounted low

Twin turboprops

Stepped cockpit

Ventral fin

Straight wings equal

taper

34.2.3-14 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 VIKING
Page 34.2.3-41

T Tail

Mid set dihedral wings

Rudder extends rear of
tail plane

Tail wheel
Nose wheel Main wheel

Thick canopy dividing

frame Straight wings with
compound trailing edge
taper
Airbrakes

Long thin wings with

high aspect ratio

34.2.3-15 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 JAGUAR
Page 34.2.3-45

Small twin fuselage

intakes
Ventral strakes

Chisel shaped nose Anhedral tail plane

Aft of centre swept

wings with leading and
trailing taper

Twin engine jet

exhausts = two engines

34.2.3-16 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 NIMROD
Page 34.2.3-47

Tailplane fuselage
monted with dihedral

Wing mounted fuel tank

Wing mounted search
light pod Four engine intakes

Refuelling probe over Ventral fin Small triangular fin

cockpit

Boom extends rear of

fuselage
Wing tip pods

Internal fuselage Swept wing with

weapons bay leading edge taper

Four turbofan engines

buried in wing roots

34.2.3-17 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 VIGILANT
Page 34.2.3-49

T Tail

Low set dihedral wings

Fixed main
undercarriage

Piston engine Swept fin and rudder

Tail wheel

Side by side seating

Straight wings with

equal taper
Wide fuselage

34.2.3-18 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 TORNADO GR1

Page 34.2.3-53

Shoulder mounted
wings

Two large angular side

fuselage intakes Aerial on leading edge

Large canopy well

forward

Anhedral taileron
Two under wing pylons
Broad swept fin and
on each wing
rudder

Upto three fuselage

pylons
Variable geometry
wings

Twin engine jet

exhausts = two engines

34.2.3-19 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 SEA KING

Page 34.2.3-55

Twin turboshaft
Large single rotor with engines above cabin
five blades

Single tail rotor

Boat shaped hull below Raydome behind main
box shaped fuselage rotor

Large deep tail boom

Single tail plane

Large undercarriage
sponsons

34.2.3-20 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 MERLIN
Page 34.2.3-57

Cargo 12,000 lbs

Features:
Five rotor/three turbine:
ericycle landing gear;
rear loading ramp

Accommodation:
2 pilots
1 crew
45 troops

34.2.3-21 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 TORNADO F3
Page 34.2.3-61

Shoulder mounted
wings

Two large angular side

fuselage intakes

Large canopy well

forward

Braod swept fin and

rudder

Anhedral Taileron
Longer fuselage and
more pointed nose than
the GR1
Semi-recessed missiles

Variable geometry
wings

Twin engine jet

exhausts = two engines

34.2.3-22 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 SENTRY
Page 34.2.3-63

Four under wing pylon Prominent rotadome

mounted turbo fans

Refuel probe above

Tall fin
cockpit

Swept wings with

leading edge taper

Fuselage mounted
swept tail

34.2.3-23 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 EUROFIGHTER, EF-2000

Page 34.2.3-65

Range 0-1,000 miles

Ceiling 40,000ft plus

weapons:
Air to surface missiles
Air to air missiles
cannon

Nuclear capability

All weather capability

Weapon load 4,000-

15,000 lbs

34.2.3-24 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 TRISTAR
Page 34.2.3-69

Fuselage mounted tail Wide body fuselage

plane

Low mounted wings

with dihedral Two pylons mounted
turbo fan engines

Refuel probe Engine intake Third turbo fan

engine

Swept wing equal

taper

Swept tail plane

34.2.3-25 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 TUCANO
Page 34.2.3-71

Mid set straight tail

plane

Low mounted dihedral

wing Twin exhaust pipes
Rudder extends
behind tail plane
Pronounced hump-
backed appearance

Turbo prop engine

Straight wings with
unequal taper

34.2.3-26 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 HAWK
Page 34.2.3-73

Anhedral tailplane

twin fuselage side

intakes

Low mounted dihedral

wings

Single fuselage
mounted gas turbine
engine with one
exhaust

Swept wings with

leading edge taper

Single jet pipe

34.2.3-27 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 LANCASTER
Page 34.2.3-77

Mid mounted wings

dihedral outboard of Box shaped fuselage
centre

Piston engines, wing

Turrets
mounted, under slung

Tail wheel

Fuselage mounted Straight wings with

tail plane compound taper on
leading and trailing
edge

Dual fin on tips of tail

plane

34.2.3-28 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 SPITFIRE
Page 34.2.3-79

Mid set fuselage

mounted tail plane

Low mounted wings

Dihedral from wing port

Piston engine
Bubble canopy
Small fin

Large rudder rear of tail

plane

Elliptical shaped wing

34.2.3-29 NOTES
 INSTRUCTORS GUIDE

Chapter 3 HURRICANE
Page 34.2.3-81

Mid set tail plane

Low mounted dihedral

wings

Rounded fin rudder

Stepped cockpit

Tail wheel Fuselage mounted tail

Piston engine plane

Straight wings equal

taper

Rudder rear of tail

plane

34.2.3-30 NOTES
CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 DAKOTA
Page 34.2.3-83

Low mounted wings

Dihedral outboard of
centre
Twin radial piston
engines

Large rudder

Rectanglular windows Fuselage mounted

tail plane
Stepped cockpit

Mid mounted engines Tail wheel

Straight wings with

leading edge taper

Cigar shaped fuselage Leading edge taper on

tail plane

34.2.3-31 NOTES
 ANSWER SHEET

Self Assessment Questions - Answer Sheet

Chapter 1 Page 34.2.1-12
1. c In a glass wall control room at the top of the control tower with an
uninterrupted view of the manoeuvring area
2. a Bad ground which should be avoided
3. c Defence Fixed Telecoms Systems (DFTS)
4. c Digital Resolution Direction Finding
5. d By a series of radio navigation beacons
Chapter 2 Page 34.2.2-6
1. c Balloons, gliders, airships and conventional powered aircraft
2. b Both turn to the left
3. d See other aircraft as early as possible and take avoiding action if
necessary
Chapter 3 Page 34.2.3-10
1. Chinook
2. Tutor
3. Andover
4. Primary trainer
5. Rolls-Royce Dart turboprops, power the Andover
6. Four crew in a Chinook
7. Tutor
Page 34.2.3-18
1. Firefly
2. Canberra
3. Gazelle
4. b Canberra
5. Turbomeca Askozou turboshaft, fitted to the Gazelle
6. Canberra
7. a 2(Aircraft is a Canberra PR9)
8. a Firefly
Page 34.2.3-26
1. Hercules
2. Dominie or HS125
3. Puma
4. Turbomeca Turbos
5. Hercules
6. Dominie or HS125
7. d 40.41 (Hercules)
8. a 14.10m (Puma)

34.2.3-32 ANSWER SHEET

CHAPTER 3

Self Assessment Questions - Answer Sheet cont....

Page 34.2.3-34
1. Bae 146
2. Wessex
3. Harrier
4. d 1
5. Textron Lycoming LF502 (Aircraft is the Bae 146 of the Queens flight)
6. Assault Transport (Wessex)
7. Rolls-Royce Pegasus 105 turbofan and it has the ability to vector or
direct the thrust
Page 34.2.3-42
1. Jetstream
2. Viking
3. VC10
4. VC10
5. Cadet Training (Viking Glider)
6. a 15.80m (Jetstream)
7. d Rolls-Royce Conway 301 turbojets
Page 34.2.3-50
1. Vigilant
2. Nimrod
3. Jaguar
4. c Vigilant
5. d Jaguar
6. a Nimrod
7. a Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour turbofans
8. b Cadet Training
Page 34.2.3-59
1. Tornado GR1
2. SeaKing
3. Merlin Mk3
4. b Tornado
5. c Support helicopter
6. a 1 (Jaguar)
7. a 2 Turbo Union RB199 turbofans

34.2.3-33 ANSWER SHEET

 ANSWER SHEET

Self Assessment Questions - Answer Sheet cont....

Page 34.2.3-66
1. Eurofighter
2. Sentry
3. Tornado F3
4. d 12
5. d Air Defence (Tornado F3)
6. b 2 Rolls-Royce Gnome turboshafts (Seaking)
7. a Span 44.4m Length 43.9m
Page 34.2.3-74
1. Tristar
2. Hawk
3. Tucano
4. d Jetstream
5. b Garret TPE 331 turboprop (Tucano)
6. a Transport/Tanker
7. a 9.4m (Hawk)
8. a 2
Page 34.2.3-84
1. Lancaster
2. Spitfire
3. Dakota
4. d Dakota (2 Pratt & Whitney R1830-90D)
5. Hurricane
6. b 700km/h
7. d 7
8. d 12.2m
9. d 2 Pratt & Whitney R1830-90D piston engines
10. b 31m

34.2.3-34 ANSWER SHEET