TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT

ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES 1.0 Project Fact Sheet .....................................................................................................................................ES-1
ES 1.1 Project Description Summary ....................................................................................................................ES-2
ES 2.0 Process Documentation of the Conduct of EIA .........................................................................................ES-2
ES 2.1 The EIA Team ...........................................................................................................................................ES-4
ES 2.2 EIA Schedule .............................................................................................................................................ES-4
ES 2.3 EIA Methodologies ....................................................................................................................................ES-5
ES 2.4 Public Participation Activities .....................................................................................................................ES-6
ES 2.4.1 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Activities .....................................................................ES-6
ES 2.4.2 Public Scoping ...........................................................................................................................................ES-7
ES 3.0 EIA Summary ............................................................................................................................................ES-8
ES 3.1 Summary of Alternatives ...........................................................................................................................ES-8
ES 3.2 Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects after Applying Mitigation ...............................................ES-8
ES 3.3 Risks and uncertainties relating to the findings and implications for decision making ............................ES-10

CHAPTER 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Project Area, Location and Accessibility ............................................................................................... 1-5

1.1.1 Location and Political Boundaries ......................................................................................................... 1-5
1.1.2 Geographic Coordinates (Shape File Data) of Project Area ................................................................. 1-5
1.1.3 Accessibility ........................................................................................................................................... 1-8
1.1.4 Vicinity Map and Adjacent Landmarks .................................................................................................. 1-9
1.1.5 Adjacent Proposed Reclamation and Other Projects ............................................................................ 1-9
1.1.6 Relative Location of the Las Piñas-Parañaque Wetland Park (LPPWP)............................................. 1-10
1.1.7 Delineation of Impact Areas ................................................................................................................ 1-17
1.1.8 Proposed Buffer Zone ......................................................................................................................... 1-18
1.2 Project Rationale ................................................................................................................................. 1-20
1.3 Project Alternatives ............................................................................................................................. 1-21
1.3.1 Siting Alternative Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 1-21
1.3.2 Technology Options ............................................................................................................................ 1-22
1.3.2.1 Dredging/Reclamation Equipment ...................................................................................................... 1-22
1.3.2.2 Reclamation Technology ..................................................................................................................... 1-24
1.3.2.3 Containment System ........................................................................................................................... 1-24
1.3.2.4 Structure of Dike ................................................................................................................................. 1-25
1.3.2.5 Material of Dike Body .......................................................................................................................... 1-27
1.3.2.6 Armor Structure ................................................................................................................................... 1-28
1.3.3 Resources ........................................................................................................................................... 1-30
1.3.4 Power and Water Supply .................................................................................................................... 1-31
1.3.5 Hazard Identification and Consideration During the Design Process ................................................. 1-32
1.3.6 Summary and Discussion of comparison of environmental impacts of each alternative for facility
siting, development design, process/technology selection and resource utilization ........................... 1-33
1.3.7 Discussion on the consequences of not proceeding with the project on a “No project option” ........... 1-37
1.4 Project Components ............................................................................................................................ 1-38
1.5 Process/Technology ............................................................................................................................ 1-42
1.5.1 Site Survey .......................................................................................................................................... 1-42
1.5.2 Removal of Unwanted Solid wastes/Scraps/Debris at the Site ........................................................... 1-43
1.5.3 Construction of Environmental Protection ........................................................................................... 1-43
1.5.3.1 Placement of containment boom and silt curtains Area ...................................................................... 1-43
1.5.3.2 Construction of Cofferdam .................................................................................................................. 1-45
1.5.4 Dredging of Wanted seabed materials and seabed ............................................................................ 1-45
1.5.5 Reclamation Activity and Method ........................................................................................................ 1-46
1.5.5.1 Construction of Dikes .......................................................................................................................... 1-46
1.5.5.2 Construction of Landform using Hydraulic Sand Fill Method .............................................................. 1-51
1.5.6 Soil Stabilization .................................................................................................................................. 1-53
1.6 Project Size ......................................................................................................................................... 1-59
1.7 Development Plan ............................................................................................................................... 1-59
1.7.1 Pre-construction (e.g. planning, acquisition of clearances, permits etc.) ............................................ 1-60
1.7.2 Construction ........................................................................................................................................ 1-60
1.7.2.1 Landform Preparation-Structure (1 Reclamation Island-Dredging and Reclamation) ......................... 1-60
1.7.2.2 Horizontal Development ...................................................................................................................... 1-60
1.7.3 Implementation Schedule .................................................................................................................... 1-66
1.7.4 Operation Phase (Construction of Vertical Structure) ......................................................................... 1-68
1.7.5 Decommissioning Phase ..................................................................................................................... 1-68
1.8 Manpower ........................................................................................................................................... 1-68
1.8.1 Construction (Reclamation Phase) ..................................................................................................... 1-68
1.8.2 Vertical Construction Works ................................................................................................................ 1-69
1.9 Project Cost. Indicative Project Investment Cost ................................................................................ 1-69

CHAPTER 2 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Chapter 2.1 The Land

2.1 LAND ..................................................................................................................................................... 2.1-1
2.1.1 Land Use and Classification .................................................................................................................. 2.1-1
2.1.1.1 Impact in Terms of Compatibility with Existing Land Use ...................................................................... 2.1-1
2.1.1.2 Impact on Compatibility with Classification as an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) ........................ 2.1-5
2.1.1.3 Impact on Existing Land/Water Tenure Issue/s................................................................................... 2.1-12
2.1.1.4 Impairment of Visual Aesthetics .......................................................................................................... 2.1-16
2.1.1.5 Devaluation of Land Value as a Result of Improper Solid Waste Management and Other Related
Impacts ................................................................................................................................................ 2.1-17
2.1.2 Geology/ Geomorphology ................................................................................................................... 2.1-19
2.1.2.1 Change in Surface Landform/ Topography/ Terrain / Slope................................................................ 2.1-19
2.1.2.2 Changes in Subsurface Geology / Underground Conditions............................................................... 2.1-25
2.1.2.2.1 Regional Geologic Setting ................................................................................................................... 2.1-25
2.1.2.2.2 Regional Stratigraphy .......................................................................................................................... 2.1-26
2.1.2.2.3 Tectonic Settling .................................................................................................................................. 2.1-27
2.1.2.2.4 Local Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................................... 2.1-31
2.1.2.3 Inducement of Subsidence, Liquefaction, Landslides, Mud/Debris Flow, etc. .................................... 2.1-33
2.1.2.3.1 Seismic Hazards ................................................................................................................................. 2.1-33
2.1.2.3.1.1 Ground Shaking/Acceleration.............................................................................................................. 2.1-38
2.1.2.3.1.2 Ground Rupture................................................................................................................................... 2.1-45
2.1.2.3.1.3 Differential Settlement ......................................................................................................................... 2.1-45
2.1.2.3.1.4 Liquefaction ......................................................................................................................................... 2.1-46
2.1.2.3.1.5 Tsunami............................................................................................................................................... 2.1-49
2.1.2.3.2 Mass Movement .................................................................................................................................. 2.1-55
2.1.2.3.2.1 Landslide ............................................................................................................................................. 2.1-55
2.1.2.3.2.2 Settlement/Subsidence ....................................................................................................................... 2.1-64
2.1.2.3.3 Volcanic Hazards (Ash Fall) ................................................................................................................ 2.1-72
2.1.2.3.4 Hydrometeorological Hazards ............................................................................................................. 2.1-73
2.1.2.3.4.1 Flooding............................................................................................................................................... 2.1-73
2.1.2.3.4.2 Storm Surges/ Seiches/ Storm Waves ................................................................................................ 2.1-79
2.1.3 Pedology ............................................................................................................................................. 2.1-85
2.1.3.1 Soil Erosion / Loss of Topsoil / Overburden. ....................................................................................... 2.1-85
2.1.3.1.1 Subsurface Idealization ....................................................................................................................... 2.1-87
2.1.3.2 Change in Soil Quality or Fertility ........................................................................................................ 2.1-91
2.1.4 Terrestrial Ecology .............................................................................................................................. 2.1-97

Chapter 2.2 The Water

2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology .......................................................................................................................... 2.2-1
2.2.1.1 Change in Drainage Morphology / Inducement of Flooding / Reduction in Stream Volumetric Flow ....... 2.2-3
2.2.1.1.1 Flood Studies ........................................................................................................................................... 2.2-6
2.2.1.1.2 Internal Drainage System ....................................................................................................................... 2.2-33
2.2.1.2 Change in Stream / Lake Water Depth .................................................................................................. 2.2-39
2.2.1.3 Depletion of Water Resources / Competition in Water Use ................................................................... 2.2-39
2.2.2 Oceanography ........................................................................................................................................ 2.2-41
2.2.2.1 Change in water circulation pattern, littoral current, and coastal erosion and deposition ...................... 2.2-41
2.2.2.1.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling ......................................................................................................................... 2.2-52
2.2.2.1.2 Tidal Current Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 2.2-77
2.2.2.1.3 Tidal Circulation Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 2.2-81
2.2.2.1.4 Storm Condition Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 2.2-86
2.2.2.1.5 Computation of non-overtipping Crest Elevation .................................................................................... 2.2-95
2.2.2.1.6 Longshore Sediment transport: Coastal Erosion and Deposition
............................................................................................................................................................. 2.2-103
2.2.2.2 Changes in Bathymetry ........................................................................................................................ 2.2-116
2.2.3 Water Quality ........................................................................................................................................ 2.2-116
2.2.3.1 Degradation of Groundwater Quality .................................................................................................... 2.2-116
2.2.3.2 Degradation of Surface Water Quality .................................................................................................. 2.2-119
2.2.3.3 Degradation of Coastal / Marine Water Quality .................................................................................... 2.2-119
2.2.4 Freshwater Ecology .............................................................................................................................. 2.2-123
2.2.5 Marine Ecology ..................................................................................................................................... 2.2-123
2.2.5.1 Survey Area and Objective ................................................................................................................... 2.2-123
2.2.5.2 Survey Methods and Survey Station .................................................................................................... 2.2-127
2.2.5.3 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 2.2-137
2.2.5.4 Mangroves............................................................................................................................................ 2.2-146
2.2.5.5 Plankton Community ............................................................................................................................ 2.2-146
2.2.5.6 Probable Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................................... 2.2-154
2.2.5.7 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................................. 2.2-157

Chapter 2.3 The Air

2.3.1 Meteorology / Climatology ..................................................................................................................... 2.3-2
2.3.1.1 Change in the local climate e.g. local temperature ............................................................................... 2.3-2
2.3.1.2 Monthly Average Rainfall and Temperature in the Area ....................................................................... 2.3-4
2.3.1.3 Contribution in Terms of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (or GHG Mitigation Potential) ........................... 2.3-6
2.3.2 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................ 2.3-10
2.3.2.1 Degradation of Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 2.3-10
2.3.2.1.1 Ambient Air Quality.............................................................................................................................. 2.3-10
2.3.2.2 Increase in Ambient Noise Levels ....................................................................................................... 2.3-18

Chapter 2.4 The People

2.4.1 Displacement of People, Livelihood and Properties ............................................................................... 2.4-9
2.4.1.1 Displacement of Settlers/Fisherfolks ...................................................................................................... 2.4-9
2.4.2 In–Migration/ Proliferation of Informal Settlers ..................................................................................... 2.4-11
2.4.3 Cultural/Lifestyle Change (especially on Indigenous Peoples (IPs) ..................................................... 2.4-11
2.4.4 Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources .............................................................................................. 2.4-12
2.4.5 Threat to Delivery of Basic Services /Resource Competition ............................................................... 2.4-12
2.4.5.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................................................ 2.4-12
2.4.5.2 Power Supply ....................................................................................................................................... 2.4-13
2.4.5.3 Communications................................................................................................................................... 2.4-14
2.4.6 Threat to Public Health and Safety....................................................................................................... 2.4-14
2.4.6.1 Peace and Order / Crime ..................................................................................................................... 2.4-14
2.4.6.2 Public Health ........................................................................................................................................ 2.4-15
2.4.6.2.1 Health Services/Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 2.4-15
2.4.6.2.2 Disaster Risk Reduction ...................................................................................................................... 2.4-17
2.4.7 Generation of Local Benefits from the Project...................................................................................... 2.4-19
2.4.8 Traffic Generation................................................................................................................................. 2.4-20
2.4.9 Public Perception Survey ..................................................................................................................... 2.4-24
2.4.10 Impacts on Tourism .............................................................................................................................. 2.4-44

CHAPTER 3 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EWP)

CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA)

4.1 Level of Coverage of the ERA .................................................................................................................. 4-2

4.2 Safety Risks ............................................................................................................................................. 4-6
4.2.1 Description of conditions, events and circumstances, which could be significant in bringing about
identified safety risks ................................................................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.2 Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the environment ................ 4-7
4.2.2.1 Potential Accidents Involving Fishing Operations Along the Navigational Lane of the TSHD .................. 4-7
4.2.2.2 Potential Oil Spills from the TSHD Vessel ................................................................................................ 4-8
4.2.3 Description of the hazards, both immediate (acute effects) and delayed for man and the
environment posed by the release of toxic substance. ............................................................................ 4-9
4.2.3.1 Chronic Risks. Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances in Water ............................................... 4-9
4.2.3.2 Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e., cyanide, mercury, etc.) in Air and Land ............. 4-10
4.2.3 Dangerous Substances/Organisms with Risk of being released into the environment .......................... 4-11
4.3 Physical Risks- Failure of Structure which could endanger life, property and/or the environment......... 4-12
4.3.1 Risks During the Horizontal Development Works .................................................................................. 4-12
4.4 Emergency Response Policy and Generic Guidelines ........................................................................... 4-13
4.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 4-13
4.4.2 Responsibilities and Duties .................................................................................................................... 4-13
4.4.3 Onboard HSE Inductions........................................................................................................................ 4-14
4.5 Site Basic Safety Rules .......................................................................................................................... 4-14
4.6 Standard Safe Work Operations ............................................................................................................ 4-15
4.6.1 Mooring and Unmooring ......................................................................................................................... 4-15
4.6.2 Engine and machinery room safety ........................................................................................................ 4-16
4.6.3 Hatches and doors closed at sea ........................................................................................................... 4-17
4.6.4 Shipboard food and hygiene .................................................................................................................. 4-18
4.6.5 Navigation .............................................................................................................................................. 4-20
4.6.6 Weather .................................................................................................................................................. 4-21
4.7 Basic Safety Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 4-22
4.8 Oil Spills ................................................................................................................................................. 4-26
4.9 Natural Risks and Hazards..................................................................................................................... 4-27

CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (SDP) AND INFORMATION, EDUCATION

AND COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGN (IEC) CAMPAIGN
51 Social Development Plan (SDP) .............................................................................................................. 5-1
5 1.1 Responsibilities for the SDP and IEC ....................................................................................................... 5-1
52 The IEC Framework. ................................................................................................................................ 5-7
5 2.1 Public information on the Nature of the Project. ....................................................................................... 5-8
5 2.2 Consultation with the Professional Sectors, Individuals and Experts ....................................................... 5-8
5 2.3 Timeframes and Funding Support ............................................................................................................ 5-8

CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING (ECM)

6.1 Self-Monitoring Plan ................................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2 Multi-Partite Monitoring Team (MMT)....................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3 Proposed Amount of the EGF .................................................................................................................. 6-6

CHAPTER 7 DECOMMISSIONING / ABANDONMENT / REHABILITATION POLICY

7.1 Statement on Proponent’s Policies for Rehabilitation/ Decommissioning/Abandonment.......................... 7-1

7.2 General Abandonment/Decommissioning Scenario .................................................................................. 7-1
7.3 Focus on the Decommissioning/Rehabilitation and Restoration Activities ................................................ 7-2
CHAPTER 8 INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Organizational Scheme of the Proponent ................................................................................................. 8-1

8.2 Framework on Grievance Mechanism....................................................................................................... 8-3

LIST OF TABLES
Table ES-1. Project Fact Sheet ..................................................................................................................................ES-1
Table ES-1A. NTP Findings of the Composite Team and Status .................................................................................ES-2
Table ES-2. EIA Team Composition .........................................................................................................................ES-4
Table ES-3. EIA Study Schedule ...............................................................................................................................ES-4
Table ES-4. EIA Methodology ....................................................................................................................................ES-5
Table ES-5. Key Issues and Concerns raised during IEC and FGD conducted ........................................................ES-6
Table ES-6. Major Issues and Concerns during Public Scoping Activity ..................................................................ES-7
Table ES-7. Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects....................................................................................ES-8

Table 1-A. Conceptual Overall Configuration of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project .................................. 1-3
Table 1-1. Geographic Coordinates of the Project Landform ................................................................................. 1-5
Table 1-2. List of Nearby Reclamation Projects .................................................................................................... 1-9
Table 1-3 Impact Areas ....................................................................................................................................... 1-17
Table 1-3a. Hazard Identification, Assessment and Measures .............................................................................. 1-32
Table 1-4. Summary of Comparison for Dredging Equipment ............................................................................. 1-33
Table 1-4a. Summary of Comparison for Ground Improvement Under Dike ......................................................... 1-35
Table 1-4b. Summary of Comparison for Structure Type of Dike .......................................................................... 1-36
Table 1-4c. Summary of Comparison for Material Sloping Dike ............................................................................ 1-36
Table 1-5. Project Components ............................................................................................................................ 1-48
Table 1-6. Volume of Reserve Per Area .............................................................................................................. 1-52
Table 1-7. Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in the PRA GSQP ............................................................. 1-52
Table 1-8. Major Components, Pollution Control Devices in Relation to Various Project Alternatives................. 1-56
Table 1-9. List of Clearances, permit and documentation needed ....................................................................... 1-60
Table 1-10. Land Area Allocation ........................................................................................................................... 1-61
Table 1-11. Description of the Impact and Waste Management Measures During Land Development ................. 1-61
Table 1-12. Description of the Impact and Waste Management Measures During Construction of Road ............. 1-64
Table 1-13. Description of the Impact and Waste Management Measures During Construction of Utilities .......... 1-66
Table 1-14. Preliminary Implementation Gantt Chart ............................................................................................. 1-66
Table 1-15. Manpower Specialized Skills Requirement ......................................................................................... 1-68

Table 2.1 Identification of Environmental Impacts ............................................................................................. 2.1-1

Table 2.1-1. The 12 ECA Categories under DENR-EMB MC 2014-005 in Relation to the Project ........................ 2.1-5
Table 2.1-2. Summary of Compliances to and Consistencies with Various Regulations/Laws/Treatises .......... 2.1-11
Table 2.1-3. List of Nearby Reclamation Projects ............................................................................................... 2.1-13
Table 2.1-4. Computed PGA Values for Different Earthquake Generators .......................................................... 2.1-44
Table 2.1-5. Summary of Liquefaction-induced Settlement ................................................................................. 2.1-48
Table 2.1-6. Geotechnical parameters for proposed dike .................................................................................... 2.1-60
Table 2.1-7. Summary of SSA Results ................................................................................................................. 2.1-61
Table 2.1-8. Geotechnical Parameters ................................................................................................................. 2.1-63
Table 2.1-9. Plaxis 2D Results ............................................................................................................................. 2.1-64
Table 2.1-10. Geotechnical Parameters for Settlement Analysis ........................................................................... 2.1-66
Table 2.1-11. Equivalent Surface Load for Each Reclamation Fill Height .............................................................. 2.1-66
Table 2.1-12. Results of Settlement Analysis ......................................................................................................... 2.1-68
Table 2.1-13. Summary of Allowable Pile Capacities for Concrete Bored Piles..................................................... 2.1-69
Table 2.1-14. Properties of Sand Fill for Shallow Foundation Analysis .................................................................. 2.1-72
Table 2.1-15. List of Recent Typhoons that Affected Cavite .................................................................................. 2.1-73
Table 2.1-16. Storm Surges in the Manila Bay Area and Vicinities ....................................................................... 2.1-79
Table 2.1-17. Idealized Subsurface Conditions based on Results of Borehole Tests ............................................ 2.1-87
Table 2.1-18. The Dutch Target/Intervention Values ............................................................................................. 2.1-91
Table 2.1-19. Test Results for Seabed Sediments ................................................................................................. 2.1-94
Table 2.1-20. Test Results for Seabed Sediments (2005) ..................................................................................... 2.1-95
Table 2.1-21. Sediment Sampling Result, June 24, 2020 ...................................................................................... 2.1-96
Table 2.1-22. IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING – LAND RESOURCES........................................... 2.1-99

Table 2.2-1. Recorded Extreme Values of Precipitation (mm) – Sangley Point ................................................ 2.2-10
Table 2.2-2. Recorded Normal Values of Precipitation (Sangley Point) ........................................................... 2.2-13
Table 2.2-3. Recorded Extreme Values of Precipitation – Sangley Point ......................................................... 2.2-13
Table 2.2-4. Calculated Peak Discharges for Maalimango River ...................................................................... 2.2-15
Table 2.2-5. HEC-RAS Model Parameters........................................................................................................ 2.2-17
Table 2.2-6. Subbasin Characteristics of Cañas River Catchment ................................................................... 2.2-24
Table 2.2-7. Calculated Peak Discharge of Cañas River Catchment................................................................ 2.2-25
Table 2.2-8. HEC-RAS Model Parameters........................................................................................................ 2.2-27
Table 2.2-9. Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Analysis Data .................................................................... 2.2-34
Table 2.2-10. The Hydrometeorological Data Applications Section (HMDAS) .................................................... 2.2-34
Table 2.2-11. Theoretical Values of Runoff Coefficient C (Adopted by DPWH).................................................. 2.2-36
Table 2.2-12. DPWH Updated Hydraulic Design Criteria .................................................................................... 2.2-36
Table 2.2-13. Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient “ n” ........................................................................ 2.2-37
Table 2.2-14. Pavement Drainage-Inlet Spacing Computation Sheet (Conceptual) ........................................... 2.2-38
Table 2.2-15. Summary of Climatological Extremes of NAIA Station .................................................................. 2.2-44
Table 2.2-16. Summary of Climatological Extremes of Sangley Point, Cavite .................................................... 2.2-44
Table 2.2-17. Top 5 Historical Typhoons passing within a 200km radius based on Wind Speed ....................... 2.2-45
Table 2.2-18. Tide Station Information ................................................................................................................ 2.2-50
Table 2.2-19. Tide Data in Manila Bay ................................................................................................................ 2.2-50
Table 2.2-20. Annual Tidal Extremes for the Manila South Harbor Station......................................................... 2.2-51
Table 2.2-21. Annual Tidal Extremes for the Mariveles Harbor Station .............................................................. 2.2-51
Table 2.2-22. Annual Tidal Extremes for the Puerto Azul Station ....................................................................... 2.2-52
Table 2.2-22a Presents the Summary of the Coastal Engineering Assessment .................................................. 2.2-53
Table 2.2-23. Wind and Deepwater Wave Condition for Simulated Wave Conditions ........................................ 2.2-58
Table 2.2-24. Simulated typhoons at the project site .......................................................................................... 2.2-87
Table 2.2-25. Non-overtopping Crest Elevation Results During Maximum Tide Conditions ............................... 2.2-97
Table 2.2-26. Non-overtopping Crest Elevation Results During Maximum Wave Conditions ............................. 2.2-99
Table 2.2-27. Summary of Non-overtopping Crest Elevation Results ................................................................. 2.2-99
Table 2.2-28. Synthesized NOCE of Island D ................................................................................................... 2.2-101
Table 2.2-29. Overtopping Discharge Results .................................................................................................. 2.2-101
Table 2.2-30. Critical values of average overtopping discharges...................................................................... 2.2-102
Table 2.2-31. CEM Stipulated Overtopping Rates for Various Structures ........................................................ 2.2-102
Table 2.2-32. Synthesized NOCE of Island D ................................................................................................... 2.2-103
Table 2.2-33. Annual longshore sediment transport rates – Baseline Condition .............................................. 2.2-105
Table 2.2-34. Annual longshore sediment transport rates – Modified Condition............................................... 2.2-106
Table 2.2-35. Differences of Transport Rates (Modified Condition-Baseline Condition) ................................... 2.2-108
Table 2.2-36. Groundwater Quality Test Results .............................................................................................. 2.2-117
Table 2.2-37. Seawater Quality Test Results .................................................................................................... 2.2-120
Table 2.2-37a Island C Marine Sampling Station Coordinates .......................................................................... 2.2-121
Table 2.2-37b Island C Marine Quality Test Results .......................................................................................... 2.2-121
Table 2.2-38. Coordinates of Spot Dive (SPD) Stations in the Proposed Island C; February 2019.................. 2.2-127
Table 2.2-39. Location of Actual Fishing Encounters (AFE)s in and nearby Island C; Oct and Nov 2018 and Feb 2019
.................................................................................................................................................... 2.2-130
Table 2.2-40. Coordinates of Plankton Sampling Stations inside Island C; November 2018............................ 2.2-132
Table 2.2-41. Coordinates of Macro-invertebrate Survey Stations; Nov 2018 .................................................. 2.2-134
Table 2.2-42. Distribution of bathymetry stations per Reclamation island in the Proposed Cavite Rec.Project 2.2-135
Table 2.2-43. Sediment Sampling Stations in Island D ..................................................................................... 2.2-135
Table 2.2-44. Results of 20 Manta Tow Benthic Life Form and Substrate Investigations in Island D; Nov 20182.2-137
Table 2.2-45. Number of fisher and fishing boats in Rosario, Noveleta and Kawit* .......................................... 2.2-141
Table 2.2-46. List of Fish Species Caught in Fishing Grounds of Rosario, Noveleta, and Cavite City ............. 2.2-141
Table 2.2-47. Results of actual fishing encounters documented; November 2018 ........................................... 2.2-143
Table 2.2-48. Zooplankton Composition and Abundance ................................................................................. 2.2-146
Table 2.2-49. Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance (cells/L) in 4 Stations ............................................ 2.2-151
Table 2.2-50. Environmental Management Plan for Coastal and Fisheries Management ................................ 2.2-160

Table 2.3-1. Reclamation Activities in Relation to Impacts on Air Resources and Climate Change ...................... 2.3-1
Table 2.3-2. Climatological Extremes ..................................................................................................................... 2.3-4
Table 2.3-3. Officially Reported Philippine GHG Inventory .................................................................................... 2.3-8
Table 2.3-4. Seasonal temperature increase (in 0C) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission in
Region 4A .......................................................................................................................................... 2.3-9
Table 2.3-5. Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission scenario in
Region 4A .......................................................................................................................................... 2.3-9
Table 2.3-6. Results of the Ambient Air Quality Measurements (24-HR) ............................................................. 2.3-14
Table 2.3-7. Results of the Noise Level Measurements (24-HR) ......................................................................... 2.3-14
Table 2.3-8. Results of the Ambient Air Quality Measurements (1-HR) ............................................................... 2.3-17
Table 2.3-9. Results of the Noise Level Measurements ....................................................................................... 2.3-17
Table 2.3-10. Noise Level Standards (NPCC Guidelines of 1978) ........................................................................ 2.3-18

Table 2.4-1. Noveleta Land Area and Population Density By Barangay; 2015 ...................................................... 2.4-1
Table 2.4-2. Historical Population Growth of Noveleta ........................................................................................... 2.4-2
Table 2.4-3. Projected Population By Barangay, Munucipality of Noveleta ........................................................... 2.4-3
Table 2.4-4. Household Population 5-24 Years Old Who Were Currently Attending School: 2015 ....................... 2.4-6
Table 2.4-5. Literacy of the Household Population 10 Years Old and Over: 2015 ................................................. 2.4-6
Table 2.4-6. Household Population 15 Years Old and Over and Employment Status by Region, Philippines:
2016 – April 2018 .............................................................................................................................. 2.4-8
Table 2.4-7. Gainful Workers 15 Years Old and Over by Major Occupation Group: 2015 ..................................... 2.4-8
Table 2.4-8. Major Issues that may Affect the Communities in Case of Disaster/s .............................................. 2.4-17
Table 2.4-9. Brdige Inventory; 2017 ..................................................................................................................... 2.4-22
Table 2.4-10. Impact Barangays: Sex Distribution ................................................................................................ 2.4-24
Table 2.4-11. Impact Barangays: Civil Status ........................................................................................................ 2.4-24
Table 2.4-12. Impact Barangays: Religious Affiliation ............................................................................................ 2.4-24
Table 2.4-13 Impact Barangays: Religious Affiliatiion ........................................................................................... 2.4-25
Table 2.4-14. Impact Barangays: Ethnicity ............................................................................................................. 2.4-25
Table 2.4-15. Impact Barangays: Main Source of Livelihood of Respondents ....................................................... 2.4-26
Table 2.4-16. Impact Barangays: Primary Earner .................................................................................................. 2.4-26
Table 2.4-17. Impact Barangays: Monthly Income of the Respondents ................................................................. 2.4-27
Table 2.4-18. Impact Barangays: Educational Attainment ..................................................................................... 2.4-27
Table 2.4-19 Number of Family Member Who Got Sick for the Past 5 Years ....................................................... 2.4-28
Table 2.4-20. Common Illness in the Community .................................................................................................. 2.4-28
Table 2.4-21. Place of Treatment for illness of respondents .................................................................................. 2.4-29
Table 2.4-22. Type of Toilet Facility Used by Respondents ................................................................................... 2.4-29
Table 2.4-23. Household Knowledge about the Proposed Project ......................................................................... 2.4-30
Table 2.4-24. Household Source of Information about the Proposed Project ........................................................ 2.4-30
Table 2.4-25. Possible beneficial impacts of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project ....................................... 2.4-30
Table 2.4-26. Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project ........................................................ 2.4-31
Table 2.4-27. Impact Barangays: Gender Distribution .......................................................................................... 2.4-31
Table 2.4-28. Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation ................................................................... 2.4-31
Table 2.4-29. Impact Barangays: Gender Distribution in Noveleta ........................................................................ 2.4-32
Table 2.4-30. Impact Barangays: Age Distribution In Noveleta .............................................................................. 2.4-32
Table 2.4-31. Impact Barangays: Civil Status ........................................................................................................ 2.4-33
Table 2.4-32. Impact Barangays: Educational Attainment ..................................................................................... 2.4-33
Table 2.4-33. Impact Barangays: Birth place ......................................................................................................... 2.4-34
Table 2.4-34. Impact Barangays: Years Stay in the Municipality ........................................................................... 2.4-34
Table 2.4-35. Impact Barangays: Ethnicity ............................................................................................................. 2.4-34
Table 2.4-36. Impact Barangays: Dialect in Noveleta ............................................................................................ 2.4-35
Table 2.4-37. Impact Barangays: Religion ............................................................................................................. 2.4-35
Table 2.4-38. Impact Barangays: Occupation ........................................................................................................ 2.4-36
Table 2.4-39. Impact Barangays: Monthly Income ................................................................................................. 2.4-36
Table 2.4-40. Impact Barangays: Primary Earner .................................................................................................. 2.4-37
Table 2.4-41. Impact Barangays: Source of Water Supply .................................................................................... 2.4-37
Table 2.4-42. Impact Barangays: Electricity ........................................................................................................... 2.4-38
Table 2.4-43. Impact Barangays: Availability of Toilets .......................................................................................... 2.4-38
Table 2.4-44. Impact Barangays: Garbage Collection ........................................................................................... 2.4-39
Table 2.4-45. Impact Barangays: Schedule of Garbage Collection ....................................................................... 2.4-39
Table 2.4-46. Impact Barangays: History of Having sick for the past 3 years ........................................................ 2.4-39
Table 2.4-47. Impact Barangays: Years of being sick for the past 3 years ............................................................ 2.4-40
Table 2.4-48. Impact Barangays: No. of Family members who got sick ................................................................ 2.4-40
Table 2.4-49. Impact Barangays: Type of Disease ................................................................................................ 2.4-40
Table 2.4-50 Impact Barangays: Place of Treatment ............................................................................................ 2.4-41
Table 2.4-51 Impact Barangays: Knowledge about the Reclamation in Noveleta ................................................ 2.4-41
Table 2.4-52 Impact Barangays: Source of Knowledge about the reclamation .................................................... 2.4-42
Table 2.4-53 Impact Barangays: Benefits of the Project ....................................................................................... 2.4-42
Table 2.4-54 Impact Barangays: Bad Effects if the Project ................................................................................... 2.4-43
Table 2.4-55. Matrix Summary of Issues and Concerns Raised in the Public Scoping in Municipality of Noveleta
......................................................................................................................................................... 2.4-45

Table 3-1. Impact Management Plan ..................................................................................................................... 3-3

Table 4-1. Levels 1 and Level 2 Threshold Inventory ............................................................................................ 4-3

Table 4-2. Categories of Hazardous Materials ....................................................................................................... 4-4
Table 4-3. Summary Matrix of Safety Risks ........................................................................................................... 4-6
Table 4-4. Typical Classification of Hazardous Wastes and Relevance to Reclamation Work .............................. 4-9
Table 4-5. Initial Listing of Potential Toxic and Hazardous Substances in the Reclamation Activities ................. 4-10
Table 4-6. Summary of Project Components ....................................................................................................... 4-11
Table 4-7. Summary Matrix of Physical Risks ...................................................................................................... 4-12

Table 5-1. Preliminary Social Development Plan (SDP) for the Proposed Project ................................................ 5-2
Table 5-2. Generic IEC Plan/Framework ............................................................................................................... 5-7

Table 6-1. Summary of EMoP with EQPLs for the Project Cycle .............................................................................. 6-2
Table 6-2. List of MMT Stakeholders/Basis of Selection /Proposed Roles ............................................................... 6-5

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-A. Preliminary Overall Master Plan showing the location of Island C ........................................................ 1-4
Figure 1-1. Project Site Location on a NAMRIA Base Map ..................................................................................... 1-6
Figure 1-2. Project Site Location on a Google Earth Map ....................................................................................... 1-7
Figure 1-3. Geopolitical Map of Province of Cavite indicating the Proposed Project Site and Impact Barangays 1-11
Figure 1-4. Geopolitical Map – Province of Cavite and Adjacent Municipalities Indicating the Project Site .......... 1-12
Figure 1-5. Initial Framework Plan for the Cavite Reclamation Projects showing Conceptual Access ways ........ 1-13
Figure 1-6. Vicinity Map Showing the Important Landmarks ................................................................................. 1-14
Figure 1-7. Nearby Reclamation Projects ............................................................................................................. 1-15
Figure 1-9. Map Showing the Distance of the Project Site from the LPPWP in Google Earth Map ...................... 1-16
Figure 1-9. Pre EIA Direct and Impact Areas and Buffer Zone of the Proposed Project ....................................... 1-19
Figure 1-10. Preliminary Master Development Plan showing Access Ways ........................................................... 1-41
Figure 1-11. Process Flow “Diagram for Reclamation Projects ............................................................................... 1-42
Figure 1-12. Location of Dike I and Dike II and Dike III ........................................................................................... 1-50
Figure 1-13. Relative Location of the San Nicolas SNS and the Cavite Province Land Reclamation and
Development Project: Island C ............................................................................................................ 1-55
Figure 1-14. Road Network System Layout, Island C.............................................................................................. 1-63
Figure 1-15. Illustration of 30.0 meter RROW and Road-side Tree Planting .......................................................... 1-64

Figure 2.1-1. Official Zoning Map of Cavite Province .............................................................................................. 2.1-3

Figure 2.1-2. Proposed Coastal Land and Sea Use Zone Map of Cavite Province ................................................ 2.1-4
Figure 2.1-3. Strategic Fishery Development Zone of the Municipality of Noveleta ................................................ 2.1-5
Figure 2.1-4. Map of the LPPWP Relative to Project Site ....................................................................................... 2.1-7
Figure 2.1-5. Map of the Protected Areas in the Greater Manila Area .................................................................... 2.1-8
Figure 2.1-6. Protection Areas Map of Cavite (not NIPAS-declared) ...................................................................... 2.1-9
Figure 2.1-7. Protection Framework Plan of Cavite ............................................................................................... 2.1-10
Figure 2.1-8. Typhoon Tracks within 200km of Project Site .................................................................................. 2.1-12
Figure 2.1-9. Nearby Reclamation Projects vis-à-vis Project Site and other Proposed Islands ............................ 2.1-14
Figure 2.1-10. Location of Actual Fishing Operations Documented Across the Proposed Reclamation Islands.
......................................................................................................................................................... 2.1-15
Figure 2.1-11. Navigational Lanes of the PPA Relative to the Cavite Island C 205-ha Reclamation Project .......... 2.1-16
Figure 2.1-12. Topographic Map of Cavite – NAMRIA ............................................................................................ 2.1-21
Figure 2.1-13. Longshore currents associated with locally generated waves ......................................................... 2.1-22
Figure 2.1-14. Manila Bay Sediment Distribution Map based on NAMRIA Data ..................................................... 2.1-24
Figure 2.1-15. Geologic Map of Northern Philippines .............................................................................................. 2.1-26
Figure 2.1-16. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines .......................................................... 2.1-29
Figure 2.1-17. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in Western Luzon .......................................................... 2.1-30
Figure 2.1-18. Geological Map of Cavite and vicinities ........................................................................................... 2.1-32
Figure 2.1-19. Seismicity Map of Manila, Magnitude 5.0 and above (1965-2015) .................................................. 2.1-34
Figure 2.1-20. Distribution of Historical Earthquakes from 1608 to 1895 ................................................................ 2.1-35
Figure 2.1-21. Distribution of Most Destructive Earthquakes from 1608 to 1999 .................................................... 2.1-35
Figure 2.1-22. Peak Ground Acceleration Map of MM, 500-Year Return Period on VS30 Site Model ................... 2.1-39
Figure 2.1-23. Peak Ground Acceleration Map of MM, 1,000-Year Return Period on VS30 Site Model ................ 2.1-40
Figure 2.1-24. Peak Ground Acceleration Map of the PH, 2,500-Year Return Period on Rock Site ....................... 2.1-41
Figure 2.1-25. Ground Shaking in Greater Metro Manila and Vicinities (WVF Earthquake) ................................... 2.1-42
Figure 2.1-26. Ground Shaking Hazard Map of Cavite ........................................................................................... 2.1-43
Figure 2.1-27. Ground Rupture Hazard Map of Cavite ............................................................................................ 2.1-45
Figure 2.1-28. Liquefaction Hazard Map of Cavite .................................................................................................. 2.1-47
Figure 2.1-29. Map of Epicenters of Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in the Philippines ............................................... 2.1-50
Figure 2.1-30. Tsunami Hazard Map of Cavite Province (PHIVOLCS) ................................................................... 2.1-51
Figure 2.1-31. Tsunami Hazard Map of Cavite Province (READY Project) ............................................................. 2.1-52
Figure 2.1-32. Tsunamigenic Earthquakes that affected Metro Manila shores ....................................................... 2.1-53
Figure 2.1-33. The November 9, 1828 Tsunami in Manila ...................................................................................... 2.1-53
Figure 2.1-34. The June 3, 1863 Tsunami in Manila ............................................................................................... 2.1-54
Figure 2.1-35. Earthquake Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Cavite ..................................................................... 2.1-56
Figure 2.1-36. Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Cavite ................................................................................ 2.1-57
Figure 2.1-37. Stability Analysis by Limit-Equilibrium Methods ............................................................................... 2.1-58
Figure 2.1-38. Section of Island C Dike (I) .............................................................................................................. 2.1-59
Figure 2.1-39. Slope Model of Island C Dike ........................................................................................................... 2.1-60
Figure 2.1-40. Case 1: Static (FoS=1.440) .............................................................................................................. 2.1-61
Figure 2.1-41. Case 1: Earthquake (FoS=0.542) .................................................................................................... 2.1-61
Figure 2.1-42. Slope Model with Soil Cement Column ............................................................................................ 2.1-62
Figure 2.1-43. Case 2: Earthquake (FoS=1.224) .................................................................................................... 2.1-62
Figure 2.1-44. Plaxis Model ..................................................................................................................................... 2.1-63
Figure 2.1-45. Plaxis Result – Total Displacement (Island C) ................................................................................. 2.1-64
Figure 2.1-46. Satellite Image of Metro Manila and Vicinities Showing Ground Movement .................................... 2.1-65
Figure 2.1-47. Settlement Analysis Results for 8m fill height .................................................................................. 2.1-66
Figure 2.1-48. Settlement Analysis Results for 10m fill height ................................................................................ 2.1-67
Figure 2.1-49 Settlement Analysis Results for 12m fill height ................................................................................ 2.1-67
Figure 2.1-50. Safe bearing capacities for the reclamation area ............................................................................. 2.1-72
Figure 2.1-51. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Cavite City Quadrangle ................................................. 2.1-76
Figure 2.1-52. Flood Hazard Map of Cavite ............................................................................................................ 2.1-77
Figure 2.1-53. 100-Year Flood Hazard Map of Cavite and vicinities ....................................................................... 2.1-78
Figure 2.1-54. Preliminary Storm Surge Hazard Map of Metro Manila .................................................................... 2.1-81
Figure 2.1-55. Storm Surge Advisory 2 Hazard Map of Cavite and vicinities .......................................................... 2.1-82
Figure 2.1-56. Borehole Location Plan .................................................................................................................... 2.1-86
Figure 2.1-57. Clipped Philippine Soil Series Map .................................................................................................. 2.1-89
Figure 2.1-58. Map of the Soil Sampling Stations ................................................................................................... 2.1-93
Figure 2.1-59. Surface Sediment Sampling (Feb 10-11, 2005) Location Map ........................................................ 2.1-95
Figure 2.1-59a Sediment Sampling Map, June 24, 2020 ......................................................................................... 2.2-96
Figure 2.1-60. Spatial Profile of Trace Metal Concentrations (ppm) in Manila Bay Sediments ............................... 2.1-97

Figure 2.2-1. Regional Hydrogeologic Map .......................................................................................................... 2.2-2

Figure 2.2-2. Map Showing the Project (Island C) as well as the adjacent other projects in relation to existing surface
waters.............................................................................................................................................. 2.2-4
Figure 2.2-3. Topographic Map of the Project Site ............................................................................................... 2.2-7
Figure 2.2-4. IfSAR Data of the Project Site ......................................................................................................... 2.2-8
Figure 2.2-5. Catchment Delineation of Waterway Discharge Points Near the Reclamation Site ........................ 2.2-9
Figure 2.2-6. Nearest RIDF Stations .................................................................................................................. 2.2-10
Figure 2.2-7. Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Curves for PAGASA Sangley Point Station,
Cavite……………………………………………………………………………………………………….2.2-11
Figure 2.2-8. Design Hyetograph, PAGASA Sangley Point Station RIDF Data ................................................. 2.2-12
Figure 2.2-9. MGB 1:10,000 Flood Susceptibility Map ....................................................................................... 2.2-14
Figure 2.2-10. HEC-HMS Model for Maalimango River Catchment ..................................................................... 2.2-15
Figure 2.2-11. HEC-RAS Model and Sample Sections for Maalimango River ..................................................... 2.2-16
Figure 2.2-12. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 10-yr Return Period ...................................................... 2.2-18
Figure 2.2-13. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 25-yr Return Period ...................................................... 2.2-18
Figure 2.2-14. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 50-yr Return Period ...................................................... 2.2-19
Figure 2.2-15. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 100-yr Return Period .................................................... 2.2-19
Figure 2.2-16. Sample Cross-Sections of Maalimango River............................................................................... 2.2-20
Figure 2.2-17. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 10-yr Return Period ...................................................... 2.2-21
Figure 2.2-18. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 25-yr Return Period ...................................................... 2.2-21
Figure 2.2-19. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 50-yr Return Period ...................................................... 2.2-22
Figure 2.2-20. Inundation map of Maalimango River for 100-yr Return Period .................................................... 2.2-22
Figure 2.2-21. Sample Cross-Sections of Maalimango River............................................................................... 2.2-23
Figure 2.2-22. HEC-HMS Model for Cañas River................................................................................................. 2.2-24
Figure 2.2-23. HEC-RAS Model and Sample Sections for Cañas River .............................................................. 2.2-26
Figure 2.2-24. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 10-yr Return Period ............................................................... 2.2-27
Figure 2.2-25. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 25-yr Return Period ............................................................... 2.2-28
Figure 2.2-26. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 50-yr Return Period ............................................................... 2.2-28
Figure 2.2-27. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 100-yr Return Period ............................................................. 2.2-29
Figure 2.2-28. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 10-yr Return Period ............................................................... 2.2-30
Figure 2.2-29. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 25-yr Return Period ............................................................... 2.2-30
Figure 2.2-30. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 50-yr Return Period ............................................................... 2.2-31
Figure 2.2-31. Inundation map of Cañas River for 100-yr Return Period ............................................................. 2.2-31
Figure 2.2-32. Sample Cross-Sections of Cañas River ........................................................................................ 2.2-32
Figure 2.2-33. Rainfall Depth Duration Curves, Sangley Point, Cavite City ......................................................... 2.2-35
Figure 2.2-34. Bathymetric Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Project Area ............................................................. 2.2-42
Figure 2.2-35. Nautical Chart - Manila Bay and Approaches ............................................................................... 2.2-42
Figure 2.2-36. Nearby PAGASA Weather Stations .............................................................................................. 2.2-43
Figure 2.2-37. Typhoon Tracks within 200km of Project Site ............................................................................... 2.2-45
Figure 2.2-38. Individual Tracks of Top 5 Typhoons ............................................................................................ 2.2-46
Figure 2.2-39. Annual Wind Rose Diagram at Sangley Point Wind Station ......................................................... 2.2-47
Figure 2.2-40. Monthly Wind Rose based on the Sangley Point Wind Station..................................................... 2.2-48
Figure 2.2-41. Sample Tide Levels....................................................................................................................... 2.2-49
Figure 2.2-42. Tide Station Location .................................................................................................................... 2.2-50
Figure 2.2-43. Domain extents for the hydrodynamic computation of the regional model ................................... 2.2-54
Figure 2.2-44. Flexible Element Mesh of the local model at Manila Bay .............................................................. 2.2-54
Figure 2.2-45. Flexible Element Mesh of the local model at the project site (Pre-Devt.)...................................... 2.2-56
Figure 2.2-46. Flexible Element Mesh of the local model at the project site (Post-Devt.) .................................... 2.2-57
Figure 2.2-47. Simulated Tide Levels at Manila Bay South Harbor...................................................................... 2.2-57
Figure 2.2-48. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from N at MHHW ................... 2.2-59
Figure 2.2-49. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from N at MHHW ................... 2.2-60
Figure 2.2-50. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from E at MHHW for ............... 2.2-61
Figure 2.2-51. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from E at MHHW .................... 2.2-62
Figure 2.2-52. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from ESE at MHHW ............... 2.2-63
Figure 2.2-53. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from ESE at MHHW ............... 2.2-64
Figure 2.2-54. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SE at MHHW .................. 2.2-65
Figure 2.2-55. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SE at MHHW .................. 2.2-66
Figure 2.2-56. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SW at MHHW ................. 2.2-66
Figure 2.2-57. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SW at MHHW ................. 2.2-68
Figure 2.2-58. Wave Climate due to 9-12 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SW at MHHW ............... 2.2-69
Figure 2.2-59. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from WSW at MHHW ............. 2.2-70
Figure 2.2-60. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from WSW at MHHW ............. 2.2-71
Figure 2.2-61. Wave Climate due to 9-12 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from WSW at MHHW ........... 2.2-72
Figure 2.2-62. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from W at MHHW ................... 2.2-73
Figure 2.2-63. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from W at MHHW ................... 2.2-74
Figure 2.2-64. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from NW at MHHW ................ 2.2-75
Figure 2.2-65. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from NW at MHHW ................ 2.2-76
Figure 2.2-66. Simulated tide levels at Manila Bay South Harbor ........................................................................ 2.2-77
Figure 2.2-67. Snapshot of current magnitude & direction during ebb tide (20:30 Feb 12, 2016)........................ 2.2-78
Figure 2.2-68. Snapshot of current magnitude & direction during flow tide (01:40 Feb 24, 2016) ....................... 2.2-79
Figure 2.2-69. Maximum current (Jan 29, 2016 – Feb 29, 2016) ......................................................................... 2.2-80
Figure 2.2-70. Chronological snapshots of tidal currents during Jan. 29 – Feb 20, 2016 .................................... 2.2-82
Figure 2.2-71. Location of Monitoring Points ........................................................................................................ 2.2-83
Figure 2.2-72. Tidal current time histories over 15 days at selected monitoring points (MPs 1, 8, 9, & 12) ......... 2.2-84
Figure 2.2-73. Tidal current time histories over 15 days at selected monitoring points (MPs 5 & 6) .................... 2.2-85
Figure 2.2-74. Illustration of the Combined Effects of Astronomic Tide and Storm Surge ................................... 2.2-87
Figure 2.2-75. Simulated Storm Tide Level for Typh. Rita/Kading (1978) ............................................................ 2.2-88
Figure 2.2-76. Simulated Storm Tide Level for Typh. Patsy/Yoling (1970) .......................................................... 2.2-89
Figure 2.2-77. Simulated Storm Tide Level for Typh. Xangsane/Milenyo (2006) ................................................. 2.2-90
Figure 2.2-78. Simulated Maximum Significant Wave Heights for Typh. Rita/Kading (1978) .............................. 2.2-92
Figure 2.2-79. Simulated Maximum Significant Wave Heights for Typh. Patsy/Yoling (1970) ............................. 2.2-93
Figure 2.2-80. Simulated Maximum Significant Wave Heights for Typh. Xangsane/Milenyo (2006) ................... 2.2-94
Figure 2.2-81. Wave Runup on a Smooth Impermeable Slope ............................................................................ 2.2-95
Figure 2.2-82. Overtopping Discharge of a Slope with Storm Wall ...................................................................... 2.2-96
Figure 2.2-83. Location of Extraction Points......................................................................................................... 2.2-97
Figure 2.2-84. NOCE Illustration ........................................................................................................................ 2.2-101
Figure 2.2-85. Directions and Magnitudes of Annual Net Longshore Transport Qn for Baseline Condition ...... 2.2-110
Figure 2.2-86. Directions and magnitudes of Annual Net Longshore Transport Qn for Modified Conditions ..... 2.2-111
Figure 2.2-87. Directions and magnitudes of Annual Gross Longshore Transport Qt for Baseline Condition ... 2.2-112
Figure 2.2-88. Directions and magnitudes of Annual Gross Longshore Transport Qt for Modified Conditions .. 2.2-113
Figure 2.2-89. Groundwater Sample Location Map............................................................................................ 2.2-118
Figure 2.2-90. Map of the Marine Water Quality Sampling Station .................................................................... 2.2-122
Figure 2.2-91. Map of Marine Surveys Areas for the Cavite Reclamation Projects ........................................... 2.2-125
Figure 2.2-92. The Coastline and General Coastal Habitat Type....................................................................... 2.2-126
Figure 2.2-93. Manta Tow /Tuck Dive Pathways in Island C; Oct and Nov 2018 and Feb 2019........................ 2.2-128
Figure 2.2-94. Location of Spot Dives in Island C; October and Nov 2018 and Feb 2019 ................................. 2.2-129
Figure 2.2-95. Location of Actual Fishing Encounters Across the Study Area; Nov 2018 and Feb 2019 .......... 2.2-131
Figure 2.2-96. Location of Plankton Community Sampling Stations; Nov 2018 and Feb 2019 .......................... 2.2-133
Figure 2.2-97. Location of Macro-invertebrate Stations; November 2018 .......................................................... 2.2-134
Figure 2.2-98. Location of Sediment Sampling Stations, November 2018 ......................................................... 2.2-136
Figure 2.2-99. Chart of Benthic Observatioin from 20 Manta Tow ..................................................................... 2.2-139
Figure 2.2-100. Results of Benthic/Substrate Surveys from 20 Manta Tow Pathways Across Island C; Nov 2018 and
Feb 2019 ..................................................................................................................................... 2.2-140
Figure 2.2-101. Results of 8 AFEs; various dates in Nov 2018 and Feb 2019 .................................................... 2.2-145
Figure 2.2-102. Percentage Composition of Major Zooplanktons in 4 Stations in Island C; Feb 2019 ................ 2.2-146
Figure 2.2-103. Zooplankton Abundance and Taxa Richness in 24 stations in Island C; Feb 2019 .................... 2.2-149
Figure 2.2-104. Percentage Composition of Major Phytoplankton Groups in 24; Feb 2019 ................................ 2.2-150
Figure 2.2-105. Phytoplankton Abundance and Taxa Richness .......................................................................... 2.2-152

Figure 2.3-1. Sea Lane to the San Nicholas Shoal Showing Approximate Distance .............................................. 2.3-2
Figure 2.3-2. Annual Windrose Diagram for the Project Site and Environs ............................................................. 2.3-5
Figure 2.3-3. Map Showing Frequency of Tropical Typhoons in the Philippines ..................................................... 2.3-6
Figure 2.3-4. Map of the Ambient Air Sampling Station (24HR) ............................................................................ 2.3-13
Figure 2.3-5. Map of the Ambient Air Sampling Station (1HR) .............................................................................. 2.3-16

Figure 2.4-1. Map of the Exisitng Private School in Noveleta ................................................................................. 2.4-4
Figure 2.4-2. Map of the Existing Public Schools in Noveleta ................................................................................. 2.4-5
Figure 2.4-3. Initial Framework Plan showing therein access ways ...................................................................... 2.4-11
Figure 2.4-4. Road Network Map of Municipality of Noveleta ............................................................................... 2.4-21
Figure 2.4-5. Map of Existing Bridges ................................................................................................................... 2.4-22
Figure 2.4-6. Road Network Map of Municipality of Rosario ................................................................................. 2.4-28

Figure 3-1. Post ECC Implementation of the IMP ................................................................................................... 3-1

Figure 4-1. Risk Assessment Process ..................................................................................................................... 4-1

Figure 4-2. Societal Risk Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 4-5
Figure 4-3. Map of the Tentative Pathway of the TSHD Vessel .............................................................................. 4-8
Figure 8-1. Institutional Plan for Project Implementation – Construction Phase ..................................................... 8-2
Figure 8-2 Organizational Chart of the Environmental Unit .................................................................................... 8-3

LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1-1. Vertical Gravity – type Dike ................................................................................................................. 1-26
Plate 1-2. Vertical Pile Foundation Dike .............................................................................................................. 1-26
Plate 1-3. Sloping dike ......................................................................................................................................... 1-27
Plate 1-4. Rock Dike ............................................................................................................................................ 1-28
Plate 1-5. Sand Bag Dike .................................................................................................................................... 1-28
Plate 1-6. Artificial Block Armor ........................................................................................................................... 1-29
Plate 1-7. Grid Plate ............................................................................................................................................ 1-29
Plate 1-8. Natural Stone Armor ........................................................................................................................... 1-30
Plate 1-9. Typical Silt Curtain Installation ............................................................................................................ 1-44
Plate 1-10. Cross Sectional View of a Typical Silt Curtain .................................................................................... 1-44
Plate 1-11. Rock riprap dike + Accropodes blocks + wick drains .......................................................................... 1-47
Plate 1-12. Rockdike + Accopode Blocks .............................................................................................................. 1-58
Plate 1-13. Sandbag + Grid Plate + Wick Drains................................................................................................... 1-49
Plate 1-14 Illustration of the Principle of Wick Drains ........................................................................................... 1-54

Plate 2.2-1. Initial Master Development Plan for Island C and other Islands (A, D & E) ....................................... 2.2-5
Plate 2.2-2. Flood Studies Process Flow ............................................................................................................... 2.2-6
Plate 2.2-3. L-R The Coastline Reclamation Island C with Some Reports; Survey Team ................................ 2.2-124
Plate 2.2-4. A Resort in the shoreline where Island C ...................................................................................... 2.2-130
Plate 2.2-5. Plankton sampling and benthos sorting being undertaken; Nov 2018 and Feb 2019 .................... 2.2-132
Plate 2.2-6. Sand, Mud and Shell Fish carapace .............................................................................................. 2.2-137
Plate 2.2-7. Dominant target species in coastal waters around the proposed site ............................................ 2.2-142
Plate 2.2-8. Photomicrographs of the dominant and important zooplankton groups ......................................... 2.2-148
Plate 2.2-9. Photomicrographs of common and important phytoplankton observed in Cavite City/Kawit
coastal waters ................................................................................................................................ 2.2-151
Plate 2.2-10. Few species of macro-invertebrate were found in three stations surveyed, dominated almost
entirely by mussels, Perna viridis ................................................................................................... 2.2-153
Plate 2.2-11 Sediments collected from the study area of the Cavite Reclamation Project consisted entirely
of mud, silt, discarded oyster shells and grits of other shellfish ..................................................... 2.2-154
VOLUME 2: ANNEXES
Annex ES-A Signed Screening Checklist
Annex ES-B Sworn Statement of Accountability of the Preparers
Annex ES-B1 Accountability Statement of the Project Proponent
Annex ES-C1 FGC and IEC Activities Documentation Report
Annex ES-C2 Perception Survey Results
Annex ES-C3 Public Scoping Report (PSR)
Annex 1-A SP Reso No. 1077, Century Peak
Annex 1-B Sangguniang Resolution
Annex 1-C Geotagged Photos, Notice to Proceed (NTP) and Area Clearance Application
Annex 1-D PCG MC No. 01-2005, MC 07-2005 and MC No. 01-2006
Annex 2.1-A Letters of No Objection (LONOs)
Annex 2.1-B List of Recent Earthquakes of Magnitude 5 and above that Affected Metro Manila (1907-2016) and List
of Damaging Earthquakes that Affected Cavite Province.
Annex 2.1-C Geotechnical Report with Borehole Logs and Engineering Geologic and Geohazard Assessment
(EGGAR)
Annex 2.1-D Sediment Sampling Laboratory Results
Annex 2.2-A CRL Laboratory Results
Annex 2.2-B Coastal Engineering Report
Annex 2.2-C Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Plan 2012
Annex 2.2-D Flood Impact Assessment
Annex 2.3 Air Sampling Results
Annex 2.4-A Perception Survey Form
Annex 4-A Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Annex 4-B Oil Pollution Devices and Materials for Containment of Oil Pollution
Annex 4-C Equipment, Devices and Materials for Containment of Oil Pollution
Annex 6-A. Project Environmental Monitoring and Audit Prioritization Scheme (PEMAPS)
Annex 6-B. Draft MMT, EGF and EMF
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation/ Symbol Meaning
% Percentage
°C Degree Celsius
µ Poisson’s Ratio
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AFE Actual Fishing Encounters
AMLLW Above Mean Lower Low Water
As Arsenic
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
BH Borehole
BHU Barangay Health Unit
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management
CAAP Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
CALABARZON Cavite Laguna Batangas Rizal Quezon
CALAX Cavite-Laguna Expressway
CAVITEx Cavite Expressway
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CDR Crude Death Rate
cells/L Cells per Liter
CH4 Methane
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
cm Centimeter
cm/sec² Centimeter per Square Second
cm/yr Centimeter per Year
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CRO Community Relation Officer
CRPP Community Relations and Participation Plan
DAO DENR Administrative Order
DED Detailed Engineering Design
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DepEd Department of Education
DIA Direct Impact Areas
DICT Department of Information and Communications Technology
DIV Dutch Intervention Value
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOE Department of Energy
DOH Department of Health
DOT Department of Tourism
DOTr Department of Transportation
DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development
E-NIPAS Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System
ECA Environmentally Critical Area
ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate
ECP Environmentally Critical Project
EGF Environmental Guarantee Fund
EGGA Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EMB Environmental Management Bureau
EMF Environmental Monitoring Fund
EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan
EMP Environmental Management Plan
 Abbreviation/ Symbol Meaning
EO Executive Order
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
EPZA Export Processing Zone Authority
ERP Emergency Response Plan
ESE East Southeasterly
EVF East Valley Fault
FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
FEM Finite Element Analysis
FGD Focus Group Discussions
FS Feasibility Study
FS/ FoS Factor of Safety
GHG Green House Gasses
GMMA Greater Metro Manila Area
GPS Global Positioning System
ha Hectare
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
Hg Mercury
HH Household
ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IIA Indirect Impact Areas
IMP Impact Management Plan
InSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
IPCC Intergernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISF Informal Settler Family
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JSCE Japan Society of Civil Engineers
kg kilogram
kh Coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction unit
km² Square Kilometer
kms Kilometers
kN kiloNewton (Weight unit)
kN/m3 kiloNewton per cubic meter (Weight density unit)
kP kiloPond (Force unit)
kPa kiloPascal (Pressure unit)
kph Kilometers per Hour
kt kiloton (Mass unit)
kv kilovolt (electrical potential unit)
L Liter
LEM Limit-Equilibrium Method
LGU Local Government Unit
LIDAR Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging
LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority
LONO Letter of No Objection
LPPCHEA Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area
LPPWP Las Piñas-Parañaque Wetland Park
m Meter
m/s Meter per Second
m² Square Meter
MAO Municipal Agriculture Office
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
masl Meters Above Sea Level
MBCMS Manila Bay Coastal Management Strategy
MBCS Manila Bay Coastal Strategy
mbgl Meters Below Ground Level
MC Memorandum Circular
MENRO Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office
MERALCO Manila Electric Company
mg/L Milligram per Liter
 Abbreviation/ Symbol Meaning
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
ml Milliliter
mm Millimeter
mm/yr Millimeter per Year
MMT Multi-partite Monitoring Team
mo Month
MPa Megapascal (Pressure unit)
MPDC Municipal Planning and Development Council
Mph Miles per Hour
MPTC Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation
MRF Material Recovery Facility
Ms Surface wave magnitude (of earthquake)
MSL Mean Sea Level
MT Metric Ton
Mw Moment magnitude (of earthquake)
N Number of blows
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NAAQGV National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values
NAIA Ninoy Aquino International Airport
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command
NBCP National Building Code of the Philippines
NCR National Capital Region
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NGO Non-Government Organization
NHCP National Historical Commission of the Philippines
NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (UP Project NOAH)
NPCC National Pollution Control Commission
NTC National Telecommunication Commission
NTP Notice to Proceed
NWRB National Water Resources Board
OWS Oily Water Separator
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PAR Philippine Area of Responsibility
Pb Lead
PCG Phil. Coast Guard
PCLUPZO Provincial Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance
PCO Pollution Control Officer
PDRRMO Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office
PEATC Public Estates Authority Tollway Corporation
PEIS PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
PEM Philippine Earthquake Model
PEMAPS Project Environmental Monitoring and Audit Prioritization Scheme
PENRO Provincial Environmental and Natural Resources Office
PEO Provincial Engineering Office
PEZA Philippine Economic Zone Authority
PFC Per Fluorocarbon
PFZ Philippine Fault Zone
PGA Peak Ground Acceleration
pH Potential of Hydrogen
PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Php Philippine Peso
PMB Philippine Mobile Belt
PNP Philippine National Police
PO People’s Organization
PPA Philippine Ports Authority
PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office
PRA Phil Reclamation Authority
 Abbreviation/ Symbol Meaning
psf pounds per square foot
PVD Preloading with Prefabricated Drains
RA Republic Act
RHU Rural Health Unit
ROW Right-of-Way
RPM Revised Procedural Manual
RQD Rock Quality Designation
RROW Road-Right-of-Way
SAFDZ Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zone
SDF Social Development Framework
SDP Social Development Plan
SEASEE Southeast Asia Association of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering
SMR Self-Monitoring Report
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
SPIA Sangley Point International Airport
SPT Standard Penetration Test
St. Street
Stn Station
TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
TMP Traffic Management Plan
TPY Tons per Year
TS Tropical Storm
TSHD Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger
TSP Total Suspended Particulates
TSS Total Suspended Solids
UP University of the Philippines
UP-MSI University of the Philippines-Marine Science Institute
UP-NIGS University of the Philippines-National Institute of Geological Sciences
VFZ Valley Fault Zone
WQ Water Quality
WVF West Valley Fault
yr Year
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 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (ES)

Project Fact Sheet

Table ES-1. Project Fact Sheet

Name of Project PROPOSED CAVITE PROVINCE LAND RECLAMATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
ISLAND C: (205 HECTARES)
Project Location Along the Coastal Waters of Noveleta, Within the Jurisdiction of Cavite Province
Project Category per EMB “Category A-1 New”: Environmentally Critical Project (ECP)
MC 2014-005 Major Reclamation Project ≥ 25 hectares
Project Classification per 3.3 Reclamation and other land restoration project
EMB MC 2014-005
Scope of Project Horizontal development Only Including Road Networks and Utilities
(Note: separate ECCs will be applied for the vertical development, source of reclamation
materials, disposal of dredged materials and all connectors/bridges)
Project Area 205 Hectares
Project Cost PhP 12.01 B
Summary of Major Major Components Brief Description
Components One (1) Island 205 ha (Land area llocation for Saleable, Non-saleable and
Government Share areas)
(Only the “Construction” Internal Road Network Composed of main roads, interior secondary roads,
Phase covered in ECC sidewalks and curb & gutters.
application, i.e. dredging, Storm Surge Protection/ Combination of rock dike, accropode wick drains, sand bag,
reclamation and Containment Structure and grid plate shall be used.
horizontal development Drainage System To consist of networks of drainage pipelines (reinforced
works) concrete pipe) and/or covered canals, box culvert,
manholes, inlets and other appurtenant structures. General
layout will be along/parallel to the internal roads.
Utilities Water supply will be connected to the Manila Water Service
Water Supply Inc. distribution system.
Power Lines Power shall be tapped from Meralco.
Telecommunication Telecommunication shall be linked to nearest existing PLDT
exchange and also through the mobile telephone/internet
companies. The power and telecom lines shall follow the
same lines as much as possible.
Sewerage Facilities Integrated sewage disposal system
Project proponent CAVITE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

The Honorable Governor Juanito Victor C. Remulla

Office of the Governor
Provincial Capitol Compound, Provincial Capitol Building, Trece Martires City
Telephone No.: (046) 419-1919
EIA Preparer / Consultant CEnSe Technical Consultancy Services
Unit 405 Yrreverre Square Building, 888 Mindanao Avenue, Quezon City
Mobile No.: (0927) 511-6742; Landline: (02) 455-2022; Email add: cense_tech@yahoo.com.ph
Contact Person: Engr. Venice Montemayor – Team Leader

Executive Summary ES-1

 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

ES 1.1 Project Description Summary

The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report has been prepared to serve as a partial requirement for an
application for an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) for the Proposed Project. The ECC application
covers only the horizontal development or the reclamation of land, including the construction of road and utilities.
The proposed reclamation project covers 205 hectares designated as Island C out of a total proposed reclamation
area/project of the province of approximately 1,043.28 hectares (4 islands).

The project will be situated along the coast of Manila Bay within the territorial jurisdiction of Noveleta Province of
Cavite fronting the 3 coastal barangays namely San Rafael 2, San Rafael 3 and San Rafael 4. These barangays
fronting the site and hosting onshore establishments are considered DIAs for socio-economic aspects and also for
environmental/risks aspects as well, principally regarding flooding and storm surges.

Process Documentation and Conduct of EIA

The content of the EIS report was established during the conduct of Technical Scoping on 17 December 2018
(See Annex ES-A). As prescribed by the EMB/DENR under the Revised Procedural Manual (RPM) protocol, the
appropriate type of documentation for this project is the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

As per Section 14 of the DENR Administrative Order No. 2018-14 or the “Guidelines on the Issuance of Area
Clearancefor Reclamation Projects and Proclamation/Special Patents over Reclaimed Lands”, the Operations
Phase (Vertical Developments) of the project shall be subjected to a programmatic Environmetal Impact
Assessment (EIA) requirements. Pursuant to Section 9.6 of the DENR Administrative Order No. 2018-18, the
proponent is compliant with the preliminary requirements which was the basis for the Notice to Proceed (NTP)
issued by the DENR IV-A dated December 19, 2019, findings of the Composite Team and its current conditional
status is presented in Table ES-1A.

Table ES-IA NTP-Findings of the Composite Team and Status

No. Findings Status
A The proposed inner Island A covers an area of 247.28 hectares within the municipal waters Island A is discussed separately in its EIS Report
of Cavite City and Bacoor Bay side and portions of the territorial waters of Kawit, Cavite. and is located along Bacoor Bay and coastal waters
This observation as shown on the sketch submitted may affect seven (7) coastal of Kawit and Cavite City, within the jurisdiction of
barangays of Kawit with more or less 3,888 informal settler families; it may also affect Cavite Province. No inland establishment will be
foreshore establishment like the First Orient International Venture Corporation and the affected, except for some existing fishnets in Island
GLY Van Terminal. A which shall be relocated and transferred.
B In Cavite City, it may affect thirty-seven (37) coastal barangays with an increasing The coastal barangays were being considered as
population of informal settlers our Direct Impact Area (DIA). No inland informal
settlers will be displaced.
C The proposed Island B covers an area of 220 hectares within the coastal waters of Cavite Island B has been relinquished in favor of Sangley
City, Island C covers an area of 205 hectares within the municipal waters of Noveleta, Point International Airport (SPIA). The decision was
Island D covers an area of 267 hectares is within the municipal waters of Noveleta and made based on the result of overlapping plots of
Rosarion; while Island E with an area of 324 hectares is within the municipal waters of portion of Island B and SPIA.
Rosario.
D Noveleta has three (3) coastal barangays while Rosario has eleven (11) coastal barangays Noveleta’s coastal barangays was being
directly affected withn the proposed reclamation. considered as our Direct Impact Area (DIA). No
inland informal settlers will be displaced.
E Those coastal areas adjoining the proposed reclamation are inhabited by 2,368 informal The coastal barangays is being considered as our
settlers/families for Noveleta and 558 informal settlers/families for Rosario. Direct Impact Area (DIA). No inland informal settlers
will be displaced.
F Both municipalities have Beach Resorts, Long Beach and Lido Beach Resort for Noveleta The preparation of Impact Management Plan (IMP)
and Isla Bonita, Mount Sea Resort and Restaurant and a Petro Depot Terminal in Brgy. discussed in Chapter 3 to ensure that every
Wawa, Rosario, Cavite sensitive areas shall be considered, properly
addressed and mitigated. The existing resorts are
at least 200 meters away from the proposed site.
G Another municipality adjoining Rosario is Tanza which has twelve (12) coastal barangays Application shall take into consideration that
with 127 informal settler/families. Establishments along the foreshore area with Foreshore currently FLA application to ensure no conflicts
Lease Application are the F and E De Castro Resort, Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort, Cavite among the applicants and existing establishments.
Gateway Terminal, Villa Excellence Beach Resort and the Agripacific Corporation.

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 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
H Vast mangrove area lush vegetable is likely to be affected by the proposed reclamation Establishment of buffer zone away from the site
project, such that utmost conservation measures must be affected to preserve the integrity shall be strictly observed to all sensitive area.
of the fragile ecosystem.
Environmental Issues
1 The proposed Cavite Reclamation Project consist of five (5) artificial islands to be The proponent only applies for four (4) artificial
constructed detached from the shoreline of Manila Bay. The frst four will be sited in islands, relinquishing one (1) island named as
succession parallell to the coastline of Manila Bay while the last will be separated from the Island B, therefore reducing it to first three (3) which
rest and will be located between the inner confluence of the sandpits where Cavite City will be sited in succession parallel to the coastline
rests and maintsined facing Kawit and Bacoor. and one island will be separated from the rest.
2 These proposed island-type reclamation will partly enclose the near shores of Rosario, Impact Management Plan (IMP) discussed in
Noveleta, Kawit and Cavite City, al in Cavite Province. Based on studies, the island-type Chapter 3 to ensure that siltation will properly
reclamation is more advantageous in terms of reduced adverse environmental impacts mitigated thru installation of silt curtain thus
compared to peninsular-type reclamation (reclamation that is connected to the reducing water turbidity. The separation of islands
mainland/shoreline). However, the proponent must guarantee that the proposed project thus creating three (3) islands instead of one (1) to
will not cause potential siltation and reduction of water exchange in the adjacent give way for water exchange, drainage and
waterways. circulation.
3 There are at least five (5) major sources of seismic activity that may generate severe The assessment derived during the preparation of
impact to Manila Bay Region, namely the Valley Fault System (VFS), the Philippine Fault EGGAR discussed the management measures for
Zone (PFZ), the Lubang Fault and Manila Trench. Movement from these geologic the identified seismic forces in the area.
structur4es may bring fort tsunami, ground motion and liquefaction to the bay area.
4 Based on the Project Description submitted by the proponent, the project’s ECC The proponent confirms the application only for land
application being applied for involves only the horizontal phase. The proponent will engage development including road and utilities. While it is
in land reclamation by raising the elevation of the seabed for the sole purpose of creating crucial that the weight or load for future vertical
new land intended for various functional purposes. However, it is crucial that the design development, we will assure that prior to any
and construction of the horizontal phase should need the weight of the intended load to be vertical construction, another borehole test and
emplaced at its top in order to withstand hazard such earthquakes and tsunakis and othe geotechnical investigation study shall be done to
external forces such as current, waves, precipitation and winds. determine the load bearing capacity of the area. In
this way, heights and weight of the structures will be
established.
5 More importantly, the developer must foresee how the reclaimed land will likely respond All possible hazards such such geologic,
to the weight of the load in order to decipher the fill’s performance and functional hydrologic, and coastal hazards were considered in
requirements into measurable properties with special attention on density, strength and the study. These studies will help in the preparation
stiffness vis-a-vis liquefaction and breaching. With this underlying mechanism, it is of detailed designs. Vertical components including
imperative that blueprints for construction of vertical and horizontal phases for ECC its blueprint is at this point is not feasible to provide.
application be required simultaneously in order to asses both requirements.
6 As per result of the MGB on flooding hazard, the large contiguous coastlines fronting the Flooding hazard assessment and management
proposed project areas were found experiencing very high to moderate susceptibility to measures is discussed in the submitted EGGAR.
flooding due to interference of the surrounding natural drainage that coincides with the
prevailing hydrologic/oceanographic phenomena along Manila Bay region. Moreover, a
research study conducted by PAGASA revealed that the shape and height of Natib and
Mariveles stratovolcanoes found west of the proposed project produce an orographic effect
and dispersive tail of rain clouds. These further discuss the possible behavioral changes
of the abovementioned flooding precursors with the proposed construction of the artificial
islands vis-à-vis flooding hazards of Manila Bay Region.
7 Based on the results of the MGB on the coastal geo-hazard assessments covering the Coastal Engineering Assessment or
concerned study area. The whole shoreline stretch of Rosario municipality is experiencing Hydrodynamics Modelling prepared by amh
high coastal accretion while the northern portion of Cavite City has occurrences of low Philippines is discussed in Chapter 2.2. Likewise,
accretion. Coastal erosion is almost negligible to low from Noveleta municipality up to full report is attached in the submitted application
Cavite City. It is therefore recommended that the proposed projects be subjected to for Area Clearance, also attached as Annex 2.2-B.
hydraulic study to assess the negative impacts to coastal geo-hazards. The study may
include hydrodynamics and morphological changes via a modeling approach. Of the
studies show adverse impacts, then the developer should offer feasible mitigating
measures.
8 The developer is taking into consideration San Nicolas Shoal as the primary source that This was discussed and addressed in the EIS of
will supply landfill materials for the said reclamation projects. The proponent must conduct SNS separately.
a separate hydraulic study for this purpose to guarantee that there will be no major
interruption to the fragile equilibrium of sediment movement in the littoral cell. The
proponent must also determine the potential impacts caused by sediment extraction on
coastal geomorphology and hydro dynamics and the consequential beach erosion and
accretion on the coastlines of Manila Bay Region.
9 The developer is also considering ”lahar or volcanic ejecta from Mount Pinatubo as Prior to any acceptance of filling materials. Material
optional sources of fill materials. Fine to medium quarts sands are to be preferred ideal testing shall be done to ensure that specifications
materials. The proponent must therefore conduct extensive and comprehensive study as are within required standards. Sources from river
tot eh strength and competence of this material. dredging in Zambales, Pampanga and Batangas
shall also be considered as alternative.

Executive Summary ES-3

 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

ES 2.1 The EIA Team

The table showing the list of EIA Preparer is provided below.

Table ES-2. EIA Team Composition

EMB Registry
Team Member Field of Expertise Company
No.
Engr. Venice Montemayor Team Leader IIPCO-260 CEnSe Technical Consultancy Services
Engr. Rodel Olivares Asst. Team Leader IPCO-132 CEnSe Technical Consultancy Services
Felixberto H. Roquia Jr., Ph.D. Sociology IPCO-028 Independent
Benjamin Francisco Marine and Fresh IPCO-038 Independent
Water Ecology (Team
Leader)
Virgilio Pantaleon Coral Reef, Seagrass- Independent
Michael Francisco Fisheries IPCO-040 Independent
Nazario Sabello Air Quality IPCO-240 Independent
Neil John S. Tolentino Geology - Independent
Engr. Emerson B. Doralles Ocenography - Independent
Proponent’s External Expertise
• Arch. Armand Alli, EnP – Master Planning
• Engr. Ricardo Yuson – Engineering
• Engr. Jon Kasilag (AMH Philippines., Inc.) – Oceanography/Modeling
• Engr. Lhyman Banganan (FF Cruz) – Topography/Bathymetry
• Princess Camille Mercado (THEIDI) – Reclamation Methodology

The accountability statements of the proponent and the preparers are in Annex ES-B.

ES 2.2 EIA Study Schedule

The following are the activities that were conducted for this study. Continuing activities will be based on the results
of the Review Committee Meetings
Table ES-3. EIA Study Schedule
ACTIVITY DATE
Secondary Data Researches January - March 2018
Marine Study October - November 2017
February 2019
Bathymetric Survey September – December 2017 by F.F. Cruz
Geotechnical Survey December 2017 – April 2018 By A.M. Geoconsult
Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment Report (EGGAR) 24 September 2019
Preliminary Concept Master Plan and Engineering Design March 2018 – February 2019
Water Quality Sampling 26 October 2017
Air Quality Sampling 26 October 2017
SOCIAL PREPARATION UNDERTAKEN
IEC and Perception Survey (Public participation Documentation provided in Annex ES-C)
Initial Perception Survey 13-19 October 2018
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) 12 October 2018
Focus Group Discussion 22 June 2018 and 10 July 2018
Public Scoping 20-21 November 2018
Technical Scoping 17 December 2018
Perception Survey January – March 2019
Coverage: Barangays San Rafael II, San Rafael III, San Rafael IV

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Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

ES 2.3 EIA Methodologies

Table ES-4. EIA Methodology

Module Baseline Methodology
LAND
Assessment of compatibility of the proposed project in the land
Land Use Secondary data: City Comprehensive Land use classification, Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, Consistency
Classification Use Plan (CLUP) of Noveleta Province of Cavite with the PRA Implementing Rules and Regulations, Relation to
the PRA Master Plan for Manila Bay
Secondary data: Geologic, seismic, Identify and assess project impact in terms of the changed in
liquefaction, slope hazard maps and evaluation topography including existing hazard as maybe aggravated
Geology based on government data and maps.
Primary data: Borehole drilling by 3rd party Conduct of EGGA.
MGB Methodology
Pedology / Soil Primary data: Geotechnical Investigation Physical and chemical properties relevant for design purposes
WATER
Hydrology / Secondary data: Existing drainage system. Identify and assess project impact on the change in drainage
Hydrogeology Historical flooding occurrences morphology, local drainage and resulting effects of flooding
Assess impacts on siltation of surface and coastal marine waters
DAO 2016-08
Primary data: Standard Methods for Water
Quality Sampling and Monitoring.
Analytical Methods: by CRL Laboratory, recognized by DENR.
Water Body Classification: DENR Class SB
Metals : Spectrophotometry AAS
Marine Water Parameters Considered: Total Coliforms,
Cold Vapour AAS for Hg
Quality Fecal Coliforms, Dissolved Oxygen, Oil &
Coliform : Multiple Tube Fermentation
Grease, Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium,
BOD : Azide Modification Winkler
Chromium, Lead, pH, Biological Oxygen
O & G: Gravimetry (n-Hexane extraction)
Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO : Winkler/Titrametric
(COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
pH : Electrometry
TSS : Gravimetry
Primary data: Tidal Station
Oceanography Tide Measurements
Bathymetric data Echo sounder or equivalent
Primary data: Abundance / density / distribution Transect, manta tow and spot dives surveys, marine resource
of ecologically and economically important characterization (e.g. city/municipal and commercial fisheries
Marine species, mangroves, benthism planktons, coral data), Key informant interview.
reefs, algae, seaweeds, sea grasses
Presence of pollution indicators Microscopic Examination

AIR
Primary data: Ambient air quality sampling Methodology: Standard Methods for Ambient Air Quality
and testing. Sampling by Volume Sampler
TSP Grase by High Volume Sampler Gravimetric
Ambient Air PM10, PM 2.5 Grase by High Volume Sampler Gravimetric
DENR Classification Ambient Air and Noise
Quality So2 Gas Bubbler Sampler Pararosaniline
Classification: Class B – Commercial Area
NO2 Gas Bubbler Sampler Griess
Parameters Considered: TSP, PM10, SO2, NO2 Saltzman
Noise Type 2 – Sound Level Meter Instantaneous
Ambient Noise
Primary data: Noise Meter reading
Quality
Contribution in Estimation of projected greenhouse gasses (GHG)
Data on Greenhouse Gases
terms of GHG
PEOPLE
Demographic
Primary data: Conduct of Public Perception Survey, Public Scoping
Profile /
Secondary data: Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Noveleta
Baseline

Executive Summary ES-5

 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

ES 2.4 Public Participation Activities

ES 2.4.1 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Activities

IEC AND FGD WITH THE CONCERNED STAKEHOLDERS

IEC activities were conducted with the concerned stakeholders on 12 October 2018 at Roofdeck Noveleta Public
Market, attended by twenty-three (23) stakeholders, 22 June 2018 at Mount Resort, Municipality of Rosario
attended by eleven (11) participants and 10 July 2018 at Cofftea Zone, Cavite City and Municipal Hall of Noveleta
attended by forty-five (45) participants. Among these invited were LGU Officials, Government Offices, Non-
Government Organizations (NGO) / People’s Organization (PO), Private Offices and Impact Barangays. Provided
below in Table ES-5 are the top key issues raised during the IEC and FGD conducted. Annex ES-C1 for the
documentation of the the conducted IEC Activiities.

Table ES-5. Key Issues and Concers raised during IEC and FGD conducted
Sector or Representative
Issues/Suggestions
Who Raised the Issue/ How it was Addressed in the EIS
Raised by Stakeholder
Suggestion

Mr. Alex Maniago The alternatives for the sources of materials are presented in Chapter 1. Current best option is
Source of Filling Materials
Municipality of Rosario San Nicholas Shoal. Other options include lahar from Pampanga, river dredging, etc.
This is discussed under Chapter 2.2 Marine Ecology.
Few fishers, as well as gleaners for macro-invertebrates in the proposed reclamations islands
will be dislocated momentarily during reclamation activities but will ultimately resume fishing
operations in coastal waters past the reclaimed area. It is noted however, that a sizeable
nearshore fishing ground will be lost to reclamation affecting largely small-scale fishers. On the
Mr. Alex Maniago other hand, effects on demersal fisheries productivity will be minimal as no benthic fish habitats
Municipality of Rosario will be affected or altered due to the extreme silt and muddy sediments currently deposited in
Impacts on Fisherfolks; the area. However, schools of Sardinella that normally enter inshore waters can be disturbed
Resident of Barangay 8 near coast fihing areas will and move away from the reclamation site. Tilapia and sardines fisheries in this area will be
Cavite City have to move further dislocated and loss of income from fishing will be felt during reclamation activities. Fisheries
offshore operation in fishing grounds offshore of the reclamation and generally in the mouth Manila Bay
Councilor Cris Go of will not be affected as fishers will move to new fishing grounds further away from the reclaimed
Municipality of Rosario area where seawater will probably be less polluted and pelagic fish more abundant. However,
this will require modifications on fishing gears used. It is likewise noted that there are no
permanent or stationary lift nets or “sapras” directly inside the proposed reclamation site.

Provision of new fishing paraphernalia to enable affected small-scale fishers to move to deeper
fishing grounds past the reclamation area; Provision of alternative livelihoods to affected fishers.
The various reclamation prjects in the Province as well as in other parts of Manila Bay are
complementary to each other. The PRA, DENR and other agencies who review and approves
various pertinent permits see to it that this is so.
Ms. Vivian Tolentino Impacts on nearby
Municipality of Kawit municipalities
In Chapter 1 - Project Description, the project's location is described relative to important
landmarks, other reclamation projects, protected areas, etc. Relative to this, the impact areas
as well as the potential effects are described.
The 3 island projects on the other side of Bacoor Bay will be separated by 200m channels which
are navigable. This is discussed under Chapter 2.2 Water - subsection on circulation modeling.
Representative from Navigability of channels
The reclamation project will ensure that adequate seawater channels in between islands are
Philippine Coast Guard between island projects
designed and maintained open to boat navigation. Such channels will be adequately
engineered to ensure suitable depth and seawater flow.
The Implementation Schedule is provided as a gantt chart under 1.7.3. Construction (including
Councilor Cris Go of consolidation and stabilization) will take approx 5 years, while site development will take about
Estimate Project Timeline
Municipality of Rosario 2 years for a total of 7 years.
This will only start after a Notice to Proceed is issued by the PRA.

This is discussed under Chapter 2.1.3 - Geological Hazards and under Chapter 2.2
Philippine Coast Guard Impacts on Flooding Oceanography. Numerical modeling was done and it showed that the island will not cause nor
aggravate flooding susceptibility in the municipalities fronting or near the island.

Executive Summary ES-6

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Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

INITIAL SURVEY WITH THE COMMUNITIES NEAR THE PROJECT SITE

The results of the initial surveys covering the communities near the project site are presented in Annex ES-C2.
The said surveys were conducted as part of the Information, Education and Communication (IEC).

The Preliminary Perception Survey conducted last October 13-19 2018 with a total of 90 respondents to assess
the socio-cultural economic situation of the communities that are to be affected by the proposed reclamation,
particularly the three (3) barangays-namely: Barangays San Rafael II, San Rafael III and San Rafael IV for the
Municipality of Noveleta. Table below presents the summary of the Perception Survey conducted for the Proposed
Project.

As far as the perceived benefits is concerned, top answers are on livelihood and business opportunities,
improvement of roads and other infrastructure, additional tax, good service of the government and water
services. On the other hand, perceived adverse impacts are traffic, water pollution, loss of job, tsunami,
corruption, loss of fresh air from the Manila Bay, flood, death of marine species and loss of view.

ENHANCED PERCEPTION SURVEY

Further and enhanced household perception surveys were made post the activities on January to March 2019 to
504 respondents from 3 barangays in the municipality of Noveleta.

Perceived Impacts

The respondents were also asked on trhier own view on the possible beneficial and adverse impacts of the
proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project. As far as the benefits is concerned, top
answers are on employment and livelihood, additional tax, road construction, good service of the government and
development of the barangay and municipality. On the other hand, perceived adverse impacts are health concerns,
traffic and water and air pollution.

ES 2.4.2 Public Scoping

The Public Scoping’s conducted on 20 November 2018 at Youth Crisis Center, DSWD Compound, San Roque,
Cavite participated by seventy-two (72) stakehodlers and 21 November 2018 at Roof Top Noveleta, Public Market
and Mount Sea Resort, Municipalaity of Rosario and was attended by Ninety-one (91) participants from different
sectors. Among those invited were LGU Officials, Government Offices, Non-Government Organizations (NGO) /
People’s Organization (PO), and others. The Summary of Participants during the Public Scoping is provided in
Annex ES-C3.

Summary of Issues and Concerns Raised during Public Scoping Activity

The objective of the conducted Public Scoping Activity and other continuing IEC to be conducted is to ensure that
the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will address the relevant issues and concerns of the stakeholders and
that it will be consistent with the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS). Issues and Concerns
raised during the Public Scoping Activity is provided in Table ES-6 below.

Table ES-6. Major Issues and Concerns during Public Scoping Activity
Sector or Representative
Issues/Suggestions
Who Raised the Issue/ How it was Addressed in the EIS
Raised by Stakeholder
Suggestion

The alternatives for the sources of materials are presented in Chapter 1. Current best
Source of Filling
Marcos Aristotle P. Alvarez option is San Nicholas Shoal. Other options include lahar from Pampanga, river
Materials
dredging, etc.

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 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sector or Representative
Issues/Suggestions
Who Raised the Issue/ How it was Addressed in the EIS
Raised by Stakeholder
Suggestion
All observations recorded muddy substrate mixed with coarse sand and shellfish
carapace across the entire “Island D” reclamation site. The benthic observations did
not encounter coral colonies, soft corals, algal assemblages or significant underwater
Michael L. Del Rosario
rocky structures that can serve as habitats for demersal species of fish, macro-
Impact on artificial coral
invertebrates and crustaceans. The spot dives conducted in four stations to verify
Kap. Jomer M. Bumatayo reefs and fishing
alleged claims by boatmen that rocky substrate occur in the area yielded negative
grounds
results – only mud and silted sand were encountered. Elsewhere in the reclamation
Mayor Jose V. Ricafrente III
site, extensive systematic snorkeling around shallow portions of the sea where corals
can normally thrive revealed the same absence of coral life forms. Impacts on fishing
discussed under Table ES-5 above.
Congressman Michael Del Impacts on drainage
Project is at sea about 200m offshore, will not impede or block drainages
Rosario system
Employment As discussed in Chapter 2.4-People, hiring of local residents will be given priority for
Alex Mañago Sr. opportunities for as long as there are qualified individuals locally. This is also discussed under
residents Manpower requirements in Chapter 1.

The various reclamation prjects in the Province as well as in other parts of Manila Bay
are complementary to each other. The PRA, DENR and other agencies who review
Devina M. Cenizal Impacts on nearby and approves various pertinent permits see to it that this is so.
Resident of Tanza, Cavite municipalities
In Chapter 1 - Project Description, the project's location is described relative to
important landmarks, other reclamation projects, protected areas, etc. Relative to this,
the impact areas as well as the potential effects are described.

In Chapter 2.1, conflict in landuse issues, this is discussed in connection with

Impacts on
coordination with government agencies to acquire LONOs, wherein their specific
Pipo Nipomoceno archeological/historical
conditions and concerns are addressed. The proponent shall be coordinating with the
sites
National Museum Authority and other concerned agencies in this regard.

Impacts on subsidence, As discussed under Chapter 2.1, the project will not induce natural geological hazards.
Randy Legaspi storm surge and other For storm surge and/or tsunamis, the island can potentially serve as protection or shield
geological hazards for the coastal areas.

EIA Summary
ES 3.1 Summary of Alternatives

Territorial Jurisdiction
• Must not be in or conflict with ECAs or Protected Areas as declared in the NIPAS, principally the LPP
Wetland Park and mangrove communities
• The site should be legally within the juridical jurisdiction of the LGU-Proponent, which for this project is
Province of Cavite. Conflict on jurisdiction with other LGUs should be avoided.

ES 3.2 Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects After Applying Mitigation

Table ES-7. Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects after Applying Mitigation
Activity / Resource Options for Prevention or Mitigation* or Target Performance/
Potential Impact
Likely Enhancement Efficiency
CONSTRUCTION PHASE- DREDGING ACTIVITY/OPERATION
Removal of unwanted Water pollution brought about Installation of silt curtains around the dredging vessel and 100 % Compliant to RA 9275
seabeds and silt by silt disturbance within the around the perimeter area of dredging area/activities and DAO 2016-08 standards
project area outside the silt curtain area
Transport of dredged Water pollution due to The hauler shall ensure that vessels used for transporting 100% Compliant to RA 9275
material to disposal site accidental spillage of dredged are in good condition to prevent dredged materials from and DAO 2016-08 standards
materials leaking or spilling outside the silt curtain area
Dumping of dredged Soil and water Pollution due to Installation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner and/or 100% No soil contamination
material to disposal site disposal of dredged materials clay for the spoil disposal site to prevent soil and water and 100% Compliant to RA
(Inland) (ground and surface) contamination and zero discharge 9275 and DAO 2016-08

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 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Activity / Resource Options for Prevention or Mitigation* or Target Performance/
Potential Impact
Likely Enhancement Efficiency
Dredging of filling Water pollution due to turbidity • Installation of silt curtains around the dredging vessel 100% Compliant to RA 9275
material for and/or dredging area and DAO 2016-08 standards
reclamation

Barging of fill materials Water Pollution due to possible • Provision of containment facility to prevent spillage 100% Compliant to RA 9275
for reclamation spillage of dredged materials • Provision of control measures when transporting filling and DAO 2016-08 standards
during barging materials
Increase of suspended solids 100% no proliferation of
affecting the settlement of suspended solids
marine species in the dredging
and reclamation areas
RECLAMATION ACTIVITY/OPERATION
Construction of Water pollution/ Increase • Installation of a silt curtain 50m away from the working 100% Compliant to RA 9275
containment wall turbidity of adjacent areas due area, surrounding the area to be filled with reclamation and DAO 2016-08 standards
system/revetment to Infrastructure /Construction materials and in the containment wall system/revetment
structures Activities structures area. 100% no freshwater quality
of adjacent areas • Provision of geotextile membrane on the containment degradation and loss of
Installation of structures throughout the perimeters of the project freshwater species
containment wall area. particularly Ylang Ylang
system combination of River and 100% no cutting of
rock dike, accropode mangroves
wick drains, sand bag,
and grid plate shall be
used along certain
areas along the
perimeter of the project
area
Filling the project area Water pollution /Increase • Installation of a silt curtain 50m away from the working 100% Compliant to RA 9275
with reclamation turbidity due to filling materials area, surrounding the area to be filled with reclamation and DAO 2016-08 standards
materials near reclamation areas materials and in the containment system area.
• Silt curtains shall be removed after filling inside the
containment system.
• Installation of silt curtains within the 50m away from the
Delivery of filling and barge (for comments of the proponent)
other construction • Provision of permeable geotextile membrane to
materials through prevent sediments during high and low tide outside the
barges project area
Hauling of filling Increase in Noise generation • Use of very efficient silencers on equipment and other 100% compliant to Noise
materials noise dissipating device on all equipment to be used. Standards
Prior to project implementation, the proponent shall
submit inventory of noise dissipating devices such as
silencers that will be installed in each heavy equipment
and corresponding noise level.
• Avoid use of heavy machinery during night hours.
Activities should be strictly done from 8:00 AM to 5:00
PM only.
• Installation of noise barriers along haul roads that will
be used by heavy equipment.
Dust pollution due to vehicle The project proponent shall ensure its haulers have 100% compliant to RA 8749
movements: appropriate mitigating measures to address the impact of in terms of air quality
-Along the road leading to the dust pollution such as: standards
reclamation area ▪ Sprinkling of water using water tanker at least four times
-Within the project area a day along all possible roads leading to the reclamation
activities area, especially during dry season.
▪ Covering all loaded trucks properly/fully using tarpaulin
throughout the hauling period.
• All trucks shall be road-worthy.
Health and Safety due to 100% compliant to PPEs and
Implement wearing of PPE’s at all times when inside the
exposure to Construction Zero accident
project site
Hazard
LAND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY/OPERATION
Land • Liquefaction due to improper compaction 100 % No liquefaction

Executive Summary ES-9

 CHAPTER ES
Executive Summary
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Activity / Resource Options for Prevention or Mitigation* or Target Performance/
Potential Impact
Likely Enhancement Efficiency
Compaction/Soil Noise pollution due to heavy • Use of very efficient silencers on equipment and other 100% compliant to RA 8749
stabilization of the equipment operation noise dissipating device on all equipment to be used. in terms of air quality
project area Prior to project implementation, the proponent shall standards
submit inventory of noise dissipating devices such as
silencers that will be installed in each heavy equipment
and corresponding noise level.
• Avoid use of heavy machinery during night hours.
Activities should be strictly done from 8:00 AM to 5:00
PM only.
• Installation of fences/noise barriers along the
perimeter of the project area. Corresponding areas to
be monitored shall be submitted to EMB.
Air pollution emission of dust • Sprinkling of water using water tanker at least four 100% compliant to RA 8749
due to heavy equipment times a day within the project area especially during dry in terms of air quality
operation season. standards
• Providing adequate water spraying device per hauling
unit to water along all possible roads leading to the
reclamation area.
Construction of Land pollution due to The proponent shall ensure that its contractors shall practice 100% compliant to the
horizontal structures indiscriminate /improper on-site segregation and establish storage facility of the following:
such as follows: dumping of solid wastes and following:
A. Road networks toxic substances • Construction debris such as used drum, used tires, • RA 9003
B. Drainage system wood cuttings, iron bar cuttings, etc. • DAO 1992-29 and DAO
C. Water distribution • Hazardous wastes such as used oil, busted lamps, oily 2013-22 and its Revised
D. Power and rags, etc. Procedural Manual
telecommunication The above waste materials shall be hauled and disposed of
lines by a DENR accredited hauler and treater.
Biodegradable materials shall be used for composting.
Compost materials shall be used for greening activities.
Personnel stationed at the reclaimed land will be provided 100% Zero discharge of
Generation of untreated/
with on-site portable toilets and washrooms. Collection and domestic waste to Bacoor
improper disposal of domestic
disposal will be done by an DENR accredited hazardous Bay
wastewater
waste hauler and treater
Water Pollution due Increase ▪ Drainage system should to lead to settling ponds 100% Compliant to RA 9275
storm water run-offs ▪ Provision of storm water collection system and DAO 2016-08 standards
surrounding the Areas
Dust pollution emanating from ▪ Sprinkling of water along all possible routes leading to 100% compliant to RA 8749
open areas the reclamation area, at least four times a day, especially in terms of air quality
during dry season. standards
▪ Open areas should be covered with greeneries such as
grass, shrubs, etc.
Health and Safety due to ▪ Implement wearing of PPE’s at all times when inside the 100% compliant to PPEs and
exposure to Construction project site Zero accident
Hazard ▪ Implement SDP in terms of priority for local hirees 100% SDP implementation

ES 3.3 Risk and uncertainties relating to the findings and implications for decision making

The advance reclamation methodologies and the engagement of experienced reclamation contractor will
significantly reduce project risks and uncertainties. The containment wall design and construction is a significant
aspect in the reduction of risks and uncertaianties that could otherwise challenge the integrity of the reclaimed
land.

The Detailed Engineering and Design (DED) requirements of the Philippine Reclamation Authority which are
complied with post ECC and in the application for a Notice to Proceed (NTP) are another aspect of risk and
uncertainty minimization.

The dredging activities to be undertaken at the source of the fill materials, presumably the San Nicholas Shoal
(SNS) must necessarily be backed up the expertise in dredging and by complete knowledge of the characteristics
(particularly geologic) of the San Nicholas sea bed.

Executive Summary ES-10

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Chapter 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION

On the simultaneous applications for the horizontal and the vertical phase, these cannot be done at the same
time. The vertical phase is subject to a different EIS process and may involve a Programmatic Type of
document. Moreover, the proponent(s) for the vertical phase, which must be the personality to apply for the
ECC, are not identified at this time.

However, as a Planning Tool, the EIS Report in fact considers the vertical phase, as reflected in the Master
Development Plan, the Drainage System and the Access ways from the Shore.

The Proponent has demonstrated consideration of geotechnical risk issues in the submission of the EIS,
including assessment of settlement, liquefaction and stability of the preliminary revetment sections. Such
considerations indicate an understanding of environmental risks and the proposal of mitigation measures,
when warranted, for the purpose of securing an environmental permit, particularly that within the mandate of
the PRA.

It is also the understanding of the Proponent that additional, comprehensive analysis as well as further
construction details will be necessary prior to the issuance a PRA Notice for the construction work, which will
be technical speaking, a “permit”

Among the relevant Instrumentalities covering the Project is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolution No.
1077, S 2018, dated November 19, 208. This resolution grants the Provincial Governor the authority to award
to Century Peak Corporation (CPC) and its consortium, the Cavite Reclamation Project Development covering
1,332 hectares (5 islands) within the territorial jurisdiction of the province. This also grants the Provincial
Governor the authority to sign the Joint Venture Agreement for this purpose, pursuant to Provincial Ordinance
No. 002-2-2012, otherwise known as “Provincial Government of Cavite’s PPP Code”. This also resolves to
grant the Provincial Governor to apply for the necessary permits/clearances before the appropriate agencies,
and to enter into agreement with such agencies, and if necessary, to sign, issue and submit documents in
connection with the project. This resolution is provided as Annex 1-A.

This provincial resolution is backed by resolutions from the host municipalities stating no objection to the
project. The Sangguniang Bayan of Noveleta issued Resolution No. 2019-03 signed on January 28, 2019,
said resolutions interposed no objection/opposition to the Cavite Reclamation Project and no
objection/opposition to the authority of the Provincial Government to apply for the said project. These are
attached as Annex 1-B, respectively

Brief Summary of Regulatory Process in Reclamation Projects (PRA Process)

Reclamation projects are governed by several decrees and proclamations as described hereunder in
chronological order:

Presidential Decree No. 3-A mandates that all reclamation of foreshore, submerged and offshore areas shall
be limited to the National Government or any person authorized by it under a proper contract;

Executive Order No. 525, dated February 12, 1979, designated the Philippine Estates Authority-PEA (now
known as the Philippine Reclamation Authority-PRA) as the agency primarily responsible for all reclaimed
projects for and in behalf of the National Government and mandates that all reclamation projects be submitted
to the President for his approval, upon recommendation by the PEA and the same to be undertaken by the
PEA or through a proper contract executed by it with any person or entity;

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Executive Order No. 543, dated June 24, 2006, delegates to the PRA the authority of the President to approve
reclamation projects;

EO No. 146, dated November 13, 2013, transferred the power to approve reclamation projects from the PRA
Board to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board. Pursuant to Section 6 of this EO,
the NEDA-PRA Joint Order was issued.

EO 74, dated February 1, 2019, transferred the PRA to the control and supervision of the Office of the
President (OP). EO No. 74 repeals the EOs designating power to the DENR and NEDA Board over the PRA.
Furthermore, in this EO, the power of the President to approve all reclamation projects shall be delegated to
the PRA Governing Board.

EO 74 also mandates the PRA to seek advisory opinions from the NEDA, DENR, and Department of Finance
on any proposed reclamation project. It states that no reclamation project shall be approved by the PRA without
the required area clearance and environmental compliance certificate from the DENR.

PRA Administrative Order No. 2019-4 embodies the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of EO 54.
Under this IRR, “Area Clearance”, one of the mandatory documents for a reclamation project, is defined as:

3.2 Area Clearance refers to the document issued by the DENR declaring an area suitable for reclamation
on the basis of:

a. Valid Geohazard Assessment of the Area duly prepared and signed by a licensed
Geologist; and
b. Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) Certification on the
status of the area and land classification of adjacent land.

The capacity of the Province of Cavite to reclaim is pursuant to Republic Act (RA) No. 7160 or the Local
Government Code of 199. The Department of Interior and Local Government, under Memorandum Circular
No. 120, s.2016, confirmed the authority of local government units to enter into Public-Private Partnerships
and Joint Ventures for reclamation projects pursued consistent with the mandate and charter of the PRA. This
project is under the EO 543 since this is already covered by the existing JVA Agreement, such application met
the minimum requirements as stipulated in the IRR of EO 543.

In connection with the Area Clearance application, a Notice to Proceed has been granted by the DENR-Region
IV-A in favor of this proposed project. This enables the Project Proponent to proceed with the ECC Application
process.

The NTP and Area Clearance Application are shown in Annex 1-C.

Project Overview:

The Province of Cavite plans to build four artificial islands (A, C, D and E) 300 to 600 m offshore from Cavite
City, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario in Cavite Province, Southeast of Manila Bay, Philippines. The project covers
a total area of 1,043.28 hectares and creates four islands through land backfill.

Based on the preliminary plan, the four islands will be built into a modern aerotropolis in the future. Table 1-A
presents conceptual overall configuration of the proposed Cavite Reclamation Project. See Figure 1-A for the
preliminary overall master plan showing the location of the specific Island C for application.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 1-A Conceptual Overall Configuration of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project
Description Island A Island C Island D Island E

Project Area 247.28 hectares 205.00 hectares 267.00 hectares 324.00 hectares

No. of Island One (1) Island One (1) Island One (1) Island One (1) Island

Volume of Earth Fill 21.95 Million cubic meters 21.23 Million cubic meters 25.22 Million cubic meters 31.93 Million cubic meters

Finished Platform Elevation + 4.50 meters above MLLW + 4.50 meters above MLLW + 4.50 meters above MLLW + 4.50 meters above MLLW
Dredging Equipment Cutter Suction Dredger Cutter Suction Dredger Cutter Suction Dredger Cutter Suction Dredger
Reclamation Method Hydraulic Sand Hydraulic Sand Hydraulic Sand Hydraulic Sand
Filling Method Filling Method Filling Method Filling Method
Design of Containment System Drainage and Drainage and Drainage and Drainage and
(Ground Improvement under consolidation method consolidation method consolidation method consolidation method
Dike)
Length of the Dike 6,601 linear meters 4,910 linear meters 5,710 linear meters 7,043 linear meters
Structure Type and Materials of Sloping Dike using Sand Sloping Dike using Rock and Sloping Dike using Rock Sloping Dike using Rock
Dike Bags Sand Bags and Sand Bags and Sand Bags
Armor Structure Natural Stone Armor Artificial block armor Artificial block armor Artificial block armor
(Accropode) and Concrete (Accropde) and Concrete (Accropode) and Concrete
Grid Plate Grid Plate Grid Plate
Soil Stabilization Vertical Drains Plus Vertical Drains Plus Vertical Drains Plus Vertical Drains Plus
Surcharge Surcharge Surcharge Surcharge

Inter-Island Connectivity/Bridge None C-D D-E~ None

~ 200 meters 200 meters
External Bridge From Manila-Cavite Road From Manila-Cavite Road Planned Road with Planned Road with
and CAVITEx Extension and CAVITEx Extension provision of Access provision of Access
with provision of Access with provision of Access Road (Bridge) Road (Bridge)
Road (Bridge) Road (Bridge)
To Island A To Island C To Island D To Island E

Purpose of the Application ISLAND C

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 1-A Preliminary Overall Master Plan showing the location of Island C

Chapter 1.0 1-4

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.1 Project Area, Location and Accessibility

1.1.1 Location and Political Boundaries

The proposed project will occupy a total reclaimed land area of 205 hectares. The project is located along the
coastal waters of Noveleta, within the jurisdiction of Cavite Province.

Provided in Figure 1-1 is the NAMRIA map and in Figure 1-2 the aerial satellite map of the proposed project
site. The barangays/municipality adjacent to and fronting the project site (which are also the impact barangays)
are shown in Figures 1-3 and 1-4.

1.1.2 Geographic Coordinates (Shape File Data) of Project Area

The coordinates are vital for (a) identifying the Scope of the ECC that is being applied for, (b) providing the
footprints from which evaluations may be made, e.g. water circulation, bathymetry; geotechnical investigation
and marine surveys and for (c) ascertaining that the site is indeed within the political boundaries of the
Municipality. See Figures 1-1 and Figure 1-2.

Table 1-1 Geographic Coordinates of the Project Landform

CORNER LONGITUDE LATITUDE
1 120° 52' 14.2761" E 14° 26' 43.2135" N
2 120° 52' 00.7759" E 14° 26' 38.2896" N
3 120° 51' 33.0421" E 14° 26' 51.7782" N
4 120° 51' 25.1700" E 14° 27' 02.4198" N
5 120° 51' 41.6110" E 14° 27' 33.3327" N
6 120° 51' 58.3151" E 14° 27' 32.9654" N
7 120° 52' 19.7722" E 14° 27' 18.9656" N
8 120° 52' 25.3471" E 14° 27' 06.9851" N
Shape File Data in WGS 84

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: NAMRIA Boundary Base Map, ESRI

Figure 1-1 Project Site Location on a NAMRIA Municipal Boundary Base Map

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 1-2 Proposed Project Location Map indicating its Geographical Points (Google Earth Map)

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.1.3 Accessibility

Existing Transport Network Systems

The nearest existing major road to the proposed project site on Manila Bay side of Noveleta is the Manila-
Cavite Road (NS orientation), approximately located at a range of 0.49 kilometers straight distance from the
nearest corner of Island C, shown in Figure 1-5.

Cavite enjoys strategic access to Manila. Its proximity to the urban centers as well as the international
gateways of the country has made it accessible through 12 major entry and exit points. It is located at Region
IV-A or the CALABARZON Region. (www.cavite.gov.ph)

These access points are currently being expanded and re-developed to further ease the burden of reaching
Manila and its neighboring cities. (www.cavite.gov.ph). The roads important to the project are:

• Manila-Cavite Coastal Road via Talaba, Bacoor City

• Cavite Toll Expressway (CAVITEX) or R-1 Expressway Extension

Planned Transport Network System

There is a project in the pipeline for the Manila-Cavite Expressway, also known as Coastal Road/ CAVITEX,
(a tollway linking Manila to Cavite Province) to be extended northwards from the Imus Interchange to Sangley
Point. This road shall pass over the waters of Bacoor Bay, and is seen as an opportunity for linkage to Island
C.

Planned Road Network System

The 7.7-kilometer long expressway will connect C5 road to the Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway and is expected
to be fully operational by 2019. It will include a 2x3 lane carriageway, an R1 Expressway (Coastal Road)
interchange, Sucat toll barrier, Merville ramp and a flyover. Phase 1 is the construction of a flyover that will
connect C5 to Merville Subdivision in Paranaque while Phase 2 connects Merville Subdivision to Cavitex,
virtually linking Paranaque to the province of Cavite.

Planned Railway System

11.7 km extension of the LRT Line 1 with eight stations from Baclaran Station in Paranaque City, Metro Manila
to Niyog Station, Bacoor City, Cavite Province. Of 11.7km extension, approximately 10.5 km will be elevated
and 1.2 km will be at-grade.

The Access Ways

Preliminary design works are underway for the link from shore to the reclaimed land. In any case, the initial
plan is for access ways/viaducts to be linked to the Manila-Cavite Road for Island C. Figure 1-7.

Inter-island Connectivity

Inter-island bridges will be built to connecting Islands 1 and 2 will be built. Furthermore, the access ways to
island C shall be interconnected, and will pass over land.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

➢ Inter-City Connectivity

The proposed viaduct system could have spur lines that can connect Cavite City, Noveleta and Rosario, as
well as all of their adjoining LGUs.

➢ Inter-Regional Connectivity

The proposed viaduct system that can connect the Cavite reclamation islands can also effectively interconnect
the Project with the southern NCR/ MMA cities of Pasay, Parañaque, and Las Piñas. To effectively connect
the Project with the NCR/ MMA, additional or separate linkages to existing, ongoing and planned transit
systems and to tollway systems have to be planned.

➢ Extra-Regional Connectivity

Aside from the planned and existing surface linkages, extra- regional travel (over straight-line distances of
from 60 to more than 100 kilometers/km) may already require other forms of non-overland transport i.e. ships,
ferries, private boats/yachts, helicopters, and the like. The marina/s that may be later proposed for the Project
may effectively host water-borne traffic while the transportation and utility blocks can host heliports and
helistops atop the multi-modals/ intermodals/ parking structures; should 
express (or high speed) railway
services become available in the near future. It is also hoped that the viaduct can host this level of service. In
such an event, the inter-reclamation island viaduct alignment shall have 4 separate services i.e. water,
drainage and wastewater lines at sub-grade level, surface traffic at grade, a commuter rail (express) service
cum utility alignments i.e. fiber optic/ telecommunications, power, gas/ fuel, etc. at the 2nd level, a light rail
service at the 3rd level, a tollway service at the 4th level and possibly even a Project-wide cable car or monorail
service at the 5th level.

1.1.4 Vicinity Map and Adjacent Landmarks

The vicinity map is shown in Figures 1-6. Important landmarks in the area are historical sites, old churches,
industrial parks, and beach resorts. The nearest landmarks from the project site include:

• Casa Tribunal de Noveleta - the place where Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo wrestled with two guardia
civils on duty on August 31, 1896.
• Villa Mar / Lido Beach Resorts (Brgy. San Rafael IV)
• Long Beach Resort

1.1.5 Adjacent Proposed Reclamation and Other Projects

The adjacent new reclamation projects are shown in Figure 1-7. These include the following:

Table 1-2 List of Nearby Reclamation Projects

Project Area (Hectare) Status of ECC
Bacoor Reclamation and Development Project 320 With ECC
Diamond Reclamation and Development Project 100 With ECC
Sangley Point International Airport Project >1,400 Planning stage
Philippine Navy Reclamation Project ~68.68 Planning stage
Parañaque 286.86-ha Reclamation Project 286.86 Application process ongoing

At this time, however, the ECC applications for the SPIA and PN projects have not been lodged with the DENR-
EMB.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
There are no overlaps in boundaries between these other projects and this application as there were
adjustments made by the proponent with respect to landform and area coverage in consideration of the SPIA
and PN reclamation projects to ensure that there will be no conflicts.

1.1.6 Relative Location of the Las Piñas-Parañaque Wetland Park (LPPWP)

The potential impact of the Project on LPPCHEA is well considered. Figure 1-8 shows the LPPWP being 11.2
km away from the site a big distance to cause concern over potential impacts of the project.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sources: Base Map – Open Street Map from Google Earth. 2020; Data for Barangay Boundaries – PhilGIS, ESRI Shapefile. 2011

Figure 1-3 Geopolitical Map of Province of Cavite Indicating the Proposed Project Site and Impact Barangays

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: Base Map- NAMRIA Map Sheet 3129 1. July 2001; Data for Barangay Boundaries – PhilGIS, ESRI Shapefile. 2011

Figure 1-4 Geopolitical Map – Province of Cavite and Adjacent Municipalities Indicating the Project Site

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2018

Figure 1-5 Initial Framework Plan for the Cavite Reclamation Projects Showing Conceptual Access Ways to Existing Road and the Future CAVITEx Expansion and Bridges

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: Base Map @ Open StreetMap (and) contributors CC-BY-SA

Figure 1-6 Vicinity Map Showing the Important Landmarks

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 1-7 Nearby Reclamation Projects

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Open StreetMap (and) contributors CC-BY-SA

Figure 1-8 Map Showing the distance of the Project Site to LPPWP

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
1.1.7 Impact Areas

The guidelines provided by the Revised Procedural Manual (RPM) for DAO 2003-30 relevant to this project are used for
the delineation of the DIA and IIA. Moreover, it is also based on the criteria on Section 10.1 of DAO 2017-15 and the results
of the hydrodynamic modelling.

Direct impact area (DIA) is … the area where ALL project facilities are proposed to be constructed/situated and where all
operations are proposed to be undertaken. For most projects, the DIA is equivalent to the total area applied for an ECC.

The direct impact areas (in terms of the physical environment) are those areas where all project components are proposed
to be constructed/situated, which is the reclamation island itself covering 205 hectares. This area is currently the body of
water covered by the planned landform. There are no structures nor settlers at the DIA.

All barangays fronting the proposed site such as: Barangay San Rafael 2, Barangay San Rafael 3 and Barangay San
Rafael 4

Another DIA are the nearest existing road where access ways will be built

Indirect Impact Area (IIA) …an IIA can be the stretch of the river/s OUTSIDE the project area but draining the project
site, which can potentially transport Total Suspended Solids and other discharges from the project towards downstream
communities. For the proposed project, the IIA are: the navigation lane of dredging vessel and the other adjacent proposed
reclamation project, which is the Sangley Point International Airport Reclamation Project, which is still in the planning
stage.

The table below lists the DIAs and IIAs of the proposed project.

Table 1-3 Impact Areas

INDIRECT IMPACT
MODULE MAJOR IMPACTS DIRECT IMPACT AREA/S
AREA/S
Deemed not applicable, project is at
Impacts in terms of compatibility sea.
with existing land use Land Use Certification already
issued
Adjacent impact barangays are: San
Rafael II, San Rafael III and San
Impact in existing land tenure
Rafael IV for Municipality of
issue/s
Noveleta; No land tenure issues
related to project which is at sea.
Land Improper Solid Waste
Management and Other related At and vicinity of site
Impacts
Inducement of natural hazards
such as liquefaction, storm surge, Municipality of Noveleta Municipality of Noveleta
tsunami, debris flow
Soil Erosion At and vicinity of site, Shoreline
Las Piñas – Parañaque
Impacts on Las Piñas –
-not applicable- Wetland Park about 11.1
Parañaque Wetland Park
km
Change in drainage morphology At and vicinity of site/onshore
Water Change in bathymetry At and vicinity of site
Change in water circulation Project site and vicinities
Chapter 1.0 1-17
 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
INDIRECT IMPACT
MODULE MAJOR IMPACTS DIRECT IMPACT AREA/S
AREA/S
Project site and adjacent water
bodies.
- The extent of water bodies where
water quality are projected to
exceed the ambient standards.
- Coastal areas using groundwater
that could possibly be contaminated
by project activities.
Degradation of freshwater and - Areas where there are existing
coastal water quality users of the same source of water
(e.g. fishing) that the proposed
project will be using.
Nearshore coastal waters fronting
the proposed project sites, i.e., coral Offshore coral shoals within
reefs; seagrass meadows, 1 to 3 km from the project
mangrove habitats, macro- site; mariculture zones (if
invertebrate habitats, and plankton any)
communities
Displacement of established
fishing areas within the proposed Fisheries resources and practices
site occurring within the coastal area in
Displacement of lifts and mussel front of the project site
farms
Potential Damage to fish cages Other fish lifts/sapras in the
due to Navigation of Vessel vicinity
Potential damage to adjacent
Adjacent freshwater bodies
creeks and rivers
Areas with projected Ground
Level Concentration (GLCs) of Site of access way connecting
Air Roads outside project site
emissions higher than the points onshore
ambient standard
Positive impacts on employment Impact Barangays/Municipality of
Province of Cavite
and livelihood Noveleta
Positive impacts on economic Impact Barangays/Municipality of
Province of Cavite
uplift of the Province of Cavite Noveleta
People Competition or otherwise
Impact Barangays/Municipality of Municipality of Noveleta
enhancement of livelihood or
Noveleta and Province of Cavite
businesses adjacent to site
Impacts on traffic in nearby
Adjacent areas onshore
existing roads

The Direct and Indirect Impact Map is provided in Figure 1-9

1.1.8 Proposed Buffer Zone

Generally defined, an environmental buffer zone is a geographical zonal area that separates a project site from the impact
areas (water, land, air and people) thereby providing protection from the impacts of the project to communities/people and
resources. For the project the buffer zone is the water itself surrounding the landform and is about 11.11 km from LPCHEA.
The buffer zone is also shown in Figure 1-9 and Annex E.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 1-9 Pre-EIA Direct and Impact Areas and Buffer Zone of the Proposed Project

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.2 Project Rationale

The basic rationale for the Island C Reclamation Project has to be taken in the context of the entire Cavite
Land Reclamation and Development Project, which consists of four islands.

The Province of Cavite has the advantage of being near/ adjacent to major urban centers in Metro Manila. As
such, it enjoys strategic access to Manila. Cavite is committed to becoming a major international gateway and
a preferred hub for global companies. Presently, it hosts several industrial/economic productivity zones that
continue to persuade investors to choose Cavite.

The increase in businesses also results to population growth. In addition, the areas of Cavite nearest to Metro
Manila are increasingly becoming a popular choice for residential areas because of its easy access to work
places/business centers, schools, and commercial areas.

The overwhelming congestion in Metro Manila has led urban planners to seek areas for expansion, and what
better options are there but for adjacent provinces such as Cavite. In fact, the Sangley Point has been shown
to be the most feasible area for the airport-seaport complex with enabling reclamation component. With this,
it is necessary for Cavite to provide large parcels of land to accommodate envisioned developmental growth.

Economic Growth

The proposed Cavite land reclamation project for Island C of 205 hectares located along the coast of Manila
Bay, near the Sangley Point, can produce some 13,300,000 square meters of additional buildable/developable
space. This could be translated into about 9,310,000 square meters of building gross floor area, based on the
existing 70% buildable vis-à-vis to 30% open space/public area ratio. The additional 9,310,000 square meters
of building gross floor area can be allocated for tourism, office, residential, commercial, and other non-industrial
mixed uses in a master planned community. It can be a pride for the province and will put it in the world map
of business, leisure and investment.

The Municipality of Noveleta will have additional land areas for expansion and development. Also, they will
have new saleable and leasable prime properties; the project will be completed at no cost to the government;
provide additional revenues through taxation, permits and licenses from the various economic activities of the
said Project. These taxes in turn will be utilized for the improvement and lifting up of the level of public services
being provided by the local government unit in particular as well as the those of the national government in
general. The host Province and its cities/municipalities will then be transformed into new, vibrant and self-
sufficient communities where employment and other income generating activities could be secured all year
round. Moreover, there will be a new destination for local and international tourists. Furthermore, it can serve
as a buffer to the coastal areas from storm surge.

The proposed project will further promote the well-being of the people of the 3 impact barangays, the
Municipalities of Noveleta, as well as the Province of Cavite, especially in terms of employment and livelihood.
The increase in employment opportunities for the locals will also translate to increased buying capacity of the
residents, which will eventually translate into down-the-line benefits in terms of increased sales or business
opportunities to local entrepreneurs.

Proceeds from the reclamation shall enable the Provincial as well as the Municipal LGU to expand and
continually provide for its existing and future projects as indicated in their Comprehensive Development Plans
(CDP) such as (i) school and healthcare facilities and services; (ii) medical, burial, educational assistance; (iii)
financial assistance to barangays and to victims of fire and other calamities; (iv) social pension and senior
citizens’ welfare; (v) cash gifts and financial and emergency relief assistance; (vi) medical missions and
emergency relief programs; (viii) livelihood programs and others.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
1.3 Project Alternatives
1.3.1 Siting Alternative Criteria

The key to siting of the project is to determine the best option available that will not result in serious
environmental and social impacts.

With respect to Territorial Jurisdiction:

The most basic criterion in siting alternatives is that the site must be legally within the political jurisdiction of
the LGU Proponent, which for this project is Province of Cavite. Conflict on jurisdiction with other LGUs should
be avoided.

With respect to environmental/social impacts:

The severity of impacts is essentially the same for the feasible sites because the sites are essentially dictated
by marine resources and bathymetry. Water depths have to be compatible with the dredging requirements and
cost considerations, thus limiting the options to sites with depths of approximately 10 meters or shallower.

The perception of affected communities is considered neutral with respect to the site because the community
concerns i.e. livelihood, employment, floods, storm surge and threats of earthquakes are essentially
independent of the feasible site options.

With respect to risk factors:

The geological and met-ocean risks are the same for the coastal areas of the Province of Cavite, and therefore,
are not germane to site selection. Moreover, engineering/design and construction methodology interventions
will be adapted and applied to the landforms in whichever site is selected.

With respect to important landmarks:

As required and identified by the LGU, the project site will be set back from the coast for at least 200m, hence,
it will have enough buffer to the important landmarks onshore.

With respect to ECAs or Protected Areas as declared in the E-NIPAS:

The project site is not within the LPP Wetland Park nor does it infringe on the mangrove communities (see
Figure 1-8).

With respect to the other possible reclamation projects in the future:

There is sufficient buffer zone between the site and these other projects.

In addition, the site must not be in conflict with existing settlers, if any; and must be in reasonable distance
from the source of filling materials i.e. the San Nicholas Shoal

With respect to configuration:

• Site and configuration must be acceptable to concerned other government entities, e.g. the PPA
as would be established during the securing of the Letters of No Objection (LONOs);
• The Master Plan and the configuration should be in harmony;
• Configuration and site must be in conformance with the PLUP/CLUPs;
• Configuration must not be in conflict with existing and future reclamation plans of the host
municipality/province; and
• The design of the viaduct will be influenced by the configuration and site inasmuch as the viaduct
must connect to the shore and must be feasible in terms of length.

With respect to number of islands:

The choice on the number of islands must allow sufficient water circulation; sedimentation factors, passage of
sea traffic, buffer zones for other users, overall aesthetics, must not result in prohibitive costs, and other
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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
factors. The choice of one island was arrived at because preliminary hydrodynamic modeling showed that
such is sufficient and will not impede water circulation nor result in sedimentation issues.

Site options with Analysis and Evaluation of Site Engineering Geological Conditions:

Evaluation of the Site Stability and Suitability

The geological structure activity in the investigated area is relatively stable, and no adverse geological action
such as neotectonic movement, active fault zone, and landslide, etc., and obstacles affecting the project are
seen. Soft muddy soil with some thickness is distributed in the shallow part of the survey site. It is in the
adverse section for building seismicity. However, according to the analysis for engineering geological
conditions of the site, the overall stability of the site is good. This region has obtained rich building experience
that overcomes these unfavorable factors. Therefore, the survey site is a general site for construction, which
is suitable for the construction of this project

The geological and met-ocean risks are the same for the coastal areas of the Province of Cavite, and therefore,
are not germane to site selection. Moreover, engineering/design and construction methodology interventions
will be adapted and applied to the landforms in whichever site is selected.

Assessment on Engineering Geological Conditions for Marine Levee

There is a good natural shallow foundation bearing layer available in the proposed area. Therefore, the soft
soil in the proposed area is the key which affects the design and construction of the cofferdam. The soft soil
layer of the superficial part shall be strengthened necessarily to improve the bearing capacity of the shallow
foundation soil layer and ensure the stability and safety of the cofferdam during construction and after being
put into use.

1.3.2 Technology Options

Reclamation Method - Options Considered on Choice of Method(s) of Reclamation

With advance technology and available state of the art equipment and construction methods, reclaiming land
offshore even with large area nowadays could easily be implemented efficiently and effectively. With available
source, filling materials could easily be extracted and transported within the project area through different
equipment and large transportation vessels. Use of large capacity pumps makes it possible to extract sand
from the source and convey the materials through long tubes and pipes. In preparation for dredging plan,
selection of dredging equipment and dredging-conveying-reclamation methods we considered.

1.3.2.1 Dredging/Reclamation Equipment

This is closely identified with the equipment to be used. This shall be dependent on the dredging/reclamation
contractor. Options for equipment are:

Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD)

There are two types of Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger; a) Trailing type that utilizes dredging pump inside the
ship, slowly sails and dredges the soil and b) Moored type that fixes the Anker, adjusts the Anker rope and
dredges. Sans special conditions or situations, trailing type is more widely used. Trailing type is the type that
sucks the dredged soil through the Drag Head on the fleet of suction pipe.

After loading the dredged soil to the Hopper and arriving at the reclamation site, the gate bar opens and the
soil is loaded or conveyed by a pipe. This dredger type is less affected by weather and unfavorable sea

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
condition and widely used in deep sea soil sourcing. It can hold the Hopper itself, can be separately
transported, and is very advantageous for long distance destination.

However, it has a disadvantage in which it will transport more water when it dredges some soil such as clay,
and other similar types of soil. Trailing suction hopper dredger has a big dredging capacity (more than
100,000~150,000 m2/day) and long conveying distance (more than 20 km), yet, it is not well applied for the
area with low water level like the condition of the project area.

Cutter Suction Dredger

One type of dredging equipment contains a ladder with a cutter, called as Cutter Suction Dredger. The
dredging system is executed by lowering the ladder into the dredging area, and as the ladder hit the target
dredging area, the cutter attached to the bottom of the ladder is activated and operated. The soil or sand
dredged by the equipment and the water are then extracted simultaneously by the pump and transported and
delivered to the identified area using an extension pipe as conveyor.

Generally, cutter suction dredger with engine capacity 12,000 HP is widely used, though project requiring
higher engine capacity can secure of up to 20,000 HP.

Capacity of cutter suction dredger differs based on the soil condition. A 12,000 HP Dredger can dredge
1,200~1,300 m2/hour with maximum conveying distance of 5km (soft soil characteristic). It has a capacity 5
times bigger than Grab Dredger (bucket capacity 16 m2).

Due to the high pressure at the discharge side, it is impossible for cutter suction dredger to directly load the
soil into the barge such that it directly conveys the soil to the reclaimed land by a conveyor pipe. Generally,
20,000HP pump dredger and pipes are used to convey dredged soil to the reclamation site for up to a distance
of about 5-10 km. On some cases, one 20,000 HP pump dredger in series with one 12,000 HP pump dredger
is used for reclaiming sites or land with a distance of more than 10 km.

Barge Loading Dredger

Barge loading dredger is one of the alternative methods when there are some difficulties in conveying the
dredged soil using a pipe, when the conveying distance is more than 15 km and when the higher dredging
capacity is necessary. In dredging sandy material, the use of this dredger type is more economical, causes
less pollution. Dredging capacity can be increased by increasing the capacity of the pump. However, efficiency
of barge loading significantly decreases when the dredged soil mainly composed of mud. Severe pollution will
occur due to overflow, and some adverse impacts occur due to the dispersion of sediments.

The dredging method using a pump without cutter usually discharges high pressure water to disturb soil and
sand and then sucks them. Knife be may applied in case of solid or hard ground and when excavation
difficulties are encountered. Collecting capacity of barge loading cutter dredger varies according to the installed
pump capacity. Dredging barges are moored on the both sides of mining boat and then dredged soil is
discharged through the discharge pipe of the pump into the barges.

Depending on the soil conditions, an appropriate knife shall be attached in order to improve the excavation
capacity. On the other hand, cutter-less suction dredger is usually used for sourcing underwater sand or
dredging along soft mud zone. It sucks the soil and conveys the soil for short and medium distance. Using a
high-pressure pump instead of cutter knife, it disturbs the sand and earth spewed from inlet port in the end of
the ladder and sucks it up. This type is suitable for sandy soil.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Grab Dredger

Grab dredger operates by loading the crane equipped with grab into moored dredging barges. Grab bucket
capacity is expressed as a specification of grab dredger. Grab dredger is suitable for small places, small scale
dredging, deep places, and primary excavation. Conveying process during dredging is usually done by a
dredging barge and the dredging barge is towed to the area by a tugboat. Comparing with the other dredger,
disturbance on earth and sand is less, moisture content is low, and water drawn by the vessel is less so that
this dredger may be used for dredging in shallow area.

Grab dredger (with a dredging capacity of 200 m2 / hr and bucket capacity of 12.5 m2) has a lower dredging
capacity when compared to that of a pump dredger with capacity of 6 m2 and 25 m2/hr. Moreover, in very
loose soil, percentage loss of dredged soil in grab bucket is so high that it becomes less efficient (dredging
capacity is lower than 1/3 when compared to that of pump dredgers). It is also very uneconomical to operate
as compared to pump dredgers.

Selection of Dredging Equipment

Cutter Suction Dredger - Dredging method is selected by considering the capacity of dredging equipment,
the distance between dredging area and reclamation land and the effect of dredging activities to the
environment. Cutter Suction Dredger is selected because pipes can be used for reclamation work, which has
less impact to the environment. Considering such factors as long conveying distance from the source, large
scale dredging volume, and other economic issues, large dredger should be used. However, 10,000HP CSD
has been observed to be the optimum dredger that can be feasibly used for the Project.

1.3.2.2 Reclamation Technology/Method

General Layout of Land Reclamation

The proposed project consists of Island C in which the island boundary areas of which is 205 ha. The land
formation areas of the island is 174 ha.

According to the tide-proof standard of 100-year Return Period and the 100-year wave parameter, taking into
account the sea level rise factor, the average elevation of the land formation is +4.50 meters.

Hydraulic Sand Fill Method

The island will be reclaimed with hydraulic sand fill which is better to be constructed layer by layer. The
estimated volume of hydraulic sand fill is about 21.23 Million cum.

1.3.2.3 Containment System

To form closed land formation region, dikes shall be built. Length of the dike for Island C is 4910m. The return
period for tide protection of the dike is 100 years. The dike protection level is level 1. The standard of wave
protection is the same as the one of tide protection, i.e. for the wave once every 100 years. The control
standard of overtopping is that the overtopping shall be ≤ 0.05m3/ (s.m) under the combination that high tide
once every 100 years and wave every 100 years.

Design loads

1) Load in land formation area: hydraulic sand fill, the bulk density is 16~20kN/m3;
2) Load during construction of dike: the uniform load on the top of the dike is vehicles during construction, the
load is assumed to be smaller than 10kPa

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Ground Improvement under Dike

There is 0~12m thick soft soil layers in the project area. To make the dike structure economical, reasonable
and to meet the requirements of stability and settlement, the soft soil layers shall be ground improved. There
are many ground improvement methods. According to the similar projects, the common ground improvement
method is drainage and consolidation, silt displacement, etc.

Drainage and Consolidation Method

Drainage and consolidation method is to drain the water out of the soft soil and make the soft soil layer
consolidated and then to construct the upper dike structure. The cost of this method is low, the construction is
convenient and reliable, and the influence to the environment is small. The disadvantage of this method is that
the construction time of drainage and consolidation method is relatively long.

Silt displacement method

Silt displacement method focuses on the surface soft soil or the soil layer with soft soil interlayers. This method
eliminates the surface soft soil layers and use ship to fill sand or stone back to the dredged trench. The slope
of dredged trench is usually 1:3~1:6. The trench shall be re-filled after being dredged immediately. The
construction of this method is convenient, but there are many working procedures and large amount of silt
shall be disposed of, which has great influence on the environment. And the problem that silt returns is very
serious, two times silt dredging is required, the overall construction time is long.

Selection of Ground Improvement under Dike

Drainage and Consolidation Method. The area of this project is very large and the soft soil layer in the
construction region is relatively thick. Drainage and consolidation method as the ground improvement method
is relatively reasonable. In summary, it is recommended to use drainage and consolidation method in the area
that there is soft soil layer, and then the upper dike structure can be constructed. For the area that there is no
soft soil layer, the upper dike structure can be constructed directly on the natural ground.

1.3.2.4 Structure Type of Dike

Vertical Gravity Dike

The structure features a gravity dike: the inside and the outside of the section are all vertical or approximately
vertical walls. This structure generally consists of the riprap foundation bed and the wall. The waves are always
reflected in front of the wall. The major advantage of the gravity structure is that when the water depths is
relatively deep, the consumption of building materials of this structure is lower than the one of the sloping
structures (Plate 1-1).

The major disadvantage of the gravity – type structure: First, the effect of wave elimination is poor. When the
depth of water in front of the revetment is smaller than the critical depth of water, the width of the revetment
needs to be increased because of the pressure of breaking waves, which leads to the increasing of
construction cost. Second, since the foundation stress is relatively high, this structure is sensitive to differential
settlement and therefore some reinforcement measures for the foundation are required when it is built on soft
foundation. Third, it is difficult to repair a vertical structure once it is damaged.

In summary, vertical gravity – type dike is usually adopted in the area that the water depth is relatively deep
and the natural foundation is relatively good.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-1. Vertical Gravity – type Dike

Vertical Pile Foundation Dike

The vertical pile foundation dike consists of piles or sheet piles which are made up of reinforced concrete. The
construction is convenient and fast, the cost is cheap, but the structure integrity is relatively not good. Owing
to the limitation of size and bearing capacity of the piles, this structure can only be adopted to the condition
that the water is not deep, the wave is small and the horizontal load is relatively low (Plate 1-2).

Plate 1-2. Vertical Pile Foundation Dike

Sloping Dike

The characteristics of the sloping dike are as follows: this structure is built up with excavated natural stones
or artificial blocks such as concrete blocks or bagged sand; the section is trapezoidal; and when the waves
occur, most of the wave energy will be absorbed or eliminated on the slope (Plate 1-3).

The major advantages of the sloping structure are that the structure is simple and can be applied to different
foundations, the construction is convenient, the stability is good, local materials can be sufficiently used and
this structure is easy to be repaired after damage happens.

The major disadvantage is that sloping dike consumes large amount of materials and covers large areas.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-3. Sloping dike

Selection of Structure Type of Dike

Considering that the wave is big and there are various thicknesses of soft soil layer in the project area, vertical
gravity dike or vertical pile foundation dike is inappropriate and sloping dike is recommended.

1.3.2.5 Material of Dike Body

Rock Dike

Rock is a traditional dike material with long history and mature technology, which has a large range of
applications. The main advantages are that the structure is secure, the durability is good and also the capacity
of wave and wind resistance is great. The disadvantage is that large amount of rocks will be consumed (Plate
1-4).

Sand Bag Dike

The advantages of sand bag are quicker construction, low impact to the traffic, low cost, good integrity of the
dike body, etc. There are also some disadvantages but these shall be addressed strictly to ensure the quality
of the construction (Plate 1-5).

Selection of Material of Dike Body

Considering that the wave is high in the area of island B, C, D and E, it is recommended to use rock as the
material for the dikes which faces the waves directly. The southeast dikes of these 4 islands can be built up
with sand bags since they are not affected by the wave from the sea directly.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-4. Rock Dike

Plate 1-5. Sand Bag Dike

1.3.2.6 Armor Structure

Design of armor shall be based on different wave height to choose the appropriate armor structure. Common
armor structures are natural stone armor, grid plate armor, shaped block armor, etc.

Artificial block armor

The characteristics of artificial blocks are fixed effect between blocks which can make the armor layer have
good integrity, the wave elimination capacity and the stability are good, the construction is convenient (Plate
1-6). At present, common types of artificial blocks are hollow block with four supporting feet, dolosses,
accropodes, etc.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-6. Artificial Block Armor

Sheet shape artificial block armor

The primary sheet shaped artificial block is concrete grid plate (Plate 1-7). The advantages of grid plate
structure are that the members are easy to be prefabricated and the visual impact is good. Grid plate structure
is usually thin and is applied to regions where the water is shallow and the waves are small. When the wave
height is higher than 4m, grid plate structure is not appropriate.

Plate 1-7. Grid Plate

Natural Stone Armor

Natural stone armor is widely used in sloping structure (Plate 1-8). Using natural stone armor can make full
use of the advantages such as local materials using, short transport distance, convenient and fast construction,
easy future repairing, low cost, good capacity to adapt settlement, etc. Natural stone armor is applied to regions
where the waves are relatively small.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-8. Natural Stone Armor

Selection of Armor Structures

The wave is high in island B, C, D and E. Accropode is recommended to be used as the armor structure for
the dikes that have a direct contact on waves. For the southeast dikes of these four islands which do not face
the wave directly, concrete grid plate is recommended to be used as the armor structure.

1.3.3 Resources

Alternative sources of power, water, raw materials and other resources needed including factors significant to
the selection such as supply sustainability and climate change projections

The “raw materials” needed for reclamation are the fill materials and rocks. There will be no wastes or recycle
streams when using these raw materials.

Fill Materials

General Specifications for the Fill Materials (Preliminary)

• All materials used for fill shall be free of rock boulders, wood, scrap materials, and refuse.
• These should not have high organic content.
• Not more than 10 percent (10%) by weight shall pass the No. 200 sieve (75 microns). Maximum
particle size shall not exceed to100 mm diameter.
• Maximum particle size shall not exceed 75 mm.
• Shall be capable of being compacted in the manner and to the density of not less than 95 %.
• Shall have a plasticity index of not more than 6 as determined by AASHTO T 90.
• Shall have a soaked CBR value of not less than 25 % as determined by AASHTO T 193.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Estimated Requirements

Total volume of fill material for the entire reclamation area is approximately 100.33 Million cu.m. of which 21.23
million cu.m. is the requirement for Island C.

With respect to the potential sources, the following are the options identified at this time:

• San Nicholas Shoal (SNS)

o Since materials also coming from Manila Bay characteristics relatively similar to the seabed at project
site, minimizing introduction of foreign materials.
o Closest to project site
o However, the securing of necessary permits by the PRA to extract the sand is reported nearing.

Additional alternatives to be considered are:

• River Dredging

o Pampanga
o Zambales
o Batangas

Supply sustainability will not be an issue since this will be contracted out prior to the start of the reclamation
works. Prior to any acceptance of the fill materials, quality specification shall be thoroughly examined to quality
for the standard requirements.

General Specifications for Rocks (Preliminary)

• Rocks should be angular, hard, durable and not likely to disintegrate in seawater,
• Minimum unit weight is 2,650 kg/m3 on dry basis
• Rocks of the primary cover layer should be sound durable and hard and should be fee from
laminations, weak cleavages and undesirable weathering.
• Following test designations should be complied with
Apparent Specific Gravity ASTM C-127 and Abrasion ASTM C-131

The various options are to be evaluated and the appropriate selection will also depend partly on:

(a) The requirements based on the final engineering works;

(b) Cost;
(c) Transport consideration; and
(d) Permitting/clearances requirements.

1.3.4 Power and Water Supply

Power - During the dredging/reclamation works, electrical power that will be required by sea craft and auxiliary
equipment (e.g. pumps) will be sourced on board these sea vessels.

During soil consolidation, which may take approximately 1 to 2 years, the minimal power requirements of the
maintenance crew and for lighting on the reclaimed land will be sourced through MERALCO.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Water - Water supply by the vessel/barge crews will also be onboard. No underground water extraction.
Internal sourcing by individual contractors or water can be tapped from the MWSS-designated concessionaire.
The reclamation works are “dry” in nature.

1.3.5 Hazard Identification and Consideration During the Design Process

Table 1-3a presents the hazard identification, assessment and consideration and measures during the site
selection process.
Table 1-3a Hazard Identification, Assessment and Measures
Identified Hazard Assessment Measures
Geologic Hazard
Seismic Hazard • The area investigated is prone to ground shaking Engineering
Ground Shaking/Acceleration hazards due to the presence of several earthquake Intervention
Ground Rupture generators in the region.
Differential Settlement • Reclaimed lands in general, are considered prone
Liquefaction to liquefaction.
Tsunami • Safe with regards to ground rupture; may be
affected by strong ground shaking; highly
Landslide
susceptible to liquefaction; and prone to tsunami as
it is within the tsunami inundation zone. The nearest
active fault to the project site is the WVF, which is
approximately 19.1km to the east.
• The project site may be affected by strong ground
shaking
• Buffer zone at least 5m on both sides of a fault trace
or from the edge of deformation zone. This hazard
is seemingly absent in the project area since the
nearest active fault, the West Valley Fault, is about
8.9 kilometers to the east.
• The proposed reclamation project will undergo
backfilling and is considered to be highly susceptible
to this hazard
• The proposed project being a reclamation area
located along the shoreline of the Manila
Bay/Bacoor Bay is inherently susceptible to
liquefaction
• Susceptible to this hazard due to the presence of an
active subduction zone – Manila Trench located
west of the area and other active faults and or
earthquake generators
• The project site is not susceptible to earthquake-
triggered landslides. Due to the generally flat
topography in the municipalities of Noveleta and
Rosario, the earthquake-induced landslide risk is
relatively low for the most part
Mass Movement • Landslides can be induced by heavy rains, which Engineering
Landslide add weight and lubricate the soils. The project site, Intervention
Settlement/Subsidence which sits on a flat terrain, is not susceptible to rain-
induced landslides
Volcanic Hazards
Ash Fall • Probably the greatest threat to Cavite is Taal Engineering
Volcano in Tagaytay but is unlikely to cause major Intervention
problems. It is about 56 aerial kilometers to the
southeast of the project site
Hydrologic Hazards

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Flooding • The project area falls within the delineated areas Engineering
with high susceptibility to flooding. Considering that Intervention
it is low-lying and has a flat terrain, the project site
could experience localized flooding especially if the
drainage systems are inadequate.
Coastal Hazards
Storm Surges / Seiches / Storm • The reclaimed land will be in front of the existing To prevent flooding
Waves coastline and therefore the reclaimed land will form engineering
the new sea front. This makes it most vulnerable to measures will be
storm surge and flooding from the sea. implemented in
• The proposed reclamation project may potentially project and the sea
shelter the existing coastal areas from direct impact front will be designed
from storm surges (wave impact). However, the so little flood risk are
existing coastline is also sheltered by the CAVITEX. present and
The platform level will be above the 100-year RP Preparation of
water level with consideration of sea level rise Tsunami
and/or subsidence. PRA requires a level of Contingency Plan
minimum +4m MLLW.

Detailed discussion is provided in Engineering Geologic and Geohazard Assessment Report (EGGAR) is
attached in Annex 2.1-C.

1.3.6 Summary and Discussion of comparison of environmental impacts of each alternative for
process/technology selection and resource utilization is presented in Table 1-4 to Table 1-4c.

Table 1-4 Summary of Comparison for Dredging Equipment

Technology Efficiency/Key Features Advantage Disadvantage Impact to the
Option Environment
1 Dredging Equipment
Trailing Suction Sucks the dredged soil • Not well applied for the • Its deep draft • Increases turbidity
Hopper Dredger through the Drag Head on the area with low water precludes use in • Resuspension of
(TSHD) fleet of suction pipe. level like the condition shallow waters sediments
After loading the dredged soil of the project area • Cannot dredge • Decreases in
to the Hopper and arriving at • Can work safely continuously Dissolved Oxygen
the reclamation site, the gate effectively, • Economic load is
bar opens and the soil is economically in rough reduced when
loaded or conveyed by a pipe. and open waters dredging a
It can hold the Hopper itself, • Does not interfere with contaminate
can be separately transported, or obstruct traffic sediments
and is very advantageous for • Ability to transport • Difficulty dredging
long distance destination. material over long side banks
Transport more water when it sailing distances.
dredges some soil such as Dredged material is
clay, and other similar types of discharged commonly
soil. via pipeline for land
reclamation.
Cutter Suction The dredging system is • Use in new work and • Operation • Increases turbidity is
Dredger executed by lowering the maintenance projects problems with much lesser
ladder into the dredging area, and capable of areas with high • Resuspension of
and as the ladder hit the target excavating most types waves sediments
dredging area, the cutter of materials and • The pipeline from • Decreases in
attached to the bottom of the pumping it through cutterhead can Dissolved Oxygen
ladder is activated and pipelines for long cause navigation
operated. The soil or sand distances to upland problems in small,
dredged by the equipment and disposal sites busy waterways
the water are then extracted • Operates on an almost and harbors
simultaneously by the pump continuous dredging
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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
and transported and delivered cycle resulting to
to the identified area using an economic and
extension pipe as conveyor maximum economy and
efficiency
• Able to dredge rocklike
formation
• Dredging takes place
while the vessel is
moored by means of
spuds and/or anchors
and combines cutting
action with suction.
Dredged material is
discharged into barges
or more commonly
pumped via a pipeline
for land reclamation.
The maximum distance
of pipeline operation
should be 3 km from the
shoreline
Barge Loading Conveying the dredged soil • Capability of dredging a • Limited dredging • Increases turbidity
Dredger using a pipe, when the level bottom depth • Resuspension of
conveying distance is more topography; • Obstruction to sediments
than 15 km and when the • Ability to work in narrow navigation routes • Decreases in
higher dredging capacity is or restricted areas; Dissolved Oxygen
necessary. Dredging capacity • Versatility in handling a
can be increased by wide range of
increasing the capacity of the sediments; and
pump. However, efficiency of • Side loaded barges are
barge loading significantly generally filled with a
decreases when the dredged high solids-to-water
soil mainly composed of mud. ratio
Grab Dredger Suitable for small places, • Capabilities in blasted • Barge is brought • High turbidity
small scale dredging, deep rock and compact along side and • Resuspension of
places, and primary materials are less moored into place sediments
excavation. Conveying • Density of materials by winches and • Decreases in
process during dredging is excavated is about the cables Dissolved Oxygen
usually done by a dredging same as the in-place • Dredge begins
barge and the dredging barge density of the bottom digging and
is towed to the area by a materials, therefore placing the
tugboat. increases the efficiency materials into the
of operation in the moored barge
transportation of
materials from the
dredging to the disposal
area
Selection of Dredging Equipment
Cutter Suction Dredger as of now is selected because pipes can be used for reclamation work, which has less impact to the environment
Considering such factors as long conveying distance from the source, large scale dredging volume, and other economic issues, large
dredger should be used. Depending on the availability, the proponent may opt to utilize variable equipment in order to meet the
desired timetable.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 1-4a Summary of Comparison for Ground Improvement Under Dike

Ground Improvement Under Dike
General Design Loads Criteria
Standards
Dredging and Construction Construction Duration Environmental
Consolidation Process Cost Impact
The method is to drain Low The Low in silt return
the water out of the soft Construction construction and volume of
soil and make the soft Cost time of this dredge materials
soil layer consolidated method is
(a) Return period (a) Load in land and then to construct the relatively long
for tide protection formation area: upper dike structure. The due to its
of the dike is 100 hydraulic sand fill, construction method is process.
year the bulk density is convenient and reliable.
Silt (b) Standard of 16~20kN/m3 The method focuses on High The High in Silt Return
wave protection is (b) Load during the surface soft soil or Construction construction and two times silt
Displacement
100 years construction of the soil layer with soft soil Cost time of this dredging which
Method (c) Control dike: the uniform inter-layers. This method method is long results to large
standard of load on the top of eliminates the surface due to many volume of dredge
overtopping shall the dike is soft soil layers and use working materials
be ≤ 0.05 m3/ vehicles during ship to fill sand or stone procedure
(s.m) construction, the back to the dredged
load is assumed to trench. The slope of
be smaller than dredged trench is usually
10kPa 1:3~1:6. The trench shall
be re-filled after being
dredged immediately.
The construction of this
method is convenient,
but there are many
working procedures.
Scheme Comparison

If silt displacement method is used in this project, the dredging section is large which will results to high construction cost,
volume of silt disposal that shall be disposed is large and high influence on the environment due to silt returns and large volume
of dredge materials to be disposed while drainage and consolidation method is relatively reasonable due to uncomplicated
construction process, low construction cost and low impact on the environment.

Chapter 1.0 1-35

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 1-4b Summary of Comparison for Structure Type of Dike
Structure Type of Dike
General Design Loads Criteria
Standards
Vertical Construction Process Wave Soil Foundation Construction Structural
Gravity Dike Elimination Stability Cost Stability
The inside and the outside Poor wave Since the High cost due Good
of the section are all elimination foundation stress to the site
vertical or approximately When the depth of is relatively high, location of the
vertical walls. This water in front of this structure is project
structure generally the revetment is sensitive to
consists of the riprap smaller than the differential
foundation bed and the critical depth of settlement and
wall. The waves are water, the width of therefore some
always reflected in front of the revetment reinforcement
the wall. The needs to be measures for the
construction process is increased foundation are
convenient but not because of the required when it is
(a) Return (a) Load in land appropriate to project pressure of built on soft
period for tide formation area: site since the water breaking waves, foundation.
protection of the hydraulic sand depth is not deep. The which leads to the
dike is 100 year fill, the bulk major advantage of the increasing of
(b) Standard of density is gravity structure is that construction cost.
wave protection 16~20kN/m3 when the water depths is
is 100 years (b) Load during relatively deep, the
(c) Control construction of consumption of building
standard of dike: the materials of this structure
overtopping uniform load on is lower than the one of the
shall be ≤ 0.05 the top of the sloping structures.
Vertical Pile m3/ (s.m) dike is vehicles consists of piles or sheet Poor wave Owing to the Low cost Relatively
Foundation during piles which are made up of elimination since limitation of size not good,
Dike construction, reinforced concrete. The this structure is and bearing due to
the load is construction is adoptable to capacity of the limitation
assumed to be convenient and fast but project site with piles, this of size and
smaller than the structure integrity is low waves structure can only bearing
10kPa relatively not good. be adopted to the capacity of
condition that the the piles
water is not deep
and the horizontal
load is low.
Sloping Dike The characteristics of the Good wave This slopping Low cost Good
sloping dike are as follows: elimination due to structure is
this structure is built up the trapezoidal suitable to any
with excavated natural shape of its type of foundation
stones or artificial blocks section. It has a and the stability is
such as concrete blocks or good capacity of good.
bagged sand; the section wave and wind
is trapezoidal; and when resistance.
the waves occur, most of
the wave energy will be
absorbed or eliminated on
the slope. The
construction is
convenient and the
sloping structure is
simple and applicable to
different type of
foundation.
Scheme Comparison

Considering that the wave is big and there are various thicknesses of soft soil layer in the project area, vertical gravity dike or vertical pile foundation
dike is inappropriate and sloping dike is recommended

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 1-4c Summary of Comparison for Material of Sloping Dike

Material of Sloping Dike
Criteria
Construction Process Wave Elimination Stability
Dike Body
Sand Bag and Rock The advantage of using sand bag for Good wave elimination capacity and Good stability, good
slopping dike structure is that the wind resistance integrity of the dike
construction is convenient and quick. body and durable.
Armor Structure
Artificial Block Armor The characteristics of artificial blocks are Good wave elimination capacity Good Stability
fixed effect between blocks which can
make the construction convenient.
Sheet shape artificial The primary sheet shaped artificial block Poor wave elimination since natural Good Stability
block armor is concrete grid plate. The advantages of stone armor is usually applied where the
grid plate structure are that the members waves are relatively small.
are easy to be prefabricated and the
visual impact is good.
Natural Stone Armor Natural stone armor is widely used in Poor wave elimination since natural Good Stability and the
sloping structure because its stone armor is usually applied where the capacity to adapt to
construction is fast and convenient. waves are relatively small. settlement
Scheme Comparison

The wave is high in island B, C, D and E. Accropode is recommended to be used as the armor structure for the dikes that have a
direct contact on waves. For the southeast dikes of these four islands which do not face the wave directly, concrete grid plate is
recommended to be used as the armor structure. Island A is inside the bay and is not affected by the wave, natural stone armor
is recommended.

1.3.7 Discussion on the consequences of not proceeding with the project on a “No project option”

Under this scenario:

• The vision of the Province of Cavite for development will be impaired because of the absence of
land. Lands onshore are not easy to consolidate into a single area for development.
• The Province of Cavite will lose the opportunity to have developed land at no cost. It will therefore
have to find land onshore and pay from its financial resources.
• Taxes to be paid during the reclamation works will be denied the Province of Cavite.
• The economic benefits during the operations phase including employment and livelihood
opportunities will be lost.
• The province will lose the opportunity of business and economic growth expansion for
commercial, industrial, residential and government facilities resulting to backlog of housing,
employment, congestion in other cities and limited public services to the community.
• Permanent protection and shield against storm surge and tsunami to coastal barangays will be
gone, thus, exposure to coastal hazards will continue to experience.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.4 Project Components

The Master Plan will undergo iterative process prior to finalization. Among the decision parameters are: (a)
project cost (b) timetable (c) market considerations (d) long term vision of the Province and (e) environmental
considerations.

The Final Master Development Plan will cover a long-term period of at least twenty-five (25) years noting that
it may take long period before the reclaimed land is fully utilized by the prospective locators.

The components herein listed in Table 1-5 are those associated with the various activities during the
dredging/reclamation and horizontal development works only.

Table 1-5 Project Components

Project Components
Facilities No. of Area (sq.m)/ Specification/ Description/
units Capacity Remarks

Project Area 205.00 hectares

No. of Island One (1) Island

Volume of Earth Fill

LandNLAndform
21.23 Million cubic meters
Finished Platform Elevation + 4.50 meters above MLLW
Dredging Equipment Cutter Suction Dredger
Reclamation Method Hydraulic Sand Filling Method
Design of Containment System Drainage and consolidation method
(Ground Improvement under Dike)
Structure Type and Materials of Dike Sloping Dike using Rock and Sand Bags
Armor Structure Artificial block armor (Accropode) and Concrete Grid Plate
Soil Stabilization Vertical Drains Plus Surcharge

MAJOR COMPONENT
Containment Wall System/Structures Considering that the wave is high in the
1 4,910 linear
in a form of Sloping Dikes area of island C, it is recommended to
meters
use rock as the material for the dikes
which faces the waves directly.
Combination of rock dike, accropode
wick drains, sand bag, and grid plate
shall be used
Cutter Suction Dredger shall be used
Reclamation Method using Hydraulic 1 21.23 Million
for dredging activity which can be used
Sand Fill Method Cubic Meters
both for dredging and reclamation using
appropriate filling materials from valid
source with permit.
Commercial, high density superblocks
Commercial Area 2 lots 21.28 Hectares
and superblocks
This is a combined and balance of
Mixed-used Development Area 12 lots
94.71 Hectares mainly office/business or mainly
residential
Government’s allocation for
Government Share Area 3 lots 37.94 Hectares
information systems, schools,

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
libraries, transportation systems,
hospitals, power plants, water supply
networks, waste management, law
enforcement, and other community
services.
Area allocated for vast open areas
Open Space and Parks 1 lot 12.27 Hectares
including open spaces (parks),
rotundas (place identifiers)
a. Principal Main Road, collects
Road Connectivity 1 lot 29.01 Hectares
all traffic from the development areas
Road-Right-of-Way (RROW) and convey them to the existing major
roads and vice versa.
b. Secondary roads - serves
traffic from proposed development
areas along the routes while at the
same time collecting traffic from tertiary
roads.
c. Tertiary Roads - serves traffic
from pocket development areas and
convey them to secondary or even to
the primary main road
This is allotted for the transportation
Utility/Transportation Area 1 lot 11.49 Hectares
and utilities of the project.
SUPPORTING FACILITIES AND UTILITIES

Admin Support (Site Office, and The project shall be provided with admin and
Barracks/ 1 100 square meters barracks for use of office and site personnel.
Quarters etc.) (Temporary)
Water Supply System Water supply by the vessel/barge crews will
- 20.0 cu.m/day
also be onboard. Mobile water tanks
most likely to be used by contractors.
No underground water extraction. The
proposed development will be provided
with adequate water supply system
which will be connected to the existing
water supply network of Maynilad,
specifically to the existing 900 mm
diameter water pipeline running along
the Manila Cavite Coastal Road
Electrical Supply System - 20.0 cu.m/day
During the dredging/reclamation works,
electrical power that will be required by
sea craft and auxiliary equipment (e.g.
pumps) will be sourced on-board these
sea vessels.

During soil consolidation, which may

take approximately 1 to 2 years, the
minimal power requirements of the
maintenance crew and for lighting on
the reclaimed land will be sourced
through MERALCO.
The power source is located along the
Manila Cavite City Road while
substations will be constructed in each
island. Separate tapping or connection
points were proposed should there will
be power interruption in one section.
Power emergency system was also
considered in the study.
Chapter 1.0 1-39
 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Drainage System Underground Properly designed surface run-off thru
NA
RCP construction of drainage system to divert
to the settling pond
POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES

Silt curtain shall be installed along the

1 4,910 linear
Silt Curtain perimeter of the area in order to contain
meters
potential dispersion of silt materials and
turbidity
Cofferdam Cofferdam should be set around the
1 500,000 cum
reclaimed area before the land is
(Estimate Only) reclaimed. To reserve enough settling
time for the mud inside, and to
guarantee the concentration of
suspended substances in overflow
water, non-woven geotextile should be
set
Solid Waste Management Facility MRF shall be provided which shall form
(MRF) 1 100 part of the utility area.
Toxic and Toxic and Hazardous Waste Facility area
Hazardous Waste Facility 1 100 shall be provided which shall form part of
the utility area.
Domestic Wastewater Management For future locators, an individual
Facility NA NA treatment facility shall be strictly
enforced by the city for treatment of their
own wastes.
Buffer Zone Buffer zone shall be observed at least
1 NA 200 meters along the coastline.
LPPCHEA is located 11.2 km northeast
of the proposed site.

Preliminary Master Development Plan is presented in Figure 1-10

Chapter 1.0 1-40

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 1-10 Preliminary Master Development Plan Showing proposed Accessways

Chapter 1.0 1-41
 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.5 Process/Technology

a. The process flow chart involving the reclamation activity is presented in Figure 1-11.

Figure 1-11 Process Flow Diagram for Reclamation Projects

Referring to the above, the major activities or aspects of the reclamation works are described below.

1.5.1 Site Survey

Establishing of boundaries of the property is essential in the reclamation project so as not to encroach the
boundaries of coastal waters.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Domestic solid, liquid and hazardous wastes to be generated by the workers during setting of temporary
facilities, barracks, among others.

Use of portable toilets or portalets for construction workers

Provision for temporary treatment facility such as portable septic purifying tanks

Chapter 1.0 1-42

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Segregation and disposal through a disposal entity or the LGU solid waste management unit in
compliance to RA 9003.
Segregation, proper labeling and temporary storage of hazardous wastes

1.5.2 Removal of Unwanted Solid wastes/Scraps/Debris at the Site

Clearing of the site of debris, scraps, plastic wastes and silts shall be done at the site as part of the preparation
process. The solid wastes at the seabed (e.g. plastics, metallic scraps, etc.) will be collected and disposed
onshore through a third-party disposal entity.

Also, to be cleared are silts, which have accumulated with wastes discharged with storm water onshore. These
wastes will most likely be disposed outside of the reclamation site in an approved dumpsite onshore.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures

During removal of unwanted solids, it is expected that domestic solid, liquid, hazardous wastes and other
wastes to be generated including disturbance of the area such as marine and existing fish lifts structures

Coordinate with LGU for proper disposal

Transfer/scrape net marine lives
Relocation/transfer of lift nets or fish lifts

1.5.3 Construction of Environmental Protection

1.5.3.1 Placement of containment boom and silt curtains Area

By its term, these are literally curtains that serve as physical barriers for the migration of silt to the water body
by containing them within the contained or curtained area. These are made of geotextile materials placed
around portions of the reclamation work area wherein fugitive dredged materials/silts may be generated. Silt
curtains are a common and well-established method for containing and minimizing sediment plume spread,
and when properly deployed, are an effective measure for mitigating adverse impacts due to release and
transport of suspended solids.

Silt Curtains shall be installed around civil works in or adjacent to waterways to control the migration of
suspended silt and sediment into the waterway. Turbidity curtains should be placed parallel to the direction of
flow of a moving body of water to mitigate the load and strain on the system.

The two layered (inner and outer layer separated at 30 meters) containment boom and silt curtain will utilize
fine mesh sized material to filter fine and very fine sands to prevent transport across the block boundary. The
containment boom and silt curtain will control suspended solids and turbidity in the water column generated
by dredging and unloading of the dredged materials. Type II silt and turbidity curtain and containment boom
will be installed at the unloading site where the water swell is up to 36 inches. The Type III silt and turbidity
curtains will be used at the dredging site to keep turbidity and silt contained. This type of material is built
specifically for moving water in conditions where there are rough waves, fast moving waters or harsh tidal
conditions (cited in the EIS for SNS Project - www.erosionpollution.com. Erosion Control and Water Pollution
Prevention Products).

The curtain extends to the bottom of the seawater so as to trap the heavier particles, which may tend to settle
down the water column.

Plate 1-9 illustrates a typical installation of silt curtains.

Plate 1-10 illustrates a typical cross section of a silt curtain.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Locations of the Silt Curtains

Inasmuch as the function of the silt curtains is to prevent dispersal of silts from dredging and filling activities
these are to be located to enclose the active work areas and thus the locations are variable. The silt curtain
shall be installed around civil works in or adjacent to waterways to control the migration of suspended silt and
sediment into the waterways.

Plate 1-9. Typical Silt Curtain Installation

Source: Terrafix Geosynthetics Inc. Silt Curtains. Retrieved from http://terrafixgeo.com/products/silt-curtains/

Plate 1-10. Cross Sectional View of a Typical Silt Curtain

Maintenance and Care

The maintenance of a silt curtain most commonly involves cleaning and the replacement of sections of the
screen and anchor lines that are warn or damaged.

Chapter 1.0 1-44

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.5.3.2 Construction of Cofferdam

Cofferdam should be set around the reclaimed area before the land is reclaimed. To reserve enough settling
time for the mud inside, and to guarantee the concentration of suspended substances in overflow water, non-
woven geotextile should be set.

1.5.4 Dredging of Unwanted seabed materials and seabed

The work area will be dredged beyond the soft/clayey layer to allow the fill materials to occupy a large volume
of the seabed, thus further ensuring integrity of the land to be created using Cutter Suction Dredger equipment

A geotechnical investigation comprising three boreholes (BH-22, BH-24 and BH-27) to 30m below the seabed
(total of 450m) was carried out in October 19 to November 16, 2017 by A. M. Geoconsult and Associates
(AMGA), in the proposed project site. All boreholes were drilled within the vicinity of the property boundaries
to establish the existing geotechnical conditions at the site. This basically removal of silt, debris, sediment
and/or rock from the seabed or bottom of the water body derived from the result of the borehole.

47 Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) was performed at 1.5 m interval and core samples are taken when
hard strata or rock material is encountered. Undisturbed Sampling was also done on selected boreholes,
aimed at acquiring very soft soil. 47 particle size analysis, 18 hydrometer analysis, 47 natural moisture content,
47 Atterberg Limits, 47 Unified Soil Classification System, and 47 specific gravity of soil were tested.

Based on these boreholes, the site subsurface generally consists of an upper 0m to 4.5m thick layer of very
soft to soft silts and clays and very loose to loose sands (N-value < 10). It is underlain by about 9m-13.5m
thick layers of stiff to very stiff silts and clays and medium dense sands. These are all underlain by the
competent strata consisting of dense to very dense sands and hard clays encountered at depths from 9m to
15m.

The designation of this disposal site is subject to approval/permits from government entities i.e. the Philippine
Coast Guard and the Province of Cavite.

Buffer zone shall be observed from the edge of the landform about 200 meters from the coastline and 11.20
km northeast from LPPCHEA (LPPWP).

Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The use dredging equipment to dredge the unwanted seabed materials will result to disturbance of marine
ecosystem, increase in turbidity resulting to silt dispersal, hazardous waste emission coming from the vessel
or machine and the generation of domestic solid, liquid and hazardous wastes from vessel and equipment
operators.

Provision for Silt curtain

Implement Bilge Water Management
Compliance with MARPOL 73/78
For Sea-based Operations- These are generally garbage from the crew and are segregated
onboard, placed in bins and disposed onshore.
No disposal of liquid and solid wastes at the sea
Compliance to Sections of the Philippine Clear Air Act, R.A. 8749
Equipment shall be provided with muffler filter media.

Chapter 1.0 1-45

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.5.5 Reclamation Activity and Method

The reclamation activity includes construction of dikes with total length of 4,910 meters and construction of
landforms with total fill volume 21.23 Million cubic meters sea sand land formation materials using Hydraulic
Sand Fill Method.

1.5.5.1 Construction of Dikes

There are three (3) types of dikes to be constructed for Island C identified as Dike I which is the Rock Dike +
Accropode + Wick Drains (Plate 1-11), Dike II which is Rock Dike + Accropode Block (Plate 1-12) and Dike
III which is the Sand Bag Dike + Grid Plate + Wick Drains (Plate 1-13), Figure 1-12 shows the location of Dike
I, Dike II and Dike III for Island C. The construction process for each type as enumerated as follows, source:
Cavite Reclamation Project Feasibility Study, THEIDI Construction Corporation, Version March 20, 2018.

Rock Dike + Accropode Blocks + Wick Drains (Dike I)

This design is applied in the sea-facing dikes of Island C with total length of 1,861.15. First, the 1m-thick
medium coarse sand bag cushion shall be laid on water, and then the wick drains can be constructed on water.
Stone shall be laid stage by stage, allowing drainage and consolidation of the remaining soft soil with the aid
of soil subsidiary stress caused by dike gravity, thus improving the strength of soft soil layer. The toe protection
of outside slope is stone and the one of inside slope is sand bags. Along with the dike rising up until its
formation, the stone armor and accropode block armor of outside slope, as well as the bags of crushed
aggregates, geotextile and sand bags of inside slope are constructed up. After the dike reaches its
sedimentation stability, the reinforced concrete wave wall, the crest road and subsidiary facilities can be
constructed.

Dike Ground Improvement

The thickness of soft soil under island C dike is assumed to be 4m, which refers to borehole BH-22 nearby.
Natural ground surface elevation and thickness of soft soil under the sea-facing dikes of Island C. The natural
ground elevation facing dike and thickness of soft soil is -5.0~-7.0m and thickness of the soil is 2-8m. Dike
ground improvement method is to lay the medium coarse sand bag cushion, and then to construct C type wick
drains on water. The wick drains are arranged into square with spacing of 1m and shall be constructed through
the soft soil and into the hard soil no less than 1m.

Dike Structure

The dike material is rock. The elevation of crest is 5.5m. Considering 2-way traffic of construction vehicles, the
width of the crest is 8.3m. 50cm Clay-bound macadam is paved on the crest, and C40 reinforced concrete
wave wall is constructed on the sea side of the crest, with the top wall elevation of 6.7m. The elevation of the
crest and wall top is based on the wave data. One-stage platform is set up on the outside slope of sea-facing
dike of Island C with elevation of 1.5m and length of 10m. The length of platform is based on the slope stability,
and the outside slope gradients are all 1:2. With the effect of waves, armor structure is set up in the outside
slope, which is 1200mm-thick 300~500kg stone armor, and 4t accropode block, respectively, from inside to
outside. The toe protection of outside slope is 200~400kg stone, with width of 12m and thickness of 2m, and
the stability weight is based on the bottom velocity of wave in front of the dike. One–stage platform is set up
on inside slope, with the elevation of -0.5m and length of 10~20m, of which the length is based on the inside
slope stability. The inside slope gradients are all 1:1.5. Filter layer shall be set up on the inside slope, and the
armor structure is bags of crushed aggregates with thickness of at least 600mm, 400g/m2 geotextile and
500mm-thick sand bags, respectively, from inside to outside. The toe protection of inside slope is sand bags
with width of 5m and thickness of 2m. Plate 1-11 illustrates the Rock riprap dike + Accropodes blocks + wick
drains.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-11. Rock riprap dike + Accropodes blocks + wick drains

Rock dike + Accropode block (Dike II)

This section is applied in south part of sea-facing dike of island C. The length of the dike is 1927.78 m.

Dike Ground Improvement

Based on the geotechnical data provided, there’s no soft soil under the south part of sea facing dike of island
C. Thus, the upper structure can be constructed directly without dike ground improvement.

Dike Structure

The dike material is rock. The elevation of the crest is 5.5m. Considering 2-way traffic of construction vehicles,
the width of the crest is 8.3m. 50cm thick clay-bound macadam is paved on the crest, and C40 reinforced
concrete wave wall is constructed on the sea side of the crest, with the top wall elevation of 6.7m. The elevation
of the crest and wall top is based on the wave data. One-stage platform is set up on the outside slope of south
part of sea-facing dike of island C, the elevation of the platform is 1.5m, and the length is 10m. The length of
platform is based on the slope stability, and the outside slope gradients are 1:2. Influenced by wave, armor
structure is set up on the outside slope, which is 1200mm-thick 300~500kg stone armor, and 4t accropode
block, respectively, from inside to outside. The toe protection of outside slope is 200~400kg stone, with width
of 12m and thickness of 2m, and the stability weight is based on the bottom velocity of wave in front of the
dike. The inside slope gradients are 1:1.5, without platform set up. Filter layer shall be set up on the inside
slope, and the armor structure is bags of crushed aggregates with thickness of at least 600mm, 400g/m2
geotextile and 500mm-thick sand bags, respectively, from inside to outside. The toe protection of inside slope
is sand bags with width of 5m and thickness of 2m. Plate 1-12 illustrates the Rock riprap dike + Accropodes
blocks.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-12 Rock dike + accropode blocks

Sand Bag Dike + Grid Plate + Wick Drains (Dike III)

This dike is applied in the southeast dike of island C with total length of 1,120.77 meters.

Dike Ground Improvement

The thickness of soft soil under the dike of Island C is assumed to be 4m, which refers to borehole BH22
nearby. Natural ground surface elevation and thickness of soft soil under the southeast dike of Island C is -
3.5~-4.0m and thickness of soft soil is 7m.

Dike ground improvement method is to lay the medium coarse sand bag cushion first then construct C type
wick drains on water. The wick drains are arranged into square with spacing of 1m and shall be constructed
through the soft soil and into the hard soil no less than 1m.

Dike Structure

The dike material is sand bags. The elevation of the crest is 5.0m. Considering 2-way traffic of construction
vehicles, the width of the crest is 8.3m. 50cm thick clay-bound macadam is paved on the crest, and C40
reinforced concrete wave wall is constructed on the sea side of the crest, with the top wall elevation of 6.7m.
50cm-thick Clay-bound macadam is paved on the crest with 50cm-thick hill-skill soil below, and C40 reinforced
concrete wave wall is constructed on the sea side of the crest, with the top wall elevation of 5.5m. The elevation
of the crest and wall top is based on the wave data. One-stage platform is set up on the outside slope, with
the elevation of 1.5m and the length of 10~21.5m. The length of the platform is based on the slope stability,
and the outside slope gradients are all 1:2. Influenced by wave, armor structure is set up on the outside slope,
which is 400g/m2 geotextile, 500mm-thick bags of crushed aggregates, 300mm-thick dry masonry block stone,
and 350mm-thick barrier board, respectively, from inside to outside. The toe protection of outside slope is
100~200kg stone, with width of 9~14m and thickness of 2m, and the stability weight is based on the bottom
velocity of wave in front of the dike. One–stage platform is set up on the inside slope, with the elevation of
+1.0m and length of 8~17m, the length is based on the inside slope stability. The inside slope gradients are
all 1:1.5. For the inside slope, and the armor structure is 400g/m2 geotextile and 500mm-thick sand bags,
respectively, from inside to outside. The toe protection of inside slope is sand bags with width of 3~5m and
thickness of 2m. Plate 1-13 illustrates the Sand bag + grid plate + wick drains.

Chapter 1.0 1-48

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-13. Sand bag + grid plate + wick drains

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 1-12 Location of Dike I, Dike II and Dike III

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.5.5.2 Construction of Landform using Hydraulic Sand Fill Method

The land form shall be developed through filling with sand to be sourced from the dredging of an estimated
volume of approximately 21.23 million cubic meters of fill materials from a reliable and feasible sand source.
The reclaimed land of 205.00 hectares will have a finished platform elevation of +4.5 meters above Mean
Lower Low Water (MLLW). The activity is presented below:

(1) The land reclaimed layer by layer. Every layer shall be 2m~3m thick. There shall be a certain consolidation
time after every layer of land formation then the upper land formation can be carried out. The land formation
material is sand, drainage and land formation can be carried out synchronously.

(2) The pipes are set up in the land formation area and the disturbance from each other shall be avoided.

(3) Maintenance and inspection for pipelines shall be strengthened during construction to avoid leakage and
destruction of the pipeline. The location of hydraulic fill shall be adjusted appropriately according to the land
formation condition.

(4) When it is hydraulic filled to the design elevation, the elevation of layout shall be controlled. Hydraulic filling
and pipeline moving shall be carried out synchronously. The higher shall be eliminated while the lower shall
be filled.

Transport of the Dredging Vessel to/from Source of Fill Materials.

Dredge-fill materials abound in the PRA offshore burrow area at the San Nicolas Shoal (SNS), which reportedly
has a vast deposit and which replenishes on its own through time. Shown in Figure 1-13 is the location of the
SNS relative to the project is about 17.3 KM. As may be needed, alternate sources to the SNS will be studied;
these include the lahar deposits in Pampanga and Zambales, which can be transported to the proposed site
by barges. Other sources for evaluation may be dredged materials from the Pampanga River within Manila
Bay.

Securing/Sourcing of the Burrows/Fill Materials

The initially identified burrow area for this project is the SNS. The quarrying in SNS for the fill materials needed
for the Project is covered by an EIS Report and an ECC application by the PRA. The environmental concerns
and mitigation and legal responsibilities therefore fall on the PRA. When the reclamation contractor undertakes
dredging at the SNS, it will have to observe the rules of PRA in respect of environmental concerns. The Project
recognizes the environmental concerns at the SNS and commits to faithfully comply with the requirements
of the PRA. As one requirement to secure permit from the PRA, the Contractor will need to submit an
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Plan (EPEP) approved by the MGB. The ensuing discussions are
derived from the EIS Report for the SNS Quarry Project, for which the securing of said information was cleared
with the PRA.

Basic Information on the SNS:

The following basic information relates to the Reclamation Project.

Project Name: PRA Seabed Quarry Project

Location: San Nicolas Shoal (SNS) along coastal towns and the offshore
areas of the barangays of Ternate, Naic, Tanza and Rosario of
Cavite
Type of Project: Offshore Quarrying Project
Project Size: 20,000 hectares

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The expressed intention by PRA for the SNS Quarry Project is to provide the various reclamation projects in
Manila Bay with most suitable fill materials.

The water environment is the most important component of the resources. The EIS Report for the SNS stated
the absence of major marine species and that there are essentially no coral covers except for approximately
2-4% coral cover for the Municipality of Ternate while the rest of the quarry area has no coral community.

Volume of SNS Reserves and Volume of Fill Materials Required for the Project

Based on the PRA EIS Report, the volume of reserve at the SNS totals to 2,009,336,597 m3. It may therefore
be concluded that the Project can well be provided by SNS with the required fill materials (of approximately
100.33 M m3 total for Island C and the other four Islands.

Is considerably much lesser than the estimated volume of reserves of the SNS shown below (Reference: EIS
of the “PRA Seabed Quarry Project”).

Table 1-6 Volume of Reserve Per Area

Area Size of Area (Hectares) Volume Reserve (Cubic
Meters)
1 4,393.60 337,266,377
2 5,606.40 849,399,596
3 10,000 822,670,624
Total Reserve 2,009,336,597

Heavy Metal Content of the SNS Sands

Any and all materials that will be introduced to the reclamation area will be subject to pre-screening to ensure
that the reclamation site will not be contaminated with undesirable elements or substances. It is notable that
based on the information for SNS fills shown hereunder, Table 1-8 the metallic elements are present in minimal
concentrations.
Table 1-7. Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in the PRA GSQP
Sample Cr, mg/Kg Cd, mg/Kg As, mg/Kg Pb, mg/Kg Hg, mg/Kg
1 4.50 4.65 36.84 9.10 <.004
2 12 6.08 75.28 10.09 <0.004
3 2 6.08 54.84 3.75 <0.004
4 1.5 5 17.92 22.28 <0.004
5 3.75 4.55 15.38 18.9 <0.004
6 4 6.53 47.76 7.73 <0.004
Dutch Intervention 380 12 55 530 10
values
Dutch Target Values 100 0.8 29 85 0.3
Soil remediation intervention values (Ref: email communications with LLDA)

From the above table it can be deduced that:

• The SNS fills will not contaminate the reclamation project area
• There is no need for any intervention related to the quality of the fill materials.

The materials encountered in two borings conducted south of San Nicholas Shoals (between Timalan and
Maragondon Pt.) in connection with other Manila Bay Land Reclamation Projects are of a rather similar
character. Materials with the actual grain size distribution are prone to liquefaction if not densified by means
of relevant techniques.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The perceived relevant wastes for the proposed project are silts, which are the solid wastes from the dredging
of undesired seabed materials, possible silt dispersal, emission of CO and NOx from dredging equipment and
domestic solid, liquid and hazardous wastes generated

Secure dredging permit from the source of filling materials

Adhere to the compliances of the permit acquired by the filling material source
Implement Bilge Water Management
Compliance with MARPOL 73/78
Compliance with the PCG Protocol
For Sea-based Operations- These are generally garbage from the crew and are segregated
onboard, placed in bins and disposed onshore.
No disposal of liquid and solid wastes at the sea
Compliance to Sections of the Philippine Clear Air Act, R.A. 8749
Compliance to RA 9003

1.5.6 Soil Stabilization

The newly reclaimed area needs to be compacted and consolidated to a specified strength so that it can
support the roads, infrastructure, utilities, and buildings Several stabilization methods are available but the
most common is the paper wick drain with surcharge method. This method can accomplish the compaction
process within a year or less.

The project shall adopt the Vertical Drains Plus Surcharge. This method functions in exactly the same way as
the Sand Drains Plus Surcharge Method. The only difference is that with this system, the sand drain piles are
replaced with the vertical drains, which are manufactured for the purpose in the form of wicks or strips and
made of non-degradable materials. The core consists of ducts where water can flow upwards and wrapped
around with very porous sheeting through which water can enter the core. The wick comes in various
trademarks and designs but more or less uniform in the overall dimensions. For ease in handling and
installation, the wick comes in coils.

Under this method, the vertical drains have high breaking strength and reinforce the soil in tension. Various
types of drains are commercially available that a specific type of drain can be chosen to be exactly consistent
with the actual permeability of the soil. Equipment required to install the drain is very light and can easily be
supported by the newly reclaimed land. The rate of flow within the drain is higher, thus less height of surcharge
is required. From the economic viewpoint, the surcharge can be eliminated if good dredge fill materials are
available. Upon completion of the reclamation, the dredge fill itself will function as the surcharge.

Trapped water could weaken the integrity of the reclaimed land and therefore should be removed. An
acceptable method for removal of water is by the use of wick drains.

In order to accelerate the consolidation of the underlying strata at the platform, and hence the use of the
reclaimed areas for final structures in a short period of time, it is foreseen to install vertical wick drains over
the total area.

Wick Drains are artificial drainage paths consisting of central core which functions as a free-draining water
channel, surround by geosynthetics filter jacket. With the drainage of water consolidation of soils is expedited
and long-term settlement is limited. Typical image of wick drains is shown in Plate 1-14:

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 1-14. Illustration of the Principle of Wick Drains

Source: US Wick Drain. Wick Drain. Retrieved from http://www.uswickdrain.com/faqs.htm. Retrieved on July 2017

Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Potential impacts identified are Emission of CO and NOx from dredging equipment, Domestic solid, liquid and
hazardous wastes generated and Noise Pollution

Installation of vertical drain pipes (wick drains)

No disposal of liquid and solid wastes at the sea
Compliance R.A. 8749
Compliance to RA 9003
Properly maintained equipment

Chapter 1.0 1-54

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Adopted from PRA, PRA Seabed Quarry Project EIS

Figure 1-13 Relative Location of the San Nicolas SNS and Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: Island C

Chapter 1.0 1-55

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

b. Description of the Pollution Control Devices and Waste Management System

Table 1-8 presents the Pollution Control Device and waste management system based on the process
technology of the project.

Table 1-8. Major Components, Pollution Control Devices in Relation to Various Project Activities
Environmental Environmental Pollution Control Device and
Item
Activity Component Impacts Waste Management System
No
1 Site Survey/Works/ The Land • Domestic solid, liquid • Use of portable toilets or
Temporary facilities and hazardous portalets for construction
wastes generated workers
• Provision for temporary
treatment facility such as
portable septic purifying tanks
• Segregation and disposal
through a disposal entity or the
LGU solid waste management
unit in compliance to RA 9003.
• Segregation, proper labeling
and temporary storage of
hazardous wastes
The People • Displacement of • Relocation and compensate
existing fish lifts affected fisherfolks
2 Removal of Unwanted The Water • Disturbance of the • Coordinate with LGU for proper
Solids/ area disposal
wastes Such as marine • Transfer/scrape net marine
lives
3 Dredging of The Water, Air • Disturbance of the • Provision for Silt curtain
Sediments/Seabed and People area • Implement Bilge Water
Such as marine Management
• Increase in Turbidity • Compliance with MARPOL
• Silt Dispersal 73/78
• Emission of CO and • For Sea-based Operations-
NOx from dredging These are generally garbage
equipment from the crew and are
• Domestic solid, liquid segregated onboard, placed in
and hazardous bins and disposed onshore.
wastes generated • No disposal of liquid and solid
wastes at the sea
• Compliance to Sections of the
Philippine Clear Air Act, R.A.
8749
• Equipment shall be provided
with muffler filter media.
4 Disposal of unwanted The water • Turbidity • Secure permit from National
seabed materials • Silt Dispersal and Local agencies in terms of
final disposal location
• Implement Bilge Water
Management
• Compliance with the PCG
Protocol
• Compliance with MARPOL
73/78

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Environmental Environmental Pollution Control Device and
Item
Activity Component Impacts Waste Management System
No
• For Sea-based Operations-
These are generally garbage
from the crew and are
segregated onboard, placed in
bins and disposed onshore.
• No disposal of liquid and solid
wastes at the sea
• Segregation of solid wastes
• Compliance to Sections of the
Philippine Clear Air Act, R.A.
8749
• Equipment shall be provided
with muffler filter media.
5 Placement of The Water and • Disturbance of the • Provision for Silt curtain
Containment Wall/Dike People area • Compliance R.A. 8749
• Increase in Turbidity • Compliance to RA 9003
• Emission of CO and • Installation of wave deflectors
NOx from dredging
equipment
• Domestic solid, liquid
and hazardous
wastes generated
6 Construction of Land The Water, Air • Possible silt Dispersal • Secure dredging permit from
Form and People • Emission of CO and the source of filling materials
NOx from dredging • Adhere to the compliances of
equipment the permit acquired by the filling
• Domestic solid, liquid material source
and hazardous • Implement Bilge Water
wastes generated Management
• Compliance with MARPOL
73/78
• Compliance with the PCG
Protocol
• For Sea-based Operations-
These are generally garbage
from the crew and are
segregated onboard, placed in
bins and disposed onshore.
• No disposal of liquid and solid
wastes at the sea
• Compliance to Sections of the
Philippine Clear Air Act, R.A.
8749
• Compliance to RA 9003
7 Development of Land The Land, Water, • Possible Erosion • Provision for temporary
form (Island) above the Air and People • Dust and noise sedimentation pond
sea water level Pollution • Immediate compaction of soil
• Emission of CO and • No disposal of liquid and solid
NOx from dredging wastes at the sea
equipment • Compliance R.A. 8749
• Domestic solid, liquid • Compliance to RA 9003
and hazardous • Properly maintained equipment
wastes generated

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Environmental Environmental Pollution Control Device and
Item
Activity Component Impacts Waste Management System
No
8 Soil Stabilization The Land, Water, • Emission of CO and • Installation of vertical drain
Air and People NOx from dredging pipes (wick drains)
equipment • No disposal of liquid and solid
• Domestic solid, liquid wastes at the sea
and hazardous • Compliance R.A. 8749
wastes generated • Compliance to RA 9003
• Noise Pollution • Properly maintained equipment
9 Construction of The Land, Water, • Emission of CO and • No disposal of liquid and solid
Horizontal Development Air and People NOx from dredging wastes at the sea
such as Road, Drainage equipment • Compliance R.A. 8749
and Water line system • Domestic solid, liquid • Compliance to RA 9003
and hazardous
wastes generated
3 Noise Pollution • The mechanical noise • Construction and operation time
caused by the should be scheduled well and
operation of strengthen the inspection of the
machines (such as site, equipment with high noise
hammers, bulldozers should be limited working time
and concrete mixers, to reduce the impact to the
etc.). sensitive surrounding
• The traffic noise environment.
caused by transport • Choose the construction
vehicles and ships. machines and trucks with low
noise and vibration priority.
Enhance the maintenance of
them to make work smoothly.
• The machines and trucks
should be scheduled well and
the traffic should be guided on
time. Strictly control the whistles
of the trucks and ships to reduce
the traffic noise

Other Wastes

The perceived relevant wastes for the proposed project are silts. Silts are the solid wastes from the dredging
of undesired seabed materials. Silt curtains will be used as waste management facility to contain the dispersal
of these materials. These are discussed in the section on Reclamation Methodology.

The proponent shall strictly comply with Requirements and Standards of the Philippine Coast Guard for
Vessels such as:

• MC No. 01-2005 Revised Rules on Prevention, Containment, Abatement and Control of Oil
Marine Pollution. The purpose of this Memorandum Circular is to provide implementing guidelines
pursuant to the above-mentioned authorities as rationalized in accordance with the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL 73/78;
• MC No. 07-2005 Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships Discharge of Sewage. The
purpose of this Memorandum Circular is to provide implementing rules to prevent pollution by sewage
from ships;
• MC No. 01-2006 Rules Prohibiting the Dumping and Discharging of Wasters and Other Harmful
Matters. To prescribe the procedures and policies for the proper dumping of wastes and other harmful

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
matters into Philippine waters in order to prevent pollution which may create hazards to human health,
marine life and other resources, damage amenities or interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.

Annex 1-D attached are MC No. 01-2005, MC 07-2005 and MC No. 01-2006

b. Operation and Maintenance of the Facility

During the reclamation activity, all equipment, vessel and machine shall be maintained on a regular basis
depending on the specification of each equipment following the manual of operation. The equipment shall be
operated by a well-trained and educated crew as the inspection requires the sufficient knowledge of mechanical
equipment and its function. Establish a system of regular preventative inspection. Otherwise, it will take more time
and money to rectify damage by acting after problems happen. Items of equipment to be inspected, inspection
interval and the crew in charge, etc. should be decided for each dredger.

As inspection items and intervals are generally recommended by the manufacturer of engine or equipment,
inspection works should follow these instructions.

General inspection items are shown below for reference.

Quantity, pressure and temperature of lubricating oil

Quantity, pressure and temperature of cooling water
Quantity of fuel oil
Exhaust gas temperature
Leakage of oil or water
Filter
Abnormal vibration or noise

All pollution control facilities such as:

The maintenance of a silt curtain most commonly involves monthly cleaning and the replacement of
sections of the screen and anchor lines that are warn or damaged.
Temporary portable purifying septic tank shall be de-sludged at least once a month by an accredited
hauler, and
Buffer zone shall be observed at all times

1.6 Project Size

The Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C will occupy a total
reclaimed land area of 205 hectares along the coastal waters of Noveleta, Province of Cavite. Hence, the
proposed project is covered under Category A of EMB MC No. 2014-005, which covers projects undertakings that
are classified as Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) and are required to secure an Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC).

1.7 Development Plan

The reclamation project involves two (2) type of development, First is the development below or under the sea
thru the reclamation activity method discussed above under Section 1.5.5 and second is the development of
above the sea. This section describes the development of based on the conceptual master development plan.

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 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.7.1 Pre-construction (e.g. planning, acquisition of clearances, permits etc.)

There are no activities during this phase that will result in significant environmental impacts. As maybe seen
in Table 1-9 on Project Implementation Schedule, the activities are: design and engineering, technical plans
and documentations, securing of permits and clearances

Following are the clearances, permits and documentations needed:

Table 1-9 List of clearances, permits and documentations needed from following authorities
Item Authorities Involved
ECC DENR
NTP and Area Clearance RED/DENR
Letters of No Objection (LONO) a. Department of Tourism (DOT)
b. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
c. Philippine Navy
d. Department of Energy (DOE)
e. Regional Development Council (RDC)
f. Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA)
g. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
h. Department of Information and Communications
Technology (DICT)
i. National Headquarters Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
j. Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
k. National Commission for Culture and the Arts
l. Department of Health (DOH)
Notice to Proceed (NTP) Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA)
Construction Permits • LGU
• DPWH
• Philippine Coast Guard

1.7.2 Construction (e.g. dredging and reclamation phase)

There are two (2) types of construction activities, the landform preparation-structure and the horizontal
development as discussed below:

1.7.2.1 Landform Preparation -Structure (1 Reclamation Island-Dredging and Reclamation)

The land form shall be developed through construction of containment wall/dike, dredging and reclamation using
hydraulic sand fill method, and soil stabilization with an estimated volume of approximately 21.23 million cubic
meters of fill materials from a reliable and feasible sand source of offshore area up to a finished platform elevation
of +4.5 meters above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).

1.7.2.2 Horizontal Development

Upon reaching the finished platform elevation of +4.5 meters above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), horizontal
development based on conceptual development plan shall be constructed. This includes construction of Road
and access and construction of utilities such as drainage system, sewer collection, power and telecommunication.
Table 1-10 provides an idea of how the reclaimed land will be allocated which identifies as 56.39% is considered
saleable, 25.17% is non-saleable and 18.44% is for government share. (This table is based on the originally-
planned land areas and will be accordingly revised for the final area).

The Project, once completed, shall be ready for the development and construction of various structures such as
commercial, industrial, institutional and residential buildings.

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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 1-10 Land Area Allocation

Area (ha) Percentage
A. Saleable
Mixed Use Dev’t/MXD 94.71 46.04
Commercial 21.28 10.35
Sub-total A (ha) 115.99 56.39
B. Non-Saleable
Utility & Transportation 11.49 5.59
Parks & Open Spaces 11.27 5.48
RROWs 29.01 14.10
Sub-total B (ha) 51.77 25.17
C. Others
Government Share 37.94 18.44
Grand Total (ha) 205.00 100

Presented in Table 1-11 are the description of the impact and waste management system during Earthmoving,
and Re-filling of earth materials to achieve the designed elevation of the landform and soil stabilization.

Table 1-11 Description of the Impact and Waste Management Measures During Land development
Key Environmental Aspects Environmental Impact Waste Management System
Earthmoving, and Re-filling of Water - Possible Siltation of the sea • Immediate compaction of the
earth materials to achieve the area to further mitigate the
designed elevation of the Road Safety and Traffic dust.
landform and soil stabilization • Implementation of traffic
Dust Pollution and Increase in Noise management that is
Level appropriate for the area
• Road signs shall be placed at
appropriate locations to alert
motorist along the highway.
• Traffic warden shall be
stationed at strategic locations
to guide traffic.
• Observed operating hours
• Regular Maintenance of
equipment and vehicles

a. Access Ways / Access Link to the Shore / Road Transport Accessibility

All proposed access links/connectors and bridges are not part of this application which shall be applied separately.
However, based on the initial plan, the proposed land reclamation project shall be provided with main access
system through the construction of Elevated Access Road or Viaduct to be connected to the existing Radial Road
R1 or Manila Cavite Expressway Project or Cavite Expressway Project and its proposed alignment expansion,
Segment 5. The proposed main access system connecting the 4 islands shall consist of 4 km viaduct and an
interchange which shall interface with the Manila Cavite Expressway Project to provide all directional traffic
movements from the existing roadway to the proposed reclamation project area and vice versa.

For Island C, the plan is to put up an approximately 1.1km viaduct going east to the Manila-Cavite Road. This is
shown in Figure 1-7 above.
Chapter 1.0 1-61
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Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The Internal Road Network and Pavement Structure System

The proposed Cavite Land Reclamation Project will be developed with complete access system consisting of
primary arterial road, Secondary Road and tertiary road systems. All islands will be connected by link bridge
structures in between.

Road access will be made through the proposed CAVITEX Expansion, Segment 5 while railway system can be
developed from the Proposed Extension of LRT Line 1, which traverses alongside the Manila Cavite Coastal Road
and terminates in Brgy. Niog, Bacoor, Cavite.

Two (2) types of pavement structure system were considered in the evaluation, i.e., Rigid Type or Portland
Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP) and Flexible Pavement or Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP). While PCCP
offers more advantages in terms of availability of material locally and minimum maintenance requirement, such
system however, is very expensive to reconstruct or repair. Noting that the subgrade will rest on embankment
with height of more than nine (9) meters, the area is susceptible to settlement in spite of application of stabilization
measure. Settlement of the underlying supporting material will result as well in differential settlement of the
pavement and eventually to its deterioration, which will require reconstruction.

Application of flexible pavement or Asphalt Concrete Pavement, offers an alternative to this kind of development
issue since the flexible pavement adopts to the subgrade movement without significant material damage. Further,
the surface of the pavement lends itself to future expansion or improvement without necessarily disturbing the
existing riding surface. The work on the pavement could completed earlier and the completed pavement can be
opened to traffic after minimum curing time or within the day after completion. PCCP needs at least minimum of
seven (7) days to 14 days before the completed surface can be opened to traffic.

Based on the proposed conceptual land use plan, a road network system plan was developed and recommended,
Figure 1-14 presents the road network system for Island C which consists of the following road classifications:

a. Principal Main Road, collects all traffic from the development areas and convey them to the existing major
roads and vice versa.
b. Secondary roads - serves traffic from proposed development areas along the routes while at the same time
collecting traffic from tertiary roads.
c. Tertiary Roads - serves traffic from pocket development areas and convey them to secondary or even to the
primary main road

Chapter 1.0 1-62

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 1-14 Road Network System Layout, Island C

Figures 1-15 hereafter show the initial conceptual plans for the planned road rights-of-way (RROWs, including
esplanade. The use of an all-underground utility system (including power and telecom fiber optics) is also under
consideration.

Chapter 1.0 1-63

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 1-15 Illustration of 30.0-meter RROW and Road-side Tree Planting

Presented in Table 1-12 are the description of the impact and waste management system during construction
of internal and external road system.

Table 1-12 Description of the Impact and Waste Management Measures During Construction of Road
Key Environmental Aspects Environmental Impact Waste Management System
Construction of Internal and Water - Possible Siltation of the sea • Immediate compaction of the
External Road System area to further mitigate the
Road Safety and Traffic dust.
• Implementation of traffic
Dust Pollution and Increase in Noise management that is
Level appropriate for the area
• Road signs shall be placed at
appropriate locations to alert
motorist along the highway.
• Traffic warden shall be
stationed at strategic locations
to guide traffic.
• Observed operating hours
• Regular Maintenance of
equipment and vehicles

Chapter 1.0 1-64

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

b. Construction of Utilities

Drainage System

Storm Drainage System

The existing development will be provided with adequate site drainage system to ensure that the surface is free
from flooding and surface inundation or water ponding. The proposed drainage system consists of curb inlet
manholes and pipe drains or covered concrete drainage structure discharging to the existing sea water surface.
Sufficiently sized pipe or rectangular drainage outfalls will be provided to discharge estimated surface runoff
discharge.

Open Spaces as Drainage Facilities

The parks and open spaces shall be utilized for drainage facilities as well as rainwater harvesting. Surface runoff
retention tanks will be installed, both for the use of water for plants and other domestic use, as well as for flood
control.

Sewer Collection and Treatment System

The project locators will provide the sewer collection and treatment systems within their respective properties
and connects with the site drainage system of the development, if combined sewer and storm drainage system
will be allowed in the proposed development.

Separate sewerage system for the handling of treated wastewater effluents will be constructed and will involve
underground concrete pipes.

The DED to be submitted to the PRA for the purpose of securing an NTP shall include consideration of the storm
run-off and wastewater/sewage along the following basis:

a. Location must allow for flow by gravity to the discharge channels/canals

b. The population of the various land use locators
c. The City’s own land use planning for the share of land it will get at no cost to the government
d. Use of rainfall intensities in the Rational Formula based on Climate Change Projections.

Power Generating Facility or Energy Source

The sea vessels will have their individual onboard power generating facility while the electricity for lighting
purposes will be reclaimed at the soil being stabilized and will be sourced from the Manila Electric Company.

Meralco shall supply the power requirements of the development. Should the Proponent decide to install the
development's power system underground, proposed ducting provision was considered in the study.

Meralco shall supply the power requirements of the development. The power source is located along the Manila
Cavite City Road while substations will be constructed in each island. Separate tapping or connection points
were proposed should there will be power interruption in one section. Power emergency system will also be
considered.

Telecommunications

For the construction phase, telecommunications will be among and between crew at sea and contacts at land and
will be through mobile phones and/or radio.
Chapter 1.0 1-65
 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 1-13 presents the description of the impact and waste management measures during the construction
of utilities.

Table 1-13 Description of the impact and Waste Management Measures During Construction of Utilities
Key Environmental Aspects Environmental Impact Waste Management System
Construction of Utilities Water - Possible Siltation of the sea • Immediate compaction of the
area to further mitigate the dust.
Road Safety and Traffic • Implementation of traffic
management that is appropriate
Dust Pollution and Increase in Noise for the area
Level • Road signs shall be placed at
appropriate locations to alert
Solid Wastes Generation motorist along the highway.
• Traffic warden shall be
stationed at strategic locations
to guide traffic.
• Observed operating hours
• Regular Maintenance of
equipment and vehicles
• Implement Solid Waste
management plan such as
segregation at source

1.7.3 Implementation Schedule

The preliminary implementation schedule is presented in the Gantt chart under Table 1-14. The concept is
that one (1) island for construction of containment wall/dikes and landform will be completed first prior to the
construction of the next island which will last for fifteen (15) years. Based on the preliminary implementation
plan, when Island A has reached 70% of is reclamation/land filling, the construction thru dredging and
construction of containment wall system shall commence for Island C. Estimated at about seven (7) years
until the horizontal development phase to finish. Given the availability of the number of equipment, number of
years may further shorten to six (6) years, the schedules shall be adjusted based on the demand for land
during the implementation period.
Table 1-14 Preliminary Implementation Gantt Chart
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Cavite Reclamation Project
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Pre-Construction
Cavite Island A = 247.27 has
Construction Phase – Dredging
and Reclamation
a. Removal and disposal of unwanted
seabed/scraps/debris
b. Construction of Environmental
Protection such as installation of silt
curtain and construction of cofferdam
c. Dredging of Seabed
d. Reclamation-Filling of Materials
d.1 Construction of Containment
Wall/Dikes
d.2 Construction of Land Formation
e. Land filling development above the
sea
Consolidation and Stabilization
Site Development such as roads
and utilities
Chapter 1.0 1-66
 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Operation Phase
Cavite Island C=205 has
Construction Phase – Dredging
and Reclamation
a. Removal and disposal of unwanted
seabed/scraps/debris
b. Construction of Environmental
Protection such as installation of silt
curtain and construction of cofferdam
c. Dredging of Seabed
d. Reclamation-Filling of Materials
d.1 Construction of Containment
Wall/Dikes
d.2 Construction of Land Formation
e. Land filling development above the
sea
Consolidation and Stabilization
Site Development such as roads
and utilities
Operation Phase
Cavite Island D=267 has
Construction Phase – Dredging
and Reclamation
a. Removal and disposal of unwanted
seabed/scraps/debris
b. Construction of Environmental
Protection such as installation of silt
curtain and construction of cofferdam
c. Dredging of Seabed
d. Reclamation-Filling of Materials
d.1 Construction of Containment
Wall/Dikes
d.2 Construction of Land Formation
e. Land filling development above the
sea
Consolidation and Stabilization
Site Development such as roads
and utilities
Operation Phase
Cavite Island E=324 has
Construction Phase – Dredging
and Reclamation
a. Removal and disposal of unwanted
seabed/scraps/debris
b. Construction of Environmental
Protection such as installation of silt
curtain and construction of cofferdam
c. Dredging of Seabed
d. Reclamation-Filling of Materials
d.1 Construction of Containment
Wall/Dikes
d.2 Construction of Land Formation
e. Land filling development above the
sea
Consolidation and Stabilization
Site Development such as roads
and utilities
Operation Phase

Chapter 1.0 1-67

 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

1.7.4 Operations (e.g. construction of horizontal structures)

The operations phase involves the construction of buildings and structures by various locators and the
operation of their activities, e.g. food stores, convention centers, movie houses, etc. This phase is not included
in the scope of this EIS and in the application for an ECC.

1.7.5 Decommissioning Phase

This refers to the permanent cessation of all activities involved through the formation of stable land forms.

Under this scenario, all the construction vessels and equipment shall be returned to the contractor. The
Province of Cavite and the members of the Project Consortium will decide on how the reclaimed land will be
used. Hence, remediation of the site will not be relevant.

1.8 Manpower

1.8.1 Construction (Reclamation Phase)

Dredging / Reclamation Works

The payment of statutory benefits of workers will be in accordance with the Contractor’s policy but shall
observe Philippine labor laws, particularly of the DOLE.

The Reclamation/Dredging Contractor will directly hire these personnel because of the technical requirements
prescribed by the Contractor. Policies on the hiring of men and women and on PWG and age will be dictated
by the safety requirements of working in sea vessels and operating heavy equipment as well as the technical
training required for the personnel.

There are no known indigenous peoples in the City and municipality. The nature of the project construction
and the needs for specialized works at the sea vessels may not encourage certain sectors of the society.
Expertise/skills needed for the dredging/filling vessel are indicated in Table 1-15.

Table 1-15 Manpower Specialized Skills Requirement

Expertise/skills needed for the Estimated Number
POSITION
dredging/reclamation vessels of Manpower
Pre-Construction Phase
Technical Consultants All Professionals and Experts (Local and
Expats) 50
Construction Phase
Sea-Based Crew Professional 240
Land Formation
Project Manager, Engineers, Professional 30
Equipment Operators, CADD
Operators, Surveyors
Admin Officer and Staff, Guard, Graduate and requirement with
Mechanics, Etc. corresponding Licenses 30
Various Construction Workers Skilled and Semi-Skilled 80
Horizontal Development
Foreman Skilled 50
Helper Semi-skilled 250
Utilities Semi-skilled 100
Estimated Number of Manpower During Construction Phase 780
Chapter 1.0 1-68
 CHAPTER ONE
Project Description
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Soil Stabilization/Horizontal Works Phase

During the horizontal works, skills needed will be of the nature of the usual on-land construction works, and
could serve as temporary employment opportunities for skilled construction workers of Noveleta as priority will
be given to locals, if the skills are available. The proponent shall give priority to all qualified locals hires with
proper coordination with the concerned barangay Local Government Units (LGUs).

1.8.2 Vertical Construction Works

After the creation of soil stabilized reclaimed land complete with horizontal components, vertical construction
works will take place. These will provide substantial job opportunities. The job hiring will be undertaken by the
individual contractors; they will be persuaded to give preferences to qualified locals. Payment of wages and
provision for all benefits prescribed by the DOLE will be ensured by the Province since it will be part of the
Consortium that will implement the Project.

It must be emphasized, however, that this phase is outside the scope of this ECC application.

1.9 Project Cost. Indicative Project Investment Cost

The estimated total investment costs for the reclamation project including attendant expenses is estimated at
Php 16.00 Billion Pesos.

The estimated cost of reclamation and land development including supporting data (i.e., existing labor force,
structure and average cost and available equipment and average cost/rental rates) would be divulged by the
contractor during the competitive bidding process.

Proposed funding/ financing of the Project

The Project is expected to be financed by the private sector. The private funds will be sourced from investors’
equity and borrowings, with an assumed equity-loan mix of 30%-70% — the usual industry practice. Any fund
shortfall, if any, will be covered by additional equity infusion.

Chapter 1.0 1-69

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 2. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The assessment of environmental impacts were identified based on the preparation of simple checklist
presented in Table 2-1 below.

Table 2-1. Identification of Environmental Impacts

Construction-
Consolidation and
Impacts Dredging and Site Development
Stabilization
Reclamation
LAND
Land Use and ✓
Formation
Solid Wastes ✓ ✓ ✓
Hazardous Wastes ✓ ✓ ✓
Geologic Hazard ✓ ✓
WATER
Water (Marine) Quality ✓ ✓ ✓
Domestic Wastewater ✓ ✓ ✓
Hydrologic Hazard ✓
Coastal Hazard ✓ ✓ ✓
Marine Ecology ✓
Navigational Traffic ✓ ✓ ✓
AIR AND NOISE
Air Quality ✓ ✓ ✓
Noise Quality ✓ ✓ ✓
PEOPLE
Socio-Economics ✓ ✓ ✓
Health and Safety ✓ ✓ ✓

2.1 LAND
2.1.1 Land Use and Classification
2.1.1.1 Impact in Terms of Compatibility with Existing Land Use

The proposed project site is situated in the waters of Manila Bay within the waters of the Municipality of
Noveleta, under the jurisdiction of the Province of Cavite. The communities are in full support to the proposed
reclamation project noting that the project proponent is the Provincial Local Government Unit (LGU).

The 2010 Provincial Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance (PCLUPZO) is provided in Figure
2.1-1. The land for commercial and business developments are already congested as can be observed in this
map.

With regards to the sea use classification, the proposed project site is within the indicated area for municipal
fishing zone and fishery management zone as delineated in the Proposed Coastal Land and Sea Use Zone
Map (Figure 2.1-2) as well as in the existing Protection Framework Plan map of Cavite Province (Figure 2.1-
6). Furthermore, under Republic Act No. 8435 otherwise known as Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act
of 1997 (AFMA), a large part of the municipal waters of Noveleta was declared as a Strategic Fishery
Development Zone (Figure 2.1-3).

Historically, In the latter part of 1960s or early 1970s, the land adjacent to the San Roque isthmus was
reclaimed. The new land is now occupied by the San Sebastian College - Recoletos de Cavite and some

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-1

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
residences. The present Cavite City Hall is built where the north tower end of the western wall was, which was
already partly reclaimed by 1945.

In addition, the CAVITEX itself is principally a road built on reclaimed land. In fact, it is owned and operated
by the Public Estates Authority Tollway Corporation (PEATC), a government-owned and controlled corporation
and a subsidiary of the PRA.

At present, there is the proposed Sangley Point Development Project with enabling reclamation component.
This project aims to transform Sangley Point into an international logistics hub with a modern airport (and
seaport) through Executive Order no. 629 of 2007, directing the PRA to execute the plan.

The existing and planned land use in the area include the following:

The Municipality of Noveleta has a limited land area of 604 hectares. The general land use is quickly changing
because it is a direct influence area of the Cavite Economic Zone in the nearby municipality of Rosario. The
agricultural activity ceased to be productive and profitable due to high cost of inputs and the absence of
irrigation facility. Another issue is that the agricultural crop production areas are located within the residential
zones as per zoning plan approved by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board in 1981. The continuous
increase in population had great influence in the massive construction of housing/commercial subdivisions,
individual residential units, and apartments/boarding houses. Due to this situation, the municipality is now
shifting to the development of fishing industry which is considered viable and potential income earner for the
fishermen if properly managed.

The agricultural sector in Noveleta encompasses crop production, fishery, livestock and poultry raising. Fishery
is a major source of livelihood in the municipality. Areas for aquaculture and fishpond activities are mostly in
Barangays San Rafael II, III, and IV. Saltbeds and fishponds cover 71.50 hectares or about 11.84 percent of
the total land area. Industrial use comprises 3 hectares representing 0.50 percent. (MPDC Noveleta, 2017)

The land use within the proposed project shall be planned in accordance with the existing and planned
developments in the area, i.e., it will conform to the presence of airport, sea port, and various economic
(industrial) productivity zones in the vicinity. As such, an aerotropolis is envisioned to be the driving
development concept for the proposed Cavite Reclamation Project. A metropolitan sub-region where the
layout, infrastructure, and economy are centered on an airport, which serves as a multimodal "airport city"
commercial core. It is similar in form to a traditional metropolis, which contains a central city commercial core
and commuter- linked suburbs. In support of Cavite’s vision to become a major industrial hub, Island C shall
host industrial complexes.

In compliance with DAO 2007-20 dated 31 July 2007, an Area Clearance is being applied for wherein a Notice
to Proceed (NTP) for ECC application was already issued (See Annex 1-A). The securing of the Letters of No
Objection (LONOs) from the various concerned agencies, in support of the application for Area Clearance will
reveal if there are conflicts with the Land Use and Classification of the proposed project (Annex ES-D). At
present, the LONOs were already issued by the following stakeholder agencies:

1. Philippine Ports Authority (PPA);

2. Department of Tourism (DOT)
3. DA-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
4. Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT)
5. Phil. Coast Guard
6. Phil Reclamation Authority (PRA)
7. Department of Energy (DOE); and
8. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-2

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

SOURCE: Cavite Province Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance (20xx-20xx): Provincial Planning and Development Office: Official Zoning Map of Cavite
Figure 2.1-1. Official Zoning Map of Cavite Province
Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-3
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: Cavite PG-ENRO 2012

Figure 2.1-2. Proposed Coastal Land and Sea Use Zone Map of Cavite Province

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-4

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: Municipality of Noveleta Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2018-2028)

Figure 2.1-3. Strategic Fishery Development Zone of the Municipality of Noveleta

2.1.1.2 Impact on Compatibility with Classification as an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA)

The intent of declaration of ECAs is that projects within ECAs must secure an ECC, as stipulated in PD 1586.

In reference to EMB MC 2014-005, the Project falls under Infrastructure Type and is greater than 50 hectares
and thus, an Environmentally Critical Project (ECP).

Furthermore, the project will be located in a declared environmentally critical area (ECA) as defined by
Presidential Proclamation No. 2146, series of 1981 and Table 1 (Technical Definition of ECA and
Corresponding Operationalization Guide) of DENR-EMB MC 2014-005. Specifically, the project site is within
ECA Category # 6, wherein area is prone to ground shaking, liquefaction, tsunami, and storm surge. See table
below.

Table 2.1-1. The 12 ECA Categories under DENR-EMB MC 2014-005 in Relation to the Project
No. ECA CATEGORIES APPLICABILITY TO PROJECT SITE
All areas declared by law as national parks,
Project site is not located within this category. LPPWP is
1 watershed reserves, wildlife preserve and
distant at approx. 11.5km.
sanctuaries
2 Areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots Project site is not a declared tourist spot
Areas which constitute the habitat for any
Project area is not a habitat of any endangered or
3 endangered or threatened species of Indigenous
threatened species
Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-5

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
No. ECA CATEGORIES APPLICABILITY TO PROJECT SITE
Project area has no known historic, archaeological and
scientific resources based on the marine survey and the
soil tests done on the seabed. Also, there was no
Areas of unique historic, archaeological, or scientific
4 reported encounter of any archaeological finding in all of
interests
the existing reclamation areas in the Bay. Nevertheless,
proponent shall coordinate with the NHCP and National
Museum.
Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural Project are is on water, and is not occupied by cultural
5
communities or tribes communities or tribes.
Manila Bay (project location) is relatively less frequented
by typhoons (5 cyclones in 3 years - PAGASA).
Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural
Flooding susceptibility is low to moderate.
6 calamities, geologic hazards, floods, typhoons,
Area is safe from ground rupture but prone to ground
volcanic activity, etc.
shaking, liquefaction, and tsunami.
Safe from volcanic hazards.
7 Areas with critical slopes Coastal area fronting site is flat, no critical slopes.
8 Areas classified as prime agricultural lands Project site is not located within this category
9 Recharge areas of aquifers Project site is not located within this category
Water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions:
a. tapped for domestic purposes; Project site is not located within this category

10 b. within the controlled and/or protected areas

Project site is not located within this category
declared by appropriate authorities;
No significant marine fishes, macro invertebrates or
c. which support wildlife and fishery activities.
crustaceans encountered during marine ecology survey.
Mangrove areas characterized by one or any combination or the following conditions:
a. with primary pristine and dense young growth; no primary pristine and dense young growth
b. adjoining mouth of major river systems; no major river systems nearby
c. near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or
11 none
fishing grounds;
d. which act as natural buffers against shore
none
erosion, strong winds and storm floods;
e. on which people are dependent for their
none
livelihood.
Coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions:
a. with 50% and above live coral line cover; none
12
b. Spawning and nursery grounds for fish; none
c. Which act as natural breakwater of coastlines none

The NIPAS and E-NIPAS

Protected areas are designated under the National Integrated Protected Areas Systems (NIPAS). Restrictions
or prohibitions of activities in Protected Areas fall under this law.

There are no protected or proclaimed areas/sites within the Project Location; this may be gleaned from
Figures 2.1-4 and 2.1-5. Figures 2.1-6 and 2.1-7 show the Protection Areas Map and Protection Framework
Plan of Cavite, respectively, which show that the project site is outside any protection area. It should be
emphasized that these protection areas are not covered by any NIPAS declaration.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-6

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
The site of the wetlands nearest the project site is the Las Piñas-Parañaque Wetland Park (LPPWP), formerly
known as Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA).

R.A. 11038 signed on June 22, 2018 is an amendment to R.A. 7586, which created 94 new protected areas
in the Philippines including the LPPWP.

The LPPWP is also a bird sanctuary although exotic and rare bird species were sighted hovering over the site
and immediate vicinity. The reclamation area is not detrimental to birds. In fact, it will also have open parks
and spaces where birds can go, similar to near-shore development areas in other countries.

The area is distant at approximately 11.5 km northeast from the project site. Refer to Figure 2.1-4.

Sites under the Scope of the Ramsar Convention

The Convention on Wetlands or Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty officially named the
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Its original emphasis
was on the conservation and wise use of wetlands primarily to provide habitat for water birds. The LPPWP is
among the sites under this Convention.

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.1-4. Map of the LPPWP Relative to Project Site

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-7

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

LPPWP

PROJECT SITE

Source: ArcGIS Online, screen captured February 2020. https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1

Figure 2.1-5. Map of the Protected Areas in the Greater Manila Area

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-8

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT SITE

Source: Cavite PPDO 2016

Figure 2.1-6. Protection Areas Map of Cavite (not NIPAS-declared)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-9

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT SITE

Source: Cavite PPDO 2016

Figure 2.1-7. Protection Framework Plan of Cavite

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-10

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
On Proclamation 41 dated July 5 1954

The spirit behind the proclamation is seen to be preservation of parks and wildlife by the Commission on Parks
and Wildlife.

The project is compatible with the Proclamation and is in fact not relevant to it for the following reasons:

• There are no parks and wildlife in the project site

• The authority over the project site, which is portion of the sea body is on the Provincial Government.
• The Comprehensive Land Use Plans of the Province and Municipality of Noveleta do not see issues
vis-à-vis Proclamation 41; and
• There have been reclamation works in the boundaries of the proclaimed parks and wildlife

A general summary of compatibility for the project with various rules/issuances and policies is shown in the
table below.

Table 2.1-2. Summary of Compliances to and Consistencies with Various

Regulations/Laws/Treatises
Regulations/Laws/Issuances Consistency With and Compliance To
PRA Guidelines Consistent with General Guidelines
Specific Guidelines to be Defined when Proponent applies
for Notice to Proceed (NTP) from PRA; one of
requirements for NTP is an ECC
Environmental Critical Area of the NIPAS Project not in conflict
Ramsar Convention Site is NOT within Project included in the Convention
Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (MBCS) Policies and Guidelines of MBCS to be complied with
Supreme Court Mandamus on Manila Bay Mandamus serves as guideline for EMP
Mandamus itself does not directly restrict reclamation
projects in Manila Bay

Areas Vulnerable/Susceptible to Natural Hazards

The project area being located within Manila Bay, is susceptible to various natural hazards such as
earthquake-related hazards (i.e., ground shaking, liquefaction, tsunami and subsidence), flooding and storm
surge. These are discussed in more detail under subsection 2.1.2.3. Inducement of subsidence, liquefaction,
landslides, mud / debris flow, etc., including maps.

Historical Typhoon Passage Frequency

An average of 20 typhoons enter the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR) annually, 9 of which make landfall
passing through the southern part of Luzon island and eastern part of the Visayan islands. (Lapidez et al.,
2015). Manila Bay is relatively less exposed to cyclones and typhoons with an average of 5 cyclones in 3 years
(PAGASA).

The top 5 strongest historical typhoons based on wind speed that have affected the project site and vicinities
are: Typhoon Rita / Kading in 1978 (203.72 kph), Typhoon Georgia / Ruping in 1986, Typhoon Patsy / Yoling
in 1970, Typhoon Betty / Herming in 1987, and Typhoon Koppu / Lando in 2015. Typhoon Xangsane (Milenyo)
likewise devastated Metro Manila and Cavite in 2006.

The municipalities of Noveleta and Rosario are most often affected by flooding when typhoons and/or
continuous heavy rains pass through the site especially when coupled with high tides.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-11

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Project Site

Legend:
Tropical Depression: vmax < 18m/s
Tropical Storm: vmax = 18 - 24m/s
Severe Tropical Storm: vmax = 25 - 32m/s
Typhoon: vmax = > 32m/s
Source: Digital Typhoon
Figure 2.1-8. Typhoon Tracks within 200km of Project Site

Historical typhoons are discussed in more detail under subsection 2.2.1.2. Meteorological Data.

2.1.1.3 Impact on Existing Land/Water Tenure Issue/s

Determine if the project area is under CARP or with CADC / CADT / CALC/ CALT, with IFMA/CBFMA, within
COC, within MPSA or other tenurial instruments and identify corresponding existing tenure issues including
presence of informal settlers.

The proposed project site will be on the municipal waters of Noveleta and not on land. As such, there are no
issues with respect to CARP, CADC / CADT / CALC/ CALT, IFMA/CBFMA or COC. Likewise, it is not within
MPSA or other tenurial instruments.

The capacity of the Province of Cavite to reclaim is pursuant to Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government
Code of 199, the Department of Interior and Local Government, under Memorandum Circular No. 120, s.2016,
confirmed the authority of local government units to enter into Public-Private Partnerships and Joint Ventures
for reclamation projects pursued consistent with the mandate and charter of the PRA.

The proposed project will reclaim about 206 hectares of land in Manila Bay. It is important to note that the
proposed project is to be located at sea and not onshore and is within the territorial waters of Noveleta and
jurisdiction of the Province of Cavite, thus, there is no existing tenure issues present in the proposed project.

Based on Presidential Decree No. 3-A, all reclamation of foreshore, submerged and offshore areas shall be
limited to the National Government or any person authorized by it under a proposed contract.

On the other hand, Executive Order No. 52 dated February 12, 1979 designates then Public Estates Authority
(PEA) presently called as the PRA as the agency primarily responsible for all reclamation projects for and in
behalf of the National Government and mandated that all reclamation projects be submitted to the President
for his approval, upon the recommendation by the PEA and the same to be undertaken by the PEA or through
a proposed contract executed by it with any person or entity.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-12

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Based on Executive Order No. 146, Former President Benigno S. Aquino III issued an order transferring the
power to approve reclamation projects from PRA Board to the National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA) Board on 13-November-2013.

The ownership of the reclaimed land will be stipulated in the JVA to be executed among PRA, the Cavite
Provincial Government, and the Private Sector Project Developer.

Nearby Reclamation Projects

The nearby reclamation projects (figure below) are being pursued by other LGU-private sector project
developer partnerships, which are independent of each other. There are no overlaps in boundaries between
these other projects and this application. The ability of the projects to be implemented after the securing of
their individual ECCs will be subject to the granting of individual Notices to Proceed (NTPs), which are under
the mandate of the PRA.

The map of these projects is shown in the figure below. This also shows that the proposed project site as well
as the other proposed islands are not in conflict with other projects.

Table 2.1-3. List of Nearby Reclamation Projects

Project Area (Hectare) Status of ECC
Bacoor Reclamation and Development Project 320 With ECC
Diamond Reclamation and Development Project 100 With ECC
Sangley Point International Airport Project >1,400 Planning stage
Philippine Navy Reclamation Project Planning stage
Parañaque 286.86-ha Reclamation Project 286.86 Application process ongoing

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-13

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.1-9. Nearby Reclamation Projects vis-à-vis Project Site and other Proposed Islands

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-14

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Other Conflicting Tenurial/Water Issues

Informal Settlers/Water-based Settlement

Informal settlers at the site (at sea) are absent and likewise on land where the access way to the shore will be
connected.

Fishing
The fishermen of Noveleta mostly fish either near the coast or out in the open waters. The project area is not
used as areas for significant or commercial fishing, source of commercial/economic supply of fish and other
marine species.

In the absence of significant benthic habitats, pelagic fish species are the principal target of fishing boats in
the Rosario-Noveleta area. A total of only 8 actual fishing encounters (AFE) from Cavite City to Roasrio were
observed and documented during the marine survey in February 2019. None of these were within proposed
Island C. Moreover, there are no lift nets nor mussel farms in the area.

A Letter of No Objection (LONO) was already secured from the DA-Bureau of Fisheries (See Annex ES-D).
Moreover, the proponent will conduct FGDs with fishermen and other stakeholders in both the Manila Bay side
and Bacoor Bay side.

Matters relating to fisheries and aquatic management are discussed in more detail in the Chapter on “Water”
(Chapter 2.2)

PROJECT SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.1-10. Location of Actual Fishing Operations Documented Across the Proposed
Reclamation Islands

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-15

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Port
There are no port/s in the project area nor in Noveleta as a whole.

Water Supply
The project site will be at sea, which is not used as a source of bulk water supply.

Navigational Lane
The LONO was already secured from the Philippine Ports Authority on this matter while the LONO from the
Philippine Navy is being coordinated.

The figure below shows the PPA navigation lane indicating that there is no overlap, blockage or restriction of
the proposed reclamation project within the PPA. Furthermore, no PPA-administered port or lawfully-operated
private port apparently operates within the subject portion of Manila Bay.

SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.1-11. Navigational Lanes of the PPA Relative to the Cavite Island C 205-ha Reclamation
Project

2.1.1.4 Impairment of Visual Aesthetics

The proposed development highlight within the reclamation area will have height restriction limits around the
waterfront area to allow those located deep into the reclaimed area and those at the mainland to have a visual
corridor to the world-famous Manila Bay sunset. 


The matter of the Manila Bay sunset while considered significant is deemed to be more relevant in other
reclamation projects, i.e. those in the City of Manila.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-16

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.1.5 Devaluation of Land Value as a Result of Improper Solid Waste Management and Other
Related Impacts

Existing laws on solid waste management and wastewater management shall be strictly adhered to.

The devaluation of land value as a result of improper solid waste management and other related impacts is
not perceived. Solid wastes are generated by the population near the project site and solid wastes to be
generated by the proposed project are specific to the type and site of activities such as:
• The use of construction equipment will necessarily involve fossil fuels and products such as
lubricating oil and generate spent oil wastes. These wastes will not be disposed to the bay waters
and instead be disposed to DENR-accredited third party TSD entities.
• On the other hand, maintenance works on the machinery and equipment, which would generate
wastes e.g. oil filters will be confined to the maintenance shop(s) onshore.
• Seabed silts are the solid wastes from the dredging of undesired seabed materials. Silt curtains will
be used as waste management facility to contain the dispersal of these materials. The unwanted solid
wastes will be disposed outside the project site by a third-party accredited disposal firm into a site
that will be approved by the DENR and the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) with pertinent permits to
be acquired from both agencies. Alternatively, these silts may still be usable as fill materials and
compressed on site thus avoiding disposal outside the reclamation site.
• Domestic wastes from workers during the construction stage will be monitored weekly through visual
count weekly; the garbage will either be picked up by the garbage disposal unit of the City or
transported to its garbage dumpsite.

Estimates of Domestic Solid Waste Generation in Vessels and in land stabilization and horizontal
component construction.

The sea-based crew is very minimal with only 30 people at the start and will peak at about 240 members. At
a rate of 1kg per person per day, 30kg of solid wastes will be generated on a daily basis to a peak of 240kg of
solid wastes per day.

Estimates of Domestic Solid Waste Generation in Land Stabilization and Horizontal Component
Construction.
Compacting, configuring and development structuring of the reclaimed area will result to increased human
activity in the project site due to the influx of workers and this is expected to generate a significant amount of
solid wastes.

About 140 workers will be at the site during the soil stabilization phase, at which period, the total volume of
wastes produced will amount to 140kg/day.

During the horizontal component construction, the number of workers could peak at around 400, and therefore,
solid wastes generation will be at 0.4t/day.

Compliance with MARPOL 73/78 and PCG Guidelines on Handling and Disposal of Solid wastes in
Vessels.

The contractor for the proposed project will be required to comply with the applicable environmental laws with
respect to DENR, MARPOL 73/78, and PCG guidelines, and provide the appropriate mitigating measures at
their expense.

Bilge water (wastewater in the vessel) can be managed by either retaining it onboard the vessel in the holding
tank and later discharging it to an accredited third-party waste treater onshore. Onboard treatment may also
be undertaken as an option.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-17

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Oil which represents a significant portion of the bilge water falling in the category of “hazardous” wastes may
be treated in Oily Water Separators (OWS). Current regulations of oily bilge water discharge from vessels is
based on Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified
by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78).

The bilge separators are treatment systems that combine a gravity oil-water separator (OWS) or centrifuge
with one or more additional unit operations that “polish” the bilge water effluent to reduce concentrations of
emulsified oil.

To ensure the continued efficiency of the OWS, an Oil Content Monitor and Control System will be installed.

Additional Wastewater Management under MARPOL 73/78

a. Oil filtering systems for connection to treated wastewater discharges
b. Continuous monitoring and recording of all discharges
c. Maintenance of valves and ensuring these are “NC” (Normally Closed”)
d. Installation of Slop Tanks and Continuous Maintenance and Cleaning
e. Categorization and Specific Regulations for “Noxious” Substances
f. As maybe applicable installation of sewage treatment plant onboard
g. Special procedures for handling of food wastes and garbage

PCG Guidelines

There are 3 existing circulars set by PCG with regards to waste management at sea. The dredging/reclamation
contractor shall be made to comply with all these, and are as follows:

PCG MC No. 01-2005, otherwise known as the Revised Rules on Prevention, Containment, Abatement and
Control of Oil Marine Pollution,

a. All vessels shall have onboard wooden scupper plugs equivalent to the number of scupper lips and
various sizes of wooden plugs for use on possible holes that may develop in the hull.
b. There shall be a minimum of 3kg of rags or other appropriate sorbent materials and appropriate
number of open-ended drums with cover for clean-up of oil spills on decks and pump rooms.
c. Vessels of 400 gross tons and above but less than 10,000 GT shall be fitted with an oil-water
separating equipment or filtering system duly approved by PCG to ensure that any oil mixture
discharged into the open sea after passing through the separator or filtering system shall have an oil
content of not more than 15 ppm. Effluent discharges in ports and harbors to include other navigable
lakes and rivers shall not exceed the water quality standards.
d. Vessels of 10,000 gross tons and above shall be fitted, in addition to OWS, with an oil discharge
monitoring and control system.
e. Every vessel of 400 gross tons and above shall be provided with tank or tanks of adequate capacity,
having regard to the type of machinery and length of voyage to receive the oil residues.
f. All shipping companies shall provide for a system of collection and disposal of all types of wastes
accumulated aboard ship notwithstanding public port reception facilities duly approved by the PCG.
A Plan for Collection and Disposal of Waste shall likewise be submitted by these shipping companies
to the PCG for approval. Cooperative efforts among shipping companies in connection with the
acquisition and utilization of such system of collection and disposal is highly encouraged.
g. Chemical dispersant to be utilized by the ship owner, master of the vessel, oil companies,
terminals/depots, power plants/barges, oil drillers, oil tankers, shipyards and salvors during oil spill
shall be duly accredited by the PCG.

PCG MC No. 07-2005, otherwise known as the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships; Discharge of
Sewage:

The discharge of sewage into Philippine waters is prohibited except when:

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-18

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
a. The ship is discharging contaminated and disinfected/treated sewage at a distance of more than 5
nautical miles from the nearest shoreline;
b. The ship is discharging sewage which is not contaminated or disinfected/treated at a distance of more
than 12 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline;
c. The ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant and that the effluent shall neither
produce visible and floating solids nor cause the discoloration of surrounding waters; or
d. The discharge is necessary for purposes of securing the safety of the ship and/or saving life at sea
in case of a real, grave and imminent danger, provided that all reasonable precautions have been
taken to prevent or minimize the discharge. Provided further, that in the first two exceptions, the
sewage that has been stored in holding tanks shall not be discharged instantaneously but at a
moderate rate when the ship is enroute and proceeding at no less than 4 knots.

PCG MC No. 01-2006, otherwise known as the Rule Prohibiting the Dumping and Discharging of Wastes and
Other Harmful Matters

Concerned parties shall initiate measures to protect the marine environment against pollution caused by:
a. Hydrocarbons, including oil and their wastes;
b. Other noxious or hazardous matter transported by vessels for purposes other than dumping; and
c. Wastes generated in the course of operations of vessels, aircraft, platform and other man-made
structures at sea

2.1.2 Geology/ Geomorphology

Methodology

The geological assessment consists of collation and interpretation of existing geologic reports and literature
of the project area, including topographic, geologic, and other thematic maps. These data and reports are
predominantly from concerned government agencies and academic institutions such as: Department of
Environment and Natural Resources-Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENR-MGB), Department of Science
and Technology-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (DOST-PHIVOLCS), and the University
of the Philippines Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (UP-NOAH), previously DOST-Project
NOAH.

The borehole drilling, preliminary geotechnical and coastal engineering studies were undertaken by an
independent drilling contractor from which interpretations were made by AMH Consulting Phils., Inc.

A follow-up geotechnical studies will be conducted post-ECC as part the Detailed Engineering Design work.

Nature/Source of Information

Study of previous works include among others, available geological, seismological and hydrological reports
and maps covering the project area that were conducted by the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources-Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENR-MGB), Department of Science and Technology-Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (DOST-PHIVOLCS), the University of the Philippines Nationwide
Operational Assessment of Hazards (UP-NOAH), previously DOST-Project NOAH, the University of the
Philippines-National Institute of Geological Sciences (UP-NIGS), and the University of the Philippines-Marine
Science Institute (UP-MSI).

2.1.2.1 Change in Surface Landform/ Topography/ Terrain / Slope

Geomorphology

The Municipality of Noveleta in Cavite Province and vicinities belong to the coastal lowlands, particularly the
lowest lowland and the lowland areas (Figure 2.1-12).

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-19

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Cavite Province is divided into four physiographical areas, namely: the lowest lowland area, lowland area, the
central hilly area and the upland mountainous area. (PDRRMO 2010)

The lowest lowland area is the coastal plain in particular, which are the areas nearest to the project site. These
areas have extremely low ground level of 0 to 2 meters elevation compared to the high tide level of about 0.8m
elevation from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). These are the municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta and
Rosario. (PDRRMO 2010)

The lowland area consists of the coastal and alluvial plains. These areas have flat ground slope of less than
0.5 percent and low ground elevation of 2 to 30 meters elevation. The alluvial plain can be found in the
municipality of Imus and southern part of General Trias. Within these municipalities forms the transition area
between the coastal plain and the central hilly area. It also covers some areas of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta,
Rosario and Tanza. (PDRRMO 2010)

The central hilly area and the upland mountainous areas are found distant from the project site from the
mountain footslopes and the uplands. These have elevations from 30m to 400m and are found in Trece
Martires, Dasmarinas, Indang Silang, and Tagaytay City.

This land is dissected by drainage systems emptying into the Manila Bay. The nearest natural rivers to the
project site include Maragondon, Labac, Cañas, San Juan, Bacoor and Imus rivers. These have various
tributaries passing through the towns of the province.

Within the coastal plain, the river course is morphologically controlled, running parallel to the coastline following
the landward boundary of the beach ridges and exhibits a meandering course. The flow in the coastal plain is
generally sluggish, dominated by standstill water condition. This is mainly caused by the influence of tidal
fluctuations and the flat topography.

On the opposite side of the Cavite Spit is the LPPWP. For the proposed Island C, which is located to the west
of Cavite Spit, LPPWP is approximately 11.5 km to the northeast. LPPWP is a coastal wetland composed of
2 inter-connected reclamation islands called Freedom Island and Long Island, plus a smaller island to the
south. This wetland is composed of: intertidal mudflats; intertidal forested wetlands; intertidal marshes; coastal
brackish/saline lagoons/ponds; and estuarine waters. The mudflat is adjacent to a densely populated
mangrove swamp. This serves multiple purposes such as a pollutant “sink” and provide shoreline defense
against floods, erosion and storm surges. It is a catchment area for floodwaters.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-20

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Ν
PROJECT
SITE

Source: NAMRIA 1:50:000, July 2001 (3129-I)

Figure 2.1-12. Topographic Map of Cavite - NAMRIA

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-21

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
General Profile of Manila Bay

Manila Bay is a semi-enclosed water body facing the South China Sea. It has a surface area of about 1,800
square kilometers and coastal length of about 190 kilometers (EMB, 1992). The bay width varies from 19
kilometers at its mouth to a maximum of about 60 kilometers. The bay’s length is about 52 kilometers with the
average depth of 17 meters with a volume of 31 km3. It has a gently sloping basin with increasing depth at a
rate of 1 m/km (PRRP, 1999). Manila Bay’s coastal margin is a low-lying flat strip of land with elevations of <5
meters. The catchment area is bounded by the Sierra Madre mountain range to the east, the Caraballo
mountains to the north, the Zambales mountains to the northwest and the Bataan mountains to the west
(BFAR, 1995). The bay receives discharged water from numerous sources including 26 river catchments
(account for about 17,000 km2), and domestic and industrial water from Metro Manila and Laguna Bay.

Various sub-environments characterize the coastal areas. Near the mouth, Cavite and Bataan coastlines are
rocky and deeply embayed, with local pockets of sand forming thin strips of beach at the head of coves. Going
north towards Bulacan, the coastline becomes more linear marked by a series of beach ridges. In Bulacan,
the ridges are sandy but the surrounding fishpond areas are muddy. (Siringan and Ringor, 1997)

The combined effects of fluvial, wave and tidal processes creating longshore currents, as well as the
morphology of the bay, have influenced the sediment dispersal pattern. The net sediment drift is to the NE
along Cavite, to the NW along Manila-Bulacan (from Pasig River mouth to Meycauayan R.), to the SW from
Zapote to Bacoor, and to the north along Bataan. Siringan and Ringor (1997) in their report entitled
“Predominant Nearshore Sediment Dispersal Pattern in Manila Bay”, stated that the wind direction plays an
important role in the characteristics of sediment dispersal in Manila Bay. Southwesterly winds produce
longshore currents that flow up the bay along Bataan and to the northeast along Cavite. Refraction at the tip
of Cavite Spit causes longshore currents along the Las Piñas-Kawit coast. For southeasterly winds, the
currents move to the NW along Manila-Pampanga coast and to the north along Bataan. NE winds create
currents that move towards the mouth of the bay. During rainy days with winds predominantly coming from the
southwest, greater input of sediments from rivers flows into the bay. The greater amount of the fine sediment
gets transported in the northeastern Manila Bay (Figure 2.1-13). (Siringan and Ringor, 1997)

Source: Siringan and Ringor, 1997

Figure 2.1-13. Longshore currents associated with locally generated waves

a) south westerlies; b) south easterlies; c) north easterlies

The Cavite Spit is a very prominent feature of the bay (Figures 2.1-13 to 2.1-14). It is 10km-long, 1.25km wide
at its broadest portion, and has two recurved termination at its northeast end. It is approximately 30 km from
the southern edge of the mouth of Manila Bay (Siringan and Ringor, 1997). The proposed Island C project will
be located on the fringes of Cavite Spit.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-22

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
On the opposite side is Bacoor Bay, a large inlet of southeastern Manila Bay partly enclosed by the Cavite
Spit. Its northeastern edge is defined by a smaller spit that serves as a divide between this bay and Cañacao
Bay. The latter is a smaller inlet within Manila Bay bordered to the north by Sangley Point (Danilo Atienza Air
Base) and by Cavite Point (Naval Base) to the south.

The Cavite coastline lies on the southern opening of Manila Bay. It is dissected by several large rivers such
as Maragondon, Labac, and Cañas rivers characterized by wave-dominated deltas, as indicated by a series
of arcuate sandy strandplain ridges and by a lack of major distributaries. Spits mark the mouth of smaller
rivers. The mouths of these rivers are deflected to the northeast, indicating the predominance of northeasterly
sediment drift. (Siringan and Ringor, 1997)

Shielded by wave impact in the lee of Cavite Spit, fluvial-dominated deltas have formed at the mouths of the
San Juan/Ylang-ylang and Imus rivers. Wave defraction at the tip of Cavite Spit has probably caused the
western distributary of Las Piñas River to be deflected to the SW, the delta of Imus River to be skewed to the
SW, and created a southeastern net sediment drift. It also turned the area from wave-dominated to fluvial-
dominated. According to Siringan (1997), prior to the formation of Cavite Spit, longshore transport was
probably uninterrupted from Cavite to Bulacan. The spit cut-off the sediment supply thus turning the northern
part into a muddier environment. Siringan et.al., further suggests that the planned reclamation of the bay to
almost the tip of the spit may re-establish the continuous northeastward sediment drift. This could also cause
rapid shallowing of the gap between new reclaimed land and the spit, and of Bacoor Bay.

Rocky, rocky sand, and sandy substrates characterize the areas at the baymouth and along the Cavite
coastline. At the lee side in Bacoor Bay, the substrate consists of mud, similar to the rest of the bay except for
the Bataan coastline, which is rocky. Small pockets of sandy mud are found in Bulacan and Pampanga coasts.
(Siringan and Ringor, 1997) Figure 2.1-14 shows the sediment distribution within Manila Bay.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-23

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: Siringan and Ringor, 1998

Figure 2.1-14. Manila Bay Sediment Distribution Map based on NAMRIA Data

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-24

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Impact Analysis
Creation of Landform

The creation of landform of the island is a key direct impact of the proposed project. A landform of one island
will arise with the configuration of the master layout and with a minimum finished platform elevation of 4m
above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). The platform surface is flat.

The reclamation landform, which will be located at the western coast of Cavite, will not disturb any existing
landform. The nearest wetland is about 11.5 km to the northeast – the LPPWP area.

There will be a change in the configuration of the new coastline. Island C (together with the other 3 proposed
projects nearby) will be aligned to the present coastline, hence the change will be more of “widening” the
Cavite Spit and shielding it from wave action and erosion. With respect to the relative size and shape of these
islands, their addition somehow makes the general coastal outline more linear, which is where coastal
processes generally lead up to.

In terms of the flow of water from Cañas River, a numerical modeling was conducted and presented under
Chapter 2.2.2 Oceanography. The sediment transport model, on the other hand, is presented under Chapter
2.2.1. Hydrology/hydrogeology.

In relation to storm surges and tsunamis, the reclamation project will act as a shield to the surrounding coastal
areas, and hence, will lessen the impact of these natural hazards. On the other hand, the project will not cause
or aggravate other hazards such as liquefaction, ground shaking, and subsidence. These are discussed in
more detail under Chapter 2.1.2.3. Inducement of subsidence, liquefaction, landslides, mud / debris flow, etc.

Changes in surface landform/topography/terrain/slope of the land (onshore outside of the reclamation site are
deemed not relevant because no activities will be undertaken herein, except the construction of connecting
points for the access way(s) to the land. The construction will not result in changes in geology.

2.1.2.2 Changes in Subsurface Geology / Underground Conditions

2.1.2.2.1 Regional Geologic Setting

The southwestern part of Luzon represents the southern segment of the West Luzon Volcanic Arc, which is
related to the eastward subduction of the South China Sea Plate at the Manila Trench.

Different kinds of rocks can be found in southwestern Luzon (Figure 2.1-15). The greater part of Cavite consists
of volcanic materials, tuff, cinders, basalt, breccia, agglomerate and interbeddings of shale and sandstone.

The southern part occupied by Batangas Province likewise exhibits mixed rock types that include andesite,
limestone, agglomerate tuff, alluvium, quartz-diorite, metavolcanics, metasediments, dacite, and shale. The
general geology of Laguna shows alluvium, conglomerate, sandstone, tuff, andesite, basalt and volcanic
breccia particularly in the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, western side of Mt. Makiling, Mt. Lagula, and
Nagcarlan.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-25

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: cropped from the Geologic Map of the Phillipines, Aurelio and Pena (DENR-MGB) 2002,

Figure 2.1-15. Geologic Map of Northern Philippines

2.1.2.2.2 Regional Stratigraphy

The regional stratigraphic setting covering Cavite and the adjacent provinces of Laguna and Batangas is
composed of sedimentary and volcanic rock formations. The stratigraphic units are described below:

Recent Alluvium: (Holocene) composed of unconsolidated deposits of silt, sand and gravel

Guadalupe Formation: Composed of the Alat Conglomerate member (conglomerate, sandstone,

mudstone) and Diliman Tuff member (tuffs, pyroclastic breccias, and tuffaceous sandstones). It unconformably
overlies the Tartaro Formation. The formation occupies a large area from Quezon City, Pasig, Makati, southern
Rizal, eastern Bulacan, to southeastern Nueva Ecija. . (Aurelio and Peña, 2002)

Pinamucan Formation: (Pliocene) named by Avila (1980) for the interbedded sequence of conglomerate,
sandstone and shale that crop out in the vicinity of upper Pinamucan, upper Calumpit and middle Lobo rivers,
where they rest unconformably over the Tolos Quartz Diorite and metavolcanic rocks of the San Juan
Formation. The conglomerate is poorly indurated but well sorted with pebbles of andesite, diorite and
metasediments set in a sandy tuffaceous matrix. The sandstone and shale are well-bedded, poorly indurated
and tuffaceous. The upper horizon is intercalated with pyroclastic rocks designated as Lobo Agglomerate.
(Aurelio and Peña, 2002)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-26

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Looc Volcanic Complex: (Middle Miocene) found in Looc, Taysan, and Lobo, Batangas. It may be divided
into three members: andesitic pyroclastic member, andesitic pyroclastics and flows, and dacitic pyroclastics
and flows. Altogether, the thickness of the three members totals about 500 m. This unit is equivalent to the
Batangas Volcanics (Corby and others, 1951), Talahib Andesite (Avila, 1980), and Banoy Volcanics (Wolfe
and others, 1980).

Calatagan Formation: (Early Pliocene) equivalent to Mapulo Limestone (Avila, 1980). This is found at
Calatagan Peninsula; Taysan; Conde Mataas; Mt. Banoy, peninsulas and islands south and east of Mabini,
Batangas province. The lithology varies from soft tuffaceous marine siltstone to coralline limestone. The
limestone is massive, white to buff, soft and porous with abundant coral fingers.

San Juan Formation: (Oligocene) refers to the metavolcanic rocks found at San Juan and Lobo, Batangas.
It is composed of basalt, andesite, graywacke, shale, slates, paraschists, marble, and hornfels. It is intruded
by the Tolos Diorite.

2.1.2.2.3 Tectonic Setting

The Philippine Islands is generally interpreted as a collage of insular arcs, ophiolitic suites and continental
rocks of Eurasian affinity. The formation of this belt is controlled by subductions, collisions and major strike-
slip faults. (Aurelio and Peña, 2002). It has evolved from the collision between the Eurasian Plate, South China
Sea Plate, the Philippine Sea Plate, and the Pacific Plate. The collision resulted to several subduction zones
marked by oceanic trenches. The development of the archipelago was caused by the active squeezing and
magma rise producing a chain of volcanoes from the remelting of the subducting lithosphere.

The Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) is surrounded by subduction zones moving in opposing directions
simultaneously. On the western side, the Eurasian Plate (or South China Plate) subducts eastward beneath
Luzon Island along the Manila Trench. On the eastern side, the Philippine Sea Plate subducts westward along
the East Luzon Trench. This results to an actively deforming zone in between 2 active subduction systems as
manifested by high seismic activity. (Aurelio and Peña, 2002).

The significant geologic structures in the region include: the Philippine Fault; Valley Fault System; Lubang
Fault; Manila Trench; and Macolod Corridor. The maps of distribution of active faults and trenches in the
Philippines, distribution of active faults and trenches in Region 4A, are shown in Figures 2.1-16 and 2.1-17.

Philippine Fault
The 1,200 km-long Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ), a major strike-slip fault extending from Lingayen to Davao,
lies parallel to the subduction trenches. The PFZ is assumed to release the shear stress caused by the oblique
subduction of the ocean plates. On the southwest, the seafloor of the Sulu Plate subducts near the west side
of Negros Island along the Negros Trench and along Sulu Trench near the northwest side of Zamboanga. The
Celebes Sea Plate subducts near the west side of Central Mindanao along the Cotabato Trench and in Davao
Gulf along the Davao Trench.

About one-third of the destructive earthquakes that have affected Cavite, Metro Manila and vicinity were
generated from the PFZ. Its movement produced the majority of the most devastating earthquakes in Philippine
history including the 16 July 1990 earthquake event. The 1990 earthquake generated from the PFZ’s northern
segment, the Digdig Fault, was recorded at Ms 7.8. A seismic gap along this fault located about 82 km east of
Manila can produce a future earthquake in the order of at least magnitude 7 is highly possible (upon the release
of large stresses stored along the locked portion).

Valley Fault System

Many faults are identified around Cavite Province. The project site is found about 20 km west of the western
extension of the Valley Fault System (VFS). The VFS consists of two northeast-trending structures that bound
the Marikina Valley: West Valley Fault (WVF) on the west and on the east, the East Valley Fault (EVF). The
EVF was traced for 38 km from San Rafael, Rodriguez (Montalban) in the north to the Pasig City area.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-27

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
However, LANDSAT imagery shows that it extends farther to the northeast. However, PHIVOLCS (2000)
reported that EVF is ~10 km long. It is located approximately 40 km northeast from the project site.

The WVF, on the other hand, stretches out north of Rodriguez in western Rizal province, passes east of Metro
Manila and possibly extends as far as the Batangas-Cavite boundary at Tagaytay Ridge in the south. It is ~90
km long (PHIVOLCS, 2000; READY, 2008; JSP & MLPM, 2009). This is a geomorphologically active fault that
is thought to pose the greatest threat to Metropolitan Manila and vicinities due to their proximity. Recent
investigation by PHIVOLCS along the Sucat-Muntinlupa-Alabang stretch have confirmed the existence of
creep (active fault movement) along what is believed to be a step-over segment of the fault there (Rimando et
al, 1995). With regards to recorded events, the WVF moved 4 times in the past 1,400 years, hence, PHIVOLCS
places its movement interval to ~ 400 years (Solidum, 2013).

Lubang Fault
Lubang Fault is considered to play a significant role in the transition from subduction along the Manila Trench
to collision in the Mindoro-Palawan-Panay area (Aurelio and Peña, 2004). It is an active strike-slip fault that
has also been the site of large earthquakes in the past, notably that of 1852 and 1972 (Daligdig and Besana,
1993). The most recent one was the 1994 earthquake in Mindoro, which registered a seismic magnitude of 7.
It is located about 101km south-southwest of the project site.

Manila Trench
Manila Trench, found about 180 km west of the project site, is a 1,100-km long trench system, which extends
from south of Taiwan to west of Mindoro Island in Southwest Luzon (Bautista, 1999). The Manila Trench
represents the morphologic expression of the subduction of the oceanic crust of the South China Sea under
the Luzon Arc (Karig, 1973; Cardwell and others, 1980). It is an elongated bathymetric depression that reaches
depths of 5,100 m in the latitude of Manila (Ludwig and others, 1967).

Bautista et al. (2001) describe the Manila trench as a straight line from 13-18°N, which swerves abruptly to
ESE at latitudes lower than 13°N because of a collision of micro-continental fragments with Mindoro and Panay
islands. Hayes and Lewis (1984) state that the rate of subduction along the northern Manila Trench is probably
not extended so far south.

Macolod Corridor
The Macolod Corridor is an approximately 40 km-wide zone located in southwestern Luzon and pervaded by
active intense Quaternary volcanism, faulting, and crustal thinning. It perpendicularly crosses Luzon in a NE-
SW direction (Förster et al., 1990). The alignment of the corridor is at a right angle to the Manila Trench; and
is distinguished from other active volcanic areas of Luzon, which are aligned in one or two chains parallel to
the Manila Trench (Yueh et al., 2009). According to Defant et al., (1988) the corridor is a northeast-southwest
trending pull-apart rift zone that includes directional lineaments (northeast trending fracture lineaments) and
volcanic centers. The NE-trending Tagaytay Ridge is the corridor’s northern structural boundary.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-28

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS, April 2015

Figure 2.1-16. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-29

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS, February 2000

Figure 2.1-17. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in Western Luzon

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-30

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.2.2.4 Local Stratigraphy

The most dominant rock formation in the area is the Guadalupe Formation (Pleistocene Age). It consists of an
upper member, the Diliman Tuff, and a lower member, the Alat Conglomerate. Diliman Tuff, the most
widespread rock in the area, is generally flat-lying (dips generally ranging from 3° to 10°) and medium to thin
bedded. It is composed of thin- to medium-bedded, fine-grained vitric tuffs and welded pyroclastic breccias
with minor fine- to medium-grained tuffaceous sandstone. The tuff varies from well lithified and massive to
loosely-bedded (Aurelio and Peña, 2002). These are the rocks found at the northern parts of Cavite Province.

Conformably overlying the Guadalupe Formation is the Quaternary Alluvium consisting of unconsolidated
deposits of silt, sand and gravel. These are deposited during the Holocene. The alluvium deposits are
commonly found along stream channels, flood plains and coastal areas. The project site vicinity is underlain
by sand, gravel, cobbles with clay and silt material and falls under this formation. The beaches and nearshore
areas of the Cavite coastline are underlain by rocks, rocky sand, sand, and mud. The fringes of the Cavite Spit
are underlain by sand at the western part and mud at the northern tip and lee side (Figure 2.1-14). Immediately
to the south of the spit, is a rocky shoreline made up of the Diliman Tuff.

The offshore area of Manila Bay is underlain by stiff to very dense sandy silt materials. Below this, layers of
tuff, tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone of Guadalupe Formation are found.

Dell, et.al., (2001) wrote Characterization of the Reclaimed Soil in the Foreshore Area of Manila Bay,
Philippines based on site investigations including boreholes, SPT’s, CPT’s, etc. It reveals similar discussion
of geology wherein Guadalupe Tuff is the “bedrock”. It was deposited under marine conditions. The ash is
pozzolanic, rendering the tuff weakly cemented. The tuff varies in grain size from “gravel”, through “sand”,
“silt”, and clay. The first three types are relatively strong, with strengths of approximately 1-7 MPa and less
susceptible to weathering. The clay type has strengths of 0.6-1.5 MPa, showing slickensided structure that is
typical of active clays. Paleosoil layers were encountered within the Guadalupe Tuff. This is unconformably
overlain by clayey layers, then by silty sand, and then by soft mud layers. The silty sand layers are generally
loose below the water table, which is liquefaction-prone.

The geology of the project site and vicinities is shown in Figure 2.1-18.

The subsurface geology will experience changes but in the nature of enhancement because of the replacement
of portion of the seabed with fill materials and rocks to lend geotechnical integrity to the reclaimed land when
vertical structures and roads are built during the Operations Phase. The extent of the changes will depend on
the Design and Engineering Details (DED), the detailed geotechnical investigations and the master plan which
(the latter) will show the specific locations of load bearing structures and thus, the engineering/geotechnical
interventions necessary.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-31

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SOURCE: Geological Map of Manila and Quezon City Quadrangle, MGB, 1983 and 1984

Figure 2.1-18. Geological Map of Cavite and vicinities

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-32

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Impact Analysis

The subsurface geology will experience changes but in the nature of enhancement because of the replacement
of portion of the seabed with fill materials and rocks to lend geotechnical integrity to the reclaimed land when
vertical structures and roads are built during the Operations Phase. The extent of the changes will depend on
the Design and Engineering Details (DED), the detailed geotechnical investigations and the master plan which
(the latter) will show the specific locations of load bearing structures and thus, the engineering/geotechnical
interventions necessary.

Mitigating Measures

To ensure the stability of the new landform and other superstructures, the following measures will be
undertaken.

• Geotechnical investigations already conducted confirming the properties of the fill materials/borrow.
• In Manila Bay, the settlement of the reclaimed platform is mainly depending on the foundation and
on the fill materials. There are available process engineered solutions such as vertical drains and
surcharge to speed up the settlement and stabilization. The time needed for consolidation depends
on the technique used, but it is safe to say that 90% of primary consolidation will be reached after 1-
2 years.
• The soil investigation will necessarily be updated prior to the execution of the engineering design.
• For greater stability of tall and heavy structures current plans are to place these on piles.
• The proponent will follow internationally accepted soil remediation procedures for reclaimed land.

Necessary steps to be taken to achieve landmass stability are as follows:

• Removal of unwanted materials (dredging) at the reclamation site;
• Placement of containment structures;
• Rock or concrete revetment;
• Dumping of the fill;
• Soil stabilization (determine location of the infrastructure and buildings, to be built later during the
operation phase, that will require higher degree of soil stabilization); and
• Installation or construction of supporting components of the reclaimed land such as wave deflectors
and overall drainage system.

More details on the reclamation technology options are discussed in Chapter 1.0.

Observation stations shall be established in strategic locations within the reclaimed land. These will be used
to monitor the degree of compaction and stability of the reclaimed land. These will record
settlement/compaction rates.

2.1.2.3 Inducement of Subsidence, Liquefaction, Landslides, Mud/Debris Flow, etc.

2.1.2.3.1 Seismic Hazard

Earthquake is the perceptible trembling to violent shaking of ground caused by either tectonic movements or
volcanic activity. Areas that are most susceptible to this hazard are those underlain by unconsolidated soils
and sediments deposited on the low-lying areas and reclaimed areas (Figures 2.1-19 and 2.1-20).

The area investigated is prone to ground shaking hazards due to the presence of several earthquake
generators in the region (Punongbayan, 1989). These possible seismogenic structures include the active
Valley Fault System, Lubang Fault, the Philippine Fault and Manila Trench.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-33

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS, May 2017

Figure 2.1-19. Seismicity Map of Manila, Magnitude 5.0 and above (1965-2015)

A record of the recent earthquakes affecting Metro Manila and vicinities is shown in Table 1 of Annex 2.1-A:
List of Earthquakes. These recently-recorded earthquakes of magnitudes 5 and above are shown on the
seismicity map in Figure 2.1-19 above.

The MMEIRS provided a list of the most destructive earthquakes that affected Metro Manila and vicinities from
1608 to 1895 and its distribution is shown in Figures 2.1-20 and 2.1-21. The Southeast Asia Association of
Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (SEASEE) lists the historical earthquakes in the Philippines in its
report entitled “Series on Seismology, Volume IV – Philippines”. From this catalog, the earthquakes that
affected Cavite Province including the three most destructive episodes are extracted and shown in Table 2 of
Annex 2.1-A. The top three on the list are the 1863 (6.5 Ms; 298.3 PGA gal), 1880 (7.6 Ms, 139.8 PGA gal
originating from PFZ: Infanta Segment) and, 1937 (7.5 Ms, 174.7 PGA gal, originating from Laguna-Banahaw
Fault) earthquakes. All three brought damages to Cavite City and vicinities.

These lists provide reference information, but it does not necessarily follow that the occurrence or not of an
earthquake and the magnitude thereof will be related to recent episodes.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-34

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Source: MMEIRS Executive Summary Vol 2, March 2004

Figure 2.1-20. Distribution of Historical Earthquakes from 1608 to 1895

SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS 1999

Figure 2.1-21. Distribution of Most Destructive Earthquakes from 1608 to 1999

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-35

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Earthquake-induced Hazards

The attendant hazards attributable to earthquake events include ground rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction,
landslide, and tsunami.

Landslide hazard in the vicinity is nil as it has a flat to gently rolling topography. Reclaimed lands in general,
are considered prone to liquefaction.

An Earthquake Hazard Assessment was issued by PHIVOLCS as shown in below. According to the report,
the WVF is 18.8 km from the site of Island C, which is deemed safe from ground rupture, susceptible to
liquefaction, and prone to tsunami hazard and it is within the tsunami inundation zone. Furthermore, it can be
affected by strong ground shaking.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-36

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-37

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.1.2.3.1.1 Ground Shaking/Acceleration

Most of the known damages incurred during earthquakes are caused by strong ground vibration. This results
from the passage of seismic waves from the earthquake source to the ground surface.

Ground shaking refers to the actual trembling or jerking motion produced by an earthquake. Seismic
magnitude, epicenter distance to earthquake generators and the modifying effects of subsoil conditions mainly
influence the intensity of ground vibration in an earthquake. Soil that is thicker, more unconsolidated and
water saturated is more prone to ground shaking. It is usually stronger on areas that are filled or underlain by
alluvium and colluvium, which may also be considered as soft soil. The proposed project site is underlain by
water-saturated alluvium and the future reclamation area shall also be considered as soft soil. The project site
may be affected by strong ground shaking.

Factors that influence the intensity of ground shaking include the following: magnitude of the earthquake,
distance of the site in relation to the earthquake generator, characteristics of the underlying rocks and the
soundness of the buildings/structures.

PHIVOLCS and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a ground motion hazard mapping in
terms useful to engineering design using modern probabilistic methodology. In the study, the peak horizontal
ground accelerations that have a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years have been uniformly estimated
for rock, medium soil and soft soil site condition.

The following PGA maps (Figures 2.1-22 to 2.1-24) from PHIVOLCS’s Philippine Earthquake Model – A
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of the Philippines and of Metro Manila (2017) indicate the maximum
site acceleration response from a most probable earthquake. These are based on VS30 (shear wave velocity
on the upper 30 meters of soil layer) site model.

Based on these maps, the ground acceleration for 500-year return period at the project site for Vs30 site model
is: 0.25-.3; for 1,000-year return period is: 0.3; and for 2,500-year return period is: 0.35.

For probabilistic ground acceleration estimates, values derived in a study by Thenhaus, et al. (1994) suffice
for preliminary estimates. However, site-specific probabilistic determinations may be performed for projects of
major importance such as large dams and bridges, elevated highways, seaports, reclamation and the like.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-38

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS 2017. The Philippine Earthquake Model

Figure 2.1-22. Peak Ground Acceleration Map of Metro Manila, 500-Year Return Period on VS30 Site
Model with 10% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-39

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS 2017. The Philippine Earthquake Model

Figure 2.1-23. Peak Ground Acceleration Map of Manila, 1,000-Year Return Period on VS30 Site
Model with 10% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-40

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS 2017. The Philippine Earthquake Model

Figure 2.1-24. Peak Ground Acceleration Map of the Philippines, 2,500-Year Return Period on Rock
Site with 10% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years

The nearest active fault to the project site is the WVF found about 20 km to the east. The paleoseismological
studies on this structure by Nelson et al (2000) concluded that the chance of an earthquake larger than M7 on
the two faults of the VFS is seemingly small. However, in the MMEIRS, a M7.2 earthquake is the estimated

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-41

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
largest credible earthquake that can be generated by a movement of the VFS, based on available geological
and seismological data. Earthquakes cannot be predicted. What may be estimated is the return period of this
earthquake which is at about 200 -400 years and that no large earthquake has happened in the West Valley
Fault since the 1700s. The last significant event was in 1658, almost 360 years ago.

Figure 2.1-25 shows that in Model 08 (magnitude 7.2 from WVF), the PEIS is HIGH VIII (brown) or destructive
in the vicinity of the project site.

The Ground Shaking Hazard Map released through the READY Project in June 2008 shows that the whole
northernmost portion of Cavite Province, including the project site vicinity, is within the PEIS VIII (red) zone.
Please refer to Figure 2.1-26.

Source: Risk Analysis Project, 2013: PHIVOLCS

Figure 2.1-25. Ground Shaking in Greater Metro Manila and Vicinities (WVF Earthquake)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-42

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project, June 2008

Figure 2.1-26. Ground Shaking Hazard Map of Cavite

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-43

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Estimation of PGA factors using the deterministic method of Tanaka and Fukushima with the following
attenuation relation:

Log10A = 0.41M-log10 (R + 0.032 x 100.41M) - 0.0034R + 1.30

Where: A= mean of the peak acceleration from two horizontal
components at each site (cm/sec2)
R= shortest distance between site and fault rupture (km)
M= surface-wave magnitude

Considering an earthquake magnitude of 7.2 and distance of the site of 20 km to the WVF, the following peak
ground acceleration (PGA) values of 0.192g, 0.32g, and 0.449g for bedrock, medium soil and soft soil,
respectively were computed as shown in the table below. The project site being reclaimed land will fall under
the soft soil condition and will experience 0.449g, which is slightly higher than the probabilistic estimates shown
on PEM map (Figure 2.1-23).

Thus, the recommended 'g' value to be used in seismic load evaluation and building design is 0.449g.

The table below shows different values of PGA based on assumptions made. The appropriate choice will, be
based on several other considerations, including the Codes/Standards of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines and the expertise/experiences of the particular design/engineering expert of firm.

Table 2.1-4. Computed PGA Values for Different Earthquake Generators

Calculated PGA (g) Values
Earthquake Generator Magnitude Distance
Bedrock Medium Soil Soft Soil
West Valley Fault 7.2 20 0.192 0.320 0.449
Manila Trench 7.9 180 0.022 0.037 0.051
PFZ: Infanta Segment 8 82 0.086 0.143 0.200
East Valley Fault 7 40 0.104 0.173 0.242
Lubang Fault 8 100 0.066 0.110 0.154

Impact Analysis

This is a natural hazard that can occur with or without the project. It can bring damage to the project but the
project will not bring aggravating effects on ground acceleration. Ground acceleration caused by earthquakes
if not properly addressed in engineering and design may potentially result to great damage and destruction to
property and infrastructure and maybe accompanied by loss of life in the reclaimed land itself and vicinities.

There were no major structures identified in the surveyed area. The WVF, an active fault, lies about 20km east
of the proposed project site. Still, the area and its vicinities are prone to ground acceleration.

Mitigating Measures

Ground acceleration caused by earthquakes if not properly addressed in engineering and design may
potentially result to great damage and destruction to property and infrastructure and maybe accompanied by
loss of life.

The buildings, infrastructure, wave deflectors, containment wall and other defense structures that would be
constructed on the proposed reclamation site should conform to the National Structural Code of the
Philippines. These structures must be able to withstand an earthquake with a magnitude of at least 7.2. The
computed “g” values of 0.449g must be utilized in the design of the structures. The retaining wall that will
support the earth fill materials must be properly designed to resist the lateral and hydrostatic pressures. This
PGA value should also serve as guide in the degree of soil remediation/compaction.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-44

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.2.3.1.2 Ground Rupture

Ground rupture occurs when a new rupture is created or when renewed movement of old fractures takes place
(Punongbayan, 1994). PHIVOLCS is recommending a buffer zone at least 5m on both sides of a fault trace or
from the edge of deformation zone. Please refer to Figure 2.1-27.

Impact Analysis

This hazard is seemingly absent in the project area since the nearest active fault, the WVF, is about 20-km
away. Furthermore, the reclamation project will not aggravate this. Therefore, there will be no impact on the
project nor by the project to the environment.

Source: READY Project, June 2008

Figure 2.1-27. Ground Rupture Hazard Map of Cavite

2.1.2.3.1.3 Differential Settlement

Differential settlement is the unequal settling of materials; gradual uneven downward movement of foundation
due to compression of soil during loading or ground shaking due to earthquake event. Areas susceptible to
liquefaction (discussed below) are likewise susceptible to differential settlement.

The proposed reclamation project will undergo backfilling and is considered to be highly susceptible to this
hazard. Furthermore, it has been established that the coastal lowlands of Manila, underlain by unconsolidated
settlements, is highly susceptible to settlement and subsidence due to both natural (geology and tectonic
setting) and anthropogenic (groundwater extraction) causes. The cumulative effects can be very damaging to
the project if not properly addressed in the engineering design.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-45

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.2.3.1.4 Liquefaction

Liquefaction is the process that transforms the behavior of cohesionless water-saturated unconsolidated
sediments from a solid to a liquid state usually caused by seismic stresses (Torres et al, 1994) that create
ground shaking. Water saturated soils loose strength and liquefy and thus the material tends to flow causing
buildings to sink and rotate or lean into the soil (Keller, 1985).

Saturated sandy soil may suddenly change into a liquid-like muddy water when subjected to earthquake
shaking. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which a granular material changes to a liquid state, whether the
material is saturated with water or not. When sandy soil deforms due to shear stress caused by vibration during
an earthquake, contact between the particles is lost, so that the shear resistance of the soil is lost. Then, the
force originally supported in a vertical direction through the contact points is then transmitted through the pore
water. The soil will stabilize again when the pore water flows out, but settling (volume decrease) will have
occurred. (K. Zen., et.al., 2007. Handbook on Liquefaction Remediation on Reclaimed Land. Edited by: Port
& Harbor Research Inst.)

Reyes et al, of UP-Engineering Research and Development Foundation, Inc., in their soil study of areas that
liquefy during the 16th July 1990 Luzon earthquake came out with the following soil conditions for the potential
liquefiable layers: 1) loose soil classification; 2) upper layers of the surveyed areas; 3) water table near the
ground surface; 4) N-value of less than 30 using the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) method and less than 35 using the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)
method; and 5) 50% passing (D50) of approximately 0.001-1.8mm.

The proposed project being a reclamation area located along the shoreline of the Manila Bay is inherently
susceptible to liquefaction. On the delineated liquefaction potential areas in the READY Project (2008), the
land areas adjacent to the project site falls within the High Susceptibility (red) area (Figure 2.1-28).

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-46

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project, June 2008

Figure 2.1-28. Liquefaction Hazard Map of Cavite

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-47
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Geotechnical Liquefaction Analysis (by AMH Phils., Inc.)

Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs mostly in medium to fine-grained sands wherein a mass of soil
loses a large percentage of its shear resistance when subjected to monotonic, cyclic or shock loading, and
flows in a manner resembling a liquid. Much of the damage on substructures and foundation during earthquake
is attributed to this phenomenon.

Liquefaction analysis considering SPT data was undertaken using LiquefyPro software for the nine (9)
boreholes within the vicinity of the project site. This is based on the most recent methods recommended by
the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER).

The Factor of Safety (FS) for liquefaction potential is calculated as the ratio of the Cyclic Resistance Ratio
(CRR) to the Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR).

FS = CRRM / CSRfs

From the results of the initial analysis, numerical calculation shows that the thick layer of loose sand observed
at depth of 0.0m to 13.5m is liquefiable. These liquefiable layers may induce settlements ranging from 10.0
to 325.4mm as summarized in Table 2.1-5 below.

Table 2.1-5. Summary of Liquefaction-induced Settlement

Liquefaction-induced
BH No. Liquefiable Layers, m
Settlement, mm
10 0.0 - 9.0 219.2
11 4.5 - 6.0 39.4
12 1.5 - 3.0, 10.5 - 12.0 63.4
13 0.0 - 10.5 211.9
14 3.0 - 4.5, 6.0 - 7.5 73.7
15 0.0 - 4.5, 7.5 - 9.0, 10.5 - 13.5 174.1
16 0.0 - 10.5 262.6
17 0.0 - 9 86.5
18 0.0 - 3.0, 6.0 - 7.5 116.5

Impact Analysis

The reclaimed land will not induce nor aggravate liquefaction, but the project will be vulnerable to this hazard.
The reclaimed land will not always undergo liquefaction during an earthquake. Occurrence of liquefaction is
strongly related to the age of the landfill, type of fill materials and the construction methods (K. Zen., et.al.,
2007).

The reclamation project site would be underlain by fill materials that are highly compressible, which makes it
prone to this hazard. The presence of soft saturated unconsolidated material with very low N values up to a
depth of 15 meters from the surface along the reclamation site makes the area a high-risk zone for liquefaction.

This hazard has deleterious effects on the environment including: trigger minor seismicity; ground cracking,
tilting and cracking of buildings, loss/reduction of soil resistance; threaten the security and stability of
infrastructure facilities such as underground pipes and drainage system; can impact all the utilities (gas,
electric, petroleum pipe lines, storm sewers, sewage and septic systems, and water supplies); and reduced
bearing capacity of foundation soil causing settlement and ground displacement. Moreover, the potential
lowering of the ground level can cause wider expansion of inland and coastal flooding areas, and tides moving
into areas that were once above sea level thereby expanding the coverage and deeper water depth of flooded
(inundated) areas. Another possible effect is the disruption of the water management and related effects

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-48

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
(changing gradient of streams, canals and drains, increased salt water intrusion, and increased need for
pumping).

The impacts are further exacerbated by extreme weather events (short term) and rising sea levels (long term).
Sea level has been recorded at Manila’s South Harbor since 1902. It rose around 1.3 mm/yr (the global rate)
until the early 1960s, when it increased to about 2.6 cm/yr (Siringan and Ringor, 1998; Siringan and Rodolfo,
2003).

Mitigating Measures

Remediation options include: compaction – densifying sandy soil with vibration and impact; pore water
pressure rod (vibro) compaction, dissipation – installing permeable drain pipes; cementation and solidification
– mixing stabilizing material in sandy soil; replacement; lowering of groundwater level; shear strain restraint;
preload; and structural measures. A combination of these methods has been found to be more effective. The
choice of the remediation method will depend on site characteristics. It is important that the chosen method
will minimize or mitigate the impacts to the reclaimed land and at the same time, will not bring adverse effects
to its immediate environs. The selection is in accordance with international standards and suitability to the
reclaimed land in terms of type of fill materials and existing ground conditions.

Precisely because of this physical characteristic of the underlying fill materials, deep foundation systems for
planned structures should be undertaken to address or mitigate this hazard. A settlement criterion shall be
calculated and will include settlements that will develop in the natural subsoil and those that will develop in the
reclamation fill from project handover to the end of project life. The reclamation to be constructed must be
founded on the solid bedrock and appropriate foundation design should be put in place to mitigate these
hazards

The fill materials must be fully engineered and compacted/densified to ensure stability and mitigate liquefaction
potential. The soil remediation process that will increase the N-value should be advanced to the to the bottom
of pre-existing alluvium, which is the cohesionless soft soil at the upper layers of the subsurface.

A study by Yasuda, et.al., on the liquefaction event in Kobe City shows that soil remediation is effective in
mitigating liquefaction even though the ground shaking was as extreme as more than 400 gals of maximum
surface acceleration. During the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake (7.2M), some zones in two big artificial
islands, Port Island and Rokko Island, in Kobe City, Osaka Bay did not liquefy even though the zones
surrounding the islands liquefied. Very strong shaking, of 400 gal or more, hit the site. The order of decreasing
subsidence is the same as the order of increase in N values in SPT. (Yasuda, et.al., 1996).

The platform level shall be above the extreme water level, securing a safe situation for future inhabitants. The
required platform level will therefore be above the most extreme water level that can occur given the design
life of the land reclamation, also considering the storm surge for the defined safety level of 1/1000 year. The
platform level has to be at least +4.0 MLLW at the moment the Proponent hands over the land to the PRA, as
per the latter’s requirement. Predictions/modeling will be done in consideration of the cumulative effects of
subsidence, settlement, liquefaction and SLR to ensure that the platform level is still meeting requirements at
the end of the design life.

2.1.2.3.1.5 Tsunami

Tsunami, sometimes incorrectly referred to as tidal wave, is a series of huge sea waves brought about by
massive underwater disturbances that may be caused by under-the-sea earthquakes, submarine eruptions
and undersea landslides (Punongbayan, 1994). Tsunami is considered the most dangerous coastal hazard. It
can exceed 25 meters in height. It can occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough to
displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it (PHIVOLCS). The magnitude of earthquake
that can cause tsunami usually exceeds 7.0 and earthquakes that had caused tsunami occurred in the shallow
parts of the crust and were usually offshore in the deep parts of the ocean (Punongbayan, 1994).
Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-49
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The project site, being located along the coast of Manila Bay, is susceptible to this hazard due to the presence
of an active subduction zone – Manila Trench located west of the area and other active faults and or
earthquake generators. See Figure 2.1-29 below.

In PHIVOLCS’ (2008) map of tsunami prone areas of Cavite Province, there are no marks of tsunami
inundation area (red in Figure 2.1-30) in the immediate vicinity of the project site. However, in the 2014 READY
Project map (Figure 2.1-31), an earthquake-generated tsunami can inundate the whole Cavite Spit and the
coastal areas of Cavite. Potential wave height near the project site is estimated at 6.2m.

PROJECT SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS (Bautista, B.), 2001

Figure 2.1-29. Map of Epicenters of Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in the Philippines

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-50

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT SITE

Source: PHIVOLCS, June 2008

Figure 2.1-30. Tsunami Hazard Map of Cavite Province (PHIVOLCS)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-51

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project, December 2014

Figure 2.1-31. Tsunami Hazard Map of Cavite Province (READY Project)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-52

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Five candidate earthquakes were investigated by PHIVOLCS for possible tsunami effects to the shores of
Metro Manila: December 1770 (quite possible), November 9, 1828 (positive), September 16, 1852 (quite
possible), March 4, 1862 (doubtful) and June 3, 1863 (positive). Of these 5, only two earthquakes were
confirmed to have caused tsunamis to occur. The Nov 1828 earthquake was recorded at Ms 6.6 with estimated
tsunami height at the port of Manila of about 1 meter while the 1863 earthquake was recorded at Ms 6.5. In
Manila Bay, the wave action was observed as coming from the SE to NW. Tsunami height in Manila is
estimated to be 1-2 meters. (Bautista et al., 2014) See Figures 2.1-32 to 2.1-34.

Source: PHIVOLCS 2014

Figure 2.1-32. Tsunamigenic Earthquakes that affected Metro Manila shores

Source: PHIVOLCS 2014

Figure 2.1-33. The November 9, 1828 Tsunami in Manila

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-53

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: PHIVOLCS 2014

Figure 2.1-34. The June 3, 1863 Tsunami in Manila

Impact Analysis

Manila Bay is at lower risk compared to Pacific coastal areas in the Philippines, but due to population density,
a tsunami would be devastating. In a presentation on Tsunami Disater Management in the Philippines held in
Tokyo, Japan in 2016, Solidum stated that ~90 destructive earthquakes occurred for the past 400 years with
~ 40 tsunamis for the past 400 years – an average of 1 in 10 years. Coastal areas at eastern and western
margins fronting major seas and inland seas have been affected by tsunamis.

Overtopping could potentially result in a scenario of high tsunami heights. Manila Bay was affected by storm
waves riding atop storm surge. The gentle seabed slopes of the bay means higher waves can affect the shore.

The location of the reclaimed land will be such that it will be the nearest to the waterfront relative to land-based
sites. This makes it the most vulnerable to tsunami. At worst case, the project will not increase the effects on
land-based structures and facilities as well as on population. In fact, the proposed reclamation project has the
potential of sheltering onshore population and structures/properties from tsunamis.

More discussions on tsunami hazard are presented under Chapter 2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology.

Mitigating Measures

A more detailed design is considered based on the additional height/volume of seawater near the coast, which
could be created by a tsunami/waves. This could be significantly deflected from reaching land, thus creating
flood by the elevated reclaimed land.

Conservative scenarios of high tsunami heights, which could result from a case of strong earthquakes will be
studied and mathematical modeling will be applied. The final design of the platform level will consider both the
tsunami scenario and the guidelines and requirements of the PRA, as well as economic viability.

An updated mathematical modeling will be conducted to simulate the storm surges/waves in terms of force
and direction. Wave deflectors and other similar defenses such as revetment will be part of the study. The
modeling will consider the volume of water that will inundate the project area should tsunami reach to maximum
Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-54
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
predicted wave heights as well as the appropriation of “no-build zone” and wave water catchment channels.
The “no-build” zone will observe the requirements of the PRA, which is 50 meters from the coastline.

During the final design stage of the project by which time other aspects of the Project shall have been firmed
up, such as but not limited to: a) exact configuration of the islands b) use of stilts in certain portions of the
project c) final platform level, etc., consultation will be made with PHIVOLCS and other concerned agencies
on this matter as well as on other design aspects such as liquefaction and ground shaking.

The elevation of the reclaimed land and the use of properly designed structures such as wave deflectors will
provide further effective method of dissipating storm waves, such protection not available in a “No Project
Scenario”.

2.1.2.3.2 Mass Movement

2.1.2.3.2.1 Landslide

Landslides can be induced by heavy rains, which add weight and lubricate the soils. They can also be induced
by ground shaking from an earthquake. Risk may be increased if an earthquake occurred in the wet season.
The project site is not susceptible to both earthquake-triggered and rain-induced landslides. Due to the
generally flat topography in the Municipality of Noveleta, the landslide risk is relatively low for the most part.

See Figure 2.1-35 for earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility map and Figure 2.1-36 for rain-induced
landslide. There is still a remote possibility of collapse of the fill materials in the reclamation area due to
engineering/structural failures.

Impact Analysis

The project site has low susceptibility to landslide. That said, there is still a remote possibility of collapse of
the fill materials in the reclamation area due to engineering/structural failures. Below is a numerical stability
analysis for the containment structure of the island.

There will be no impact by the project to the environment.

Mitigating Measures

The retaining wall that will support the earth fill materials must be properly designed to resist the lateral and
hydrostatic pressures.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-55

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project, June 2008

Figure 2.1-35. Earthquake Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Cavite

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-56
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project, June 2008

Figure 2.1-36. Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Cavite

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-57
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Stability Analysis of Confinement Walls (by AMH Phils., Inc.)

Two (2) methods were considered as possible confinement measures for the reclamation area: 1) Sand Bag
and Rock Dike and 2) Anchored sheet pile wall. In order to establish the stability and adequacy of each method,
stability analysis by Limit-Equilibrium Method (LEM) for the Dike System and Finite Element Analysis (FEM)
for the Anchored Sheet Pile Wall is performed.

The following section presents the schematic design for each confining measures as well as the preliminary
stability analyses.

1. Sand Bag and Rock Dike

Limit Equilibrium Methods

Slope stability is the potential or likelihood of a slope to fail due to a specific mechanism. It involves the interplay
of two types of forces: a) driving forces which promotes the downward movement of materials and b) resisting
forces which defer the downward movement of materials. Typical causes of slope failures are erosion, rainfall,
earthquakes, geologic features, and specifically for the project, the induced loads.

The analysis of slope stability is done by Limit-Equilibrium Methods. The mass is divided into small slices along
an assumed or known failure surface as shown in Figure 2.1-37. Forces that are acting on each slice such as
weight, normal and tangential reactions, and shear forces are determined and by equilibrium conditions, the
moment of the driving forces about the center of the failure surface should be equal to the moment of the
resisting forces.

Figure 2.1-37. Stability analysis by Limit-Equilibrium Methods

The Factor of Safety (FS) is expressed as the ratio of resisting forces to the driving or overturning forces.

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑆 =
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-58

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Where:

𝐹𝑆 < 1 indicates an unstable slope

𝐹𝑆 = 1 indicates a critically stable slope
𝐹𝑆 > 1 indicates a stable slope

An acceptable factor of safety is based on various considerations such as the recurrent period of heavy rainfall,
seismic activity, as well as the assessment of risk or hazard brought about by the slope failure. With these
factors considered, recommended factors of safety for static conditions range from 1.2 to 1.5, and a value
greater than unity (>1) for earthquake conditions (References: a) Cheng, et. al. Slope Stability Analysis and
Stabilization; b) Duncan, et. al. An Engineering Manual for Slope Stability Studies; c) Towhata. Seismic
Behavior of Slopes and Embankments)

For this study, the following factors of safety were used:

• Factor of Safety for Static Conditions: 1.5
• Factor of Safety for Pseudo-Static Conditions: 1.1

Rocscience Slide 6.0®, a slope stability computer software, was utilized to facilitate calculations for
determining the global stability of the embankments for proposed dike system. This modeling software
performs slope stability analysis procedure based on Limit Equilibrium Methods. Several trials were carried
out, varying the slip circle coordinates for determining the minimum factor of safety under static and pseudo-
static (earthquake) conditions.

Slope Section

An initial analysis is performed for Island C Dike (I) in order to assess and verify the stability of the proposed
design for the dike system. The following figure was used as reference in modelling of the slope in Slide 6.0.
This nearby Island A reclamation project is used for the analysis for reasons of conservatism because it is also
identified as the most critical area due to the thick soft soil layer (~15.0m) (and therefore may be considered
as the worst-case scenario).

Source: Client-issued

Figure 2.1-38. Section of Island C Dike (I)

Geotechnical Parameters

The following table presents the geotechnical parameters used in the subsequent analyses. BH-22 in nearby
proposed Island C was used as reference borehole since it has the thickest soft soil layer.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-59

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.1-6. Geotechnical parameters for proposed dike
SPT N- Geotechnical Parameters
Depth (m) Soil Type Relative Density
value (kN/m3) c (kPa) (0)
0.0 - 15.0 Clay Very Soft 1 11 20 0
> 15.0 Sand Very Dense 50 20 0 38
Sand Bag 18 5 31
Backfill Sand 18 5 31
Clay-bound Macadam 17 50 0
Hill-skill Soil 18 0 30
Rock Armor / Rock Underlayer 20 50 30
Crushed Aggregates 19 0 35
Concrete 24 150 26
Ground Improvement (Soil Cement Column) 15 250 0

A uniform load of 12.0 kN/m is applied on top of the road for traffic loading. The figure below presents the dike
system as modelled in Slide 6.0.

Figure 2.1-39. Slope Model of Island C Dike

Results of the Analysis

The following table presents the summary of the results of the slope stability analysis for Island C Dike (I). The
resulting FoS considering static conditions is found to be adequate, however, the FoS considering pseudo-
static (earthquake) conditions is below the passing criteria.

As seen in Figure 2.1-41, the failure plane for the slope is deep-seated in nature and can be mainly attributed
to the underlying soft soil layer. Ground improvement may be necessary to improve the strength parameters
of the soil and address the slope failure during earthquake conditions.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-60

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.1-7. Summary of SSA Results
Seismic Coefficients
Case No. Type of Analysis Min. FS
kh (g) kv (g)
1 Static 0.00 0.00 1.440 ≈1.5 OK
2 Earthquake 0.20 0.10 0.542 < 1.1

Figure 2.1-40. Case 1: Static (FoS=1.440)

Figure 2.1-41. Case 1: Earthquake (FoS=0.542)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-61

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Proposed Ground Improvement

One option for ground improvement is by construction of soil cement columns. In this method, columns of
specified spacing made up of a mixture of soil and cement is inserted into the ground by deep mixing method.
The columns formed will then increase the shear strength of the underlying soil and improve the overall
geotechnical capacity of the ground.

In Slide 6.0, the soil cement column is modelled until the depth of the soft soil layer (15.0m) and as a composite
material with cohesion of 250 kPa. The value for cohesion is calculated from the weighted average of the
cohesion of the surrounding soft soil and the soil-cement column.

Soil-Cement
Column

Figure 2.1-42. Slope model with soil cement column

Soil-Cement
Column

Figure 2.1-43. Case 2: Earthquake (FoS=1.224)

From the results of the re-run, the FoS considering earthquake conditions is adequate (1.224 > 1.1). Hence,
ground improvement is recommended to mitigate deep-seated slope failures beyond the dike system. Depth
of the ground improvement will most likely be equal to the depth of the soft soil layer for each location. Further
study should be conducted for the ground improvement.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-62

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2. Anchor Sheet Pile Wall

Finite Element Analysis

Although Limit Equilibrium is most commonly used and a simple solution method, it can become inadequate if
the slope fails by complex mechanisms (e.g. internal deformation and brittle fracture, progressive creep,
liquefaction of weaker soil layers, etc.). In these cases, more sophisticated numerical modeling techniques
should be utilized. Plaxis 2D is a finite element modeling software capable of two-dimensional analysis of
deformation and stability for various problems in geotechnical engineering. Plaxis is also capable of creating
complex soil and structure interactive models and can constitute nonlinear strength, time dependent and
anisotropic behaviors of soils and rocks. It provides more thorough analysis and investigation of the problem
using 2D Finite Element Method analysis with more refined soil model.

For the containment structure of the Cavite Reclamation sites, the sheet pile wall was analyzed using finite
element model utilizing Plaxis 2D. The figure below presents the model prepared for the analysis of each
island.

Figure 2.1-44. Plaxis Model

The following table summarizes the geotechnical parameters used for Island C project site:

Table 2.1-8. Geotechnical Parameters (Island C)

Unit Angle of Elastic
Cohesion Poisson’s
Depth (m) Soil Type Weight Friction Modulus
(kPa) Ration (µ)
(kN/m3) (deg.) (MPa)
0.0 - 7.5 Silt/Clay 16 40 0 25 0.30
7.5 - 30.0 Sand/Clay 20 0 38 40 0.35

Results of Analysis

The table below presents the summary of the findings while the succeeding figures contain the screenshot
images of the results from Plaxis 2D.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-63

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.1-9. Plaxis 2D Results

Sheet
Max. Anchor Max. Max. Max. Anchor
Anchor Sheet Pile
Exposed Length Disp* Moment Tensile diameter
Dia. (mm) Pile Type Adequate
Height (m) (m) (mm) (kN-m) Force (kN) adequate?
?
11.10 18 46 PZC 25 10.70 81.8 Yes 455.925 Yes
*Displacement after compaction of backfill

Figure 2.1-45. Plaxis Result – Total Displacement (Island C)

The results of the finite element analysis show that the preliminary design will be able to sustain the loads
during construction stage, operation, and during seismic conditions. Moreover, the displacements after
compaction of backfill are within the tolerable limits.

2.1.2.3.2.2 Settlement/Subsidence

Metro Manila’s coastal areas are sinking as fast as 9 cm/y (Rodolfo et al. 2003, Siringan and Rodolfo 2003,
Rodolfo and Siringan 2006). Accelerating subsidence of the coastal lands bordering the bay is worsening both
floods and high-tide invasions. Aggravating factors likewise exist in the area. Siringan and Rodolfo (2003) and
Rodolfo and Siringan (2006) have established that accelerated sediment compaction and ground subsidence
occur in areas north of Manila Bay due to excessive groundwater withdrawal. Before 1991, the area subsides
at a rate of 0.16-0.56 cm/yr, 0.36 cm/yr on the average. This natural compaction accounts for 2 to 8 percent
of the estimated 2 to 8 cm/yr typical subsidence rates from 1991 – 2001 (Rodolfo and Siringan, 2006). This
implies that enhanced dewatering of the upper 30 m of the sediment column can potentially account for almost
98 % of the subsidence rates during the past decade. (Soria, et.al., 2005)

Considered as critical areas for subsidence susceptibility in Metro Manila are: 1) Guiguinto 2) Bocaue-Marilao
3) Meycauayan-North Caloocan 4) Navotas-Caloocan-West Quezon City 5) Makati-Mandaluyong-Pasig-
Pateros 6) Parañaque-Pasay 7) Las Piñas-Muntinlupa and 8) Dasmariñas, Cavite (NWRB (2004).

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-64

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
“The Volcano-Tectonics Laboratory at U.P Diliman’s National Institute of Geological Sciences (Lagmay 2011,
Eco et al. 2013) has analyzed Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data from
satellites to verify subsidence over wide areas of Metro Manila, with the proposed reclamation areas
experiencing up to 6 cm/y.” (Rodolfo. K.S., 2014)

The satellite image of Metro Manila and vicinities shows movement of the ground. (See figure below.) Blue
areas correspond to sinking ground with the highest rates of subsidence at 5.5 cm per year. The image was
processed by Narod Eco of the DOST project team. Subsidence will aggravate flooding from heavy rainfall
and constitute a coastal-dike breach hazard in areas near Manila Bay. (Lagmay, 2011). From the map, it can
be deduced that subsidence rate within the Cavite Spit is from 3 to 4 cm/yr. Towards Rosario, a circular blue
pattern indicates a rate of 4.5 cm/yr. This is likewise attributed to groundwater extraction.

PROJECT
SITE

Source: http://opinion.inquirer.net/12757/large-areas-of-metro-manila-sinking (Lagmay, 2011)

Figure 2.1-46. Satellite Image of Metro Manila and Vicinities Showing Ground Movement

According to the report “Sinking Cities, An integrated approach towards solutions” by Deltares - Taskforce
Subsidence (October 2013), the mean cumulative subsidence 1900-2013 is 1,500mm, mean current
subsidence rate is up to 4.5 cm/yr, maximum is 4.5 cm/yr, estimated additional mean cumulative subsidence
until 2025 is 40cm.

In the lowland areas covering the towns of Bacoor, Imus, General Trias, Dasmariñas, Naic, Tanza, Ternate,
hundreds of artesian wells and deepwells provide water supply for both domestic and irrigation purposes.
According to a JICA study, the groundwater in Cavite is depleting at a rate of 1m water level decrease per
year. Consequently, subsidence has also occurred in the northern and central parts of Cavite.

Geotechnical Settlement Analysis (by AMH Phils., Inc.)

The settlement analysis was carried out with the aid of Settle 3D software. Settle 3D is a 3-dimensional
program for the analysis of vertical consolidation and settlement under foundations, embankments, and
surface loadings.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-65

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
The subsurface conditions were idealized and the most critical condition, i.e. thickest soft soil layer, was
modelled in the analysis. Settlement analysis was conducted for Island C. The parameters used in the analysis
based on the results of the soil investigation as well as established correlations for settlement parameters are
presented in the table below.

Table 2.1-10. Geotechnical Parameters for Settlement Analysis

Depth, m Soil Type N Consistency Ave LL g E Cc Cr e0 Cv OCR
0.0 - 7.5 Silt/Clay 2 Very Soft 45 13 - 0.315 0.0315 0.9 0.002 1
Very
7.5 - 30.0 Sand/Clay 50 - 20 - - - - - -
Dense/Hard

In the analysis, the fill needed to achieve final elevation of +4.00m was considered as surface loading on top
of the existing soil layers. The corresponding surface load for each fill height is summarized in the following
table.

Table 2.1-11. Equivalent Surface Load for Each Reclamation Fill Height
Thickness of Fill (Seabed to Elev +4m), m Surface Load, kPa
8.0 144
10.0 180
12.0 216

Figure 2.1-47. Settlement Analysis Results for 8m fill height

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-66

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.1-48. Settlement Analysis Results for 10m fill height

Figure 2.1-49. Settlement Analysis Results for 12m fill height

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-67

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
The results of the settlement analysis are presented in the following. Since the underlying soil layers are mostly
silts and clays of varying plasticity, settlements are found to be medium-term. The maximum estimated
settlement ranges from 1470 mm to 1660 mm for Island C where the thickness of soft soil is only ~ 7.5 m thick.
Pre-loading with prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) is recommended to accelerate the consolidation / Long-
term settlement.

Table 2.1-12. Results of Settlement Analysis

Depth of Fill Immediate Consolidation Total Time to 95%
Required for Settlement, Settlement, Settlement, Consolidation,
Elev. +4m, mm mm mm month
8 - 1470 1470 32
10 - 1570 1570 31
12 - 1660 1660 31

Impact Analysis

Settlement is a natural geological hazard that exist with or without the project. The reclaimed land will not
induce nor aggravate this hazard, but the project will be vulnerable to them. To a certain extent, load of
constructions and infrastructure (i.e. settlement of high compressibility soil) and site dewatering for foundation
excavations can induce settlement/subsidence if not done properly. However, as dredging of
foundation/unwanted seabed materials will be above groundwater level, no significant settlement will arise.

The main cause of settlement in Cavite and Manila Bay area as a whole are natural compaction of soil and
excessive groundwater drawdown. These can bring about serious effects on the project if not properly
addressed. The proposed land reclamation is located at a relatively large distance from the reported critical
spots in Navotas and Malabon cities, and the Manila Port area. However, it is close to the critical spot in
Rosario.

The reclamation project site would be underlain by fill materials that are highly compressible, which makes it
prone to these hazards. Construction of buildings or other structures on the site will put additional load on the
fill materials that could result to settlement. The presence of soft saturated unconsolidated material with very
low N values up to a depth of 10 meters from the surface along the reclamation site makes the area a high-
risk zone for settlement and subsidence.

The impacts of settlement and subsidence are further exacerbated by extreme weather events (short term)
and rising sea levels (long term). Sea level has been recorded at Manila’s South Harbor since 1902. It rose
around 1.3 mm/yr (the global rate) until the early 1960s, when it increased to about 2.6 cm/yr (Siringan and
Ringor, 1998; Siringan and Rodolfo, 2003).

Mitigating Measures

Remediation options include: compaction – densifying sandy soil with vibration and impact; pore water
pressure rod (vibro) compaction, dissipation – installing permeable drain pipes; cementation and solidification
– mixing stabilizing material in sandy soil; replacement; lowering of groundwater level; shear strain restraint;
preload; and structural measures. A combination of these methods has been found to be more effective. The
choice of the remediation method will depend on site characteristics. It is important that the chosen method
will minimize or mitigate the impacts to the reclaimed land and at the same time, will not bring adverse effects
to its immediate environs. The selection is in accordance with international standards and suitability to the
reclaimed land in terms of type of fill materials and existing ground conditions.

Precisely because of this physical characteristic of the underlying fill materials, deep foundation systems for
planned structures should be undertaken to address or mitigate this hazard. A settlement criterion shall be
calculated and will include settlements that will develop in the natural subsoil and those that will develop in the
Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-68
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
reclamation fill from project handover to the end of project life. The reclamation to be constructed must be
founded on the solid bedrock and appropriate foundation design should be put in place to mitigate these
hazards

The fill materials must be fully engineered and compacted/densified to ensure stability and mitigate liquefaction
potential. The soil remediation process that will increase the N-value should be advanced to the to the bottom
of pre-existing alluvium, which is the cohesionless soft soil at the upper layers of the subsurface.

Deep Foundation

Considering the geotechnical conditions of the site wherein the upper 1.5m to 7.5m of the existing soil layer
consist of very loose to loose sands and very soft silts and clays (N-value < 10), deep foundation may be
warranted to carry the large loads and mobilize the high bearing capacities of the competent materials. From
the subsurface idealizations, the bearing layer (SPT N-value > 50 for sand, > 30 for clays) is estimated to be
at depths of about 6.0m to 12.0m below the seabed.

Calculations of pile capacities were carried out using the AllPile software. AllPile is capable of vertical and
lateral analysis for both driven and bored piles. Vertical analysis is based on the approaches and methods
recommended by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), American Association of State and Highway
Transport Officials (AASHTO), and NAVY Design Manual-07 Naval Facilities Engineering Command
(NAVFAC). Lateral analysis uses the finite-difference method to model soil-structure interaction.

Input parameters include pile geometry (including orientation) and head/loading conditions and soil properties.
The reclaimed area (Elev. +4.00m from MLLW) was considered in modelling the soil profile. Shear strength
parameters were estimated using established SPT-N correlations and local project experiences. Included in
the parameters are the coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction (kh), used in lateral analysis of piles. These are
presented in terms of ‘B’, the pile diameter or width. The geotechnical parameters for deep foundations are
shown in Table 2.1-17 under Pedology subsection.

To obtain the safe pile capacities (axial downward and uplift), a Factor of Safety (FS) of 3.0 was adopted for
axial capacities and the FS for uplift capacity is 3.0.

Calculations of pile capacities were carried out considering 600mm, 800mm, and 1000mm concrete bored
piles. Pile lengths are reckoned from the final reclamation elevation of +4.00m from MLLW level. The pile tips
are estimated to be embedded 3.0m below the competent strata.

The following table provides the summary of the computed allowable pile capacities.

Table 2.1-13. Summary of Allowable Pile Capacities for Concrete Bored Piles
Estimated Compression
Borehole No. Width mm Uplift kN Lateral kN
Pile Length m kN
22 965 425 210
600 27 1235 600 210
32 1505 770 210
22 1570 675 370
BH-10 800 27 1950 925 370
32 2383 1210 370
22 2220 920 580
1000 27 2810 1310 580
32 3400 1700 580
BH-11 600 28 1210 680 205

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-69

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Estimated Compression
Borehole No. Width mm Uplift kN Lateral kN
Pile Length m kN
33 1485 855 205
38 1760 1035 205
28 1990 1080 370
800 33 2455 1385 370
38 2930 1690 370
28 2820 1500 580
1000 33 3450 1930 580
38 4080 2365 580
23 640 355 210
600 28 415 410 210
33 915 670 210
23 1040 540 375
BH-12 800 28 635 620 375
33 1410 975 375
23 1540 755 590
1000 28 935 870 590
33 2000 1320 590
20 845 350 210
600 25 1110 520 210
30 1375 695 210
20 1370 550 370
BH-13 800 25 1780 815 370
30 2190 1085 370
20 1975 765 580
1000 25 2575 1160 580
30 3170 1555 580
27 1140 720 210
600 32 1410 890 210
37 1410 1080 210
27 1795 1070 370
BH-14 800 32 2260 1370 370
37 2230 1685 370
27 2530 1450 585
1000 32 3200 1890 585
37 3090 2330 585
23 730 350 210
600 28 725 560 210
BH-15 33 1260 755 210
23 1220 565 375
800
28 1210 880 375
Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-70
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Estimated Compression
Borehole No. Width mm Uplift kN Lateral kN
Pile Length m kN
33 2045 1185 375
23 1415 815 595
1000 28 1975 1260 595
33 2958 2695 595
20 830 340 210
600 25 1095 515 210
30 1100 685 210
20 1350 535 370
BH-16 800 25 1755 805 370
30 1705 1075 370
20 1950 750 580
1000 25 2545 1145 580
30 2440 1540 580
24 1130 530 210
600 29 1410 710 210
34 1680 885 210
24 1855 855 370
BH-17 800 29 2305 1145 370
34 2755 1435 370
24 2630 1185 585
1000 29 3261 1610 585
34 3885 2030 585
26 990 545 210
600 31 1260 720 210
36 1535 895 210
26 1595 845 375
BH-18 800 31 2050 1140 375
36 2510 1435 375
26 2325 1195 590
1000 31 3000 1635 590
36 3680 2080 590

Shallow Foundation Analysis (by AMH Phils., Inc)

The choice of the foundation scheme mainly depends on the magnitude of the structural loads that have to be
transmitted by the foundations into the underlying ground.

In the subsequent analyses, the fill materials required to reach reclamation elevation of +4.00m (from MLLW)
was considered. From the range of fill height required for the island, the depth of fill ranges from 8m to 15m,
hence, it was assumed in the analysis that shallow foundations lie directly on the reclaimed fill. The parameters
for the fill are shown in the table below.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-71

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.1-14. Properties of sand fill for shallow foundation analysis
Unit Weight, g Cohesion, c
Ground Improvement N-value Friction Angle, 0
(kN/m3) (kPa)
Vibrocompacted sand fill 15 18 0 30

For the reclamation area, the safe bearing capacity is 90 kPa (≈1870 psf) at a minimum foundation depth of
1.0m BGL (below ground level – reclaimed area at elev. +4.00m). For proportioning of various foundation
widths and depths, allowable bearing capacity charts are presented in the graph below.

Safe Bearing Capacities

350

300
Bearing Pressure, kPa

250
D=3.0m
200
D=2.0m
150 D=1.5m
100 D=1.0m

50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Footing Width, m

Figure 2.1-50. Safe bearing capacities for the reclamation area

2.1.2.3.3 Volcanic Hazards (Ash Fall)

The dangers posed by volcanoes are associated with eruption. Hazard from volcanic eruption depends on the
magnitude of its explosion. Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions include pyroclastic flows and base
surges, lava flows, lahars and the ash or tephra fall.

Probably the greatest threat to Cavite is Taal Volcano in Tagaytay but is unlikely to cause major problems. It
is about 56 aerial kilometers to the southeast of the project site. The ash fall may be a nuisance and reduce
air quality. Taal Volcano is closely monitored and one would likely receive a few weeks warning of a possible
eruption. However, considering the distance of the project site to Taal Volcano, even the far-reaching ash
fall/tephra fall hazard has little effect the proposed project.

Impact Analysis

There will be no impact on the project except probably for some degree of nuisance (dust particles). Similarly,
the project will not aggravate this hazard to harm the environment.

Mitigating Measures

This hazard is seemingly absent in the project area and therefore no mitigation measures to be implemented.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-72

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.2.3.4 Hydrometeorological Hazards
2.1.2.3.4.1 Flooding

The project area falls within the delineated areas with high susceptibility to flooding as shown in the flood
hazard maps (Figures 2.1-51 and 2.1-52) by MGB (2010) and READY Project (2008). Considering that it is
low-lying and has a flat terrain, the project site could experience localized flooding especially if the drainage
systems are inadequate. The 100-Year Flood Hazard Map (Figure 2.1-53) by Project NOAH is consistent with
the other two hazard maps. The whole Cavite Spit and the coastal areas from Bacoor to Rosario are
susceptible to flooding, though in varying extent. Areas near the rivers are more flood-prone.

The flooding in Cavite Province has three types: River Overflow Flood, Inland Flood and Coastal Flood.

River overflow flood is defined as the flood caused by the overflow from the river. This flood type is usually
associated with typhoons. In Cavite, this flooding is due to inadequate flow capacity of various rivers and
tributaries. The floods usually occur at the low dike section, narrow or bottleneck sections and the bridge
sections. This is because those areas are usually clogged with debris. This can also be attributed to intensive
land conversion and development for industrial and residential uses. In the year 2000-2006, there are four
major river overflow floods recorded. These were brought by Typhoons Reming, Gloria, Inday and Milenyo.
Typhoon Milenyo and Reming both caused damages to properties as well as public infrastructure such as
bridges, dams and ripraps of flood ways. The water volume coming from the upland part of the province also
contributes to the volume of water in the lowland rivers and tributaries. The upland municipalities of Indang,
Amadeo and Silang also experience river overflow flooding but at minimal circumstances and extents.
(PDRRMO, 2010)

Inland flood is defined as inundation caused by the stagnation of the storm rainfall and/or the overflow from
the local drainage channel. Intrusion of seawater during high tide would also cause this kind of flooding.
(PDRRMO, 2010)

The project site in Noveleta is generally highly susceptible to flooding. In fact, all barangays have been affected
by flooding in the past. (PDRRMO, 2010)

Cavite Province is shielded by mountain ranges but is open to rains brought in by the Southwest Monsoon
locally known as “Habagat.” This natural phenomenon occurs when warm moist air flows over the country from
the southwest direction that brings rain to the western portion of the country. Cavite was one of the provinces
affected by the two consecutive-years of extreme flooding referred to as the “2012 and 2013 Habagat Floods.”
(PDRRMO, 2010)

Coastal Flooding. Cavite‟s coastline stretches around 123 km and could be found along Cavite City, Bacoor,
Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza and Naic. The coastal barangays of these towns are highly susceptible to
flooding. The coastal plain in Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario has extremely low ground level of EL. 0 to 2 meters,
and the tidal flood often occurs in its substantial part even without storm rainfall. Such tidal inundation is being
aggravated by the progress of land subsidence. (PDRRMO, 2010)

The table below enumerates the recent typhoons that affected the Province of Cavite.

Table 2.1-15. List of Recent Typhoons that Affected Cavite

Maximum
Tropical Date of
sustained Population/Areas Affected Impact
Cyclone Occurrence
winds (kt)
TS Santi (Nari) 11-Oct-13
Carmona, Cavite City, Bacoor,
TS Maring
22-Aug-13 Dasmariñas, Imus, GMA, Gen.
(Trami)
Trias, Indang, Kawit, Naic,

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-73

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Maximum
Tropical Date of
sustained Population/Areas Affected Impact
Cyclone Occurrence
winds (kt)
Noveleta, Rosario, Silang, Tanza,
Ternate, Trece Martires
Bacoor, Cavite City, Imus,
TS Gener Jul 30-31,
Ternate, Kawit, Naic, Rosario,
(Saola) 2012
Noveleta, Ternate
TS Pedring Sep 26-28,
Cavite City
(Nesat) 2011
TS Falcon Kawit – 23 barangays, 4,438
21-Jun-11 No significant damages incurred
(Meari) families, 8,870 individuals
TS Dodong Noveleta flooded. 20 fam and 40
9-Jun-11 No significant damages incurred
(Sarika) ind
Tagaytay City – 1 brgy, 15 fam, 57
ind
Typhoon Juan October 13-
155 Ternate – 1 brgy, 64 fam, 315 Ind No significant damages incurred
(Megi) 24, 2010
Cavite City – 2 brgy, 107 fam,
428 ind
Dead – 14, Injured – 13, Missing 3,
Typhoon All municipalities of Cavite - with
July 11-18, totally damaged houses (TDH) - 2,558;
Basyang 75 729 brgys, 49,678 fam, 247,537
2010 partially damaged houses (PDH) -
(Conson) ind
32,735; Cost – Php 14M
Dead – 1; Injured – 13; TDH - 155;
Typhoon Santi Oct. 27-Nov. 16 mun, 126 brgys, 4,141 fam,
90 PDH -1,267; Cost of damages - PhP
(Mirinae) 3, 2009 18,954 ind
177.72M
Typhoon Sept. 27-
Pepeng Oct. 14, 130 5 mun, 470 fam, 1,402 ind
(Parma) 2009
Typhoon
Sept. 25-30, 19 mun, 442 brgys., 113,817 fam, Dead – 6; Injured – 5; Missing - 1; TDH
Ondoy 90
2009 534,209 ind - 293; PDH -2,325; Cost -: Php 37M
(Ketsana)
Flashflood – Dasmariñas, barangays
21-Sep-09 Dead - 5
Pansol River Paliparan & Sampaloc IV
Kawit, Rosario, Imus, Bacoor,
Typhoon Isang July 15-19, TDH – 11
65 Noveleta and Naic: 53 barangays,
(Molave) 2009 PDH – 120
16,993 families
Typhoon Feria June 22-27, TDH – 84
45 3 mun, 8 brgy, 706 fam, 3,484 ind
(Nangka) 2009 PDH - 5
Typhoon TDH – 43
June 18-26, 12 mun, 166 brgy, 40,645 fam,
Frank 95 PDH –227; Cost of Damages – Php
2008 206,827 ind
(Fengshen) 40.43M
Typhoon Hana Sep 30 - Oct Rosario and Noveleta: 639 TDH – 28
70
(Lekima) 4, 2007 families. PDH - 10
Typhoon Egay August 12- 14 mun, 232 brgy, 53,090 fam,
140 1 missing
(Sepat) 20, 2007 260,561 ind
Typhoon
August 5-9, 11 mun, 122 brgy, 87,920 fam,
Chedeng 65 Partially damaged houses - 13
2007 438,701 ind
(Pabuk)
Typhoon Dead – 31; Injured – 64; Missing – 18;
Sep 25 to All mun, 463 brgy, 164,137 fam,
Milenyo 125 TDH - 8,509; PDH - 48,562; Cost -
Oct 2, 2006 794,339 ind
(Xangsane) PhP 835.24M
Typhoon 7 mun, 45 brgy, 2,260 fam, 1,111 TDH - 51
13-Jun-06
Florita (Bilis) ind PDH - 38
Typhoon Inday Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus,
July 2002 Dead – 1
(Halong) Kawit, etc., 168,025 ind

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-74

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Maximum
Tropical Date of
sustained Population/Areas Affected Impact
Cyclone Occurrence
winds (kt)
Typhoon
Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus,
Gloria July 2002
Kawit, etc., 173,075 ind
(Chataan)
Typhoon
Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus,
Reming Oct 2000 Dead – 10
Kawit, etc., 380,616 ind
(Xangsane)
Source: NDCC, Cavite PDCC, Cavite PSWDO

As sea levels rise due to climate change, low-lying coastal areas are frequently flooded by the sea. Global
warming is known to be causing stronger cyclones and rising oceans levels. Other aggravating factors include
occurrence of high tide at same time with heavy rains, and non-climate factors (e.g. land subsidence and loss
of natural retention areas mostly due to concreting of ground surface).

The rising sea level will adversely affect any properties located near the shoreline and in reclaimed areas of
Metro Manila and vicinities. Geologically, these areas are those located along what geologists dubbed the
Coastal Margin. A lot of areas in the coastal lowlands are already experiencing perennial flooding with or
without the proposed project.

Impact Analysis

Where land reclamation is known to cause loss of wetlands, floodwater storage is likewise lost or decreased
and thus may lead to flooding. For this project, the project site on the fringes of the Cavite Spit facing Manila
Bay is devoid of wetlands or marshes, and therefore, it will not aggravate flooding in the area. The island will
be separated from the mainland, hence, it will not cause narrowing of the mouths of tidal inlets and Cañas
River. In effect, the project will not impede discharge of excess rainwater from the river, and hence, will not
cause riverine flooding.

According to the PRA, well-designed and properly constructed reclamation projects will not cause flooding.
On the contrary, they can prevent flooding by providing added protection, such as sea barriers to mitigate the
effects of accelerated rising sea levels, which is a direct effect of global warming. What happened, in fact, was
that the whole stretch covered by the reclamation projects under the Boulevard 2000 Plan along Roxas
Boulevard—from the Cultural Center of the Philippines to the coastal road—did not suffer the same
catastrophic rush of seawater, unlike the areas from the Manila Yacht Club to the US Embassy. The seawalls
built to protect the reclaimed area saved the establishments and inhabitants there.
http://opinion.inquirer.net/15993/on-reclamation-and-flooding (October 2011)

More detailed analysis on flood hazard are presented under Chapter 2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology – Flood
Studies.

Mitigating Measures

For flooding mitigation, the engineering design of the reclamation should provide for adequate channels,
drainages and runoff discharges to the open sea as well as non-blockage of river outfalls and other flood paths.

The design of structural flood defenses should account for possible overtopping but should not be over-
estimated as this could also possibly cause trapping of floodwaters. Where flood defenses are breached, it
will usually result in sudden flooding with little or no warning and will present a significant hazard and danger
to life.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-75

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: MGB 2010 (from 1:50,000 base maps)

Figure 2.1-51. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Cavite City Quadrangle

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-76

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project June 2008

Figure 2.1-52. Flood Hazard Map of Cavite

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-77

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: UP Project Noah, screen captured on August 2017

Figure 2.1-53. 100-Year Flood Hazard Map of Cavite and vicinities

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-78

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.2.3.4.2 Storm Surges / Seiches / Storm Waves

Storm surge is an abnormal rapid rise of sea level resulting from strong winds pushing water towards the shore
(NOAA, 2013). This can cause severe destruction and damage in its surrounding areas. High winds push the
ocean’s surface that causes water pile up higher than the ordinary sea level. Storm surges have known to
damage nearby coastal structures, resulting from the wave impacts and debris carried by the surge. Other
effects include flooding of low-lying coastal areas and intense wave erosion of beaches, dunes and other
structures. Based on the meteorological data, Manila Bay is exposed to an average of 5 typhoons in 3 years
period vulnerable during the 2nd and 4th quarter of the year.

According to PAGASA, storm surges occurred seven times from 1960–72. Table 2.1-16 below is a list of
storm surge events that affected the Manila Bay area. This is taken from the Compilation of Storm Surge
Occurrences in the Philippines (Project NOAH, 2014).

On September 26-28, 2011, Typhoon Pedring (international name T. Nesat) hit the country generating storm
surge as high as 6 meters in Manila Bay that damaged part of the breakwater and sea wall along Roxas
Boulevard resulting to waist-deep flooding of the road and areas along the shoreline and causing millions of
damages to properties. In 2012, Typhoon Saola (Gener) caused another surge that damaged the seawall and
deposited tonnes of rubbish and filth along Roxas Boulevard and affected Brgys. San Rafael 3 & 4, Cavite.

Dr. Mahar Lagmay stated that the 2011 storm surge was 1.5m high, "with splash waves higher than the
coconut trees" while Yolanda's surge in Tacloban was 5m.

Parts of the municipalities of Bacoor and Kawit are susceptible to inundation of 1m surges, while the coastline
along parts of Cavite City are exposed to inundations of > 1m to 4m surges. The former two are considered to
be of low susceptibility level while the latter three are classified under moderately susceptible (PDRRMO,
2010). One documented major storm surge, which affected Cavite, occurred at the peak of Typhoon Sening
on October 10-15, 1970 and had an actual height of 3-5 m (PAGASA, 2004).

Therefore, it can be safely stated that waves/surges can occur with or without the project.

Table 2.1-16. Storm Surges in the Manila Bay Area and Vicinities
Associated Surge
Date of
No. Tropical Height Affected Areas Casualties Damage
Occurrence
Cyclone (m)
Unnamed
1 June 29, 1589 Manila Bay
typhoon
Destroyed
Unnamed Bagumabayan drive due
2 Aug 29, 1863 Manila
typhoon to inundation, several
houses unroofed
Unnamed 17 ships tossed onto Sta
3 Sep 20-26, 1867 Manila Bay
typhoon Lucia & Tondo shores
Unnamed
4 Oct 25, 1873 0.6 Cavite
typhoon
Typhoon
5 October 10-15, 1970 3-5 Cavite
Sening*
Destroyed $40M
Typhoon Yoling Manila Bay, southern
6 Nov 19, 1970 4 property, sank 21 fishing
(Patsy) coast of Luzon
boats near North Harbor
Typhoon Manila Bay & Bicol Several ships washed
7 Jun 23-25, 1972 1
Konsing (Ora) region ashore
Bataan & at least 10
Typhoon
8 Jul 2, 1983 4 villages in Manila Bay's 182 49,000 houses
Bebeng (Vera)
western banks

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-79

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Associated Surge
Date of
No. Tropical Height Affected Areas Casualties Damage
Occurrence
Cyclone (m)
Coastal areas of Manila
Bay, Brgys San Rafael 3
Damaged the
Typhoon & 4, Cavite, Brgy.
9 Sep 26-28, 2011 6 12 breakwaters & seawall
Pedring (Nesat) Pasungol, Santa, Ilocos
along Roxas Blvd
Sur & Sta Rita Aplaya,
Batangas City
Zamboanga del Norte,
Ternate, Cavite, Bulan,
Typhoon Gener
10 Jul 30-31, 2012 Sorsogon, & So. Tinago, 214 houses
(Saola)
Bgy Tibpuan, Lebak,
Sultan Kudarat
Bgy Mabolo, Naic,
Typhoon Maring
11 Aug 22, 2013 Cavite & Molo District, 14 houses damaged
(Trami)
Iloilo
Typhoon Santi
12 Oct 11, 2013 Manila Bay
(Nari)
Source: Project http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/2014/02/04/compilation-of-storm-surgeoccurrences-in-the-philippines/. NOAH Open File
Report Vol 2. Pages 7-11, February 2014
*- Source is PAGASA, 2004 as cited in the Cavite Provincial Risk Reduction and Management Plan 2011-2016.

The Storm Surge Hazard Map of Cavite is presented in Figure 2.1-54 from READY Project while Figure 2.1-
54 is the storm surge (advisory 2) map by UP NOAH. The READY map indicates flooding height could range
from 1-4 meters.

Climate change (global warming) has potential impacts on the frequency and strength of typhoons, and hence,
on storm surge and storm waves. Rise in sea levels, spurred by climate change, will increase water depths
and, by extension, wave heights in stormy weather. Even if the rise in sea level during storms does not flood
the coastal areas, the resulting waves probably will. Storm surges can also be enhanced by tidal fluctuations
and can be difficult to prepare for unless one has an hour-by-hour estimation of the weather situation.

As sea levels rise due to climate change, low-lying coastal areas are permanently flooded by the sea. The
likelihood and severity of storm surges also rises since weaker winds will also be able to increase the sea level
enough to flood coastal areas. In addition, as the sea level rises, the water depth increases and the wave base
becomes deeper; waves reaching the coast have more energy and therefore can erode and transport greater
quantities of sediment.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-80

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: READY Project, June 2008

Figure 2.1-54. Preliminary Storm Surge Hazard Map of Metro Manila

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-81

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: UP Project Noah, screen captured on October 2017

Inset – Maximum Storm Surge Height (Lapidez et al., 2014)

Figure 2.1-55. Storm Surge Advisory 2 Hazard Map of Cavite and vicinities

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-82

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Impact Analysis

Manila Bay was affected by storm waves riding atop storm surge. The gentle seabed slopes of the bay means
higher waves can affect the shore.

The location of the reclaimed land will be such that it will be the nearest to the waterfront relative to land-based
sites. This makes it the most vulnerable to storm surge and flooding. At worst case, the project will not increase
the effects on land-based structures and facilities as well as on population. In fact, the proposed reclamation
project has the potential of sheltering onshore population and structures/properties from storm surges or storm
waves. This is evident in the areas along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay and Paranaque where reclaimed lands
fringe the coastline. Going back to the Storm Surge Hazard Map – SSA2 (Figure 2.1-55), it is clear that the
areas behind MOA to CCP Complex are safe from this hazard.

For the proposed project site in Noveleta, Island C will have a shielding effect on the coastal areas fronting
the island.

Reclaimed lands are in fact known to serve as massive breakwater. Environmental planner Armando Alli and
architect Jun Palafox agree that reclamation may serve as a breakwater. Alli cites the success of reclamation
projects in China, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, and Dubai in terms of maximizing available space; while
Palafox agrees that reclaimed patches of land do become tsunami or wave breakers if executed properly.
http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/99009/but-why-reclaim-manila-bay-in-the-first-place/ (Robillos A., Apr 17, 2013,
inquirer).

Synthesis of Storm Conditions/Tide Levels

This is discussed under Chapter 2.2.1.1 Change in Bathymetry.

Synthesis of Storm Waves

This is discussed under Chapter 2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology.

Mitigating Measures

At worst case, the project will not increase the effects on land-based structures and facilities as well as on
population. In so far as those in the reclaimed land itself, in addition to the platform level, some structures may
be placed in stilts while others will be designed with certain parts (floors) of a building/structure at high levels.
The proposed project will include a “no build’ zone and wave water catchment channels.

A more detailed design is considered based on the additional height/volume of seawater near the coast, which
could be created by a tsunami/waves. This could be significantly deflected from reaching land, thus creating
flood by the elevated reclaimed land.

An updated mathematical modeling will be conducted to simulate the storm surges/waves in terms of force
and direction. Wave deflectors and other similar defenses such as revetment will be part of the study. The
modeling will consider the volume of water that will inundate the project area should storm surges and tsunami
reached to maximum predicted wave heights as well as the appropriation of “no-build zone” and wave water
catchment channels. The “no-build” zone will observe the requirements of the PRA, which is 50 meters from
the coastline.

The elevation of the reclaimed land and the use of properly designed structures such as wave deflectors will
provide further effective method of dissipating storm waves, such protection not available in a “No Project
Scenario”.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-83

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Storm surges are difficult to mitigate, however, the construction of wave deflector may help in minimizing the
effect of surges. Construction of breakwater could also minimize the effect of storm surges

Overall Safety Awareness and Preparedness

An essential part of hazard mitigation is the people’s awareness and preparedness.

Safety drills should be institutionalized throughout the project life. This will include fire drills, earthquake drills,
and the like. Evacuation muster points will be established. These efforts shall be in consonance with the
Disaster/Risk Reduction and Management Plan of the government.

Lastly, the proponent will be actively involved in the Information, Education and Communication campaign to
increase public awareness (especially the island dwellers and stakeholders) on hazard management.

A multi-hazard mitigation and protection plan for natural coastal hazards should be developed. Similarly,
awareness about climate change impacts on coastal zone systems such as coastal erosion, sea level rise,
and flooding risks should be promoted with emphasis in the threat to life, structures, and economic production.

Monitoring Plan

Vigilance and sustained community-level public education on tsunami awareness, preparedness and
mitigations are very important. The coastal communities must be aware of tsunami facts and must react
appropriately during an earthquake event

Deformation Monitoring

Monitoring of ground level should be done during the reclamation phase up to the end of the project. This is
to determine quantitative surface movements with respect to both spatial and temporal rates. Known accurate
measuring techniques include: InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite imagery - time-series
techniques; GPS surveys; leveling surveys; optical leveling; Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR);
and field observations (ground truthing on buildings and infrastructure, including the use of extensometers).
This can be done in partnership with government agencies to allow sharing of data

Field monitoring is essential for construction control when waiting periods are used with staged construction.
Theoretical design computations usually do not provide reliable estimates of the rate of consolidation.

Considerable settlement, or deformations in general, occur when constructing projects such as highway
embankments, bridge approaches, dikes, dams, large storage areas, tanks, or buildings on soft compressible
soil, due to the consolidation of soil under the superimposed load. Severe pavement damage and structural
failure can be a direct result of settlement and therefore it is critical that movement be detected and measured.
This work consists of providing, installing, maintaining, and reading various types of geotechnical
instrumentation at different locations. The most common field instrumentation to monitor progress of
consolidation is the surveying method.

In the event that serious settlement or deformation develops during the construction of the embankment or
within the required settlement period, the work is required to be suspended and corrective measures taken as
directed.

All necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent undue damage to instruments and keep alignments in a
plumb position. If an instruments installation is hit, dislodged, damaged, etc. during construction, the test point
must be reported and repaired before further readings are taken.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-84

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Structural Defenses

Structural defenses and infrastructure will be inspected periodically for integrity and soundness. Continuous
monitoring of structural defenses should be implemented. Likewise, the Proponent should encourage
awareness on all geohazards. Make use of the government’s alert systems such as those of PAGASA, MGB,
PHIVOLCS, NOAH and other such agencies.

2.1.3 Pedology
2.1.3.1 Soil Erosion / Loss of topsoil / overburden.

In the traditional context, soil erosion/topsoil/overburden refers to activities/works onshore. The reclamation
work shall involve the seabed of the reclamation area and hence, it is deemed that this matter is not germane
to this project.

Moreover, “soil erosion” is confined to the reclamation area that will be dredged and on which land will be
created and not a wide range of the sea.

Illustrated below is a typical scheme for the construction of the containment wall or structures within this
confined seabed area. This containment wall in fact prevents erosion of the seabed.

The top part of the surface to the upper 7.5m made up of thick layer of very soft to soft silts and clays and very
loose to loose sands (N-value < 10) shall be dredged as part of ground preparation before the area is filled
with sand materials. It is possible that part of the dredged materials will be re-used and put back to the seabed.

Summary of Soil Investigation Report – Geotechnical Studies

The geotechnical investigation program consists of nine (9) boreholes at depth of 30m each. All boreholes
were drilled within the vicinity of the property boundaries to establish the existing geotechnical conditions at
the site. The location of the drilled holes is presented in Figure 2.1-56.

The borehole logs are provided in Annex 2.1-B.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-85

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.1-56. Borehole Location Plan

SPT Drilling Procedure per ASTM D1586

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was done in accordance with ASTM specifications, with energy transfer
efficiency of at least 60%. For each test, a 2-inch (50.8mm) outside diameter Split – Spoon sampler was driven
into the soil at a depth of 18 inches (460 mm) by means of a 140 lb. (63.5 kg) driving mass falling freely from
a height of 30 inches (760 mm). The number of blows needed to drive the split spoon sampler 18 inches (460
mm) was recorded and the number of blows needed to drive the last 12 inches (305 mm) was taken as the N
– value. Soil samples were recovered using the spoon sampler and were then taken to the laboratory for
testing and analysis.

Rock Coring and Sampling per ASTM D2113

Whenever Standard Penetration Test (SPT) refusal is reached, rock coring was performed. SPT refusal occurs
when a total of 50 hammer blows causes less than or equal to 25.4 mm of ground penetration, or no
measurable penetration occurs after 10 hammer blows.

Coring techniques were performed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM
D2113). The core recoveries were analyzed, stored in core boxes, delineated by properly marked spacers
marked with indelible ink, labelled and wrapped in plastic bags for laboratory strength tests

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-86

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.3.1.1 Subsurface Idealization

The succeeding table presents the subsurface conditions at each borehole location based on the results of
the soil investigation. Engineering parameters were assigned on the following soil profiles necessary for the
design of foundations and various geotechnical analysis.

From the results of the soil investigation, the site subsurface generally consists of an upper 1.5m to 7.5m thick
layer of very soft to soft silts and clays and very loose to loose sands (N-value < 10). It is underlain by 1.5m to
6m thick layers of stiff to very stiff silts and clays and medium dense sands. These are all underlain by the
competent strata consisting of dense to very dense sands and hard clays, encountered at depths of around
6.0m to 10.5m.

Table 2.1-17. Idealized Subsurface Conditions based on Results of Borehole Tests

Consistency /
Borehole Soil
Depth, m SPT Relative γ c (kPa) ϕ (o) kh (kPa/m)
No. Description
Condition
Very Loose to
0.0 – 7.5 SM / ML 3 – 6 [13] 16 0 28 1,500/B
Loose
BH-10

7.5 – 10.5 SM / ML 40 – 47 Dense 19 0 34 22,500/B

Very Dense 20 0 34 81,000/B
10.5 – 30.0 SM / ML / CL ‘refusal’
Hard 20 180 0 21,600/B
Loose 17 0 30 900/B
0.0 – 4.5 CL / SM 5–7
Soft 16 24 0 2,880/B
Stiff to Very
4.5 – 9.0 CL 10 – 27 18 96 0 11,520/B
Stiff
BH-11

9.0 – 13.5 SM 30 – 32 Dense 19 0 33 28,125/B

Very Dense 20 0 34 87,000/B
13.5 – 30.0 CL / SM / SC 28 – ‘refusal’ Very Stiff to 19 90 0 10,800/B
Hard 20 180 0 21,600/B
0.0 – 1.5 ML 2 Very Loose 16 0 28 4700/B
1.5 - 6.0 MH/CL 0 Very Soft 12 12 0 1400/B
6.0 – 9.0 ML/CL 17 Very Stiff 18 96 0 11500/B
BH-12

9.0 – 16.5 SM 50 Very Dense 20 0 38 95400/B

ML / SC / CL /
16.5 – 19.5 50 Hard 20 192 0 23000/b
CH / SM
19.5 – 30.0 SM 50 Very Dense 20 0 38 143400/B
0.0 – 6.0 ML 3 Very Loose 16 1 28 1,200/B
BH-13

Medium
6.0 – 9.0 ML / SM 18 – 29 18 0 31 11,250/B
Dense
9.0 – 30.0 ML / SM / SC ‘refusal’ Very Dense 20 0 34 78,000/B
Soft / Very
0.0 – 4.5 CL / ML 3–4 14 12 0 1,440/B
Loose
BH-14

Medium
4.5 – 6.0 SM 18 18 0 30 7,875/B
Dense
CL / ML / SC / Very Dense 20 0 34 72,000/B
6.0 – 30.0 36 – ‘refusal’
SM / CH Hard 20 180 0 21,600/B
0.0 – 1.5 SM 3 Very Loose 16 0 28 300/B
MH / CL / CH / Very Soft to
1.5 – 7.5 0–4 12 12 0 1,440/B
ML Soft
BH-15

7.5 – 9.0 CL 22 Very Stiff 18 120 0 14,400/B

ML / SC / CL / Very Dense 20 0 34 78,800/B
9.0 – 30.0 ‘refusal’
CH / SM Hard 20 180 0 21,600/B

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-87

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Consistency /
Borehole Soil
Depth, m SPT Relative γ c (kPa) ϕ (o) kh (kPa/m)
No. Description
Condition
Very Loose to
0.0 – 7.5 ML / SM / SC 3 – 10 16 0 28 1,500/B
Loose
BH-16

Medium
7.5 – 9.0 SM 15 18 0 29 12,375/B
Dense
SC / MH / SM Very Dense 20 0 34 78,000/B
9.0 – 30.0 ‘refusal’
/ CL / ML Hard 20 180 0 21,600/B
0.0 – 1.5 SC 4 Very Loose 16 0 28 300/B
Medium
1.5 – 7.5 SM / ML 26 – 28 18 0 31 6,750/B
Dense
BH-17

7.5 – 12.0 SC 41 – 49 Dense 19 0 34 24,375/B

SM / SP-SM /
12.0 – 30.0 ‘refusal’ Very Dense 20 0 34 84,000/B
CH / ML
0.0 – 1.5 SP-SM 2 Very Loose 16 0 28 300/B
1.5 – 4.5 CL 0–2 Very Soft 12 12 0 1,440/B
Medium
4.5 – 10.5 ML / CL 9 – 18 Dense / Stiff to 17 50 0 6,000/B
Very Stiff
BH-18

10.5 – 15.0 SP / SM 42 – ‘refusal’ Very Dense 20 0 34 51,000/B

SP-SM / SC-
15.0 – 18.0 35 - 43 Dense 19 0 34 41,250/B
SM
MH / ML / SM Very Dense 20 0 34 96,000/B
18.0 – 30.0 ‘refusal’
/SC Hard 20 180 0 21,600/B

The maximum thickness of soft soil in the project area is 7.5m. Therefore, the range of depth required to fill
the reclamation area up to elevation +4.00m above Mean Low Low Water (MLLW) is 8-12 meters. Since
there are no available data on elevations of the tide and seabed in the area of the project site, it is assumed
that the measured water level during drilling is the mean sea level (MSL).

From the Philippine Ports Authority Manual, the nearest port with tide records which shall be used as reference
for this project is the Manila South Harbor. It is approximately 15km northeast of the project site. The recorded
MSL is +0.49m (or approx. +0.50m) and MLLW is +0.00m.

Soil Types

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) of the Department of Agriculture (DA) published and
released soil maps of the Philippines. The maps aim to provide information on the type of surface soil the
country is composed of to aid in land development, agriculture, etc. These characterization and evaluation of
soil play a major role since different soil type/group affects the parameters that are used in a hydrologic study
(i.e. peak discharge calculations).

Based on the Philippine Soil Series Map of the BSWM, the southern part of Metro Manila and lowland area of
Cavite are underlain by Guadalupe Soil. Guadalupe soils are composed of weathering clay residium, and
waterlaid tuffaceous material that are very poorly drained on flat areas and a major lowland for soils. This soil
type is categorized as coarse when dry, and sticky and plastic when wet.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-88

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.1-57. Clipped Philippine Soil Series Map (Source: BSWM)

Based on the CLUP of Noveleta, the town is characterized by three soil series, namely, Quingua series,
Guadalupe series, and one type of Hydrosol. Soil series are groups of soils which vary in terms of
physiographic position, parent material and soil characteristics such as color, texture and drainage class to
name a few. (CLUP, Noveleta, 2018-2028)

The Quingua series stem from the recent alluvial deposits. They have a deep fine loamy profile of about 100
to 150 centimeters and are well drained.

The Guadalupe series are found concentrated in the slightly elevated portions of Noveleta and are weathering
products of volcanic tuff. Profile depths range from 50 to 100 centimeters with fine clay textures. Soil drainage
is poor to very poor. Three soil types were recognized in the area, namely, Guadalupe clay, Guadalupe clay
loam, and Guadalupe clay sand.

The Hydrosol is exclusively found in the submerged coastal areas affected by sea water. A subaqueous
sample included stratified sand, sandy clay loam, organic matter and marine shells. It is best for fishponds and
salt making. Its coastal landscape is largely of the Hydrosol type. The hydrosols are utilized for salt beds and
fishponds.

Water and Wind Erodibility Potential

The project site will be on water, soil pertains to seabed materials, which will not be subject to erosion.

Sediment Sources

The Cañas River is the nearest major waterway in the vicinity that will contribute sediments to the project site
and vicinities. Also, longshore currents coming into Manila Bay bring in coarse sediments to the area of Cavite
Spit. In fact, this spit was formed through time because of the large amount of sediments coming into the bay
and deposited in the area.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-89

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Riverbank Stability

The proposed project will be located in Manila Bay, at a distance from Cañas and Maalimango rivers. Thus,
the capability of the land/riverbank to accommodate the proposed development with minimal or without soil
erosion/loss of topsoil/overburden is deemed irrelevant.

Proposed Methodology for Compaction.

Ground improvement measures for densifying upper loose sand layer and strengthening bearing capacity
include jet grouting, vibroflotation/vibro replacement, and pre-loading.

Jet Grouting

Jet grouting is a ground stabilization procedure which uses the principle of ultra-high pressure injection of
cement grout (>100m/s) into the ground. It increases the soil bearing capacity of the underlying weak soil. Jet
grouting can be employed in all types of soils, from clay to coarse gravel.

Jet grouting creates in-situ geometries of soilcrete (grouted soil, 3000 – 6000 psi), using a grouting monitor
attached to the end of a drill stem. The jet grout monitor is advanced to the maximum treatment depth, at which
time high velocity grout jets (and sometimes water and air) are initiated from ports in the side of the monitor.
The jets erode and mix the in-situ soil as the drill stem and jet grout monitor are rotated and raised. Jet grouts
can be installed at angles from vertical to 45°.

Vibroflotation/Vibro Replacement

Vibro-Replacement is an effective technique for improvement of soft clays, mixed deposits of clay, silt and
sand with fines of more than 10%, and fine sands. It reduces the liquefaction potential of fine sands where the
ground water table is at a shallow level.

Originally used for improving loose, granular soils, these techniques have been improved by NSCC to extend
their range of application from loose granular soils to poor cohesive soils in which stone columns are built by
the wet or dry method.

Stone columns refer to columns of compacted, gravel size stone particles constructed vertically in the ground
to improve the performance of soft or loose soils. The stone can be compacted with impact methods, such as
with a falling weight or an impact compactor or with a vibroflot, the more common method. The method is used
to increase bearing capacity (up to 5 to 10 ksf or 240 to 480 kPa), reduce foundation settlements, improve
slope stability, reduce seismic subsidence, reduce lateral spreading and liquefaction potential, permit
construction on loose/soft fills, and pre-collapse sinkholes prior to construction in karst regions.

A specific application is referred to as vibro piers. The process refers to short, closely spaced stone columns
designed to create a stiff block to increase bearing capacity and reduce settlement to acceptable values. Vibro
piers are typically constructed in cohesive soils in which a full depth predrill hole will stay open. The stone is
compacted in 1 to 2 ft (0.4 to 0.8 m) lifts, each of which is rammed and compacted with the vibroflot.

Preloading with Prefabricated Drains (PVD)

Surcharging alone can induce bearing failures and the settlement of soil may extend over a long period of time
because of its low permeability. Vertical drains are installed together with preloading in order to shorten the
drainage path of the pore water and accelerate settlement. Vertical drains are artificial drainage paths inserted
into the cohesive soil layer allowing the water to flow faster in the horizontal direction towards the vertical
drains. Since most clayey soils have higher horizontal permeability, water can flow faster into the drain and
out of the soil rather than the conventional preloading where water can only flow vertically.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-90

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.1.3.2 Change in Soil Quality or Fertility.

The soil of relevance in a reclamation project is the seabed that will be dredged and thus raise concern of
possible migration of fugitive silt materials in other parts of the sea outside the reclamation project. Such
concern. However, is essentially preempted with the following measures:

• Silt curtains are placed in the periphery of the dredged area to trap any dispersed silts/soils.
• The unwanted soil is disposed outside of the project area in a dumping place to be approved by the
authorities. Normally this is located at a distance from the dredged area. Special permits are to be
secured for the disposal of the unwanted soil.
• Another method for handling the unwanted soil is the placement of such in ―sand bags‖ and the use
of these sand bags as fill materials for the reclamation.

At depths, the soils are essentially homogeneous over a large part of Manila Bay as they are geologically
contiguous. These are the weathering derivatives of Guadalupe formation, a rock suite of volcanic materials
predominantly made up of tuff and pyroclastics.

Sediments are usually a useful medium of monitoring pollutants in aquatic systems due to their ability to
accumulate contaminants while maintaining reasonable uniform composition (Larsen and Jensen, 1989;
Chapman, et.al., 1992). Most eroded materials are trapped in reservoirs, lakes and food plains or much of it
is deposition in deltas, bays and estuaries (Gehm and Bregman, 1976).

The key parameters for the sediments are the metallic elements because silt dispersal could potentially occur
to other areas of the Manila Bay outside of the project site, thereby transporting these elements. “Fertility” is
not germane to this project because the site is offshore, hence, fertility is more relevant to projects that involve
or which could impact on plantations and agriculture.

The Dutch standards for soil remediation shall be adopted by the Project Proponent until Philippine standard
have been formulated. The TARGET VALUE (Ref: email communications with LLDA) is the baseline
concentration value below which compounds and/or elements are known or assumed not to affect the natural
properties of the soil. The INTERVENTION VALUE (Ref: email communications with LLDA) is the maximum
tolerable concentration above which remediation is required. This occurs if one or more compounds in
concentrations equal to or higher than the intervention value is found in more than 25 m3 of soil or 1000 m3 of
ground water.

Table 2.1-18. The Dutch Target/Intervention Values

EARTH/SEDIMENT (mg/kg dry matter)
National
Target Value Intervention
Background
(incl BC) Value
Concentration (BC)
Metals
Antimony 3 3 15
Arsenic 29 29 55
Barium 160 160 625
Cadmium 0.8 0.8 12
Chromium 100 100 380
Cobalt 9 9 240
Copper 36 36 190
Mercury 0.3 0.3 10
Lead 85 85 530
Molybdenum 0.5 3 200
Nickel 35 35 210
Zinc 140 140 720

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-91

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Secondary Baseline Data for Seabed Sediment Quality

Three secondary data sources were gathered for this study which includes:

• 13 seabed sediment samples from a nearby area conducted by TCSI in Aug 2017 in June to August
2018for the Bacoor Reclamation and Development Project of the Bacoor City LGU. The laboratory
tests were done by CRL Environmental Corp. These samples are within Bacoor Bay to the east of
Island A.

• 2 samples taken by the Filipinas Dravo Corporation in January 2019 for the Manila-Cavite Toll
Expressway (MCTEP) Segment 5 Project EIS Report (in behalf of the Cavitex Infrastructure Corp).
SQ1 is located in Dalahican Coast in Cavite City while SQ4 is located near the mouth of Maalimango
River in Rosario;

and

• 9 grab samples collected within Manila Bay by the Integrated Environmental Monitoring Program for
Manila Bay (IEMP-MB) team on Feb 10–11, 2005, analyzed for selected elements at the DOST-PNRI
by XRF method. These were extracted from Olivares, R.R., et al., June 18, 2019. Environmental
Assessment of Metal Pollution in Manila Bay Surface Sediments, DOST-PNRI.

The sampling station map is provided in Figure 2.1-58 below wherein only Station 7 of the IEMP-MB work is
included as it is the only station in the Cavite area. For a bigger picture of the bay, a separate location map for
the 9 samples of IEMP-MB is provided in Figure 2.1-59, the test results from TCSI and MCTEP (Table 2.1-19
and Table 2.1-20).

Baseline Data for Seabed Sediment Quality, June 24, 2020

Sediment sampling was conducted on June 24, 2020 for two (2) sampling per island. The sampling station
map is provided in the figure below while the test results are in Table 2.1-21. Based on the quality of sediments
for Island C, parameters such as Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium were all within the acceptable
limits except for Cadmium are higher than the allowable limit. The laboratory tests were conducted by CRL
Environmental Corp attached in Annex 2.1-D, for Laboratory Results

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-92

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Data Sources: TCSI 2018, IEMP-MB 2005, MCTEP 2019, Base Map: 2020 Google Earth

Figure 2.1-58. Map of the Soil Sampling Stations

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 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.1-19. Test Results for Seabed Sediments
Sample As Cd Pb Hg Cr +6 Date Date
pH
ID (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Sampled Reported
Test Flame Flame Manual Cold DCM (SM3500-
ICP-OES EPA 9045D
Methods AAS AAS Vapor AAS Cr-B)
MDL 0.4 0.2 1 0.1 0.1 0.1
BH-10 2 0.8 23 <0.1 <0.1 7.1 08/05/2018 10/15/2018
BH-11 2.3 0.8 26 <0.1 <0.1 6.8 08/07/2018 10/15/2018
BH-12 2.3 0.8 22 <0.1 <0.1 6.9 08/04/2018 10/15/2018
BH-14 5.5 0.8 9.9 <0.1 <0.1 7.7 07/29/2018 10/15/2018
BH-15 3.4 0.5 5.3 <0.1 <0.1 7.7 07/27/2018 10/15/2018
SS1 2 <0.2 15 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
SS2 1.9 <0.2 9.7 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
SS4 3.1 <0.2 22 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
1A 3 <0.2 30 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
2A 1.9 0.3 22 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
5A 1.7 0.6 19 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
10A 4.8 <0.2 28 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
16A 2.1 0.4 20 <0.1 <0.1 06/12/2018 7/31/2018
SED1 1.2 23 <0.1 08/03/2017 10/08/2018
SED2 0.8 28 <0.1 7.1 08/03/2017 10/08/2018
SED3 0.3 27 <0.1 08/03/2017 10/08/2018
SQ1 <0.10 <0.015 <0.05 <0.60 01/25/2018 2018
SQ4 <0.10 <0.015 <0.05 <0.60 01/25/2018 2018
Source: TCSI 2018 and Filipinas Dravo Corp. 2018 data

It may be seen from the above table that the sediment properties of all the TCSI and MCTEP samples in
Manila Bay are well within the intervention value to cause concerns of metallic interventions in the quality of
Manila Bay waters. Moreover, mercury and hexavalent chromium tests all came back undetected or below the
minimum detection limit.

Based on Table 2.1-20 above, Cr and Zn were higher in the northern part of the bay (Station 1) whereas Cu,
Fe, Ti, Ca, Mg, and K were higher in the eastern and southeastern (Stations 6 and 7) coastal sites. Please
note that Station 7 is the nearest to the project site on the western side of Cavite Spit. The spatial distribution
profiles of selected trace elements are shown in Figure 2.1-60 below. Unlike these elements, Pb is higher in
the central part of the bay (Station 8). Mn was found higher in the southwestern side (Station 5) while Ni was
lower in Stations 6, 7, and 8. While it is expected that the Metro Manila side has more population and possibly
more domestic and industrial wastes, Station 9 generally has lower metal concentration levels. (Olivares, R.R.,
et.al., June 18, 2019). For Station 7 in Cavite, titatium, copper, aluminum and iron are the metallic elements
that appear higher than in other areas. To estimate the anthropogenic impact on sediments, Olivares et al
(2019) calculated a normalized EF for metal concentrations relative to the reference environment (Table 2.1-
21). The EFs obtained for many elements (< 2) fall under deficient or minimal enrichment, implying that these
elements are depleted relative to crustal abundance in the area. However, some samples exhibited EF values
classified to have moderate and significant enrichment (2 – 5 and 5 – 20, respectively) and may reveal
sediment contamination. These values are highlighted accordingly in the said table. (Olivares, R.R., et.al.,
June 18, 2019)

Stations 1 and 2, located on the northern part of the bay, exceeded the reference values for chromium and
considered moderately enriched. Ni concentrations are all below the criteria values, and enrichment levels
were categorized as low. For copper, all sites generally exceeded the reference values and is particularly high
on Stations 5, 6, and 7 located southern part of the bay (near coastal areas of Bataan and Cavite). Most of the
stations are considered moderately enriched except that Station 5 obtained an EF ratio of 5.3, which is
significant. Also, Station 5 exhibited the highest value for Fe, Mn and Pb having an EF of 2.4, 5.5 and 2.9,
respectively. (Olivares, R.R., et.al., June 18, 2019)

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-94

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2
3 1

8 9
4

7
5 6

PROJECT SITE

Source: Olivares, R.R., et.al., June 18, 2019

Figure 2.1-59. Surface Sediment Sampling (Feb 10-11, 2005) Location Map
Table 2.1-20. Test Results for Seabed Sediments (2005)
Element Sampling Station
Conc.
(ppm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Na 458,000 450,000 448,000 624,000 552,000 22,000 101,000 588,000 562,000
Mg 5,310 6,060 - 1,050 1,910 28,180 11,400 975 4,210
Al 29,500 30,600 32,600 16,200 16,000 53,400 68,200 17,800 22,000
Si 85,300 82,120 75,890 35,520 36,500 137,640 152,000 41,200 59,800
S 8,160 7,460 7,150 7,700 7,920 5,005 5,790 7,910 7,530
Cl 140,000 162,000 210,000 262,000 200,000 111,000 45,300 200,000 189,000
K 4,660 4,830 4,960 2,200 1,750 6,788 6,380 2,432 3,246
Ca 11,700 8,062 8,220 5,090 6,030 94,450 28,200 5,570 10,200
Ti 3,550 3,430 3,140 2,060 1,780 4,071 5,410 3,000 3,130
Cr 139 127 107 67 52 58 49 72 71
Mn 896 909 1,020 841 1,810 1,288 1,100 1,250 1,050
Fe 45,100 43,400 43,300 37,200 38,200 51,400 56,600 44,300 38,700
Ni 16 17 17 17 18 9.9 12 10 18
Cu 66 57 70 74 85 76 90 71 77
Zn 124 102 86 75 84.5 104 86 122 80
Pb 13 14 16 87 18 14 13 27 20
Br 144 176 131 171 182 106 139 192 217
Rb 25 21 23 37 33 30 25 20 20
Sr 124 111 126 100 129 1350 200 102 119
Y 14 12 13 11 9.3 14 12 11 9.5
Zr 54 47 51 49 53 62 81 62 54
Mo 0.65 1.7 1.7 2.4 1.9 1.2 2.1 2.1 2
Source: Olivares, R.R., et.al., June 18, 2019

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-95

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.1-21. Sediment Sampling Result, June 14, 2020

Arsenic
Cadmium Pb Hg Cr +6 Date Date
Sample ID (As) pH
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Sampled Reported
(mg/kg)
DCM
Flame Manual Cold
Test Method ICP-OES Flame AAS
AAS Vapor AAS
(SM3500-Cr- EPA 9045D
B)
MDL 1.0 0.32 2.41 0.1 0.1 0.1
SC1
N 14027’08.07” 5.1 1.1 17 ND ND 8.2 06/24/2020 7/6/2020
E 120052’29.67”
SC2 5.2 1.2 17 ND ND 8.0 06/24/2020 7/6/2020
N 14 27’3.24”
0

E 120052’9.00’
Source: CRL Environmental Corporation, July 6, 2020

Source: Base Map: 2020 Google Earth

Figure 2.1-59a Sediment Sampling Map, June 24, 2020

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-96

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: Olivares, R.R., et.al., June 18, 2019. Environmental Assessment of Metal Pollution in Manila Bay Surface Sediments, DOST-
PNRI

Figure 2.1-60. Spatial Profile of Trace Metal Concentrations (ppm) in Manila Bay
Sediments.

2.1.4 Terrestrial Ecology

By way of discussion, based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, one of the ecological values of the Manila
Bay is the mangroves. At the turn of the 20th century, there were about 54,000 hectares of mangrove around
the Bay. By 1990, only 2,000 hectares were recorded, and in 1995, only about 794 hectares remained (BFAR,
1995).

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-97

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
On the other hand, millions of shorebirds rest and feed in wetlands of Manila Bay area when flying south from
their breeding grounds in the arctic tundra during September to April, and returning North during the short
northern hemisphere summer of May to August.

As may be seen from recent photographs of the onshore areas fronting the project site below, it can be seen
that terrestrial (flora and faunal species) is absent. Mangroves are more appropriately discussed in the section
in Chapter 2.2.5 Marine Ecology.

Photographs which include the other islands are provided below indicating therein the absence of terrestrial
ecological resources except mangrove communities.

PROJECT
SITE

IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Biodiversity involving terrestrial resources is deemed not significant for the project for the following reasons:

• The reclamation works will be undertaken at sea and distant from lands.

• The access links, roads and bridges are not components of the project located on shore and will not
impact (disturb or damage) the floral and faunal species on these construction areas.

• The migratory and important avian species are located at the LPPWP, distant from the project site.

SUMMARY OF IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING – LAND RESOURCES

Based on the baseline conditions for Land discussed in the foregoing, the following are the identified impacts
and the corresponding management and monitoring plans. Also included are issues raised during the Public
Scoping.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-98

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.1-22. IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING – LAND RESOURCES
IMPACTS MANAGEMENT MONITORING
PRE- CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Not Applicable. The activities at sea which are largely survey works have been completed.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Inconsistency or In general, the Vision of the Province and its CLUP
incompatibility with the and in particular the Reclamation Project will be
Monitoring of Master Plans
operational plan of the Manila consistent with the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy
Bay (MBCS)
Solid waste generation Reclamation activities do not generate debris and Inventory of solid wastes,
(debris and waste) during wastes; except domestic garbage from construction principally garbage through
construction phase crews, which are disposed on shore according to records of amount of garbage
RA 9003. No garbage disposal to the Manila Bay. disposed on shore.
The Project is supportive of the Province’s Vision for
Urban Renewal Monitoring of Master Plan
Enhanced Urbanization
Aesthetics (Manila Bay Monitoring of Master Plan for
Viewing spot in the master plane
sunset) provision for viewing spot(s)
Change in subsurface Reclamation will instead provide enhancement by Monitoring of potential fugitive silt
geology improving soil properties dispersals near the work areas
Erosion/sedimentation Engineering design – to consider mitigation of
impacts water changes in the bay profile.
In-depth study (including simulations) on prevailing Visual observation especially
and predicted sedimentation patterns, wave along the shorelines fronting the
transformation, longshore currents, tidal currents, Project
wind patterns, bay morphology and bottom
topography, etc.
Some areas in the vicinity will be shielded from
erosion because the project will serve as barrier
against strong waves that can cause erosion.
Storm surges/storm Reclamation platform itself with wave deflector
waves/tsunamis and flooding gives sheltering effect. Reclaimed lands are in fact
on land and impacts of the known to serve as massive breakwater.
proposed project during Structural defense options are: seawalls at Recording of events
typhoons breakwaters, wave deflectors, other similar
defenses such as revetment; angled bypass walls.
Appropriate structure to be selected in the DED.
For the vertical structures, especially those facing
the main body of the Bay, the structures are to be
designed to resist wave forces, i.e.: lowest
horizontal structure above wave crest; rigid
connection of roof; lateral bracing; deep protective
piles; placement of buildings on stilts or locate at
higher levels; and with many openings on the
ground floor.
Layout of the land use and structures in the entire
reclaimed land will provisions for easy “evacuation
routes” in case of early and swift evacuation to
elevated areas

Flood control infrastructure will be installed within

the reclaimed land, i.e., adequate channels,
drainages and runoff discharges to the open sea as
well as non-blockage of river outfalls and other flood
paths; pumping; retention tank, etc.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-99

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
IMPACTS MANAGEMENT MONITORING
The design of structural flood defenses will account
for possible overtopping but should not be over-
estimated as this could also possibly cause trapping
of floodwaters.
For riverine flooding, design will ensure outflow of
floodwaters to Manila Bay will not be obstructed
Subsidence, Settlement and Caused by underground water extraction, which will Monitoring of ground level will be
Liquefaction not be undertaken. done during the period of soil
Engineering intervention. Design of containment stabilization. This is to determine
using geotechnical survey baselines. quantitative surface movements
with respect to both spatial and
temporal rates. Known accurate
measuring techniques include:
InSAR satellite imagery - time-
In-depth studies and monitoring to be undertaken series techniques; GPS surveys;
settlement of reclaimed land (fill materials), leveling surveys; optical leveling;
incorporating cumulative effects of natural Laser Imaging Detection and
subsidence of foundation/underlying soil/rock. Ranging (LIDAR); and field
observations (ground truthing on
buildings and infrastructure,
including the use of
extensometers).
Buildings and structures to be constructed will be
founded on the solid bedrock or dense layer and
appropriate foundation design will be put in place
Remediation options include: compaction –
densifying sandy soil with vibration and impact; pore
water pressure rod (vibro) compaction, dissipation –
installing permeable drain pipes; cementation and
solidification – mixing stabilizing material in sandy
soil; replacement; lowering of groundwater level;
shear strain restraint; preload; and structural
measures. A combination of these methods has
been found to be more effective. The choice of the
remediation method will depend on site
characteristics.
A settlement criterion shall be calculated and will
include settlements that will develop in the natural
subsoil and those that will develop in the
reclamation fill from project handover to the end of
project life
Fill materials will be fully engineered and
compacted/densified. The soil remediation process
that will increase the N-value should be advanced
to the to the bottom of pre-existing alluvium.
Ground shaking Engineering intervention: structural and engineering
Recording of events
designs to withstand ground shaking
The computed “g” values of 0.449g will be utilized in
the design of the structures and also serve as guide
in the degree of soil remediation/compaction
All known geohazards in the Geohazards will be monitored
Public education, awareness and preparedness
area throughout the construction
campaign to include each of the known hazards.
phase through monitoring of
This will include evacuation drills, placing of
existing government forecasts
signages, and establishing alert systems.
and warning systems.

Chapter 2.1: THE LAND 2.1-100

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 2.2. THE WATER

2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology

The succeeding discussions are essentially the same as all of the Islands (A, C, D, E) of the Cavite Province
Reclamation Project.

Groundwater in the Greater Metro Manila Area (GMMA)

The major (confined) aquifers of Metro-Manila is found in groundwater formations underneath the Guadalupe
Plateau and the Antipolo Plateau. The main aquifer is the one formed by the Guadalupe Formation, 15 to 45m
thick, which covers 472 km2 predominantly spanning the area of the NCR. This extends beneath the bed of
Laguna Lake. Groundwater is stored and transmitted in this main aquifer by openings and fractures in the
tuffaceous formation. This main aquifer is under pressure (artesian) and is separated from the overlying
material by a semi-permeable or semi-confining layer, also called an aquitard. The semi-permeable layer
separates the aquifer below and is responsible for creating a pressurized condition. However, in some parts
of Metro-Manila where drawdowns of more than 50 m have been caused by over-pumping, the main aquifer
has been converted to a water table aquifer.

Water is also stored in the materials above the confining layers of the main aquifer (water table aquifers).
Alluvial sediments provide the medium or material for water table aquifers. These occur within the Manila Bay
deltaic plain (50m thick), the Marikina Valley, and the alluvial deposits found at the periphery and bottom of
Laguna Lake (100m thick). The layers confining the main pressurized aquifer in the predominantly tuffaceous
strata and the water table aquifer in the overlying alluvial formation are not totally impermeable, however.
Some “leakage” is believed to take place between the main pressurized (or confined) aquifer and the overlying
water table aquifer. (Clemente R.S., et al., 2001)

Due to over-pumping, the water pressure in the artesian aquifer becomes lower than the hydrostatic head of
the water table aquifer, thus, causing leakage in the downward direction. In this scenario, the overlying water
table aquifer recharges the artesian aquifer below, and this is what is occurring in the Metro-Manila aquifer
system. (Clemente R.S., et al., 2001)

In the lowland areas spanning Noveleta, Rosario and Cavite City, there are 1,962 artesian wells and deep
wells (1995) provide water supply for both domestic and irrigation purposes. Which have caused the salt water
intrusion in the aquifers due to over-extraction. The groundwater in Cavite is depleting at a rate of 1m water
level / year. In the upland areas of the province, groundwater is tapped mainly for domestic use through local
water supply systems. There are two tanks with 400,000-gallon capacity in the CEZ and 10 Maynilad pumping
stations in the area. The average surface water level is 5.20 m from a range of 3.05 m. to 12.07 m. The average
specific capacity is 1.23 L/s/m and the average specific discharge is 5.88 L/s.

The hydrogeologic map is given in Figure 2.2-1. It is seen from this map that the onshore areas adjacent to
the project site is within the classification of “Local and less productive aquifers with very low to moderate
permeability”.

The project will not involve underground water extraction as the water will be sourced from the water
concessionaire. This fact is likewise relevant from the perspective of land subsidence in Metro Manila, which
is generally attributable and accepted to be the major cause of land subsidence in the city.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-1

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Figure 2.2-1. Regional Hydrogeologic Map

Chapter 2.2 2.2-2

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.1.1 Change in Drainage Morphology / Inducement of Flooding / Reduction in Stream

Volumetric Flow

General Statements

Changes in drainage morphology, inducement of flooding as a result of these changes, reduction in stream
volumetric flow and identification of aquifers are significant considerations if the reclamation landform and the
activities during the Construction Phase of the project will cause diversion and/or disturbance of the existing
drainage system.

• The landform is located at sea

• The existing drainage system will not be disturbed
• The construction works onshore are those associated with the construction of the connecting points
of the access ways

There are no bodies of freshwater, natural or manmade, the latter in the case of manmade drainage channels
or canals that are located in or within the project site.

In respect of climate change considerations, rainfall intensity is a key parameter in climate change projections.
The project will not in any way affect rainfall. In the design of the reclamation drainage system, however,
rainfall is an important input in the application of the relevant formula.

Figure 2.2-1 shows the rivers adjacent to Island C and to the other islands of the total project (islands A, D,
and E) from which is gleaned that these rivers will not be significantly affected by the project. Furthermore,
there are no lakes within the project site.

Concerning aquifers, there will be no groundwater extractions to serve the needs of the Project during the
Construction Phase.

Plate 2.2-1 is an initial conceptual master development plan for Island C and all the other Islands wherein may
be gleaned that the landform is distant from the shore at which the existing drainage systems are located.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-3

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: Actual survey of project sites and waterways plotted on Google Earth. Arrows indicate flow direction.
Figure 2.2-2. Map Showing the Project (Island C) as well as the adjacent other projects (Islands A, D & E) in relation to existing surface waters.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-4

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 2.2-1. Initial Master Development Plan for Island C and other Islands (A, D & E)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-5

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.1.1.1 Flood Studies

General Methodology

Plate 2.2-2. Flood Studies Process Flow

Hydrologic Analysis:

A flood runoff-routing modelling software HEC-HMS was used in the study to estimate the Peak Discharge of
the waterways with catchment size greater than or equal to 20sq.km. Simulations were done for various return
period. The Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) was developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers to
simulate the rainfall-runoff processes in the watershed systems.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-6

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Hydraulic Analysis:

The river system was analyzed with the aid of HEC-RAS (Hydraulic Engineering Center River Analysis
System). HEC-RAS is a public-domain program developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers that allows
modelling of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, steady flow, unsteady flow, sediment transport/mobile bed
computations, and water temperature modelling. For this study, HEC-RAS was utilized to simulate one-
dimensional steady flow, or coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional, unsteady flow on the river network
for the multiple return period discharge hydrographs derived from the hydrologic calculations.

General Topography

A topographic map and a bathymetric map are graphical representations of the topography of the landforms
above and below the sea level, respectively. Both maps are represented through the use of contour lines
corresponding to elevation values to illustrate the locations of vertical depressions and protrusions of the area.

The general topographic information for the project area was obtained from the National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), under the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
(DENR) of the Philippines. Based on the stitched clipped topographic map of the Cavite (Map #3129-I),
Muntinlupa City (Map #3229-IV), Quezon City (Map #3230-III), and Manila (Map #7172-II), the municipalities
near the project site have relatively flat topography (Figure 2.2-2). Due to the sparseness of data, the local
topographic features of the shore or site are not evident, and hence AMH requested remote sensing data in
the form of IfSAR-based DTM’s from NAMRIA (Figure 2.2-3).

PROJECT SITE

Source: NAMRIA
Figure 2.2-3. Topographic Map of the Project Site

Chapter 2.2 2.2-7

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: NAMRIA

Figure 2.2-4. IfSAR Data of the Project Site

Existing Waterways

Cañas River drains to Manila Bay, at south of Island C, and is about 4.3 km distant from Island C. Maalimango
River and an unnamed tidal creek also drain into Manila Bay. The outfalls of Ylang, Ylang River, Panamitan
River, and Imus River, on the other hand, are located on the lee side of Cavite Spit, in Bacoor Bay near Island
A. There are other small waterways which also drains to the coast near the same island, traversing the fishing
pond areas south of the island A.

This is shown in Figure 2.2-2 above.

Catchment Delineation

A watershed, also called a catchment or drainage basin, refers to the topographic area that collects and
discharges surface stream flow through one outlet or mouth (Mays, 2005), termed as “control point” in this
report. Watershed delineation is the process in which the boundaries of a watershed are identified by passing
an imaginary line that traces the ridges and divides. The delineated area represents a “bowl” that drains into
a lowest portion, known as the outfall or outlet.

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) from Japan’s Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) from NAMRIA
Digital Elevation Models were used to delineate the extent of the catchments of the six (6) major outfalls near
the reclamation site. The resulting delineations were overlain onto satellite imagery for checking. The resulting
catchments were also verified using the NAMRIA 1:50,000 topographic map.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-8

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT SITE Waterway 4

Panamitan River
(13 sq.km.)
(1.6 sq.km.)

Maalimango River
(7 sq.km.)

Imus River
(116 km2)

Cañas River
(111 km2)

Ylang-ylang River
(130 km2)

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-5. Catchment Delineation of Waterway Discharge Points Near the Reclamation Site

Chapter 2.2 2.2-9

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Soil Map

Discussion and maps for soil are presented under Chapter 2.1.4. Pedology.

Based on the Philippine Soil Series Map of the BSWM, the southern part of Metro Manila and lowland area of
Cavite are underlain by Guadalupe Soil. Guadalupe soils are composed of weathering clay residium, and
waterlaid tuffaceous material that are very poorly drained on flat areas and a major lowland for soils. This soil
type is categorized as coarse when dry, and sticky and plastic when wet.

Design Rainfall

The Rainfall Intensity Duration and Frequency (RIDF) Data is a tabulation of the rainfall depth (or equivalent
rainfall intensity) corresponding to a selected storm duration and return period. These values are based on
probabilistic analysis on the rainfall data collected for an extensive period of time.

For this study, the RIDF data served as the basis for the design frequency storm used in the hydrologic
analysis. The rainfall data from Sangley Point station was used for the hydrologic analysis of the inland
waterways due to their proximity, topography and length of record.

PROJECT SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-6. Nearest RIDF Stations

The RIDF Data (Table 2.2-1) is a tabulation of the rainfall depth (or equivalent rainfall intensity) corresponding
to a selected storm duration and return period. These values are based on probabilistic analysis on the rainfall
data collected for an extensive period of time.

Table 2.2-1. Recorded Extreme Values of Precipitation (mm) – Sangley Point

Return
5 20 30 60 120 3 6 12 24
Period
Min min min min min hr hr hr hr
(yr)
5 28.3 41.8 50.8 64.6 89.8 106.8 140.3 174.0 209.4
10 33.6 49.7 60.2 76.7 107.3 128.2 169.2 210.0 250.1

Chapter 2.2 2.2-10

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

25 40.3 59.6 72.1 91.9 129.5 155.2 205.8 255.5 301.5

50 45.3 66.9 80.9 103.3 146.0 175.2 233.0 289.3 339.7
100 50.3 74.2 89.7 114.5 162.3 195.1 259.9 322.8 377.6
Source: PAGASA Sangley Point Station

Source: PAGASA Sangley Point Station

Figure 2.2-7. Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Curves for PAGASA Sangley Point Station,
Cavite

Based on the RIDF data from PAGASA, RIDF curves were derived for Sangley Point, Cavite Station. The
RIDF curves were used to develop design hyetographs for this study using the alternating block method. The
alternating block hyetograph method determines the rainfall intensities for a specific increment of time.

For large catchment areas, rainfall of an extreme precipitation event is unlikely to be distributed uniformly over
all subbasins. An area reduction factor may be applied to reduce the point rainfall and use the value as the
basin rainfall depth. This can be calculated using the Horton’s Formula:
0.31 ]
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 𝑒 [−0.1(0.386𝐴)

Where
r = basin mean rainfall (mm)
ro = point rainfall (mm)
A = catchment area (km2)

The final design hyetograph for various return periods are presented in the figure below.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-11

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: PAGASA Sangley Point Station

Figure 2.2-8. Design Hyetograph, PAGASA Sangley Point Station RIDF Data

The return period is the average interval of time within which the magnitude of a hydrologic event will be
equaled or exceeded once, on the average. It is determined by taking the reciprocal of the probability of
exceedance per year of an event. The probability of exceedance is determined by analyzing a set of data (e.g.
rainfall depths, river gages, etc.) that has been collected for an extensive period of time. For example, a storm
event with a probability of exceedance per year of 1% (0.01) is equivalent to a return period of 1/0.01 or 100
years.

Climate Normals

Climatological Normals are period averages computed for a uniform and relative long period comprising of at
least 3 consecutive 10-year periods. It summarizes the average values of rainfall, temperature, and wind speed
per month.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-12

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-2. Recorded Normal Values of Precipitation (Sangley Point)

Rainfall Temperature Wind No. Days w/
Month Amount No. Max Min Mean Dry Wet Dew Vapor Rel. MSLP DIR SPD Cloud TSTM LTNG
of Bulb Bulb Pt. Pressure Hum.
(mm) RD (0C) (0C) (0C) ( 0C) ( 0C) (0C) (mbs) % (MBS) (16 pt) (mps) (okta)
JAN 16.9 4.0 30.0 23.3 26.6 26.8 23.9 22.8 27.7 79.0 1012.5 ESE 3 5 0 0
FEB 11.1 2.0 30.8 23.6 27.2 27.4 24.1 22.9 27.7 76.0 1012.7 ESE 3 5 0 0
MAR 9.4 2.0 32.7 24.6 28.6 28.7 25.0 23.7 29.1 74.0 1012.1 ESE 3 4 1 1
APR 18.5 2.0 34.4 25.9 30.1 30.3 26.0 24.6 30.6 71.0 1010.5 ESE 3 4 2 5
MAY 139.1 9.0 34.1 26.1 30.1 30.3 26.5 25.3 32.0 74.0 1008.8 ESE 3 5 11 16
JUN 264.5 15.0 32.8 25.8 29.3 29.5 26.4 25.4 32.3 78.0 1008.4 ESE 3 6 14 18
JUL 422.4 20.0 31.7 25.3 28.5 28.6 26.0 25.1 31.8 81.0 1008.0 W 3 6 16 17
AUG 457.2 14.0 31.3 25.2 28.3 28.2 25.8 25.0 31.5 83.0 1007.6 SW 3 7 13 14
SEP 341.8 19.0 31.4 25.2 28.3 28.4 25.9 25.1 31.7 82.0 1008.4 W 3 6 15 16
OCT 224.3 15.0 31.4 25.3 28.4 28.4 25.8 24.9 31.4 81.0 1009.3 ESE 3 6 9 14
NOV 110.5 11.0 31.1 25.0 28.1 28.1 25.3 24.3 30.3 80.0 1010.4 ESE 3 6 4 5
DEC 62.7 7.0 30.0 23.9 27.0 27.1 24.3 23.3 28.4 79.0 1011.9 ESE 3 5 1 1
ANNUAL 2078.4 127.0 31.8 24.9 28.4 28.5 25.4 24.4 30.4 78.0 1010.1 ESE 3 5 86 107
Source: PAGASA Sangley Point Station

Climate Extremes

Climatological Extremes refer to maximum and, where applicable, minimum values of weather-related data at
a certain station as determined from a long record of data. These values include the precipitation, temperature,
wind speed, and sea level pressure at the weather station and can be requested from PAGASA at monthly or
annual extremes. It is from this data that tropical cyclone events which affected the project site in the past can
be extrapolated.

Table 2.2-3. Recorded Extreme Values of Precipitation – Sangley Point

Flood Hazard Maps

MGB Flood Hazard Map

Philippine topography varies from lowlands to mountain ranges, valleys, alluvial plains and coastal rims. Major
bodies of water such as rivers and lakes are dominant in the country. Being an archipelago, the country is
surrounded by seas and ocean. Varying topography means varying susceptibility to different hazards such as
landslides and floods. Since the country experiences an average of 20 typhoons every year, many parts of the
country are prone to landslides and floods.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-13

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

To address the issue on these possible hazards, landslide and flood susceptibility maps for the entire country
were published by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB). The map shown below were based on the
1:10,000 scale topographic maps by NAMRIA. Generally, rolling to steep terrains was classified for their
susceptibility to landslides, while flatter and low-lying areas were classified for their susceptibility to flooding.

The MGB Flood Susceptibility Map shows that the project vicinity is low to moderately susceptible to flooding.
Noveleta, which provides access to Cavite City from the south, is generally classified under high to very high
flood susceptibility. Ylang-Ylang River, Panamitan River, Imus River, Cañas River and the other small
waterways are expected to overflow during extreme rainfall events.

PROJECT SITE

Source: MGB 2015

Figure 2.2-9. MGB 1:10,000 Flood Susceptibility Map

Other flood maps by MGB and UP Project NOAH as well as discussion on flooding are shown in Chapter
2.1.2.3. Inducement of subsidence, liquefaction, mud / debris flows, etc.

Flood Study of Maalimango River

a. Hydrologic Analysis

The peak discharges for the catchment are determined using Rational Formula based on the parameters
calculated and discussed in the previous sections. Rational formula is used when a watershed (catchment
area) is less than or equal to 20 km2. The formula is defined by:

Q=KCiA

Chapter 2.2 2.2-14

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Where
Q = peak discharge (m3/s)
K = conversion factor (0.278)
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = catchment area (km2)

Figure 2.2-10. HEC-HMS Model for Maalimango River Catchment

The land cover defines the runoff coefficient of the catchment area. The runoff coefficient is a dimensionless
coefficient with value between zero and one that describes the catchment’s permeability to excess rainfall. A
runoff coefficient equal to one (1) indicates that the catchment is very impermeable, and 100% of the rainfall
on a catchment area is converted to direct runoff. The NAMRIA topographic maps and existing satellite images
were utilized to determine the pre-development condition. As of the present, approximately 45% of the total
catchment is paved, 26% is grass area, 17% is cultivated land, and the remaining 12% is forest and woodland
is considered for the existing conditions.

The peak discharges for each catchment for the various storm even return periods are summarized in the table
below.

Table 2.2-4. Calculated Peak Discharges for Maalimango River

Return Period (Probability of Occurrence) Peak Discharge (cms)
10-year Return Period (10%) 36 m3/s
25-year Return Period (4%) 50 m3/s
50-year Return Period (2%) 62 m3/s
Chapter 2.2 2.2-15
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Return Period (Probability of Occurrence) Peak Discharge (cms)

100-year Return Period (1%) 76 m3/s

b. Hydraulic Analysis

The elevation data from the client-issued creek survey were used to generate the river sections of Maalimango
River. Shown in Figure 2.2-11 is the HEC-RAS model. The sections were extended beyond the banks to
generate the floodplains wherein the floods will extend in the case that the river section is inadequate to contain
the estimated river discharges.

Figure 2.2-11. HEC-RAS Model and Sample Sections for Maalimango River

Table 2.2-5 shows the different parameters used in the hydraulic analysis of the two rivers using HEC-RAS.
Different values of Manning’s roughness coefficient were used for all the portions of the river (main channel
and banks). The roughness coefficient is an empirical coefficient used to represent the surface roughness of
the channel and overbanks, to take into account the energy loss due to the roughness/friction. The overbank
Chapter 2.2 2.2-16
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

is defined as the area above and beyond the main channel depression, in which water does not usually flow
under normal conditions.

To simulate the pre-development conditions and post-development conditions, the water level values from the
coastal engineering study were used as downstream control. Another simulation was done for the highest
maximum historical water level at Manila South Harbor Tide Station.

Table 2.2-5. HEC-RAS model parameters

Channel Maalimango River
Flow Regime Subcritical
Type of Flow Steady
Known Water Level (MSL)

Extreme condition - Maximum Recorded Water Level = 1.48m

Downstream Control
Pre-development Conditions - Storm Tide Level = 1.2m*
Post-development Conditions - Storm Tide Level= 1.2m*
*from coastal engineering study
Manning’s Coefficient for Channel 0.03 for channel
Manning’s Coefficient for overbank 0.013 for Concrete, 0.03 for Riprap, 0.04 for settlements
Source: AMH Philippines, May 2019

The results and findings of the hydraulic analysis are as follows:

• Downstream control – highest historical water level (Manila South Harbor Tide Station)

Inundation maps for the varying rainfall conditions as shown in the figures below were plotted using RAS
MAPPER, the floodplain mapping extension built-in the HEC-RAS Program. The blue areas reflect the flood
extents, with darker shades indicating deeper water depths. Based on the inundation maps, even at a 10-year
rainfall event, the downstream extent of Waterway 5 is at risk of flooding with the upstream portion is not
susceptible to flooding.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-17

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-12. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 10-yr Return Period (based on Highest
Historical Water Level at Manila South Tide Station)

Figure 2.2-13. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 25-yr Return Period (based on Highest
Historical Water Level at Manila South Tide Station)
Chapter 2.2 2.2-18
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-14. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 50-yr Return Period (based on Highest
Historical Water Level at Manila South Tide Station)

Figure 2.2-15. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 100-yr Return Period (based on Highest
Historical Water Level at Manila South Tide Station)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-19

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-16. Sample Cross-Sections of Maalimango River (based on highest historical water
level at Manila South Tide Station)

• Downstream control – Water elevation at outfall for Pre-development condition (based on results of
the coastal engineering study)

Inundation maps for the varying rainfall conditions as shown in the figures below were plotted using RAS
MAPPER. Similar with the previous scenario, the downstream extent of Maalimango River is at risk of flooding
with the upstream portion is not susceptible to flooding.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-20

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-17. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 10-yr Return Period (Pre-development and
Post-development Condition)

Figure 2.2-18. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 25-yr Return Period (Pre-development and
Post-development Condition)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-21

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-19. Inundation Map of Maalimango River for 50-yr Return Period (Pre-development and
Post-development Condition)

Figure 2.2-20. Inundation map of Maalimango River for 100-yr Return Period (Pre-development and
Post-development Condition)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-22

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-21. Sample Cross-Sections of Maalimango River (Pre-development and Post-

development Condition)

• Downstream control – Water elevation at outfall for Post-development condition (based on results of
the coastal engineering study)

Based on the storm tide levels for TS Rita, one of the past typhoon events critical to the project site, the water
levels at the Waterway 5 outfall for post-development condition is equal to the water levels for pre-development
condition. In effect, the downstream control of the Hydraulic model for both scenarios are known water levels
of equal values. It can be concluded that the proposed reclamation sites will have negligible impact to the
inland flooding of areas near Maalimango River.

• The results of the hydraulic analysis agree with Project NOAH flood hazard map (Figure 2.1-54), the
area is at risk of experience flood heights greater than 1.5m (high risk). The existing flood risk in the
project area vicinity are not likely to be aggravated by the proposed reclamation project.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-23

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Flood Study of Cañas River

a. Hydrologic Analysis

The HEC-HMS basin model was generated based on the catchment delineation and parametrization using the
available elevation datasets. Figure 2.2-22 shows the HEC-HMS model domain consisting of subbasins,
reaches, and junction elements.

Figure 2.2-22. HEC-HMS Model for Cañas River

The catchment area is characterized in terms of total area, flow length, slope, and land use. Two land cover
conditions were considered: pre-development conditions and post-development conditions. The NAMRIA
topographic maps and existing satellite images were utilized to determine the pre-development condition. As
of the present, approximately 20% of the total catchment is paved, while the remaining 80% is grass area or
cultivated land, is considered for the existing conditions.

Table 2.2-6. Subbasin Characteristics of Cañas River Catchment

SUBBASIN AREA (SQ.KM.) BASIN SLOPE (%) HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP
SB1 0.33 0.18 D
SB2 6.49 19.57 D
SB3 3.97 12.56 D
SB4 2.41 18.76 D

Chapter 2.2 2.2-24

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SUBBASIN AREA (SQ.KM.) BASIN SLOPE (%) HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP

SB5 3.53 12.39 D
SB6 0.03 11.39 D
SB7 0.70 13.10 D
SB8 2.99 15.18 D
SB9 5.24 10.97 D
SB10 6.73 12.14 D
SB11 9.83 6.16 D
SB12 13.53 8.70 D
SB13 10.31 11.40 D
SB14 1.39 11.95 D
SB15 5.77 8.90 D
SB16 0.09 6.99 D
SB17 7.22 7.29 D
SB18 4.44 6.03 D
SB19 9.73 9.70 D
SB20 16.44 6.14 D
Cañas (21) 1.10 0.18 D
Cañas (22) 0.57 19.57 D
Cañas (1) 16.20 12.56 D

The above-mentioned basin parameters were determined by processing maps and terrain data using ArcMap
10.2, a Geographic Information System (GIS) software. GIS software are designed to store, process, analyze
and manage spatial datasets.

After completing the watershed model and meteorologic models, simulation for Cañas River was done in HEC-
HMS. The control specification for the simulation was set to 24 hours. Table below shows the calculated peak
discharge at the control point.

Table 2.2-7. Calculated Peak Discharge of Cañas River Catchment

Return Period (Probability of Occurrence) Peak Discharge (cms)
10-year Return Period (10%) 621 m3/s
25-year Return Period (4%) 765 m3/s
50-year Return Period (2%) 872 m3/s
100-year Return Period (1%) 977 m3/s

b. Hydraulic Analysis

The elevation data from the client-issued creek survey were used to generate the river sections of Cañas
River. Shown in Figure 2.2-23 is the HEC-RAS model. The sections were extended beyond the banks to
generate the floodplains wherein the floods will extend in the case that the river section is inadequate to contain
the estimated river discharges.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-25

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-23. HEC-RAS Model and Sample Sections for Cañas River

Table 2.2-8 shows the different parameters used in the hydraulic analysis of the two rivers using HEC-RAS.
Different values of Manning’s roughness coefficient were used for all the portions of the river (main channel
and banks). The roughness coefficient is an empirical coefficient used to represent the surface roughness of
the channel and overbanks, to consider the energy loss due to the roughness/friction. The overbank is defined
as the area above and beyond the main channel depression, in which water does not usually flow under normal
conditions.

To simulate the pre-development conditions and post-development conditions, the water level values from the
coastal engineering study were used as downstream control. Another simulation was done for the highest
maximum historical water level at Manila South Harbor Tide Station.
Chapter 2.2 2.2-26
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-8. HEC-RAS Model Parameters

Channel Cañas River
Flow Regime Subcritical
Type of Flow Steady
Known Water Level (MSL)

Extreme condition - Maximum Recorded Water Level = 1.48m

Downstream Control Pre-development Conditions - Storm Tide Level = 1.2m*
Post-development Conditions - Storm Tide Level= 1.2m*

*from coastal engineering study

Manning’s Coefficient for Channel 0.03 for channel
Manning’s Coefficient for overbank 0.013 for Concrete, 0.03 for Riprap, 0.04 for settlements

The results and findings of the hydraulic analysis are as follows:

• Downstream control – highest historical water level (Manila South Harbor Tide Station)

Inundation maps for the varying rainfall conditions as shown in the figures below were plotted using RAS
MAPPER, the floodplain mapping extension built-in the HEC-RAS Program. The blue areas reflect the flood
extents, with darker shades indicating deeper water depths. Based on the inundation maps, even at a 10-year
rainfall event, some sections of Cañas River in the downstream portion were at risk of flooding, while the
upstream-most areas are unlikely to be flooded.

Figure 2.2-24. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 10-yr Return Period (based on highest historical
water level at Manila South Tide Station)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-27

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-25. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 25-yr Return Period (based on highest historical
water level at Manila South Tide Station)

Figure 2.2-26. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 50-yr Return Period (based on highest historical
water level at Manila South Tide Station)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-28

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-27. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 100-yr Return Period (based on highest historical
water level at Manila South Tide Station)

• Downstream control – Water elevation at outfall for Pre-development condition (based on results of
the coastal engineering study)

Inundation maps for the varying rainfall conditions as shown in the figures below were plotted using RAS
MAPPER. Similar with the previous scenario, the downstream extent of Cañas River is at risk of flooding
while the upstream portion is not susceptible.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-29

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-28. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 10-yr Return Period (Pre-development and Post-
development Condition)

Figure 2.2-29. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 25-yr Return Period (Pre-development and Post-
development Condition)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-30

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-30. Inundation Map of Cañas River for 50-yr Return Period (Pre-development
and Post-development Condition)

Figure 2.2-31. Inundation map of Cañas River for 100-yr Return Period (Pre-development and Post-
development Condition)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-31

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-32. Sample Cross-Sections of Cañas River (Pre-development and Post-development

Condition)

• Downstream control – Water elevation at outfall for Post-development condition (based on results of
the coastal engineering study)

Based on the storm tide levels for TS Rita, one of the past typhoon events critical to the project site, the water
levels at the Cañas River outfall for post-development condition is equal to the water levels for pre-
development condition. In effect, the downstream control of the Hydraulic model for both scenarios are known
water levels of equal values. It can be concluded that the proposed reclamation sites will have negligible impact
to the inland flooding of areas near Cañas River.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-32

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

• The results of the hydraulic analysis agree with the existing flood hazard maps. According to the MGB
Flood Susceptibility Map, the extent of the river model is classified as highly to very highly susceptible
to flooding. Based on Project NOAH flood hazard map (Figure 2.1-54), the area is at risk of experience
flood heights greater than 1.5m (high risk). The existing flood risk in the project area vicinity are not
likely to be aggravated by the proposed reclamation project.

2.2.1.1.2 Internal Drainage System

The primary objective of hydrology study for the internal drainage system is to provide information on
meteorology and climate and derived extreme rainfall frequencies for use in the hydraulic analysis. The design
discharges of waterways through the area and reclamation drainage design discharges will be derived. Coastal
analysis may also be included in the study.

Information from hydrology will be used in hydraulic analysis to derive dimensions of the inland channels,
drainage layout pipes or channels and design tide levels of the project.

Basic data sources included or will include:

1. Sangley Point rainfall and climatological data were obtained from Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical Services Administration (PAGASA).
2. Data from Sangley Point , PASAGA Synoptic Station includes monthly historical climatological
normals of rainfall, temperature, wind and number of rainy days that may not only be relevant during
the planning and design stage but also during construction stage.
3. Sangley Point Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) was from also PAGASA prepared by
Hydrometeorological Data Application Section, Hydrology Division, PAGASA.

RIDF values were derived from data sets of historical record of extreme rainfall duration measurements in a
day say 10 minutes to 24 hr duration. These sets of data were subjected to statistical analysis to derive the
return periods. Statistical methods commonly used are Gumbel and Log Pearson 2 analysis.

The analysis will give return period that a value of extreme rainfall probability to occur again in a given time
but that given time may occur any time.

1. Site development and grading plan prepared for the project.

2. Land use map
3. Areal map (Google Earth etc.)
4. Updated tidal levels from the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey or from Hydrographic Division of
the NAMRIA

Design Discharge Estimates

a. Rational Method

The Rational Method is based on the following empirical formula in which rainfall information and watershed
characteristics (area, slope, and surface cover) are used to determine discharge.

Q = Qi = 0.278CI i A

Where:

Qi = The design discharge, m 3/sec

C = The runoff coefficient C equal to 1 for mostly paved

Chapter 2.2 2.2-33

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

areas.
Ii = The rainfall intensity in minute
A = The catchment area in km2
For Node 1 or Manhole 1, Q1 = CIA1; for Manhole 2, Q2 = CI(A1+A2) and so on Qn =
CI(A1+A2+A3…+An) until the outfall

Catchment Area Delineation

Catchment area per manhole will be drawn based from the site grading and roads of the project. Assignment
of runoff coefficient will also depend from the existing or future land use of the area.

Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency For catchment area not more than 10 km2 and in an urban drainage,
design discharges were estimated using the Rational Formula using the RIDF data mentioned earlier, Rainfall
depth duration and rainfall intensity duration frequency curves are illustrated in Figures 2.2-35 below and 2.2-
7 above.

Table 2.2-9. Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Analysis Data

SANGLEY POINT, Paranaque City
COMPUTED EXTREME VALUES (in mm) OF PRECIPITATION , Based on 19 years of record
T 10 20 30 60 120 180 360 720 1440
(yrs) min min min min min min min min min
2 20.3 30.0 36.6 46.4 63.2 74.6 96.6 119.6 147.9
5 28.3 41.8 50.8 64.6 89.8 106.8 140.3 174.0 209.4
10 33.6 49.7 60.2 76.7 107.3 128.2 169.2 210.0 250.1
15 36.6 54.1 65.5 83.5 117.2 140.3 185.6 230.3 273.1
20 38.7 57.2 69.2 88.3 124.2 148.7 197.0 244.6 289.1
25 40.3 59.6 72.1 91.9 129.5 155.2 205.8 255.5 301.5
50 45.3 66.9 80.9 103.3 146.0 175.2 233.0 289.3 339.7
100 50.3 74.2 89.7 114.5 162.3 195.1 259.9 322.8 377.6
Source: PAGASA Sangley Point Station

Table 2.2-10. The Hydrometeorological Data Applications Section (HMDAS)

Equivalent Average Intensity (in mm/hr) of Computed Extreme Value
T 10 20 30 60 120 180 360 720 1440
(yrs) min min min min min min min min min
2 112.5 90.0 73.2 46.4 31.6 24.9 16.1 10.0 6.2
5 169.7 125.5 101.6 64.6 44.9 35.6 23.4 14.5 8.7
10 201.6 149.0 120.4 76.7 53.7 42.7 28.2 17.5 10.4
15 219.6 162.3 131.0 83.5 58.6 46.8 30.9 19.2 11.4
20 232.2 171.5 138.5 88.3 62.1 49.6 32.8 20.4 12.0
25 242.0 178.7 144.2 91.9 64.8 51.7 34.3 21.3 12.6
50 271.9 200.7 161.8 103.3 73.0 58.4 38.8 24.1 14.2
100 301.6 222.6 179.3 114.5 81.2 65.0 43.3 26.9 15.7
Source: PAGASA Sangley Point Station

Chapter 2.2 2.2-34

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-33. Rainfall Depth Duration Curves, Sangley Point, Cavite City

Time of Concentration

Time of concentration is the time required for a run-off to travel from most remote point in the watershed to
point of interest. Time of concentration used in the estimate of rainfall intensity (I) and computed from this
equation:

1.15
L
tc =
51H 0.38

where :

tc - time concentration in minutes. In urban area a

minimum value of 5 minutes is set for time of
concentration and increases with length the water
travels

L - length of longest water course in watershed in

meters

H - difference in elevation between the highest point

of the watershed and point under consideration in meter

Coefficient of Runoff

Coefficient of runoff, C is a factor that represents that portion of runoff which results from a unit of rainfall. It is
dependent on the terrain and topography. The rate of runoff to precipitation which takes into account that not
all of the rainfall flows as runoff due to terrain and topography like ground cover and terrain condition and land
use.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-35

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

In commercial areas wherein most of the ground surface is paved a higher value of coefficient will be adopted.
In flooded and clogged areas, the coefficient of runoff will approach to 1 depending on the degree of flooding.
The values of run-off coefficients specified for types of terrain and ground cover is shown in the table below.

Table 2.2-11. Theoretical Values of Runoff Coefficient C (Adopted by DPWH)

Watershed Condition Recommended Range of C Values
Concrete or Asphalt Pavement 0.90 - 1.00
Steep Mountainous Area 0.75 - 0.90
Alluvial Deposits in Mountainous Area 0.70 - 0.80
Silt and Sand (Upstream and Downstream) 0.50 - 0.75
Flat Agricultural Area 0.45 - 0.60
Paddy Field With Water 0.70 - 0.80
River in Mountainous Area 0.75 - 0.85
Rivers in Flat Plain Area 0.45 - 0.75
Major River in Flat Plain Area 0.50 - 0.75
Rocky Surface 0.70 - 0.90
Residential Area (City) 0.30 - 0.60

Hydraulic Analysis

Hydraulic design and investigation will be conducted based from the updated DPWH design criteria as
tabulated below.

Table 2.2-12. DPWH Updated Hydraulic Design Criteria

Return Period, years
Structure
Design Checking
Dams/Major Bridges (CA>40km2) 100 -
Minor Bridges (CA<40km2) 50 100
Tunnel 100 -
Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts 25 50
Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culverts 15 25
Embankment 15 -
Side Ditches and Surface Drainage/Gutter 5 -

Urban Drainage

Based from the computed design Q, pipe sizes will be estimated node to node or manhole to manhole from
this basic equation:

Q = AV
Where:
A = Flow are
V = Mean Velocity, m/sec computed by Manning’s Equation,
V = 1/n R 2/3 S ½

Where :
V = Design Velocity, m/sec
n = Manning’s Roughness coefficient n
R = Hydraulic Radius

Chapter 2.2 2.2-36

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

S = Design slope

Table 2.2-13. Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient “ n”

Type of Material n
Glass, plastic, mechanical metal 0.010
Dressed timber, joints flush 0.011
Sawn timber, joints uneven 0.014
Cement plaster 0.011
Concrete, steel toweled 0.012
Concrete, timber forms, unfinished 0.014
Untreated unite 0.015 - 0.017
Brickwork or dressed masonry 0.014
Rubble set in cement 0.017
Earth, smooth, no weeds 0.020
Earth, some stones and weeds 0.025
Natural river channels:
Clean and straight 0.025 - 0.030
Winding, with pools and shoals 0.033 - 0.040
Very weedy, winding and overgrown 0.015 - 0.300
Clean straight alluvial channels 0.031d1/6
(d=D-75 size in ft.)

Pavement Drainage

Pavement drainage is necessary to maintain highway traffic safety. Water on the pavement can interrupt traffic
and cause accidents due to skidding and hydroplaning. Hydroplaning can reduce driver’s visibility and cause
difficulty in driving due to splash and spray as vehicle wheels encounters puddles.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-37

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-14. Pavement Drainage-Inlet Spacing Computation Sheet Conceptual and For Illustration Purposes Only
GUTTER FLOW INLET SPACING
Curb-opening Inlet W= 0.30 m Curb-opening Inlet Intercepted Flow CW = 1.60 m
L= 1.00 m L= 1.00 m
Design Criteria n= 0.015 Design Criteria C= 0.80
Ku = 0.376 I= 421.08 m/hr
Allowable Spread, T= 2.00 m Allowable Spread, T= 2.00 m If Qi > Q, PASSED
Legends HP = High Point Legends HP = High Point
LP = Low Point LP = Low Point
ROAD 2B Road width 22 m ROAD 2B Road width 22 m
Length SL SX
Station Q Station Spacing Q Sx T d Qi
(m) m/m m/m REMARKS
LP-HP/HP-LP m m/m m/m m3/sec LP-HP/HP-LP m m3/sec m/m m m m3/sec
0+000.00 1+037.88 1037.88 0.00300 0.02 0.00711 0+000.00 1+037.88 12.00 0.01245 0.02 2.00 0.04 0.0128 OK
ROAD 2G Road width 30 m ROAD 2G Road width 30 m
Length SL SX
Station Q Station Spacing Q Sx T d Qi
(m) m/m m/m REMARKS
LP-HP/HP-LP m m/m m/m m3/sec LP-HP/HP-LP m m3/sec m/m m m m3/sec
0+000.00 0+570.00 570.00 0.00300 0.02 0.00711 0+000.00 0+570.00 9.00 0.01273 0.02 2.00 0.04 0.0128 OK
0+570.00 1+077.71 507.71 0.00396 0.02 0.00840 0+570.00 1+077.71 9.00 0.01273 0.02 2.00 0.04 0.0128 OK
ROAD 2H Road width 30 m ROAD 2H Road width 30 m
Length SL SX
Station Q Station Spacing Q Sx T d Qi
(m) m/m m/m REMARKS
LP-HP/HP-LP m m/m m/m m3/sec LP-HP/HP-LP m m3/sec m/m m m m3/sec
0+027.04 1+060.00 1032.96 0.00368 0.02 0.00804 0+027.04 1+060.00 9.00 0.01273 0.02 2.00 0.04 0.0128 OK
1+060.00 1+864.83 804.83 0.00326 0.02 0.00747 1+060.00 1+864.83 9.00 0.01273 0.02 2.00 0.04 0.0128 OK

Chapter 2.2 2.2-38

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.1.2 Change in Stream / Lake Water Depth

There are no streams, rivers and lake water bodies in the impact areas that the Proposed Reclamation Project
will disturb or divert.

2.2.1.3 Depletion of Water Resources / Competition in Water Use

Noting the following features of the Project:

• Only the reclamation works are included in the application for an ECC.
• Activities (reclamation and dredging) are confined to the project site which is at sea
• These activities are dry in nature; no water is used except by the construction crews for domestic
purposes.
• The water supply for the construction crew is from purchase of bottled water onshore.

The following statements are thereby made:

• There are no current or projected water use sourced from ground or from the surface water in the
project area and adjacent areas.
• There are no springs and wells in the project area and adjacent areas.
• There are no competitions in water use.

The PAGASA medium to long term projects are deemed not germane to the reclamation works with respect
to water sourcing.

Water usage and potential competition during the Operations Phase are recognized. The baseline information
on water supply for the City are provided in Chapter 2.4.4.

Water Balance

It is estimated that the total annual recharge to the groundwater system of GMMA is about 217 million m3/yr
or 594,000 m3/day. Much of this amount comes from precipitation over a 790 km2 area (148 m m3/yr). Induced
flow from Laguna Lake is estimated at 22 m m3/yr; inflow from the North, at 12 m m3/yr; and inflow from the
South, at 10 m m3/yr. Recharge from MWSS pipeline leakage is estimated at 25 million m3/yr. (Clemente, R.S.
et al., 2001)

Haman (1996) has come up with a consolidated chart showing the rate of groundwater withdrawal from the
aquifer system (Guadalupe and Antipolo) in the NCR region including the Antipolo-San Mateo area from 1931
to 1994. There was a remarkable rise in groundwater withdrawal from 1973 to 1980, attributed to the rapid
growth of population in Makati, Pasig, and Quezon City, which could not be supplied by the MWSS. The rate
of increase in groundwater withdrawal during the 1980s and early 1990s were relatively less steep. (Clemente,
R.S. et al., 2001)

By 1990, total groundwater withdrawal had reached about 930,000 m3/day, of which 841,000 m3/day were
pumped by private deep wells and the remainder by MWSS wells. As of 1995, the estimated groundwater
withdrawal from the NCR aquifer system was about 1 million m3/day. This is equivalent to about a five-fold
increase in groundwater withdrawal since the early 1970s. (Clemente, R.S. et al., 2001)

Of the 1 million m3 daily groundwater withdrawal, 973,000 m3 is taken from the Guadalupe aquifer. The
estimated recharged rate of the Guadalupe aquifer is 594,000 m3/day, indicating an over-pumping rate of
about 379,000 m3/day (Haman, April 1996). In subsequent paper (dated October 1996), Haman adjusted this
estimate of the over-pumping rate to about 307,000 m3/day after accounting for the effect of induced infiltration

Chapter 2.2 2.2-39

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

potential in areas along Laguna Lake. Based on historical puming data, it appears that groundwater withdrawal
in excess of recharge—or groundwater mining--has been occurring since 1979. (Clemente, R.S. et al., 2001)

Since then, population growth rate has continued to rise in the NCR. By 2015, the number of HHs needing tap
water supply provision is greatest in NCR at more than 1.6 million. (NEDA, 2018) The government through the
NWRB has long been tapping surface water in lieu of pumping groundwater – which is now strictly regulated.

According to MWSS, the main sources of GMMA’s water supply at present are the Angat (since 1968), Ipo
(1984), and La Mesa (1929) Dams. The water from these dams are then processed by the La Mesa and Balara
Treatment Plants, which converts it from a raw state to clean and potable water.

The Angat Watershed has a moderate to intensive forest cover and has an area of about 568 square
kilometers, which receives an average annual rainfall of about 4,200 millimeters. Angat Dam supplies 98
percent of Metro Manila’s water needs with a storage capacity of about 850 million cubic meters.
(manilawater.com)

The water from the Angat Dam, the major supply source for the metropolis, is funneled into the other dams
and eventually into the La Mesa Dam and the La Mesa Portal. From the La Mesa Portal, 60% of the flow goes
to the nearby La Mesa Treatment Plant, out of which another 40% again travels to the Balara Treatment Plant.
The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant, with very minimal electromechanical equipment, relies mostly on water’s
hydraulic properties to backwash its filter and gravity to convey raw water from the source into the plant and
out into the distribution system.

It can only process 2,400 MLD of raw water, while the Balara Treatment Plant, has a full production capacity
of 1,600 MLD and can supply more than 6 million people throughout the metropolis. When both Balara and La
Mesa Treatment Plants are operation, the total processing capacity will be 4,000 MLD. The La Mesa Water
Treatment Plant serves the western half of Metro Manila, while the existing Balara Water Treatment Plant
supplies the eastern half.

For Cavite Province, there are 12 water districts servicing the whole area, with 10 Maynilad pumping stations
in the Rosario-Noveleta area. The average monthly production of these water districts is 5,624,184 cubic
meters with 219,122 service connections. These are categorized as 200,120 for residential, 377 for
government and 18,624 for commercial. Aside from these, numerous (1,962 in 1995) artesian wells are used
by those who are not reached by the water districts.

Over-extraction of groundwater has been observed in the Municipality of Rosario, causing rapid lowering of
water table level. In fact, this town is among the critical areas of subsidence in the GMMA (Lapidez et al).

Chapter 2.2 2.2-40

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.2 Oceanography
2.2.2.1 Change in water circulation pattern, littoral current, and coastal erosion and
deposition

Baseline Data

Bathymetric Survey, measured bathymetry and bathymetric map

Bathymetry is a key baseline in the evaluation of oceanography.

A topographic or bathymetric map is a graphical representation of the topography of the ground surface or
seabed through the use of contour lines corresponding to elevation values to illustrate the locations of vertical
depressions and protrusions of the area. These maps are usually measured from the Mean Tide Level (MTL),
while depth soundings are measured from Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). The following charts have been
collected:

• NAMRIA Nautical Chart 1501 (Manila Bay and Approaches),

• NAMRIA Nautical Chart 4243 (Manila to Cavite),
• NAMRIA Nautical Chart 4236 (Fairways and Anchorages), and
• General Bathymetry Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) which provides gridded depth points at 30 arc-
second intervals (~1 km).

Based on the NAMRIA topography and nautical map of Manila Bay and Approaches shown in Figure 2.2-34,
the bathymetry of the project site is mild; at one location the depth of only 10 m is reached at 2.5 km away
from the shore, where at another location the 10 m depth only materializes at 5 km from the shore.

From the maps, it can be seen that Manila Bay generally has a mild slope; at one location the depth of only
10 m is reached at 2.5 km away from the shore, where at another location the 10 m depth only materializes at
5 km from the shore. Figure 2.2-34 shows a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the bathymetry in the vicinity of
the project area, overlain on Google Earth satellite imagery, derived from various Nautical Charts available for
Manila Bay.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-41

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Manila

Bataan San Nicolas Shoal

Corregidor

PROJECT SITE Cavite

Source: Google Earth and NAMRIA

Figure 2.2-34. Bathymetric Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Project Area

Manila

Bataan

Project Site
Corregidor
West Philippine Sea

Cavite

Source: NAMRIA Chart#1501

Figure 2.2-35. Nautical Chart - Manila Bay and Approaches

Chapter 2.2 2.2-42
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

USLE/Similar modelling when applicable

The bathymetric information above are considered sufficient and complete for the purpose of modeling. The
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is deemed not applicable as the USLE relates to estimation of soil cover
loss due to surface runoff action from upstream of a catchment area. Since the project is an island
development and the project site is water, this approach is not applicable.

Meteorological Data

Meteorology, being another key baseline in oceanographic assessment is presented hereunder,

notwithstanding that similar discussions are separately made in Chapter 2.3 (“Air” Module)

The Philippine Astronomical and Geophysical Services Administration (PAGASA) installed several surface
synoptic stations, agro-meteorological stations, and other weather stations that collect meteorological,
astronomical, and climatological information over the country. The weather station that is nearest to the project
site and has comparable meteorological condition is the Sangley Point station in Sangley Point, Cavite, which
is approximately 7.0 kilometers north of the property and has 19 years of record. See figure below.

N
MANILA BAY
Sangley Point

PROJECT SITE NAIA Station

Island A

Island C

Island D
Island E

Source: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2018

Figure 2.2-36. Nearby PAGASA Weather Stations

Climatological extremes refer to maximum and minimum values of weather-related data at a certain station as
observed and determined from a long record of data. These values include the precipitation, temperature,
wind speed, and sea level pressure at the weather station and can be requested from PAGASA at monthly or
annual extremes. The climatological extremes of the NAIA Station as of 2016, and the Sangley Point Station
as of 2016 are shown in Tables 2.2-15 and 2.2-16, respectively. This table contains the highest winds in meters
per second (MPS) and lowest pressures in millibars (MBS). Generally low sea level pressures (highlighted in
blue) coupled with high wind speeds (highlighted in red) correspond to a strong typhoon tracking close to the
weather station.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-43

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-15. Summary of Climatological Extremes of NAIA Station

Maximum Wind (MPS) Lowest Pressure

Source: PAGASA (MBS)

Table 2.2-16. Summary of Climatological Extremes of Sangley Point, Cavite

Maximum Wind (MPS) Lowest Pressure

Source: PAGASA (MBS)

Historical Typhoons

A tropical cyclone is caused by large temperature differences between the sea surface and the overlying
atmosphere. Water vapor rises from the sea surface releasing latent heat that decreases atmospheric
pressure and induces atmospheric currents that further affect the sea surface. This interaction of the seawater
with the atmosphere, together with the effect of the earth’s rotation, can cause the seawater to swirl into a
vortex with a translational motion, with a large pressure drop at the center and extreme wind speeds and
gustiness around it. In the Philippines classification system, a tropical storm is formed when sustained gust
speed reach 61 kph (16.94 mps), and a typhoon when gust speeds reach 117 kph (32.5 mps). Tropical storms
and typhoons are thus characterized by a large atmospheric pressure drop (ΔPc), extreme gusts with
sustained wind speed (Vmax), and some translational or forward speed of their centers (Vf). The size of
typhoons is associated with the radius from the center (Rmax) to where the wind gusts reach their maximum
speeds, while the strength of the typhoon is associated with both the maximum wind speed, Vmax, and the
cyclone’s lifetime.

To determine the potentially critical typhoons which could affect the project site, all typhoons whose tracks
passed within a 200 km radius from the site were determined from secondary data Figure 2.2-37. From this

Chapter 2.2 2.2-44

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

long list, the top five (5) strongest typhoons in terms of wind speed were further selected, with their properties
shown in Table 2.2-17. The individual tracks of the top five typhoons are shown in Figures 2.2-38 to 2.2-42.

N
Project Site

Legend:
Tropical Depression: vmax < 18m/s
Tropical Storm: vmax = 18 - 24m/s
Severe Tropical Storm: vmax = 25 - 32m/s
Typhoon: vmax = > 32m/s
Source: Digital Typhoon

Figure 2.2-37. Typhoon Tracks within 200km of Project Site

Table 2.2-17. Top 5 Historical Typhoons passing within a 200km radius of the Property based on
Wind Speed
Vmax Pc Relative Track to the
No. Name Int’l / Local JMA No. Duration Rmax (km)
(kph) (hPa) Site
1 Rita / Kading 197826 11 Days 18 Hours 203.72 14.42 905 S
2 Georgia / Ruping 198622 4 Days 6 Hours 198.57 17.33 920 S

3 Patsy / Yoling 197025 8 Days 0 Hours 192.66 18.31 925 S

4 Betty / Herming 198709 8 Days 0 Hours 185.20 19.28 930 S

5 Koppu / Lando 201524 7 Days 18 Hours 185.20 18.31 925 N

Chapter 2.2 2.2-45

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: Digital Typhoon

Figure 2.2-38. Individual Tracks of Top 5 Typhoons

Wind Rose Data

A wind rose diagram represents the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. It uses sixteen (16)
cardinal directions—North (N), North-northeast (NNE), Northeast (NE), East-northeast (ENE), East (E), East-
southeast (ESE), Southeast (SE), South-southeast (SSE), South (S), South-southwest (SSW), Southwest
(SW), West-southwest (WSW), West (W), West-northwest (WNW), Northwest (NW), and North-northwest
(NNW). The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) wind
station at Sangley Point was used to determine the wind conditions at the project site.
Chapter 2.2 2.2-46
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

From the annual wind rose diagram (Figure 2.2-39), it is evident that the prevailing critical wind directions are
from the west northwest, west, west southwest, and southwest. Although there are other prevailing directions,
these are not as critical due to exposure of the project site to winds coming from the West Philippine Sea.

The monthly wind rose diagram (Figure 2.2-40) shows the variation of the wind directions over the entire year.
The northeasterly winds occur during the Amihan season from November to April, while the southwesterly
winds occur during the Habagat season from June to September. The remaining months are considered
transition months between the two seasons.

Windrose Color Legend

Color Wind Speed Range (mps) Description
1-4 Light
5-8 Moderate
9 - 12 Moderate to Strong
13 - 16 Strong
17 - 20 Very Strong

Source: PAGASA

Figure 2.2-39. Annual Wind Rose Diagram at Sangley Point Wind Station

Chapter 2.2 2.2-47

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: PAGASA

Figure 2.2-40. Monthly Wind Rose based on the Sangley Point Wind Station

Chapter 2.2 2.2-48

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Tide Data/ Tidal Analysis

Tide levels are the horizontal planes representing averaged vertical positions of the sea surface at a particular
site as influenced by astronomical effects such as the combined effects of the gravitational forces of attraction
between the earth, sun, and moon, and modified by the land masses on the earth’s surface. These levels are
determined from daily sea surface fluctuation recordings over a period of at least nineteen (19) years. In
general, the levels are typically noted as the Mean Tide Level (MTL), Mean High Water (MHW), Mean Higher
High Water (MHHW), Mean Low Water (MLW), and Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).

Tides in the Philippines vary from diurnal (high tide occurs once a day) to semi-diurnal (high tide occurs twice
a day), depending on the location and date as illustrated in Figure 2.2-45 Up to Day Four in the figure, there
are two high tides and two low tides per day (semi-diurnal); after which, the tides become diurnal again. The
Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) corresponds to the average of all higher high tide (during semi-diurnal
seasons) and high tide (during diurnal seasons) levels, while the Mean High Water corresponds to the average
of all high tides (including the lower high tide). The corresponding MLLW and MLW follow the same principle.

Tide
Lev
el

Semi-Diurnal Diurnal

Days
LEGEND
Higher High Tide Lower High Tide High Tide
Lower Low Tide Higher Low Tide Low Tide

Figure 2.2-41. Sample Tide Levels

The location and data of nearby tide stations are shown in Figure 2.2-46 and Table 2.2-19, respectively. The
nearby stations consist of one (1) primary station (Manila South Harbor) and two (2) secondary station (Puerto
Azul & Mariveles).

Chapter 2.2 2.2-49

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Manila South
Harbor
PROJECT SITE

Mariveles
Harbor

Puerto Azul

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-42. Tide Station Location

Table 2.2-18. Tide Station Information

NAME TYPE LAT LONG MUNICIPALITY BM EL. (MTL)
Manila South Harbor Primary 14o35'N 120o58'E South Harbor, Manila BM 66 1.30
Mariveles Harbor Secondary 14o26'N 120o30'E Mariveles, Bataan BM 1 2.696
Puerto Azul Secondary 14o47'N 120o41'E Ternate, Cavite BM 2A 3.386

Shown in Table 2.2-19 are the tide data recorded and tide statistics in the Manila South Harbor, Mariveles
Harbor, and Puerto Azul stations. For every station, tide data indicating the mean, high, and low elevations
are presented. The closest tide station to the project site is the Manila South Harbor station, which has a mean
tidal range of 1.0m – the difference between the mean higher high water (MHHW) and mean lower low water
level (MLLW).

Table 2.2-19. Tide Data in Manila Bay

Tide Elevation (m)
MHHW MLLW
MHW MTL MLW
HHWL Mean Mean LLWL
Station Mean Mean Mean
Highest Higher Lower Lowest
High Tide Low
Observed High Low Observed
Water Level Water
Water Water
Manila 1.475 0.51 0.39 0 -0.38 -0.49 -1.635
Zero Tide Staff
South
Harbor
Mariveles 1.083 0.50 0.42 0 -0.41 -0.48 -0.977
Harbor

Puerto 1.293 0.51 0.42 0 -0.42 -0.49 -0.967

Azul
Note: All heights are referred to mean tide level (MTL) in meters

Chapter 2.2 2.2-50

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Shown in Tables 2.2-20 to 2.2-22 are the available data of the annual highest and lowest tide level at each
station and the dates when the tidal extremes occurred.

Table 2.2-20. Annual Tidal Extremes for the Manila South Harbor Station
HIGHEST TIDE LEVEL LOWEST TIDE LEVEL
YEAR
MONTH DATE METER MONTH DATE METER
1997 AUGUST 18 0.975 DECEMBER 31 -0.885
1998 NOVEMBER 22 1.095 JANUARY 28 -0.885
1999 APRIL 22 1.085 FEBRUARY 14 -0.805
2000 JULY 4 1.205 DECEMBER 13/14 -0.665
2001 JUNE 30 1.205 JANUARY 10 -0.715
2002 JULY 11 1.175 FEBRUARY 26 -0.905
2003 OCTOBER 5 0.985 DECEMBER 24 -1.265
2004 DECEMBER 14 1.005 DECEMBER 14 -0.975
2005 JUNE 24 1.205 FEBRUARY 8 -0.985
2006 AUGUST 9 1.415 DECEMBER 22 -0.865
2007 NOVEMBER 26 1.295 DECEMBER 25 -0.895
2008 DECEMBER 14 1.365 JANUARY 21 -0.935
2009 JUNE 24 1.395 JANUARY 12 -0.905
2010 AUGUST 8 1.225 JANUARY 30 -0.885
2011 SEPTEMBER 27 1.475 JANUARY 19 -0.715
2012 JULY 30 1.345 DECEMBER 15 -0.715
2013 OCTOBER 12 1.275 JANUARY / DECEMBER 12/5 -0.665
2014 JULY 16 1.305 JANUARY / DECEMBER 2/24 -0.695
2015 SEPTEMBER 27 1.075 JANUARY 22 -0.685
2016 OCTOBER 20 1.165 JANUARY 11 -0.685
Note: All heights are referred to mean tide level (MTL) in meters.
Source: NAMRIA

Table 2.2-21. Annual Tidal Extremes for the Mariveles Harbor Station
HIGHEST TIDE LEVEL LOWEST TIDE LEVEL
YEAR
MONTH DATE METER MONTH DATE METER
2002 JULY 12 0.863 DECEMBER 6 -0.837
2003 NOVEMBER 26 0.823 DECEMBER 25 -0.927
2004 JUNE 6 0.943 DECEMBER 14 -0.977
2005 JULY 22 0.873 JUNE 23 -0.967
2006 JULY 13 0.913 JULY 11 -0.857
2007 JULY 14 0.943 JUNE/FEBRUARY 1/15 -0.857
2008 JULY 3 1.063 DECEMBER 14 -0.817
2009 JUNE 25 1.083 JANUARY 11 -0.897
2010 AUGUST 9 0.933 FEBRUARY 26 -0.827
2011 JANUARY 20 0.843 JANUARY 20 -0.747
2012 AUGUST 2 0.903 MAY 8 -0.857
2013 AUGUST 21 1.213 JUNE 24 -0.697
2014 JULY 13 0.823 FEBRUARY 27 -0.687
Note: All heights are referred to mean tide level (MTL) in meters.
Source: NAMRIA

Chapter 2.2 2.2-51

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-22. Annual Tidal Extremes for the Puerto Azul Station
HIGHEST TIDE LEVEL LOWEST TIDE LEVEL
YEAR
MONTH DATE METER MONTH DATE METER
2002 JUNE 26 0.953 DECEMBER 6 -0.807
2003 JUNE 16 0.873 DECEMBER 25 -0.867
2004 AUGUST 1 0.923 DECEMBER 14 -0.967
2005 JULY 22 1.013 JANUARY 10 -0.937
2006 JULY 13 1.003 JANUARY/DECEMBER 29/7 -0.897
2007 NOVEMBER 26 1.293 JANUARY 4 -0.887
Note: All heights are referred to mean tide level (MTL) in meters.
Source: NAMRIA

2.2.2.1.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling

The software(s) used for the numerical modelling, considered adequate and complete is: MIKE 21, which is a
computer program developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), an established global organization in the
field of water and environmental engineering, specifically for modeling coasts and seas. It can simulate
physical, chemical or biological processes in the coastal or marine areas using rectangular grid, nested grid
or flexible meshes which make it particularly well-suited to handle variable spatial resolution in the model
domain. The model includes the main physical phenomena such as wave-wave interaction, white capping,
dissipation, refraction and shoaling.

Hydrodynamic module solves equations for the conservation of mass and momentum as well as for salinity
and temperature in response to a variety of forcing functions. The Spectral Wave module simulates the growth,
decay and transformation of wind-generated waves and swells in offshore and coastal areas.

A public domain software like the USEPA EFDC, although recognized is not used because the software utilized
for the analysis work is likewise an industry-standard tool with comparable level of sophistication and output
capability as the ones listed above.

Introduction

The hydrodynamics of the sea waters around and far offshore of the project coast is described by the water
level variation and currents induced by both astronomic and meteorological tides. In this study, numerical
modelling of tide flows is carried out for the project’s offshore region. The governing mathematical model
applies to the so-called “long-period oscillations” that are non-dispersive, but accounts for the nonlinearity of
the tide motion. It also accounts for the Coriolis effects (due to the earth’s rotation), wind shear stress,
translating pressure field, long-period wave damping, and bottom friction (linear and nonlinear). While the
numerical model used can handle inundation conditions along the coasts, such as that caused by storm surge
overtopping, this model capability is not activated during the simulations. In the sea hydrodynamics modelling,
the main external loadings are as follows: (1) astronomic tides through the open boundaries; (2) surface wind
field due a translating pressure field (typhoons).

Computational Domain

An unstructured mesh is used in order to resolve the spatial scales required by the variation of depths and the
irregular shape of the coastline. Two numerical domains were used for the analyses, namely the regional
model (Figure 2.2-43) encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago, and the local domain limited to Manila
Bay alone (Figure 2.2-44). All bathymetric data was consolidated to ensure all simulations are based on a
common bathymetric model. The datum used for the simulations is the mean tide level (MTL).

Chapter 2.2 2.2-52

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Summary of the Coastal Engineering Assessment

Table 2.2-22a presents the summary of the Coastal Engineering Assessment for the project.

Table 2.2-22a Presents the Summary of the Coastal Engineering Assessment

Pre-Development Post-Development Impact
Development Scenarios Assumes the existing coastline Includes Cavite Reclamation Island NA
with no project in place A,C,D and E and Sangley Point
International Airport (SPIA)
Effects of Prevailing Relatively Calm with wave Induced lower waves heights in tis Calm wave may cause potential
Waves heights at 0.70 meters in the tip vicinity. Attributed to the significant water stagnation issues
of the Sangley Point amount of wave energy being blocked
by the islands.
Effects on Storm Surge Storm tide levels generated at Typhoon Rita caused storm tide level of
Storm tide levels of 3 an average of roughly 0.80 m – roughly 1.0 m – 1.1 m at reclaimed land
critical typhoons, Rita, 0.90 m for all islands. SPIA to Island C to E, and 0.60 m – 0.80
Patsy and Xangsane were m at Island A.
simulated Induced a slight increase of roughly 0.10 Significant reduction in the storm
m in storm tide levels at the channel tide levels in Bacoor Bay.
between Island E and the existing
coastline.
Typhoon Patsy cause storm tide levels
of roughly 0.80 m – 0.90 m for all islands Slight increase in storm tide level
at the eastern portion of the
Typhoon Xangsane resulted lowest proposed SPIA and Island A
storm tide levels at roughly 0.80 m for all No significant change
islands
Effect on Storm Wave The storm wave heights Will provide a sheltering effect on all Positive Impact to coastal
induced ranges from 0 m to 3.0 shorelines leeward of the reclamations barangays
m at the harbor and along the
coastline
Effects of Tidal Current Maximum current for Island A is Various changes in the maximum tidal- Impact or changes can be
between 0.0 m – 0.20 m induced currents were noted, including attributed to the constriction of
an extreme increase if current speed at flow in these areas
Maximum current for Island C,D the gaps of Island A within Bacoor Bay.
and E is between 0.0 m – 0.25 Moderate increase of current speed
m m/s between the Islands C-E, and a
Based on maximum current significant increase of current speed on
(January 29, 2019 to February the leeside of Island E within the
29, 2016) waterway
Effects of Tidal Good circulation seawaters Will still allow significant circulation of No significant impact in terms of
Circulation seawaters within both partially enclosed circulation of seawaters
waterways and channelized waterways
between the reclaimed islands.
Effects of Tsunami Susceptible to tsunami with Susceptible to tsunami with recorded Tsunami height shall be
recorded tsunami run-up values tsunami run-up values that went as high considered in the design of the
that went as high as 6.14 m as 6.14 m. crest height of the coastal
This will serve as permanent protection structures.
or shield to costal barangays.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-53

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m]

2400000

2200000

2000000

1800000

1600000

1400000
Bathymetry [m]
Above -400
1200000 -800 - -400
-1200 - -800
-1600 - -1200
-2000 - -1600
1000000 -2400 - -2000
-2800 - -2400
-3200 - -2800
800000 -3600 - -3200
-4000 - -3600
-4400 - -4000
-4800 - -4400
600000
-5200 - -4800
-5600 - -5200
-6000 - -5600
400000 Below -6000
Undefined Value
-500000 0 500000 1000000 1500000
[m]

Figure 2.2-43. Domain extents for the hydrodynamic computation of the regional model

[m]

1635000

1630000

1625000

1620000
Bathymetry [m]
1615000 Above -5
-10 - -5
1610000 -15 - -10
-20 - -15
1605000 -25 - -20
-30 - -25
-35 - -30
1600000 -40 - -35
-45 - -40
1595000 -50 - -45
-55 - -50
1590000 -60 - -55
-65 - -60
-70 - -65
1585000 -75 - -70
-80 - -75
1580000 -85 - -80
-90 - -85
1575000 -95 - -90
-100 - -95
Below -100
1570000 Undefined Value
240000 260000 280000
[m]

Figure 2.2-44. Flexible Element Mesh of the local model at Manila Bay

Chapter 2.2 2.2-54

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The marine region around the project area is modeled with a finer mesh in order to improve the accuracy of
simulated hydrodynamics in this region. A depth-adaptive mesh is used to satisfy the conditional stability
condition of the numerical model. Smaller grids are used for shallow waters and around small islands while
larger grids are designed for deep waters and along open boundaries where the astronomic tides are forced
as boundary conditions.

Development/Modeling Scenarios

For all succeeding simulations, two basic scenarios were considered namely pre-development and post-
development. Pre-development assumes the existing conditions with no projects in place, whereas the post-
development scenarios are based on the following:

Imposed additional reclaimed areas within Manila Bay that have been approved by DENR. Hence, no separate
simulation assuming only the project site has been done. The list of reclamation projects included in the
computational domain are:

• Cumulative assessment of all Islands (A, C, D, and E)

It is noted that Islands A, D, and E are covered in the separate EIS Applications while Island B is still in planning
stage.

• Sangley Point International Airport (SPIA)

The SPIA is recognized being another milestone project of the Province of Cavite, notwithstanding that there
exist no records of formal application for an ECC for this Project.

Thus, the computational domains are based on the above.

However as all of these projects are by various different proponents and are at differing levels of refinement,
the plan-forms of the reclamation projects shown in Figure 2.2-46 may be subjects of the final layouts of these
projects.

Additionally, due to the inclusion of these other projects, it is not readily feasible at this time to ascertain which
effects – either detrimental or beneficial – can be directly attributed to the reclamation of the individual projects.

For planning purposes, which is the essence of an EIS/ECC (i.e. the EIS/ECC is not a permit but a planning
tool, articulated in public discussions such as in the EIAMD/EMB-driven Public Scoping), the assessments
herein made are complete and sufficient. The “Design and Engineering Details” stage will be necessarily
undertaken post ECC.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-55

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m]

1608000

1606000

1604000
Bathymetry [m]
Above -2
1602000 -4 - -2
-6 - -4
-8 - -6
-10 - -8
1600000 -12 - -10
-14 - -12
-16 - -14
1598000 -18 - -16
-20 - -18
-22 - -20
-24 - -22
1596000 -26 - -24
-28 - -26
-30 - -28
-32 - -30
1594000
-34 - -32
-36 - -34
-38 - -36
1592000 -40 - -38
Below -40
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000
[m]

Figure 2.2-45. Flexible Element Mesh of the local model at the project site (Pre-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-56

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-46. Flexible Element Mesh of the local model at the project site (Post-Devt.)

Model Calibration

To model the hydrodynamics of Manila Bay, a numerical model was used namely the Mike21 Flexible Mesh
Hydrodynamic Model; it can simulate the water level and current changes caused by various external forces.
To calibrate the local model, tidal forcing was extracted from a regional tidal model and applied to the offshore
boundary outside of the local model of Manila Bay. The simulation time included one month during a non-
typhoon period, namely the month of February 2016, to minimize meteorological effects on the tidal
fluctuations, was selected. Hence, no meteorological forcing was applied to this tidal current model. One
month was selected to allow for adequate warm-up time of the simulation and to ensure two tidal cycles –
including the spring and neap tides – are included in the simulation. A statistical comparison of the simulated
water surface elevations against actual tide readings acquired from NAMRIA resulted in a coefficient of
determination (R2) value of 0.91 at Manila South Harbor.

Figure 2.2-47. Simulated Tide Levels at Manila Bay South Harbor

Chapter 2.2 2.2-57

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Prevailing Wave Simulation

Local waves at the project site were determined by analyzing the transformation of hindcast deepwater wave
conditions at the mouth of Manila Bay as they propagate to the site, while simultaneously adding a constant
wind shear on the surface water within the local domain of the numerical model; this was done using the
Mike21 Spectral Wave module. This module is capable of simulating the growth, decay, and transformation of
offshore swells and wind-generated waves (DHI, Mike21 SW FM Short Description).

Based on the prevailing winds, six directions were modelled, namely E, ESE, N, SW, W, and WSW. A summary
of the wind conditions in the simulation cases are shown in Table 2.2-23, with the results shown in Figures
2.2-48 to 2.2-65. The figures show the spatial distribution of the significant wave height (Hs) in the nearshore
region fronting the project waterfront during MHHW, as this would generally result in a more agitated wave
climate. For ease of reference and comparison, all plots have the same range of wave heights. Also shown
are the resulting wave climates under post-development conditions.

Table 2.2-23. Wind and Deepwater Wave Condition for Simulated Wave Conditions
Annual Deepwater Deepwater
Velocity Occurrence Remark Wave Wave
Direction Figure
Range Frequency on wind Height Period
(%) (m) (s)
1-4 8.2 2.2-50 & 2.2-51
3rd
N 5-8 0.4 n/a n/a 2.2-52 & 2.2-53
prevailing
9-12 0
1-4 11.9 2.2-54 & 2.2-55
2nd
E 5-8 0.8 n/a n/a 2.2-56 & 2.2-57
prevailing
9-12 0
1-4 23.7 2.2-58 & 2.2-59
1st
ESE 5-8 2.6 n/a n/a 2.2-60 & 2.2-61
prevailing
9-12 0
1-4 5.6 2.2-62 & 2.2-63
6th
SE 5-8 0.5 n/a n/a 2.2-64 & 2.2-65
prevailing
9-12 0
1-4 7.4 0.63 3.41 2.2-66 & 2.2-67
4th
SW 5-8 0.7 1.95 5.55 2.2-68 & 2.2-69
prevailing
9-12 0.1 3.64 7.23 2.2-70 & 2.2-71
1-4 4.2 0.68 3.62 2.2-72 & 2.2-73
8th
WSW 5-8 0.4 2.19 6.02 2.2-74 & 2.2-75
prevailing
9-12 0.1 4.21 7.95 2.2-76 & 2.2-77
1-4 6.5 0.69 3.68 2.2-78 & 2.2-79
5th
W 5-8 0.6 2.27 6.17 2.2-80 & 2.2-81
prevailing
9-12 0 - -
1-4 4.9 2.2-82 & 2.2-83
7th
NW 5-8 0.1 n/a n/a 2.2-84 & 2.2-85
prevailing
9-12 0

Chapter 2.2 2.2-58

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m] [m]
1620000
0.2

0.1
1635000
1618000
1630000 0.1

1625000 1616000

0.2
0.2
1620000 1614000 0.
1
1615000
1612000
1610000
1610000
0.2

1605000

0.2
1600000 3 1608000
0.

1595000 0.1
2 1606000
0.
1590000

0.1
1604000
1585000
0.2 0.2
1580000 1602000

0.2

0.2
0.1
1575000 1600000

240000 260000 280000 1598000

[m]
Sign. Wave Height [m]

2
1596000

0.
Above 0.9
0.8 - 0.9

0.3
0.7 - 0.8
1594000
0.6 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.6
0.2 0.4 - 0.5
1592000
0.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.3
1590000 0.1 - 0.2
0.0 - 0.1
Below 0.0
1588000 Undefined Value
Pre-Development 265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-48. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from N at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-59

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-49. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from N at MHHW
(Pre & Post -Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-60

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-50. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from E at MHHW for
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-61

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-51. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from E at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-62

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-52. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from ESE at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-63

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-53. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from ESE at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-64

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

• Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SE at MHHW (Pre-Devt.)

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-54. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SE at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-65

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

PROJECT
SITE

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-55. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SE at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-66

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-56. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SW at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-67

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m] [m]
1620000
1635000
0.3 1618000

1
0.
1630000 0.
1

0.5

0.7
0.2 1616000

8
1625000

0.
0. 0.1
7

4
0.

0.
0.6
1620000 1614000

0.
7
1615000

4
0.

0.8
1612000
1.0 1.0 0.4
1610000 6
0.

0.9
1610000
1605000 9
0.
0.3

6
0.
1600000 1608000
0.4
0.9

0.3
1595000 0.5
1606000
0.
8 0.6
1590000
9
1604000 0. 0.7
1585000 1.0
0.3
1580000 0.3 1602000
7
0. 0.1
1575000 1600000
1.0
4
240000 260000 280000 1598000 0.
[m]
0.3 Sign. Wave Height [m]
1596000 Above 0.9
0.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.8
1594000
0.5 0.6 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.6
1592000 1 0.4 - 0.5
0. 0.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.3
1590000 0.1 - 0.2
0.0 - 0.1

Pre-Development 1588000
Below 0.0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-57. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SW at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-68

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-58. Wave Climate due to 9-12 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from SW at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-69

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m] [m]
1620000
1635000
0.1
1618000

0.1
1630000 0.4
0.3

0.
1616000

2
1625000 0.1

0.3
0.2
1620000 1614000
0.4

0.2
0.3 0.4
1615000 0.1
1612000
1610000
0.2 1610000
1605000 0.4

0.4

0.3
1600000 0.4 1608000

0.2
1595000
1606000

0.2
0.3
3
0.

1590000 0.5
0.4
1604000 0.2
1585000 0.4 0.3

0.4 1602000
1580000
0.1
1575000 1600000

0.3
240000 260000 280000 1598000

0.4
[m]
Sign. Wave Height [m]
1596000 Above 0.9
0.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.8
1594000
0.6 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.6
0.2
1592000 0.4 - 0.5
0.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.3
1590000 0.1 - 0.2
0.0 - 0.1
Below 0.0
1588000 Undefined Value

Pre-Development 265000 270000 275000 280000

[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-59. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from WSW at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-70

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-60. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from WSW at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-71

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-61. Wave Climate due to 9-12 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from WSW at
MHHW (Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-72

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m] [m]
1620000
1635000
0.1
1618000

0.1
1630000

0.
1616000

2
1625000 0.1
0.2

0.3
3
0.
0.2
1620000 1614000
0.3

0.
0.

1
3
0.1
1615000
1612000
1610000
0.2 1610000
1605000
0.3

0.3
1600000 1608000

0.2
1595000
1606000
0.2
3
0.

1590000 0.3
1604000
1585000 0.2

1580000 0.4 1602000

0.3
1575000 0.2
1600000

240000 260000 280000 1598000

[m] 0.3 Sign. Wave Height [m]
1596000 Above 0.9
0.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.8
1594000
0.6 - 0.7
0.3
PROJECT
0.5 - 0.6
1592000 0.4 - 0.5
0.3 - 0.4

1590000 SITE 0.2 - 0.3

0.1 - 0.2
0.0 - 0.1
Below 0.0

Pre-Development 1588000 Undefined Value

265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-62. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from W at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-73

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m] [m]
1620000

0.1
1635000
0.2 1618000
1630000 0.8

0.7
0.
1616000

3
1625000 0.2
0.2

0.5
0.5
1620000 1614000

0.2
0.7
1615000 8
1612000 0.
0.9
1610000
1610000 0.9
1605000 1.0
0.2

0.5
1600000 1608000 0.9
0.9

0.4
0.1

1595000
1606000 1.0
1590000 1.0 0.3
0.6
1604000 0.7
1585000 3
0.
0. 0.5
1602000 0.8 3
1580000

0.5
1575000 0.5 1600000

6
0.1

0.
240000 260000 280000 1598000
[m]
Sign. Wave Height [m]
1596000 Above 0.9
0.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.8
1594000
0.6 - 0.7
0.5 - 0.6

0.4
1592000 0.4 - 0.5
0.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.3
1590000 0.1 - 0.2
0.0 - 0.1
Below 0.0
1588000 Undefined Value

Pre-Development 265000 270000 275000 280000

[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-63. Wave Climate due to 5-8 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from W at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-74

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m] [m]
0.
1620000 2

1635000

0.1
1618000
1630000 0.1

0.2 1616000

0.1
1625000
0.1
1620000 1614000

0.2
1615000
1612000 0.3
0.1
1610000
1610000 0.3
1605000
0.1

1600000 1608000
0.3 0.3
1595000
1606000 0.3
1590000

0.1
2
0.

1604000
1585000
0.2 0.
2
1580000 0.2 1602000

0.3
0.1
1575000 1600000

0.3
0.1

240000 260000 280000 1598000

[m]
0.3 Sign. Wave Height [m]
1596000 Above 0.9
0.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.8
1594000
0.6 - 0.7
3 0.5 - 0.6
0. 0.2
1592000 0.4 - 0.5
0.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.3
1590000 0.1 - 0.2
0.0 - 0.1
Below 0.0
Pre-Development 1588000 Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-64. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from NW at MHHW
(Pre &Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-75

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Pre-Development

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-65. Wave Climate due to 1-4 mps Surface Winds & Offshore Waves from NW at MHHW
(Pre & Post-Devt.)

The hydrodynamic models derived for the project was based on historical data, local bathymetry and
wave/current data in the public domain. During detailed engineering design, site specific calibration may be
conducted using locally collected information on wave heights and current speeds considering final island

Chapter 2.2 2.2-76

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

configuration and all other developments surrounding the project. Final validation of the hydrodynamic model
may be conducted at this stage.

2.2.2.1.2 Tidal Current Analysis/ Changes/Disruption in Water Circulation Pattern

Water Circulation Patterns
Littoral Currents

Introduction

Pressure gradients exerted by tide level differences generate currents at the seabed that may affect existing
activities and post-development operations within the project’s marine area. In this study, these tidal currents
were also analyzed within the entire Manila Bay area, with tidal forcing extracted from a regional tidal model
applied to the offshore boundary outside of the local model of Manila Bay (Figure 2.2-66). The simulation time
included one month during a non-typhoon period, namely the month of February 2016, to minimize
meteorological effects on the tidal fluctuations. Hence, no meteorological forcing was applied to this tidal
current model. One month was selected to allow for adequate warm-up time of the simulation, and also to
ensure two tidal cycles – including the spring and neap tides – are included in the simulation Figure 2.2-65.
This also served as a calibration run for the model; a statistical comparison of the simulated water surface
elevations against actual tide readings acquired from NAMRIA resulted in a coefficient of determination (R2)
value of 0.91 at Manila South Harbor.

Figure 2.2-66. Simulated tide levels at Manila Bay South Harbor

Sample Effects of the Project on Tidal Currents

To better illustrate the effects of the reclamations on the tidal-induced current, snapshots of the current vectors
during a spring tide were taken. A spring tide was chosen as this would induce a higher water level difference
between high and low tide levels, thus also increasing the current velocity; the effects during neap tide are not
shown as the vectors are nearly nil. Two snapshots per scenario were taken, namely during ebb and flow tide.

During ebb flow (Figure 2.2-67) it can be seen that there has been a significant change at Bacoor Bay, wherein
the current speed has increased significantly at the gap; elsewhere however in Bacoor Bay the speed has
decreased. There is also a slight increase within the waterway on the leeside of Island C. There has also been
a decrease in current speed on the west side of Sangley Spit.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-77

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Project Area

PROJECT
SITE
Pre-Development

[m]
0.0
5

1610000
0.
05

0.05
1609000

1608000
0.0
5

1607000
5

1606000
0.0

5
0.0

1605000 5
0.1
0 0.0
1604000
5
1603000 0.0
0.05

1602000
05
0.10

0.
1601000 0.05

0.15 0
0.1
0.0

1600000
5

0.1 mps
1599000
5
0.0

Current speed [m/s]

1598000
Project Area
0.05
Above 0.45
0.40 - 0.45
0.10 0.35 - 0.40
1597000 0.0 0.30 - 0.35
5
0.25 - 0.30
0.20 - 0.25
1596000 0.15 - 0.20
0.1
0 0.10 - 0.15

Post-Development
0.05 - 0.10
1595000
0.05

0.00 - 0.05
Below 0.00
0. Undefined Value
1594000 10
260000 265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]
12/02/2016 20:30:00

Figure 2.2-67. Snapshot of current magnitude & direction during ebb tide (20:30 Feb 12, 2016) (Pre
& Post-Devt.)

For the sample flow tide case, there is a slight decrease in current speed along the seaward side of Islands
B-E. Otherwise there are no macro changes in the current speeds and directions.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-78

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Project Area

Pre-Development

[m]

1610000
0.05 0.
05
1609000

0.05
1608000
0.0
5

1607000
0.05

1606000
5
0.0

0.05

1605000
0.05

1604000
0.0
5 05
0.
1603000 0.05
0.05

1602000
05
0.

1601000
0.0
5
5
1600000 0.05 0.0
0
0.1

0.1 mps
0.05

1599000
0.05

Current speed [m/s]

Project Area
0.0
5

Above 0.45
1598000 0.40 - 0.45
0.35 - 0.40
1597000 0.30 - 0.35
0.1

0.25 - 0.30
5

0.20 - 0.25
1596000
0.

0.15 - 0.20
05

0.10
5

0.10 - 0.15

Post-Development
0.0

0.05 - 0.10
1595000 0.00 - 0.05
Below 0.00
05
1594000 0. Undefined Value
260000 265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]
24/02/2016 01:40:00

Figure 2.2-68. Snapshot of current magnitude & direction during flow tide (01:40 Feb 24, 2016) (Pre
& Post-Devt.)

Synthesis of Maximum Currents, Including Circulation Patterns and Littoral Currents

The effects of the reclamation projects on the maximum tidal currents within the simulated time frame were
also analyzed and can be seen in Figure 2.2-69. It should be noted that this section and figures herein only
take into consideration the maximum magnitude within the simulated time frame (February 2016), and thus
does not take into consideration the direction of flow nor the annual average.
Chapter 2.2 2.2-79
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

In the post-development scenario, various changes in the maximum tidal-induced currents were noted. These
changes are specifically:

An extreme increase of current speed at the gaps of Island A within Bacoor Bay
A moderate increase of current speed between the Islands B-E.
A significant increase of current speed on the leeside of Island E within the waterway

Project Area

Pre-Development

[m]
0.05

05
1610000 0.
0.
10

0.10
0.0

1609000
5

1608000
0.10
10
0.

15

1607000
0.

0.0
5

1606000
0
0.1

0
0.1
0.10

0.1

1605000 5
0.0
0

1604000 0.
10
5
0.10

0.10
0.
0.0

1603000
05

05
0.
1602000
0.10
0

0.05
0.1

1601000
0.10

1600000 0.25
10

0.05
0.

1599000 Statistical maximum :

0.15

Current speed [m/s]

10
0. 0.10 Project
0.15
Area
0

Above 0.45
0.1

1598000 0.0
5 0.40 - 0.45
0.35 - 0.40
1597000 0.30 - 0.35
0.05 0.25 - 0.30
0.15

0.20 - 0.25
1596000 0.1 0.15 - 0.20
0
0.10 - 0.15
0.2

Post-Development
0.1 0.05 - 0.10
0

1595000 0
0.00 - 0.05
0
0.2 Below 0.00
1594000 Undefined Value
260000 265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Figure 2.2-69. Maximum current (Jan 29, 2016 – Feb 29, 2016) (Pre & Post-Devt.)

Chapter 2.2 2.2-80

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.2.1.3 Tidal Circulation Analysis

Introduction

Tidal currents generated by pressure gradients due to water surface fluctuations may affect ambient conditions
such as the movement of surface runoff from inland and the transport of sediments along the coastline. Even
in the absence of wind-induced shear stress on the water surfaces, these currents also impact the viability of
operational activities such as river and coastal navigation, mooring of vessels, and offshore anchoring of ships.
On the other hand, these currents are important in circulating the water within the wave-sheltered zones so
that seawater does not stagnate over extended durations under prevailing winds and tides. The circulatory
motion of the waters is also needed for the exchange of water mass and with the offshore area of the adjoining
bays, Manila Bay, and Cañacao and Bacoor Bays, so that the seawater fronting the project coastline is
periodically replenished by these open offshore waters. . Finally, a good tidal circulation is necessary to
improve the rejuvenation of water-entrained oxygen in the interior zones of the wave-sheltered zones of the
post-development scenario.

Tidal Circulation Characteristics

Time frames of tidal currents are analyzed for the circulatory patterns generated both outside and inside the
project nearshore zone during a 15-day window of February 2016, an Amihan month. The simulated currents
are highly dependent on the movement of the water surface driven by the offshore tides, morphology of the
existing coast and the modified coastlines due to the post-development scenario. Chronological snapshots of
the water levels and currents field are captured in Figure 2.2-70. The currents are shown superimposed on
the nearshore zone at ambient tide levels.

A recent study indicates that circulation in an enclosed water body, such as the nearshore zone of a marina
or partially enclosed beach coast, is driven mainly by tidal fluctuations and only weakly by surface winds
surface (Cruz and Santos, 2018). This means that only a full tidal cycle (15 days), with no particular prevailing
non-storm wind forcing, is sufficient to establish the tidal circulation characteristics. Thus, the circulation
patterns shown in also applicable to a Habagat season.

It is seen that the fronting waters of the reclaimed 6 lands experience oscillatory directions of currents, which
indicates that there is exchange of seawater along the post-development waterfront with the open waters of
Manila Bay. In addition, the narrow foreshore area Zone 1 and the 4 engineered channels C1 to C4 (C3 is the
channel between islands C and D while C4 is between islands D and E) all undergo flow reversals that will
permit an exchange of waters with the bay.

Chronological snapshots of the water levels and currents field within the tidal cycle are captured in Figure 2.2-
70. The currents are shown superimposed on the wet area of the nearshore area at ambient tide levels. The
basin to the north of Island A in Cañacao Bay also experiences tide flood and ebb flows, indicating an
exchange of water mass, and thereby significant replenishment of dissolved gases, with the larger basin of
Bacoor Bay. The exterior flows around the reclaimed land F (Sangley Point International Airport) are also seen
to be periodically reversing, with current intensities of around 0.1-0.3 mps which are considered adequate to
flush out stagnated pollutants in those depths. The tidal circulation around this block also reverses, with both
clockwise circulation (left panels) and counter clockwise circulation (right panels).

It can also be seen that the currents penetrate the channelized waterways C1 to C4. Due to their smaller size
and adjacency to Manila Bay, these waterways will easily rejuvenate water with the large bay.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-81

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

N
Manila Bay Manila Bay

C1 Canacao C1 Canacao
Bay Bay
C2 F C2 F
C3 C3
A A
C C
C4 B C4 B
N

N
Bacoor Bay Bacoor Bay
1 D D
E 1
E
Zone 1 Zone 1

Manila Bay Manila Bay

N

N
C1 Canacao C1 Canacao
Bay Bay
C2 F C2 F
C3 C3
A A
C C
C4 B C4 B

Bacoor Bay Bacoor Bay

D D
1 1
E E
Zone 1 Zone 1

Manila Bay Manila Bay

C1 Canacao C1 Canacao
Bay Bay
C2 F C2 F

C3 C3
A A
C C
C4 B C4 B

Bacoor Bay Bacoor Bay

D D
1 1
E E
Zone 1 Zone 1

Figure 2.2-70. Chronological snapshots of tidal currents during Jan. 29 – Feb 20, 2016

Chapter 2.2 2.2-82

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Tidal Currents around the Project Area

To track the tidal currents’ time histories, a number of monitoring points (MP) are located in the nearshore
domain as shown in Figure 2.2-71. Over a tidal cycle of 15 days, Figures 2.2-72 and 2.2-73 summarize the
time series of the tidal current vector at the reference (offshore) station 1, and at the constricted locations 5,
6, 8, 9 and 12. At these narrow waterways created by the post-development scenario, the tidal currents
experience a full range of current intensities, with amplitudes of about 0.6 mps at MP 5 and 6, 0.12 mps at MP
8, about 0.05 mps at MP 9, and about 0.09 mps at MP 12. The time series also indicate that the flow direction
oscillates, which indicates redistribution of by tidal currents of confined seawaters in the channels towards the
adjacent open bays (Bacoor and Manila Bays). The tidal currents also reverse with approximately equal
durations of inward and outward flows, except at MPs 5 and 6, where outward flows, i.e. towards the NNE and
NE respectively, are significantly longer, and at MP 8 where the inward flows, i.e. towards SSE, are nominally
longer than outward flows.
[m]

1611000

1610000 N
1609000

1608000

1607000

1606000

1605000

1604000

1603000

1602000 4
1601000 6 5

1600000

1599000 Project
7 Area
1598000

1597000
1
1596000

1595000

1594000

265000 270000 275000 280000

[m]
09-Feb-16 14:50:00

Figure 2.2-71. Location of Monitoring Points

Chapter 2.2 2.2-83

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

MP 1

N
MP 8

MP 9

MP 12

Figure 2.2-72. Tidal current time histories over 15 days at selected monitoring points (MPs 1, 8, 9,
& 12).

Chapter 2.2 2.2-84

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

MP 5

N
MP 6

Figure 2.2-73. Tidal current time histories over 15 days at selected monitoring points (MPs 5 & 6).

In summary, the tidal currents modified by the post-development scenario will still allow significant circulation
of seawaters within both partially enclosed waterways and channelized waterways between the reclaimed
islands. The circulation currents have a wide range of amplitudes of 0.05 to 0.6 mps, as well as oscillating
directions signifying dispersion of outward currents. Channelized waterways created between the reclaimed
islands B to E experience reversal of flows, indicating bi-directional transport of seawaters that would be
otherwise be confined in these channels.
Chapter 2.2 2.2-85
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Littoral currents which pertain to the nearshore the part of a sea are adequately covered by and in the above
discussions.

2.2.2.1.4 Storm Condition Analysis

Introduction

A storm surge is defined by a change in water level due to atmospheric disturbances such as low-pressure
areas and extreme wind continuously blowing over a body of water, both of which occur during typhoons.
Storm surges should not be confused with the astronomic tide levels (MHHW, MHW, MTL, MLW, and MLLW)
which are caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces between the earth, sun, and moon. They
should also not be confused with tsunamis which are caused by a sudden displacement of water due to seabed
displacements usually caused by offshore seismic events.

When the storm’s center is in the oceans, these effects are generally small on account of the large depth of
water to mobilize and the vast expanse of water. However, these effects are quickly amplified when the storm
reaches the shallow water. As the storm reaches the coasts the small depth of water in the coastal areas and
the flow-impeding effect of land boundaries cause a pronounced elevation of the mean sea surface. These
result in the rise of the mean sea surface, which is termed “storm surge”. The combined level of storm surge
and the astronomic tide at time of the storm’s landfall is referred to as “storm tide”.

Waves, with a period of about 10 to 15 seconds are also generated by the storms and ride on the storm tides
on landfall. Unlike the organized and long-crested waves induced by prevailing winds in deep water, these
storm-induced waves are generally scattered in various directions from the storm’s center. The highest level
of the sea surface inclusive of these higher-frequency storm-induced waves is the maximum elevation of the
water surface at landfall.

Wind Storm Surge is the component of storm surge that is induced by wind gusts acting on the surface of the
sea, imparting shear stresses that raise the water as it tracks toward land boundaries. The area within the
radius of maximum wind speed and the immediate outside vicinity of this radius experience the highest wind
storm surge. Pressure Surge is the phenomena wherein the low-pressure zone in the middle of a tropical
cyclone induces a suction action of the water below. As the cyclone moves generally westward towards land,
the water surface is uplifted particularly in near the coasts where water is shallow. This pressure storm surge
is highest near the storm‘s center

It should be noted, however, that the typhoon tracks shown in Figures 2.2-38 to 2.2-42, may not necessarily
cause the most critical storm tide at the project site, as wind speed alone is not the only factor.

The relative track of the typhoon (north or south), closest distance to the site, and astronomic tides all factor
in to determining the historical tide level specifically at the site. For example (Figure 2.2-73), a typhoon can
cause a storm surge of 1 m, which would ride on top of the astronomic tide; in the case of the figure the storm
surge and high tide coincide in time, causing a net higher storm tide level (STL). If, on the other hand, the
storm surge occurs at a low tide (below Mean Sea Level), the overall net storm tide can be smaller. Considering
the tidal range of the project site is 1 m, the timing of the astronomic tides plays a large role in determining the
overall storm tide; thus, a detailed numerical model was used to determine how these factors affect each other.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-86

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Wave Effect

Storm Tide
Storm Surge

High Tide
Mean Sea Level

Source: NOAA

Figure 2.2-74. Illustration of the Combined Effects of Astronomic Tide and Storm Surge

Synthesis of Storm Tide Levels

From the list of typhoons in Table 2.2-17, further analyses resulted in the narrowing down to three (3)
potentially critical typhoons as shown in Table 2.2-24. The following figures (Figures 2.2-75 to 2.2-77) show
the maximum storm tide elevation (i.e. astronomic tide plus storm surge) for pre and post-development
conditions for all three typhoons.

Table 2.2-24. Simulated typhoons at the project site

Vmax Rmax Pc Relative Track to
Typhoon Year
(kph) (km) (hPa) the Site
Rita (Kading) 1978 203 14 905 N
Patsy (Yoling) 1970 192 17 920 N
Xangsane (Milenyo) 2006 101 27 980 S

For the pre-development scenario (Figure 2.2-75) Typhoon Rita caused a storm tide level of roughly 1.0 m –
1.1 m at Islands B-E, with the higher storm tides manifesting closer to the shore. Island A, on the other hand,
results in storm tide levels of roughly 0.6 m – 0.8 m, with the lower storm tide situated within Bacoor Bay. This
range did not increase significantly for the post-development scenario, except for the channel between Island
E and the existing coastline, wherein the storm tide rose from roughly 1.1 m to roughly 1.2 m. The resulting
storm tide in Bacoor Bay, on the other hand, has been significantly reduced, mostly due to the blocking effect
of the proposed reclamation on the storm tide. Little to no changes to the storm tide levels are noted further
away from the project site.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-87

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m]

1.4
1.
1616000

1.8
1614000

1.6
1612000

1.2

1.4
1.
1610000
0

1608000

1.4
1.0

1606000

1.2
1604000

1.4
1.0

2
1.

1.0
1602000

1.4
1.0

1.2
0

1600000
1.

0.8

1.2
0.6
1.0

1598000
Project Area Statistical maximum :
Surface elevation [m]
Above 1.8
2

1596000
1.

1.6 - 1.8
0

1.4 - 1.6
1.

1.2 - 1.4
1594000 1.0 - 1.2
0.8 - 1.0
0.6 - 0.8
1.0 0.4 - 0.6
1592000 0.2 - 0.4
Pre-Development 0.0 - 0.2
Below 0.0
0
1. Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-75. Simulated Storm Tide Level for Typh. Rita/Kading (1978) Pre & Post-Devt.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-88

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

For the pre-development scenario, the storm tide levels generated by Typhoon Patsy (Figure 2.2-76) average
at roughly 0.8 m – 0.9 m for all the islands. Similar to Typhoon Rita, the higher storm tide levels manifest closer
to the shore, even within Bacoor Bay, which reaches roughly 1.2 m. The post-development scenario, on the
other hand, shows a slight increase in the storm tide level at the eastern portion of the proposed Sangley Point
International Airport (SPIA) and Island A. As another development was included in the simulations, it is difficult
to determine if this increase can be attributed to a single project.

[m]
1.0
1616000

1.0
1.
1614000 0

1612000

1.
0

1.0
1610000

1.
0
1608000 1.0

1606000

1.0
1604000
0
1.

1602000
1.0

0.8
1600000
0.8 1.0
0.8

1598000 1.
0
Project Area Statistical maximum :
Surface elevation [m]
0.8

1596000 Above 1.8

1.6 - 1.8
1.4 - 1.6
1.2 - 1.4
0.8

1594000 1.0 - 1.2

0.8 - 1.0
0.6 - 0.8

Pre-Development
0.4 - 0.6
1592000 0.2 - 0.4
0.0 - 0.2
Below 0.0
Undefined Value
8
0.

265000 270000 275000 280000

[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-76. Simulated Storm Tide Level for Typh. Patsy/Yoling (1970) Pre & Post-Devt.
Chapter 2.2 2.2-89
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The storm tide for the pre-development scenario caused by Typhoon Xangsane (Figure 2.2-77) is significantly
lower than the previous two typhoons, with the storm tide level averaging 0.8 m for all islands. Within Bacoor
Bay, however, the storm tide can be seen to increase to nearly 1.4 m. For the post-development scenario,
there is nearly no change in the observed simulated storm tide level, with the average still at roughly 0.8 m.
The storm tide within Bacoor Bay, however, was noted to have been lowered to 1.2 m.
[m]

1616000

0.8
1614000

1612000

1610000

1608000

1606000

1604000

1602000

1600000
1.
0
0.8
1598000
Statistical maximum :
Project Area Surface elevation [m]
Above 1.8
1596000
1.6 - 1.8
1.4 - 1.6
1.2 - 1.4
1594000 1.0 - 1.2
0.8 - 1.0
0.6 - 0.8
0.4 - 0.6
1592000 0.2 - 0.4

Pre-Development
0.0 - 0.2
Below 0.0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-77. Simulated Storm Tide Level for Typh. Xangsane/Milenyo (2006) – Pre & Post-Devt.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-90

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Synthesis of Storm Waves

The surface waves induced by the passage of typhoons are also numerically simulated using the spectral-
wave module of the hydrodynamic model, with the results shown in (Figures 2.2-78 to 2.2-80). This module
solves the wave action equation that governs the propagation of the spectral components of storm waves,
from which various statistics of wave heights and periods, such as the significant wave and maximum wave,
are derived. The forces induced by these extreme wave heights should be considered in the detailed design
stage.

For all three typhoons, it can be seen that the proposed reclamation islands in the post-development scenarios
will provide a sheltering effect on all shorelines leeward of the reclamations, with the most significant effect
caused by SPIA, primarily due to the fact its single island is significantly larger than islands A-E.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-91

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m]

5
1616000
3

1614000

6
1612000 2
5 3

4
1610000

5
1608000 6 4

2
1606000
6 5 4

3
1604000 4
6

3
5
6
3
1602000

1
1

3
6

4
1
1600000 5

1598000
Project Area
5

3
5
1596000 4 1
Statistical maximum :
Sign. Wave Height [m]
Above 6
1594000 5-6
3 4-5
3-4
1

2-3
1592000
Pre-Development 1-2
0-1
3 Below 0
1 Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-78. Simulated Maximum Significant Wave Heights for Typh. Rita/Kading (1978) Pre &
Post-Devt.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-92

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m]
4
1616000

1
3
1614000 5
5

2
5

1
1612000
4

2
5

1610000

4
1608000

2
5
1606000

6 5 4

3
6 4
6

1604000

2
5

3
1602000 2
3

1
1
1600000
6 5
2

1598000 4
6
6 3
Project Area
5

1596000 1
Statistical maximum :
Sign. Wave Height [m]
4
Above 6
1

1594000 5-6
2

4-5
3-4

Pre-Development
3

2-3
1592000 1-2
1

0-1
Below 0
Undefined Value
1
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-79. Simulated Maximum Significant Wave Heights for Typh. Patsy/Yoling (1970) Pre &
Post-Devt.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-93

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

[m]

1616000

2
1614000

1
1612000

2
4

3
1610000

2
4

3
1608000

1
4
1606000

3
1604000 3

2
1
4

1
1602000
5

1
2
3
1
1600000
4

2
5

1598000
4

1596000 2 1
Project Area Statistical maximum :
4

Sign. Wave Height [m]

Above 6
3

1594000 5-6
4-5
2 3-4

Pre-Development
2-3
1592000 1 1-2
0-1
Below 0
1 Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000
[m]

Project Area

Post-Development

Figure 2.2-80. Simulated Maximum Significant Wave Heights for Typh. Xangsane/Milenyo (2006)
Pre & Post-Devt.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-94

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.2.1.5 Computation of Non-Overtopping Crest Elevation

Introduction

Different structures, such as revetments or sea walls, are built to protect coastal areas from flooding or
inundation due to high water levels. To ensure water does not inundate into the protected area, the crest of
the structure should be sufficiently higher than the highest water level. This height of the structure is known as
the non-overtopping crest elevation (NOCE).The NOCE is obtained by adding two components: (1) the still
water level (SWL), or the mean water level associated with astronomical tides and storm surges, and (2) the
wave runup, which occurs when the wave impinges and breaks on a sloping structure causing water to rise
along the slope.

Wave runup is a complex phenomenon which considers the local water level, the characteristics of the incident
wave, and the structure being run up. The computation of the runup is largely empirical; it is based on various
laboratory measurements that relates runup to the breaking wave surf similarity parameter ξ to reduce the
number of variables. The wave runup for impermeable and permeable slopes are computed as shown below
(Delft Hydraulics 1989):

For impermeable slopes:

𝑅𝑢 𝐴𝜉𝑜𝑚 , 1 < 𝜉𝑜𝑚 ≤ 1.5

={
𝐻𝑠 𝐵(𝜉𝑜𝑚 )𝐶 , 𝜉𝑜𝑚 > 1.5
(1)
For permeable slopes:
𝐴𝜉𝑜𝑚 , 1 < 𝜉𝑜𝑚 ≤ 1.5
𝑅𝑢
= {𝐵(𝜉𝑜𝑚 )𝐶 , 1.5 < 𝜉𝑜𝑚 ≤ (𝐷⁄𝐵)1⁄𝐶
𝐻𝑠
𝐷, (𝐷⁄𝐵)1⁄𝐶 < 𝜉𝑜𝑚 ≤ 7.5
(2)

Source: EurOtop 2016

Figure 2.2-81. Wave Runup on a Smooth Impermeable Slope

Chapter 2.2 2.2-95
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Due to economical, spatial, and other practical considerations, structures are typically built lower than the
NOCE, resulting to the highest runup levels exceeding the provided crest freeboard, and water flowing over
the structure or wave overtopping. Overtopping discharge rates for different crest elevations should be used
as a design parameter to check if the overtopping values are within allowable limits (EurOtop Manual, 2007).

Overtopping discharge caused by wind-generated waves during a storm is unevenly distributed in time and
space, and thus information regarding overtopping discharge is given as the time averaged overtopping
discharge in terms of m3/s per linear meter of the structure. Methods in obtaining the overtopping discharge
are highly empirical and are based from hydraulic model test results for specific structure geometries (CEM,
2006). In general, the overtopping discharge is a function of the wave characteristics as well as the structure
geometry.

Source: EurOtop 2016

Figure 2.2-82. Overtopping Discharge of a Slope with Storm Wall

For the case of the reclamation, the EurOtop (2007) model was implemented for the computation of the
overtopping discharge, which is the most flexible of all the models for it is not restrained to a specific structural
geometry. The overtopping discharge, q, is a function of the geometry of the structure, wave and tide
characteristics, and a series of reduction factors. It is modeled by the equation below:
1.3
𝑞 0.026 𝑅𝑐
= 𝛾𝑏 ∙ 𝜉𝑚−1,0 ∙ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− (2.5 ) ]
3
√𝑔 ∙ 𝐻𝑚𝑜 √tan 𝛼 𝜉𝑚−1,0 ∙ 𝐻𝑚0 ∙ 𝛾𝑏 ∙ 𝛾𝑓 ∙ 𝛾𝛽 ∙ 𝛾𝑣
(3)
with a maximum of:
1.3
𝑞 0.1035 𝑅𝑐
= ∙ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− (1.35 ) ]
3
√𝑔 ∙ 𝐻𝑚𝑜 √tan 𝛼 𝐻𝑚0 ∙ 𝛾𝑓 ∙ 𝛾𝛽 ∙ 𝛾 ∗
(4)

Analysis and Results

The methodology used for the calculation of the wave runup is based from Delft Hydraulics as presented in
the Coastal Engineering Manual (2006), which requires wave characteristics and structural geometry. From
Chapter 2.2 2.2-96
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

the storm condition analysis, two scenarios are considered in determining the NOCE: the first case is when
the SWL is at maximum and the corresponding wave characteristics are taken, and the second case is when
the wave height is at maximum and the corresponding SWL and other wave characteristics are used for
computation. The higher computed NOCE is considered to be the critical value and is used for the
determination of the overtopping discharge. For this project, thirteen (13) points near the project boundary are
taken as points of extraction for the computation of non-overtopping crest elevation, as shown in Figure 2.2-
80. The computed non-overtopping crest elevations during maximum tide and maximum wave conditions are
presented in the following tables.

3
4
1

5 B 2
A
6
7
8
C
9

11
10
D
12 E

13

Figure 2.2-83. Location of Extraction Points

Table 2.2-25. Non-overtopping Crest Elevation Results During Maximum Tide Conditions
Corresponding NOCE
Depth Tidemax
Typhoon Point Time Result
(m) (m)
Wave (m) Period (s) (m)
Pt. 1 1.10 10/26/1978 19:00 1.02 1.00 2.22 2.21
Pt. 2 4.71 10/26/1978 18:50 1.11 3.00 7.39 5.96
Rita
Pt. 3 8.63 10/26/1978 18:50 1.03 4.28 7.05 7.29
Pt. 4 10.26 10/26/1978 18:50 1.02 4.54 6.84 7.50

Chapter 2.2 2.2-97

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Corresponding NOCE
Depth Tidemax
Typhoon Point Time Result
(m) (m)
Wave (m) Period (s) (m)
Pt. 5 7.82 10/26/1978 19:00 1.01 4.26 6.77 7.14
Pt. 6 7.63 10/26/1978 18:50 1.01 4.05 6.52 6.80
Pt. 7 6.76 10/26/1978 18:50 1.01 3.90 6.83 6.76
Pt. 8 6.42 10/26/1978 18:50 1.01 3.56 6.81 6.36
Pt. 9 6.55 10/26/1978 18:50 0.99 3.47 6.53 6.13
Pt. 10 7.19 10/26/1978 19:00 0.96 3.63 6.29 6.21
Pt. 11 8.08 10/26/1978 19:00 0.95 3.88 6.15 6.42
Pt. 12 8.34 10/26/1978 19:00 0.96 3.58 5.99 6.03
Pt. 13 4.72 10/26/1978 18:50 1.02 2.60 5.50 4.83
Pt. 1 1.10 11/19/1970 6:40 0.93 0.47 1.98 1.57
Pt. 2 4.71 11/19/1970 6:24 0.81 1.39 4.08 2.86
Pt. 3 8.63 11/19/1970 6:24 0.83 1.75 3.61 3.16
Pt. 4 10.26 11/19/1970 6:24 0.83 1.85 3.59 3.25
Pt. 5 7.82 11/19/1970 6:40 0.81 1.40 4.32 2.93
Pt. 6 7.63 11/19/1970 6:40 0.80 1.27 4.91 2.87
Patsy Pt. 7 6.76 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.69 2.62 1.78
Pt. 8 6.42 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.69 2.62 1.78
Pt. 9 6.55 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.69 2.63 1.78
Pt. 10 7.19 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.69 2.63 1.78
Pt. 11 8.08 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.70 2.64 1.78
Pt. 12 8.34 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.70 2.64 1.78
Pt. 13 4.72 11/18/1970 17:04 0.80 0.67 2.62 1.76
Pt. 1 1.10 9/29/2006 18:00 0.68 0.04 5.00 0.75
Pt. 2 4.71 9/29/2006 18:00 0.68 0.24 5.95 1.08
Pt. 3 8.63 9/29/2006 18:00 0.68 0.24 5.70 1.09
Pt. 4 10.26 9/29/2006 18:00 0.68 0.25 5.67 1.10
Pt. 5 7.82 9/29/2006 17:44 0.68 0.26 5.75 1.11
Pt. 6 7.63 9/29/2006 17:44 0.68 0.27 5.73 1.12
Xangsane Pt. 7 6.76 9/29/2006 17:44 0.68 0.32 6.32 1.21
Pt. 8 6.42 9/29/2006 17:44 0.68 0.32 6.41 1.21
Pt. 9 6.55 9/29/2006 17:44 0.68 0.35 6.48 1.27
Pt. 10 7.19 9/29/2006 17:44 0.68 0.41 6.69 1.36
Pt. 11 8.08 9/29/2006 17:44 0.67 0.47 7.02 1.47
Pt. 12 8.34 9/29/2006 17:44 0.67 0.45 7.01 1.44
Pt. 13 4.72 9/29/2006 17:44 0.67 0.48 7.37 1.48

Chapter 2.2 2.2-98

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-26. Non-overtopping Crest Elevation Results During Maximum Wave Conditions
Corresponding NOCE
Depth
Typhoon Point Time Wavemax (m) Result
(m)
Period (s) Tide (m) (m)
Pt. 1 1.10 10/26/1978 18:00 1.02 2.28 0.97 2.20
Pt. 2 4.71 10/26/1978 17:10 3.01 7.40 1.02 5.88
Pt. 3 8.63 10/26/1978 16:40 4.63 7.24 0.82 7.56
Pt. 4 10.26 10/26/1978 15:50 4.94 6.94 0.69 7.64
Pt. 5 7.82 10/26/1978 18:00 4.52 6.92 0.93 7.41
Pt. 6 7.63 10/26/1978 18:00 4.27 6.59 0.94 7.01
Rita Pt. 7 6.76 10/26/1978 17:30 4.06 6.90 0.92 6.88
Pt. 8 6.42 10/26/1978 17:50 3.78 6.95 0.94 6.59
Pt. 9 6.55 10/26/1978 17:30 3.74 6.89 0.89 6.48
Pt. 10 7.19 10/26/1978 16:30 4.13 6.91 0.75 6.80
Pt. 11 8.08 10/26/1978 16:10 4.41 6.87 0.69 7.04
Pt. 12 8.34 10/26/1978 16:10 4.20 6.94 0.72 6.84
Pt. 13 4.72 10/26/1978 17:20 2.96 6.19 0.94 5.38
Pt. 1 1.10 11/19/1970 3:02 0.96 2.63 0.30 1.58
Pt. 2 4.71 11/19/1970 3:06 2.53 7.47 0.21 4.46
Pt. 3 8.63 11/19/1970 2:14 4.21 6.98 -0.18 5.98
Pt. 4 10.26 11/19/1970 3:08 4.93 7.00 -0.01 6.96
Pt. 5 7.82 11/19/1970 3:28 4.07 7.27 0.02 6.13
Pt. 6 7.63 11/19/1970 3:08 3.83 7.07 0.08 5.83
Patsy Pt. 7 6.76 11/19/1970 3:06 3.66 6.96 0.12 5.63
Pt. 8 6.42 11/19/1970 3:14 3.38 7.26 0.22 5.50
Pt. 9 6.55 11/19/1970 3:26 3.29 7.68 0.21 5.52
Pt. 10 7.19 11/19/1970 3:10 3.76 7.37 0.09 5.87
Pt. 11 8.08 11/19/1970 3:22 4.28 7.21 0.15 6.48
Pt. 12 8.34 11/19/1970 3:04 3.87 7.10 0.10 5.92
Pt. 13 4.72 11/19/1970 3:14 2.64 7.84 0.38 4.82
Pt. 1 1.10 9/28/2006 3:04 0.89 3.35 -0.11 1.22
Pt. 2 4.71 9/28/2006 0:28 2.23 5.66 -0.38 3.04
Pt. 3 8.63 9/28/2006 2:04 3.38 5.39 -0.43 4.20
Pt. 4 10.26 9/28/2006 2:04 3.62 5.34 -0.43 4.44
Pt. 5 7.82 9/28/2006 2:04 3.37 5.71 -0.41 4.34
Pt. 6 7.63 9/28/2006 2:04 3.24 5.78 -0.39 4.23
Xangsane Pt. 7 6.76 9/28/2006 2:06 3.07 5.79 -0.37 4.06
Pt. 8 6.42 9/28/2006 2:06 3.07 6.00 -0.35 4.15
Pt. 9 6.55 9/28/2006 2:48 3.13 6.14 -0.29 4.33
Pt. 10 7.19 9/28/2006 2:20 3.51 6.31 -0.33 4.78
Pt. 11 8.08 9/28/2006 2:06 3.69 6.11 -0.34 4.90
Pt. 12 8.34 9/28/2006 2:12 3.43 6.25 -0.32 4.68
Pt. 13 4.72 9/28/2006 3:16 2.41 7.05 -0.17 3.84

Table 2.2-27. Summary of Non-overtopping Crest Elevation Results

NOCE Result (m)
Typhoon Point Governing Case
Tidemax Wavemax
Rita Pt. 1 2.21 2.20 Max Tide
Chapter 2.2 2.2-99
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

NOCE Result (m)

Typhoon Point Governing Case
Tidemax Wavemax
Pt. 2 5.96 5.88 Max Tide
Pt. 3 7.29 7.56 Max Tide
Pt. 4 7.50 7.64 Max Wave Height
Pt. 5 7.14 7.41 Max Wave Height
Pt. 6 6.80 7.01 Max Wave Height
Pt. 7 6.76 6.88 Max Wave Height
Pt. 8 6.36 6.59 Max Wave Height
Pt. 9 6.13 6.48 Max Wave Height
Pt. 10 6.21 6.80 Max Wave Height
Pt. 11 6.42 7.04 Max Wave Height
Pt. 12 6.03 6.84 Max Wave Height
Pt. 13 4.83 5.38 Max Wave Height
Pt. 1 1.57 1.58 Max Wave Height
Pt. 2 2.86 4.46 Max Wave Height
Pt. 3 3.16 5.98 Max Wave Height
Pt. 4 3.25 6.96 Max Wave Height
Pt. 5 2.93 6.13 Max Wave Height
Pt. 6 2.87 5.83 Max Wave Height
Patsy Pt. 7 1.78 5.63 Max Wave Height
Pt. 8 1.78 5.50 Max Wave Height
Pt. 9 1.78 5.52 Max Wave Height
Pt. 10 1.78 5.87 Max Wave Height
Pt. 11 1.78 6.48 Max Wave Height
Pt. 12 1.78 5.92 Max Wave Height
Pt. 13 1.76 4.82 Max Wave Height
Pt. 1 0.75 1.22 Max Wave Height
Pt. 2 1.08 3.04 Max Wave Height
Pt. 3 1.09 4.20 Max Wave Height
Pt. 4 1.10 4.44 Max Wave Height
Pt. 5 1.11 4.34 Max Wave Height
Pt. 6 1.12 4.23 Max Wave Height
Xangsane Pt. 7 1.21 4.06 Max Wave Height
Pt. 8 1.21 4.15 Max Wave Height
Pt. 9 1.27 4.33 Max Wave Height
Pt. 10 1.36 4.78 Max Wave Height
Pt. 11 1.47 4.90 Max Wave Height
Pt. 12 1.44 4.68 Max Wave Height
Pt. 13 1.48 3.84 Max Wave Height

Chapter 2.2 2.2-100

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

NOCE

STL
MSL 0.0
MLLW

Seabed

Figure 2.2-84. NOCE Illustration

As shown in Table 2.2-27, highlighted cells denotes the case that governed, i.e. the greater value obtained
from the two cases considered. For a 1:2 embankment slope with rock armor, the critical NOCE obtained is
7.01 m based on Typhoon Rita and located on extraction point 2, which is the north-western corner of Island
C. On the other hand, Typhoon Patsy and Typhoon Xangsane resulted to lower maximum non overtopping
crest elevations of 5.83 meters and 4.23 meters, respectively. The resulting NOCE for all the extractions points
on all the CPC islands are summarized in the table below.

Table 2.2-28. Synthesized NOCE of Island C.

Extraction Points NOCE (maMSL) Governing Condition
2,3 7.01 Max Wave Height

Wave overtopping occurs when the structure crest elevation is lower than the wave runup level. With computed
NOCE of 6.59 to 7.64 m in Islands B to E, wave overtopping is acceptable because building the required crest
elevation would entail massive construction costs and spatial requirements. For the computation of the
overtopping discharge, the procedures from EurOtop Manual on Wave Overtopping of Sea Defenses and
Related Structures are used. This is applicable for dikes and sea embankments with smooth or rough armored
slopes. To further reduce the average overtopping discharge, the influence of the addition of a wall on top of
the slope is included in the computation considerations, as shown in Figure 2.2-115. The following table
summarizes the obtained overtopping discharge per meter length for various crest elevations. These values
are based on critical case obtained from Typhoon Rita, in which the highest value of NOCE was obtained.

Table 2.2-29. Overtopping Discharge Results

Reclamation Backfill Elevation (maMSL)
q (m3/s/m)
+4.0 +4.5 +5.0
1.0 0.028 0.015 0.008
hwall (m)
1.5 0.010 0.005 0.003

The computed overtopping discharge may be compared with the tolerable overtopping discharges from
various field studies. This provides a rough guideline for the structural safety for a given value of the discharge.
However, it must be noted that the intensity of water hitting a specific location is still dependent on the geometry
and distance from the structure and thus maximum intensities locally may be over the obtained overtopping
discharge.

In terms of design, the Coastal Engineering Manual (CEM) recommends a range of critical values of average
overtopping discharges for various coastal structures considering structural safety and the safety of traffic
Table 2.2-29. For example, for an embankment seawall, it expects damage to the structure if its crest is not
protected if an overtopping discharge of 0.002 to 0.02 cms/m is experienced. Following CEM, Table 2.2-31
summarizes the expected damage condition and range of overtopping discharges q for embankment seawall
Chapter 2.2 2.2-101
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

and building structures. For example, damage to an embankment seawall occurs if the back slope is not
protected and the overtopping rate is between 0.02 – 0.005 cms/m. By using the lowest value q in this table
together with various Reclamation Backfill Elevations (RBE) and the simulated wave conditions and storm tide
levels in Table 2.2-29 corresponding to the critical NOCE condition, the required minimum elevation h min of a
vertical wall on top of the sloping embankment can be computed.

Table 2.2-30 summarizes the results of these computations based on Eq. (4) under the above conditions.

Table 2.2-30. Critical values of average overtopping discharges (Source: Coastal Engineering
Manual)

Source: Coastal Engineering Manual

Table 2.2-31. CEM Stipulated Overtopping Rates for Various Structures.

Structure Range of average q (cms/m) Damage Condition
Embankment Seawall 0.02 – 0.05 Damage if back slope not protected
0.002 – 0.02 Damage if crest is not protected
Buildings 0.000001 – 0.00002 Minor damage to fittings, sign posts, etc.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-102

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-32. Synthesized NOCE of Island C

RBE Required Minimum Wall Height (m)
(maMSL) q=0.02 cms/m q=0.002 cms/m q=0.000001 cms/m
4.0 1.800 1.700 4.229
4.5 0.491 1.403 3.953
5.0 0.175 1.100 3.672

2.2.2.1.6 Longshore Sediment Transport; Coastal Erosion and Deposition

Particle Dispersion Modeling

Knowledge of the movement and transport of sediments (the terms “sediments” and “particles” are used
interchangeably in these discussions) along the project coasts is important in assessing the long-term
stability of beach coastlines. In particular, the direction of the net transport of sediments is important in the
planning of permanent coastal infrastructures, such as reclamations. Knowledge of longshore movement of
littoral drift is also important in determining maintenance schedule and inspection of reclamation structures
such as bulkheads, revetment and/or seawalls.

The region within which littoral drift is most actively entrained and transported is the surf zone, which spans
from the wave breaking point to the swash zone in a beach coast. The main driver of littoral drift within the surf
zone is the longshore currents generated by the wave breaking process. Currents from channel flow carrying
surface runoff from inland usually cause additional influx of sediments and transport driving forces, but they
are usually limited to a region around the outfall in the bay or sea.

The littoral zone is that swath of the coast where sediment materials are transported by waves and currents.
The transported material, called littoral drift, affects the vertical profile and plan forms of the coast, causing
deposition in certain reaches and erosion in others. The longshore volumetric transport rate Q is the rate (in
units of volume/time) at which littoral drift is moved parallel to the shoreline. If one looks out to the sea from
land, the longshore transport rate to the right is denoted by Q+, considered positive, and the rate to the left by
Q- which is considered negative. The algebraic sum of Q+ and Q-, or the net longshore transport rate Qn, can
be positive or negative, and indicates the direction and magnitude of longshore transport. The total or gross
transport rate Qt is the sum of the magnitudes of the right and left transport rates.

The total transport rate is normally used to predict the rates of shoaling or accumulation of littoral drift in sea
inlets that are not controlled, e.g. without engineered entrances. It also serves as an upper limit to the
magnitudes of the other transport rates. The net transport rate is used in determining the occurrence of beach
erosion along an open coast, and in the design of engineered or protected inlets. For the Cavite reclamation
coast, the actual rates of both directional and total transport rates are affected by the sediment influx of the
outfalls of different waterways in Cavite, which should be assessed and quantified in longshore sediment
transport model to provide a more realistic and seasonal variation of sediment movement along the project
coast.

The directional transport rates Q+ and Q- are applied in the design of jetties (defined here as inlet stabilization
structures, not as piers) and impoundment basins at the lee of weir jetties (USACE, 2005). As reference values,
gross transport rates typically fall within 100 to 250 mcm/yr (million cubic meters per year) for open coasts in
the United States (CERC, 1984).

Longshore Sediment Transport Rates along the Project Coast

Following the methodology of CERC (1984), which is widely applied in U.S. beach coasts, an analysis of the
longshore transport rates along the Cavite reclamation coast was undertaken and the results reported herein.
The methodology requires input of the following data:
Chapter 2.2 2.2-103
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

• Beach morphology based on the mean shoreline;

• Distributions of deepwater wave heights Ho with offshore approach directions; and
• Annual occurrence frequencies of Ho.

The methodology is based on the application of the wave energy flux in conjunction with shallow-water
breaking criterion (also called breaker index) for the transformation of waves in the breaking zones. It is
implicitly assumed in the methodology that the surf zone has a monotonic seabed profile such that breaking
continues to the coastline once initiated.

For the project coast, since measured wave heights are not available, they were determined from the surface
wind data and the effective wave fetches reckoned from the deepwater depth contour using fetch-limited and
wind speed-limited hindcasting formulas (CERC, 1984).

Due to the long and complicated shoreline at the project coast, fifty-eight (58) stations of varying tributary
lengths are considered in the analysis, as annotated with the directions of the shore-normals. For ease of
discussion, the stations will be subdivided into three groups: northern stations composed of Sta. 01 – Sta. 18,
middle stations composed of Sta. 19 – Sta. 36, and the western stations composed of Sta. 37 – Sta. 58. The
longshore sediment transport rates at these stations are computed under two conditions, the baseline and the
modified condition, to assess the possible effects of the development to the transport of sediments.

For the baseline or existing condition, Table 2.2-33 summarizes the computed directional transport rates Q+
and Q-, net longshore transport rate Qn, and total longshore transport rate Qt, all in units of tcm/yr (thousand
cubic meters per year). It is seen that for the northern stations the Q+ values are generally moderate ranging
from 5 to 27 tcm/yr, the Q- values are generally lower ranging from 3 to 19 tcm/yr, resulting to a generally
positive Qn values of 1 to 19 tcm/yr, and Qt in 9 to 41 tcm/yr. For the middle stations, the directional, net, and
gross transport rates are generally low ranging from -2 to 5 tcm/yr. Furthermore, for the western stations Q+
values are generally high ranging from 8 to 62 tcm/yr, Q- values are moderate ranging from 2 to 13 tcm/yr,
resulting to high positive Qn values of 2 to 50 tcm/yr, and an even higher Qt of 11 to 74 tcm/yr. The high
transport rates along western stations can be attributed to higher effective wave fetches than the stations
located inside the Manila Bay and Bacoor Bay.

The computed net transport rates for the baseline condition are plotted graphically and approximately to scale
at the stations in Figure 2.2-85. It is seen that the net transport rates for the northern stations are generally
directed to the north with the direction changing at Sta. 17. For the middle stations, the net transport rates are
low, and the direction greatly varies because of the complicated shoreline. However, for the western stations,
the net transport rates are high, and all directed to the north and east.

Table 2.2-32 summarizes the annual transport rates under modified condition, which considers the future
reclamations along the project coast. For stations located on future reclamations sites (Sta. 33 to Sta. 42), the
transport rates were considered to be zero. It is seen that for the northern stations, Q+ rates decreased
significantly, now ranging from 2 to 12 tcm/year, while the Q- rates only decreased slightly, now in 3 to 13
tcm/yr. This results to a reversal of net transport direction to some of the northern stations, where Qn rates
are from -5 to 10 tcm/yr, and the total transport rates are from 7 to 24 tcm/yr. For the middle stations, the
modified condition resulted to an even lower directional, net, and gross transport rates, all now ranging from -
1 to 4 tcm/yr. The transport rates at stations located east of the Cavite reclamation sites, namely Sta. 43 to
Sta. 49, have decreased greatly, now only ranging from -1 to 2 tcm/yr, while for the rest of the western stations,
the Q+ rates are relatively unchanged while the Q- rates decreased resulting to higher Qn values ranging from
17 to 56 tcm/yr, although relatively similar Qt rates from the baseline condition. Figures 2.2-85 and 2.2-88
graphically plot the transport rates at the 58 stations.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-104

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-33. Annual longshore sediment transport rates – Baseline Condition

Shore- Station Tributary Q+ Q- Qn Qt
normal ID length (to right) (to left) (net) (gross)
(deg, from (1000m3 /
m (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr)
N) yr)
246 1 1000 19.09 15.68 3.41 34.78
246 2 1000 21.53 19.61 1.92 41.14
330 3 1000 10.52 0.48 10.04 11.00
255 4 1000 23.28 12.51 10.78 35.79
255 5 1000 19.46 12.90 6.57 32.36
269 6 1000 18.35 8.25 10.10 26.60
269 7 1000 27.48 8.87 18.61 36.35
269 8 1000 8.30 7.39 0.90 15.69
297 9 875 12.22 7.41 4.81 19.63
199 10 875 0.29 8.19 -7.90 8.49
349 11 875 5.25 0.33 4.92 5.59
278 12 750 5.52 6.30 -0.78 11.82
354 13 750 7.38 0.99 6.39 8.38
302 14 1125 8.80 7.80 1.00 16.61
325 15 1200 5.76 5.61 0.15 11.38
345 16 1000 5.65 3.39 2.26 9.04
339 17 1050 3.90 5.24 -1.33 9.14
345 18 1000 4.38 4.69 -0.32 9.07
346 19 1125 1.81 3.51 -1.70 5.32
37 20 1125 3.50 0.89 2.61 4.39
47 21 1250 2.39 1.98 0.41 4.37
272 22 1500 0.78 0.37 0.42 1.15
342 23 1375 0.53 0.34 0.19 0.87
330 24 1375 0.39 1.24 -0.85 1.63
31 25 1500 0.95 0.64 0.31 1.59
66 26 1500 0.48 1.80 -1.33 2.28
103 27 1500 0.96 1.14 -0.19 2.10
139 28 1250 4.14 0.15 4.00 4.29
130 29 1250 3.30 0.58 2.72 3.88
92 30 1500 0.18 2.32 -2.14 2.50
157 31 1250 1.56 0.91 0.65 2.47
237 32 1000 0.59 0.13 0.46 0.72
2 33 1250 0.22 0.92 -0.70 1.14
127 34 1500 2.83 0.10 2.73 2.93
163 35 1125 4.01 0.28 3.73 4.29
108 36 750 2.35 1.97 0.37 4.32
2 37 750 8.32 2.36 5.96 10.68
338 38 750 8.91 7.03 1.88 15.94
338 39 750 16.39 7.35 9.04 23.74
336 40 750 17.83 7.95 9.87 25.78
285 41 875 47.20 9.56 37.64 56.76
304 42 1000 39.12 10.40 28.71 49.52
283 43 1000 47.77 9.55 38.22 57.32

Chapter 2.2 2.2-105

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Shore- Station Tributary Q+ Q- Qn Qt

normal ID length (to right) (to left) (net) (gross)
(deg, from (1000m3 /
m (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr)
N) yr)
304 44 1000 41.58 11.27 30.31 52.84
282 45 1000 47.29 9.67 37.62 56.96
287 46 1000 43.08 10.30 32.78 53.38
293 47 1000 51.92 11.04 40.88 62.96
317 48 1000 34.98 11.15 23.83 46.13
0 49 1000 9.09 2.70 6.39 11.78
313 50 1000 39.68 12.39 27.29 52.07
282 51 1000 42.00 10.07 31.93 52.07
295 52 1000 61.71 12.11 49.60 73.82
308 53 1000 59.29 12.18 47.11 71.48
329 54 1000 24.55 10.81 13.74 35.36
310 55 1000 47.24 13.00 34.25 60.24
314 56 1000 37.32 13.05 24.26 50.37
322 57 1000 29.71 12.61 17.09 42.32
348 58 1000 14.08 7.22 6.86 21.30

Table 2.2-34. Annual longshore sediment transport rates – Modified Condition

Shore- Station Tributary Q+ Q- Qn Qt
normal ID length (to right) (to left) (net) (gross)
(deg, from m (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 /
N) yr)
246 1 1000 12.01 11.67 0.34 23.68
246 2 1000 10.44 12.95 -2.52 23.39
330 3 1000 10.32 0.56 9.76 10.89
255 4 1000 7.41 8.95 -1.54 16.37
255 5 1000 4.04 8.71 -4.67 12.75
269 6 1000 7.70 6.92 0.79 14.62
269 7 1000 6.15 7.09 -0.94 13.24
269 8 1000 4.54 7.05 -2.52 11.59
297 9 875 7.72 7.29 0.42 15.01
199 10 875 0.29 3.52 -3.23 3.80
349 11 875 3.50 0.33 3.16 3.83
278 12 750 3.36 6.02 -2.66 9.38
354 13 750 6.56 0.89 5.67 7.45
302 14 1125 5.04 7.62 -2.57 12.66
325 15 1200 3.88 5.36 -1.47 9.24
345 16 1000 3.73 3.27 0.45 7.00
339 17 1050 2.88 4.70 -1.82 7.59
345 18 1000 2.65 3.88 -1.23 6.54
346 19 1125 1.72 3.50 -1.78 5.22
37 20 1125 3.50 0.89 2.61 4.39
47 21 1250 2.30 1.98 0.32 4.28
272 22 1500 0.68 0.13 0.55 0.81
342 23 1375 0.37 0.18 0.19 0.55
330 24 1375 0.36 0.61 -0.26 0.97
Chapter 2.2 2.2-106
 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Shore- Station Tributary Q+ Q- Qn Qt

normal ID length (to right) (to left) (net) (gross)
(deg, from m (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 /
N) yr)
31 25 1500 0.49 0.38 0.10 0.87
66 26 1500 0.23 1.44 -1.21 1.68
103 27 1500 0.41 0.81 -0.40 1.22
139 28 1250 0.95 0.12 0.83 1.07
130 29 1250 0.37 0.18 0.18 0.55
92 30 1500 0.13 0.94 -0.81 1.06
157 31 1250 1.25 0.16 1.09 1.42
237 32 1000 0.27 0.05 0.22 0.31
2 33 1250 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
127 34 1500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
163 35 1125 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
108 36 750 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 37 750 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
338 38 750 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
338 39 750 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
336 40 750 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
285 41 875 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
304 42 1000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
283 43 1000 0.27 1.53 -1.27 1.80
304 44 1000 0.17 0.16 0.01 0.32
282 45 1000 0.69 0.96 -0.27 1.65
287 46 1000 0.39 0.15 0.24 0.53
293 47 1000 0.35 0.22 0.14 0.57
317 48 1000 0.26 0.28 -0.02 0.54
0 49 1000 0.12 0.13 -0.01 0.25
313 50 1000 10.77 0.08 10.68 10.85
282 51 1000 40.48 1.18 39.30 41.65
295 52 1000 61.65 5.95 55.70 67.60
308 53 1000 59.28 8.06 51.22 67.34
329 54 1000 24.50 7.67 16.83 32.17
310 55 1000 39.74 11.41 28.33 51.15
314 56 1000 36.63 11.80 24.83 48.43
322 57 1000 28.48 11.57 16.91 40.05
348 58 1000 14.43 6.72 7.70 21.15

In order to see the local changes of the rates, Table 2.2-38 summarizes the variations of the rates at the 58
stations, i.e. MC rates – BC rates. It can be observed that for most of the stations, the modified condition
resulted to a decrease in directional, net, and gross transport rates (i.e. negative ΔQn), except for the stations
at the western stations which are not fronted by the proposed reclamation. The plot of Qn shown in Figure
2.2-119 indicates that local regions marked by dotted circle are potential accretion zones in the Modified
Condition at the western stations.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-107

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-35. Differences of Transport Rates (Modified Condition-Baseline Condition)

Shore- Station Tributary Q+ Q- Qn Qt
normal ID length (to right) (to left) (net) (gross)
(deg, from (1000m3 /
m (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr)
N) yr)
246 1 1000 -7.085 -4.013 -3.072 -11.098
246 2 1000 -11.098 -6.658 -4.439 -17.756
330 3 1000 -0.198 0.083 -0.281 -0.115
255 4 1000 -15.871 -3.552 -12.319 -19.423
255 5 1000 -15.424 -4.183 -11.241 -19.607
269 6 1000 -10.650 -1.335 -9.316 -11.985
269 7 1000 -21.324 -1.783 -19.541 -23.107
269 8 1000 -3.757 -0.337 -3.421 -4.094
297 9 875 -4.506 -0.114 -4.392 -4.619
199 10 875 -0.005 -4.677 4.672 -4.682
349 11 875 -1.757 0.001 -1.758 -1.757
278 12 750 -2.160 -0.283 -1.877 -2.443
354 13 750 -0.826 -0.105 -0.721 -0.931
302 14 1125 -3.760 -0.187 -3.573 -3.947
325 15 1200 -1.875 -0.258 -1.618 -2.133
345 16 1000 -1.924 -0.120 -1.804 -2.044
339 17 1050 -1.023 -0.534 -0.489 -1.557
345 18 1000 -1.723 -0.811 -0.912 -2.535
346 19 1125 -0.091 -0.010 -0.082 -0.101
37 20 1125 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
47 21 1250 -0.087 -0.003 -0.084 -0.090
272 22 1500 -0.106 -0.236 0.130 -0.342
342 23 1375 -0.160 -0.163 0.003 -0.323
330 24 1375 -0.033 -0.620 0.588 -0.653
31 25 1500 -0.460 -0.258 -0.203 -0.718
66 26 1500 -0.243 -0.360 0.117 -0.603
103 27 1500 -0.549 -0.331 -0.218 -0.879
139 28 1250 -3.194 -0.029 -3.165 -3.223
130 29 1250 -2.929 -0.398 -2.531 -3.327
92 30 1500 -0.051 -1.383 1.332 -1.434
157 31 1250 -0.302 -0.750 0.448 -1.052
237 32 1000 -0.322 -0.088 -0.234 -0.410
2 33 1250 -0.223 -0.920 0.698 -1.143
127 34 1500 -2.829 -0.101 -2.728 -2.930
163 35 1125 -4.007 -0.282 -3.726 -4.289
108 36 750 -2.347 -1.974 -0.372 -4.321
2 37 750 -8.318 -2.357 -5.961 -10.675
338 38 750 -8.911 -7.034 -1.877 -15.944
338 39 750 -16.389 -7.353 -9.037 -23.742
336 40 750 -17.828 -7.955 -9.873 -25.783
285 41 875 -47.199 -9.556 -37.643 -56.756
304 42 1000 -39.115 -10.402 -28.714 -49.517
283 43 1000 -47.499 -8.018 -39.481 -55.518

Chapter 2.2 2.2-108

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Shore- Station Tributary Q+ Q- Qn Qt

normal ID length (to right) (to left) (net) (gross)
(deg, from (1000m3 /
m (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr) (1000m3 / yr)
N) yr)
304 44 1000 -41.405 -11.112 -30.293 -52.517
282 45 1000 -46.602 -8.710 -37.891 -55.312
287 46 1000 -42.698 -10.153 -32.544 -52.851
293 47 1000 -51.567 -10.819 -40.748 -62.386
317 48 1000 -34.722 -10.872 -23.850 -45.594
0 49 1000 -8.969 -2.570 -6.399 -11.539
313 50 1000 -28.914 -12.309 -16.606 -41.223
282 51 1000 -1.523 -8.893 7.370 -10.416
295 52 1000 -0.062 -6.158 6.096 -6.219
308 53 1000 -0.012 -4.119 4.107 -4.130
329 54 1000 -0.051 -3.143 3.092 -3.194
310 55 1000 -7.503 -1.589 -5.914 -9.092
314 56 1000 -0.687 -1.253 0.565 -1.940
322 57 1000 -1.225 -1.045 -0.180 -2.271
348 58 1000 0.344 -0.495 0.840 -0.151

Chapter 2.2 2.2-109

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

0 50 100
POTENTIAL
SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT RATES
3
(1000m /yr)

Figure 2.2-85. Directions and Magnitudes of Annual Net Longshore Transport Qn for Baseline
Condition

Chapter 2.2 2.2-110

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

0 50 100
POTENTIAL
SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT RATES
3
(1000m /yr)

Figure 2.2-86. Directions and magnitudes of annual net longshore transport Qn for Modified
Conditions

Figures 2.2-87 and 2.2-88 graphically show the total transport rates Qt at all stations under Baseline and
Modified Conditions. It is clear that Qt decreases at the locations where the shoreline is fronted by the
proposed reclamation, i.e. parts of the middle stations and western stations.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-111

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

0 50 100
POTENTIAL
SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT RATES
3
(1000m /yr)

Figure 2.2-87. Directions and magnitudes of annual gross longshore transport Qt for Baseline
Condition

Chapter 2.2 2.2-112

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

0 50 100

POTENTIAL
SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT RATES
3
(1000m /yr)

Figure 2.2-88. Directions and magnitudes of annual gross longshore transport Qt for Modified
Conditions

Findings and Recommendations

Based on currently available information and the modeling work covering the risks identified for the project
site, it is evident that the results of the post-development scenarios covering the five (5) islands of the entire
Cavite Provincial Government (CPG) reclamation projects as well as the Sangley International Airport Project
do not show highly significant negative impacts.

These impacts extend individually to Island C, which is the subject of this application.

Effects on Prevailing Waves

Comparing the prevailing wave climate results under the pre-development and post-development scenarios,
it can be seen that the waves are relatively calm, with wave heights below 0.7 m in the tip of the Sangley Point.
The reclamation islands generally induced lower wave heights in its vicinity. This may be attributed to a
significant amount of wave energy being blocked by the islands. In some of these cases, the calm wave climate
may cause potential water stagnation issues.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-113

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Effects of Climate Change/Sea Level Rise

The Global Climate Risk Index places the Philippines as among the top 5 countries which would be most
severely impacted by climate change and sea level rise. The IPCC Report on Climate Change estimates a
460mm rise should the oceans warm another 2 degree by the year 2100. While this project cannot, by itself,
alter the impacts of climate change, it is possible to mitigate the risk to the project by providing adequate
freeboard in the determination of the finished elevation of the reclamation. For this project, this freeboard is
600mm.

Effects on Storm Surge

Storm tide levels of 3 potentially critical typhoons, Rita, Patsy and Xangsane, were simulated at the vicinity of
the project site. The effects of the reclamation to the storm tide levels vary.

Typhoon Rita caused storm tide levels of roughly 1.0 m – 1.1 m at Islands B to E, and 0.6 m – 0.8 m at Island
A. The addition of the reclamation induced a slight increase of roughly 0.1 m in storm tide levels at the channel
between Island E and the existing coastline. On the other hand, the reclamation resulted to a significant
reduction in the storm tide levels in Bacoor Bay. Typhoon Patsy caused storm tide levels of roughly 0.8 m –
0.9 m for all islands and the reclamation resulted to a slight increase in storm tide levels at the eastern portion
of the proposed SPIA and Island A. Lastly, typhoon Xangsane resulted in the lowest storm tide levels at roughly
0.8 m for all islands and the reclamations did not change the result significantly.

Storm Surge Hazard, Vulnerability

A hazard is defined as condition with the potential to inflict harm, cause loss of life and damage to property. It
is significant in relation to the presence of vulnerable population (e.g. those who would be likely impacted by
the hazards). In the case of this project, the vulnerable population/areas would include the onshore populace
and fisherfolk, as well as structures such as those for fishing.

With or without the reclamation projects the storm surge hazard exist and the vulnerability of the affected
population and important activities are thus also present. However, with the reclamation islands in fact provide
“sheltering” effects and thus are not expected to exacerbate the storm surge hazard and vulnerabilities.

The design of the final reclamation enclosure should make consideration for sea level rise in the form of
freeboard. The minimum recommended freeboard is 600mm.

Effects on Storm Wave

Simulative analyses of storm waves generated by 3 historical typhoons were carried out. The storm wave
heights induced by these typhoons ranges from 0 m to 3 m at the harbor and along the coastline. For all three
typhoons, it can be seen that the proposed reclamation islands in the post-development scenarios will provide
a sheltering effect on all shorelines leeward of the reclamations, with the most significant effect caused by
SPIA, primarily due to the fact its single island is significantly larger than Islands A-E.

Discussion of how the impacts may be affected by climate change especially sea level rise.

Required Reclamation Crest Elevation

The structure crest elevation which is not overtopped by typhoon waves depends highly on the design of the
reclamation wall structure in terms of seaward slope, hydraulic roughness, profile, and armor unit type and
geometry. For a 1:2 embankment slope with rock armor, the critical non-overtopping crest elevation obtained
is 7.64 m based on Typhoon Rita. With the obtained required elevation not viable, wave overtopping is to be

Chapter 2.2 2.2-114

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

expected for lower design crest elevations, and thus a slope with seawall on top was considered. Setting the
FGL at 4 m to 5 m and wall heights of 1 to 1.5 m, the obtained wave overtopping discharge ranges from 0.003
to 0.028 m3/s/m. With these obtained values, it is recommended to protect the embankment crest based from
the critical values of overtopping discharges from the Coastal Engineering Manual.

Possible Combinations of Reclamation Backfill Elevation and Embankment Seawall Height

To satisfy CEM code requirements specifying damage condition for a protective coastal structure such as an
embankment seawall, combinations of minimum seawall height and RBE (reclamation backfill elevation, or
height of fill above MSL) were computed to meet the maximum wave overtopping discharge for the damage
condition (Table 2.2-29). For example, in order not to damage the embankment seawall assuming no
additional protection of the crest, the required minimum height for Island C is +1.70 m for a RBE of +4.0 m.

Effects on Tidal Currents

In the post-development scenario, various changes in the maximum tidal-induced currents were noted,
including an extreme increase of current speed at the gaps of Island A within Bacoor Bay. A moderate increase
of current speed between the Islands B-E, and a significant increase of current speed on the leeside of Island
E within the waterway. All these changes can be attributed to the constriction of flow in these areas.

Effects on Tidal Circulation

Monitoring of time histories of tidal currents indicate that the tidal currents modified by the post-development
scenario will still allow significant circulation of seawaters within both partially enclosed waterways and
channelized waterways between the reclaimed islands. The circulation currents have a wide range of
amplitudes of 0.05 to 0.6 mps, as well as oscillating directions signifying dispersion of outward currents.
Channelized waterways created between the reclaimed islands B to E experience reversal of flows, indicating
bi-directional transport of seawaters that would be otherwise be confined in these channels.

Effects on Longshore Sediment Transport

In the pre-development condition, the net transport rates at the coast are generally positive, ranging from 3 to
19 tcm/yr for northern stations, -2 to 5 tcm/yr for the middle stations and higher values of 2 to 50 tcm/yr for
western stations. This indicates that the sediment transport is generally directed to the right. The gross
transport rates follow the same trend, with low rates for the middle stations and higher values for western
stations. For the post development condition, a reversal of net transport direction to some of the northern
stations are observed, where net transport rates are from -5 to 10 tcm/yr. For the middle stations, the modified
condition resulted to an even net and gross transport rates, both now ranging from -1 to 4 tcm/yr. The transport
rates at stations fronted by the Cavite reclamation sites, namely Sta. 43 to Sta. 49, have decreased greatly,
now only ranging from -1 to 2 tcm/yr, and for the rest of the western stations, net transport rates increased,
now ranging from 17 to 56 tcm/yr.

Longshore Sediment Transport is influenced among others by currents and tides which in turn may be
influenced by climate change especially sea level rise. However, the foregoing discussions demonstrate the
minimal effect of climate change and sea level rise.

Effects on Tsunami

The site lies in a water body that is susceptible to tsunami events. There have been nearby tsunamigenic
events in the coastline in the vicinity of the project. These events triggered runup observations in nearby
coastlines, with recorded tsunami runup values, mostly from the 1994 tsunami event, that went as high as
6.14 m. These tsunami heights shall be considered in the design of the crest height of the coastal structure.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-115

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.2.2 Changes in Bathymetry

USLE/Similar Modelling When Applicable

The bathymetric information above are considered sufficient and complete for the purpose of modeling. The
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is deemed not applicable as the USLE relates to estimation of soil cover
loss due to surface runoff action from upstream of a catchment area. Since the project is an island
development and the project site is in the water, this approach is not applicable.

The project will have impact on the bathymetry only insofar as local plan form is concerned, since the
reclamation project precisely involves the creation of a new island within the approved project site boundaries.
Overall, however the changes in the bathymetry of the entirety of the Manila Bay is deemed insignificant
considering that the project is going to occupy a mere fraction of the Bay it its adjacent areas.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-116

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Water Quality
2.2.3.1 Degradation of Groundwater Quality

Baseline Condition

Based on the Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan (Cavite PPDO, 2012), the
groundwater resources in the future will no longer be adequate to meet the long-term water requirements of
the province. Groundwater availability has reached a critical point. Groundwater mining, rapid growth in
population, increased economic activity, decreasing groundwater levels resulting in salt-water intrusion in
coastal areas, pollution in rivers, and competition over water rights, which could adversely affect the
environment, already appears to be occurring in some cities/municipalities in Cavite Province.

Near the coast, particularly in Cavite City, all deepwells have been abandoned due to the decline of water level
below mean sea level that resulted to saline water intrusion. Overdevelopment of groundwater resources
through wells in areas near the coastline will ultimately result to inland movement of seawater once the cone
of depression created by pumping reaches the sea. Potable water is not reported in the nearshore areas due
to the presence of alluvial deposits, which may be brackish and saline and are not safe for drinking and other
domestic use.

Saltwater intrusion in Manila Bay is caused mainly by groundwater withdrawal. Saline water has moved
considerably inland especially along the coasts of Cavite and is associated with the proliferation of wells that
are used to extract groundwater. In the future, saltwater intrusion is likely to mover further inland if current rate
of groundwater withdrawal continues and if sea level rise increases due to projected warming of temperature.

Potential Impact of Project

The proposed project will not affect the quality of groundwater in the area because the activities during the
Construction Phase only involves the reclamation phase, which will not require groundwater extraction.

No groundwater extraction shall be done for the proposed project during construction and operation phase.
During the construction phase, water supply shall be in the form of bottled water that will be purchased and
brought to the vessels and/or the project site. Furthermore, effluent discharges will be treated onboard through
the use of the bilge system.

During operations phase, the proposed development will be provided with adequate water supply system,
which will be connected to the existing water supply network of Maynilad, specifically to the existing 900 mm
diameter water pipeline running along the Manila Cavite Coastal Road.

With regards to the disposal of unwanted dredged materials offshore, the specific site for disposal area is not
yet identified. Ideally, these materials will be disposed offshore outside of the reclamation site, which based
on actual experience by a previous dredging contractor could be at a site in Manila Bay with depths of at least
20 meters. The designation of this disposal site is to be determined by the PCG, subject to permitting from the
PCG and the DENR through the Manila Bay Coordinating Office (MBCO). The offshore areas of Manila Bay
with minimum depth of 20m are not known to be utilized for groundwater resource extraction. Hence, there is
nil chance to cause groundwater quality degradation.

Groundwater Quality Secondary Baseline Data

Although there will be no groundwater abstraction to be done for the project, secondary data on water quality
is herein presented to characterize the baseline conditions. These were taken from the published EIS –
Preparatory Survey for Cavite Industrial Area Flood Management Project prepared by KRC Environmental
Services Inc. for the DPWH, in partnership JICA-CTI Engineering International Co. Ltd. (undated) The samples

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

were collected on February 17, 2016 from hand-pumped shallow wells in the municipalities of Noveleta and
Rosario.

Table 2.2-36. Groundwater Quality Test Results (DPWH Data)

Sampling Station
GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 PNSDW
Parameter, unit Love Memorial Marcella St. 409 Tramo Limits
Poblacion, Sta. Rosa II,
Park Salcedo II, Brgy. Ligtong III, Road Bagbag
Noveleta Noveleta
Noveleta Rosario 1, Rosario
pH 7.2 7.8 7.6 7.2 7.4 6.5 - 8.8
Temperature, 0C 29 28.8 28.6 27.8 28
Conductivity, ùS/cm 996 610 624 1,720 1,070 250
BOD, mg/L 1 2 2 3 4
250 (as
Salinity, mg/L 734 359 441 473 441
Chloride)
Total Coliform,
<1.1 <1.1 <1.1 16 <1.1 <1.1
MPN/100mL
Source: DPWH, Cavite Flood Mitigation for Lowland Areas EIS Report, 2017

Based on PNSDW limits, it can be seen from the results that only the total coliform of GW4 has exceeded. Most
coliform bacteria are generally harmless but may also pose health risks if there is presence of fecal coliform.
There are no limits for the other parameters analyzed. For salinity, if this is compared to Chloride standard, all
samples are beyond the standard of 250 mg/L. The high salinity values probably indicate saltwater intrusion
in the sampled areas.

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Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE ISLAND A

ISLAND C

ISLAND D

ISLAND E
GW1
GW2 GW4

GW3
GW5

Source: DPWH, Cavite Flood Mitigation for Lowland Areas EIS Report, 2017

Figure 2.2-89. Groundwater Sample Location Map

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.3.2 Degradation of Surface Water Quality

There are no rivers/creeks in Cavite City or near the proposed project. This project will not significantly affect
the quality of the surface waters which are herein identified as the rivers shown in Figure 2.2-2 for the following
reasons:

The proposed project will not significantly affect the quality of the surface waters for the following reasons:

The potential sources of water pollutants will be the dredging and loading reclamation activities. The impacts
and causes of water quality degradation during construction period are the following:
• Dredging and loading operation for unsuitable materials and for fill materials that may cause silt
dispersal (increase in background levels of TSS);
• Disposal of unsuitable dredged materials;
• Discharges of bilge water;
• Indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes and domestic wastewater; and
• Accidental Oil Spills.

To mitigate these potential problems, the following shall be strictly implemented:

• Installation of silt curtain, rock bund and/or cofferdam in areas of dredging, loading and dispersal
operation;
• Proper disposal of unwanted dredged materials in areas designated and approved by the PCG and
DENR, and with proper permits;
• Proper disposal of solid wastes in designated landfills and release of treated domestic
wastewater/bilge water only in approved areas; and
• Oil spill management (discussed under Chapter 4 – ERA).

Most importantly, the project proponent shall rigidly conform to the Supreme Court Mandamus on Manila Bay
in all its proposed operations within the area.

In any case, the proposed project will not significantly affect the quality of these freshwater bodies for the
following reasons:

The primary generators of wastewaters are from the sea-going vessels. The vessels are mobile and
continuously navigate between the project site and the SNS.
• These generators shall not navigate close to the rivers;
• The wastewater are relatively small inflows; the population of the vessels which could generate
domestic waste water is small i.e. approximately 50 to 75 vessel personnel;
• The period for generation of wastewaters is short-lived; e.g., the vessel will operate only for 15
hours/day; and
• There are essentially no toxic and hazardous effluents.

Since there are no freshwater bodies in the vicinity, no water sampling was conducted.

2.2.3.3 Degradation of Coastal / Marine Water Quality

Following factors are considered in the assessment of marine water quality degradation and are similar to
those relating to degradation of surface waters.
• The sources of waste water are not point sources but mobile sea vessels
• The waste waters are relatively small inflows; the population of the vessels which could generate
domestic waste water is small estimated at fifty (50) vessel personnel

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The period for generation of waste waters is short lived; e.g the TSHD will operate only for 15 hours/day and
300 days/year at a total operating time of 54600 hours (2 275 days) or maximum of approximately 6 years.

The major contributors to potential marine water quality degradation are:

• Fugitive silt (Suspended Solids) generated during the dredging activities at the project site.
• Oil and Grease from accidental oil spills from the vessels
• Domestic waste water from the vessel crews.

Water Quality Parameters and Test Results

The data indicate that seawater in the vicinity of the project site are mostly within the limits for Class SB waters.
However, the total and fecal coliform contents are both high for C-C1 station. The Dissolved Oxygen were
both undetected, thus, failing with respect to minimum standard of 6 mg/L. Moreover, the ammonia, sulfate
and boron levels of both samples exceed the DENR standards. The metal contents are below detection limits,
Table 2.2-37.

Additional Baseline Data Gathering, June 24, 2020

The sampling stations are inside the proposed island itself, hence, such sites will be covered by fill/dredged
materials. Marine water sampling was conducted June 24, 2020 which was set along the perimeter, outside
of the proposed island, with stations on each side/direction (N, S, E, W) as presented in Table 2.2-37a and
Table 2-37b below. These stations (denominated as MP-C1 to MP-C4) are shown in the revised Figure 2.2-
90 below.
Table 2.2-37. Seawater Quality Test Results
Test Results
Class SB
Parameter Test Methods Unit Physico-Chemical Characterization of
Standard
the Surface Water at/near Site
Date of Sampling: 17 February 2019 C-C1 C-C2
Multiple Tube
Total Coliforms 100 MPN/100mL 240 <1.8
Fermentation Technique
Multiple Tube
Fecal Coliforms 100 MPN/100mL 240 <1.8
Fermentation Technique
Dissolved Oxygen Winkler. Titrimetric 6.0 (min) mg/L <2.0 <2.0
Chemical Oxygen Open Reflux Method NA mg/L 205 185
Demand (SM5220B)
Total Suspended 50 mg/L
Gravimetry (SM2540 D) 29 26
Solids
Gravimetry (n-Hexane 2 mg/L
Oil & Grease 0.67 0.44
Extraction)
Arsenic SDDC, Spectrophotometry 0.01 mg/L <0.008 <0.008
Mercury Manual Cold Vapor AAS 0.001 mg/L <0.0002 <0.0002
Flame AAS-MIBK 0.003 mg/L
Cadmium <0.001 <0.001
Extraction
Flame AAS-MIBK 0.01 mg/L
Lead <0.005 <0.005
Extraction
Hexavalent Chromium DCM (SM3500-Cr B) 0.05 mg/L <0.002 <0.002
Selenium ICP – OES 0.01 mg/L <0.01 <0.01
Phenate Method (SM
Ammonia 0.05 mg/L 0.5 0.2
4500-NH3 F)
Sulfate Turbidimetric Method 250 mg/L 1,950 1,900
Boron Carmine Method 0.5 mg/L 4.0 3.7
SPADNS Method
Fluoride 1.5 mg/L 1.1 1.1
(SM4500-F D)
Date Sampled: February 17, 2019
Analyzed by: CRL Environmental Corporation
Red highlight indicates the sample is beyond DENR standards

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-37a Island C Marine Sampling Stations Coordinates

Point Latitude Longitude
Island C
Monitoring stations
MP-C1 14°27'34.80"N 120°51'47.93"E
MP-C2 14°26'36.76"N 120°51'56.19"E
MP-C3 14°27'7.71"N 120°51'24.91"E
MP-C4 14°27'5.90"N 120°52'26.64"E
Marine Sampling stations
C-C1 14°27'17.79"N 120°51'34.57"E
C-C2 14°27'4.10"N 120°52'5.33"E

Table 2.2-37b Island C Marine Quality Test Results, June 24, 2020
Test Results
Class SB
Parameter Test Methods Unit North South West East
Standard
(MPC1) (MPC2) (MPC3) (MPC4)
Multiple Tube Fermentation 7.8 7.8 46 33
Total Coliform NA MPN/100mL
Technique
Multiple Tube Fermentation 7.8 <1.8 13 23
Fecal Coliform 100 MPN/100mL
Technique
Gravimetry (n-Hexane <1 14 4 <1
Oil & Grease 2 mg/L
Extraction)
Arsenic SDDC, Spectrophotometry 0.01 mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Mercury Manual Cold Vapor AAS 0.001 mg/L <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
Chemical Oxygen Open Reflux Method 16 22 52 43
NA mg/L
Demand (SM5220B)
Total Suspended 15 12 17 18
Gravimetry (SM2540 D) 50 mg/L
Solids
Selenium ICP – OES 0.01 mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Phenate Method (SM 4500- 0.007 0.016 0.007 0.007
Ammonia 0.05 mg/L
NH3 F)
Sulfate Turbidimetric Method 250 mg/L 1,195 1,195 582 814
SPADNS Method (SM4500- 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Fluoride 1.5 mg/L
F D)
pH Electrometric 7.0-8.5 - 5.88 6.25 6.76 6.53
Temperature Laboratory Method 26-30 0C 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Color Visual Comparison 50 mg/L 5@pH 5.88 5@pH6.25 5@pH6.76 5@pH6.53
Chloride Argentometric n/a mg/L 18,985 18,288 19,274 18,699
Phosphates Stannous Chloride 0.50 mg/L 0.067 0.028 0.065 0.057
Nitrates Brucine-Sulfanilic 10 mg/L <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
Surfactants Methylene Blue 0.30 mg/L 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Phenols Chloroform Extraction 0.001 mg/L <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
Benzene Gas Chromatography/FID 0.01 mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Barium Flame AAS 0.70 mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Cadmium Flame AAS-MIBK Extraction 0.003 mg/L <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
Copper Flame AAS 0.02 mg/L 0.717 0.717 0.769 0.738
Nickel Flame AAS 0.04 mg/L <0.03 <0.01 <0.03 <0.03
Manganese Flame AAS 0.40 mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc Flame AAS 0.50 mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Date Sampled: June 24, 2020,
Analyzed by: Elarsi, Inc.;
Red highlight indicates the sample is beyond DENR standards

Discussion of the Results

Based on the results, all stations failed the parameters of Total Coliform, Sulfate and Copper while South
(MPC2) and West (MPC3) has exceeded the limit for in oil and grease. The rest of the parameters are within
the allowable limits.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-90. Map of the Marine Water Quality Sampling Station

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Impacts Analysis. Discussion on Possible Increase in the Degree of Pollution Loadings Due to the
Proposed Project.

It is imperative to note that the assessment of the degree of pollution loadings be reckoned from the
perspective of the Scope of the Project, which is confined to the formation of land and that the activities post
the reclaimed land are aspects of the “Operations Phase “. “Reclamation” covers only the formation of the land
to horizontal development and does not include the “Operations Phase”, the latter involving vertical
developments and the works/activities of the various locators in the reclaimed land. Moreover, the receptors
of pollution load during the reclamation works are the marine species. Thus, increases in pollution should be
confined to this phase of the work only. There will be no wastewater discharges during this phase.

The main concern during this phase is silt loadings arising from disturbance of the seabed during dredging
and filling at the project site.

The mitigating measures for silt loadings are adequately discussed in the other sections of the EIS and are
essentially:

• The use of silt curtains and containment walls;

• Unwanted sea bed materials will be likely disposed also in portions of Manila Bay likely outside
the project site and will be subject to separate clearances and permitting processes; and
• Dissolved Oxygen, COD, coliform, Oil and Grease and metallic discharges are more relevant
during the operations phase (Phase 2).

Impact Analysis, Mitigating Measures and Monitoring

The short-term dredging and reclamation activities will be primarily confined to the ships. The potential sources
of water quality degradation are: discharges of bilge water; accidental oil spills; and silt dispersal.

Mitigation consists of: observance by the vessel operator/management of the MARPOL Convention relating
to Pollution Control; onboard treatment of bilge water; maintenance of ship facilities especially of fuel-using
equipment to avoid accidental oil spills; and use of onboard oil spill containment and recovery systems.
Compliance; observance of the Philippine Coast Guard safeguards and of the Manila Bay Oil Contingency
Plan; and use of silt curtains and of containment structures.

Monitoring will be undertaken at sites wherein the vessels operate including along the navigational lane to the
San Nicholas Shoal. Moreover, suspended solids, oil and grease content of discharges are the important
monitoring parameters.

Freshwater Ecology

The freshwater bodies are distant from the project site and will not be impacted by the reclamation works.
Cañas River is about 4.3 km from the proposed project, while Maalimango River is 2.08km away. The small
Ligtong estuary, on the other hand, is 1.41km distant.

Marine Ecology
2.2.5.1 Survey Area and Objectives

The proposed Cavite Reclamation and Development Project: Islands A, C, D and E – are spread out in the
municipalities of Rosario, Noveleta, Cavite City and Kawit (please see Figure 2.2-92):

All the proposed reclamation islands are located in nearshore coastal waters of outer Manila Bay. Island C
straddles the northern portion of the 3km coastline of Noveleta, with its inner boundary located about 500
meters from the shoreline, in shallow waters ranging from 1.25 to 4 fathoms in a gradually tapering shelf

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

extending about 1km form the shoreline (Figure 2.2-91). The coastal water in Island C is not a favored fishing
ground for the popular Cavite “law-law” (Sardinella brachysoma) which is celebrated in Noveleta during its
annual “Daing” festival. However, small-scale fishers employing simple handlines, bottom and surface gill
nets, and cast nets operate in the proposed reclamation area, albeit, in increasingly diminishing number due
to low catch rates. The coast of Island C in Noveleta is where several resorts are located (Plate 2.2-3).

A comprehensive in-situ marine ecology baseline assessment in Island C Reclamation Project was conducted
as part of the overall Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study associated with the establishment of the
project on various dates in November 2018 and recently during updating of spot dives, fisheries and plankton
community sampling in February 2019. Spot dive investigations using scuba gear aimed to reinforce findings
from manta tows and free ‘tuck dives’ to validate the absence of coral life forms in as much as the coastal
waters are turbid and visibility from sub-surface manta tows were poor. The survey was conducted in the
broader impact area of the proposed reclamation project, focusing on identifying and describing benthic
habitats and resources in the direct impact area of the proposed reclamation, if such resources occur, in order
to identify and define the distribution and condition of specific ecological niches and ecosystem functions that
can be susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances arising from the project. The baseline data set aims to
provide a comparable index from where future monitoring data can be comparatively analyzed in order to
distinguish impacts of the project, if any, and the effectiveness of mitigating measures. Documentation of
actual fishing operations was undertaken in previous survey in 2018. No fishing operations were encountered
in the site during the recent survey in the site.

Prior to the survey, key informants, as well as review of habitat maps, indicate the absence of significant
benthic habitats such as coral reefs and seagrass beds in the proposed reclamation site. The surveys aimed
to validate this through various benthic assessment methods. Coastal waters in the area are turbid at the time
of the survey, with perennial deposition of silted waters from the Ilang-ilang River in Noveleta, sewage outfalls
and domestic wastewater, as well as solid wastes from the communities in the coastline. A network of
fishponds in Noveleta also disposes pond water into canals that drain into coastal waters.

Plate 2.2-3. L-R: The coastline in Reclamation Island C with some resorts; survey team with
sediment samples from spot dive with scuba.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: 2017 Google Earth Map

Figure 2.2-91. Map of Marine Survey Areas for the Cavite Reclamation Projects

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

ISLAND C
PROJECT SITE

Source: NAMRIA 1:50:000, July 2001 (3129-I)

Figure 2.2-92. Coastline and General Coastal Habitat Types in the vicinity of Island C, Manila Bay in Cavite City and Noveleta

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.5.2 Survey Methods and Survey Stations

Standard scientific survey methods prescribed in the marine survey manual formulated by English, et. al.
(1997) was employed in investigating various ecological attributes of the coastal environment. The scope of
the assessment includes the following:

Validation of presence or absence of benthic life forms - corals and coral-associated fauna and define
the nature of the benthic environment.

Two methods were employed to characterize benthic habitats, characterize the nature of the seabed and
substrate, and validate the presence or absence of coral life forms and associated benthic habitats.

Broad area manta tows

A total of twenty (20) manta tow aided by torch and tuck dives in turbid water were undertaken in Island C in
order to validate the absence of corals as key informants claim. Manta tow surveys enable the observation of
the benthic environment and substrate composition through systematic snorkeling over a broad swath of
coastal area by an observer being towed slowly.

Benthic observations on the seabed during the manta tow observations also aimed to locate seagrass beds
and macro algal colonies if they occur in the area, as well as document diversity of demersal fish aggregations
if such resources are encountered. In cases where water is turbid as in the case of Manila Bay, periodic ‘tuck’
dives were undertaken along the tow pathways to validate the nature of the bottom substrate. Overall, the
manta tow survey covered a total a linear distance of 4.9 km inside and outside of the proposed reclamation
area. The manta tow observation pathways are displayed in Figure 2.2-93 while the coordinates of the
stations surveyed is shown in Table 2.2-37 (under discussion of survey results).

Seabed and Substrate Spot Dives

In as much as coastal waters in study area turbid, the survey team undertook periodic validation dives aided
with underwater torch in order to confirm that no other benthic fauna occur in the vicinity of the muddy
substrates observed in the manta tow pathways. A total of four (4) spot dives were completed (Figure 2.2-
94). In addition systematic snorkeling was undertaken in spot dive areas where water depth is shallow to
further check whether the seabed hosts other habitat attributes or structures that may be suitable for settlement
of corals or growth of marine animals and crustaceans of economic and ecological importance. The spot dives
involved the inspection of the benthic condition over a 10-meter diameter radius around the spot dive points
(Figure 2.2-93). The coordinates of the stations are listed in Table 2.2-38.

Table 2.2-38. Coordinates of spot dive (SPD) stations in the proposed Island C; February 2019.
WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE Remarks
Outside of proposed reclamation area about 500 m from the
SPD-C1 N 14.456025° E 120.857844°
western boundary of the reclamation area
SPD-C2 N 14.433490° E 120.859570° Inside reclamation area – central portion
Inside the reclamation area in its eastern corner
SPD-C3 N 14.464972° E 120.900028°
tern corner
Outside reclamation area in the open space of coastal water
SPD-C4 N 14.415136° E 120.839546°
facing the shoreline

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-93. Manta tow/tuck dive pathways in Island C; November 2018 and February 2019.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-94. Location of spot dives for bottom sediment and validation of the nature of the seabed in Island C; November 2018 and February 2019.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Fisheries and Fishing Practices

In the absence of significant benthic habitats, pelagic fish species are the principal target of fishing boats in the Rosario-
Noveleta area. Dominant fishing gears include encircling gill net and ring nets, designed specifically to capture the
deep-bodied herring Sardinella brachysoma (“law-law/tamban/tuloy’; Plate 2.2.4). However, in the vicinity of Island C
and B, large motorized push nets – an illegal fishing gear – are also operated in nearshore waters to catch shrimp and
acetes (alamang). Fisheries practices and productivity in the vicinity of Rosario and Noveleta were investigated through
documentation of actual fishing operations and interview of fishers landing their catch in the Rosario Fish Port. A total
of eight (8) actual fishing encounters (AFE) were observed and documented during survey across the proposed five
(5) reclamation islands. In the absence of reef-associated fish assemblages, identification of pelagic fish species
present in the area at the time of survey was undertaken through boat-based surveillance and opportunistic
observations of catch rate and catch composition of actual fishing operations of fishing boats encountered at the time
of the surveys, mostly using ring net, hook and line and gill nets. A shellfish gleaner was observed in Island E. Fisheries
profiling was reinforced with Key Informant (KI) interviews with fishers in Bgy. Pandawan, Rosario to determine
dominant fisheries resource practices; catch composition and indicative productivity of fishing gears.

All initial fishing encounters and fish observations are outside Island C. These are shown in Figure 2.2-95.
Nevertheless, there was an additional encounter which is located in the vicinity of Island C, see table below.

Table 2.2-39. Location of Actual Fishing (AFE) operations encountered during the marine Survey in
Island C; February 2019
LOCATION Remarks
2 fishers employing surrounding gill net and handlines interviewed for
Vicinity of Island C coastal waters
catch composition and diversity

Plate 2.2-4. A resort in the shoreline where proposed Island C is located (left); and a fleet of gill net
fishing boats docked in Bgy San Rafael, Noveleta, Cavite.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

Base Map: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.2-95. Location of Actual Fishing Operations Documented Across the Study Area; Nov 2018 and Feb 2019.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Plankton Community

Composition, abundance and density of phytoplankton communities was analyzed from water samples taken
in twenty-four (24) stations spread out across the five ‘islands of the proposed reclamation area. Plankton
samples were collected using a-20 μm plankton net with a mouth diameter of 0.3m. In every station, the
plankton net was lowered at 1m and hauled at a rate of about 0.5m/sec. Duplicate samples of zoo- and
phytoplankton were collected for each station and placed in properly labeled plastic containers. Phytoplankton
samples were preserved with Lugol’s solution, while samples of zooplankton were fixed with 10% formalin
immediately after collection. For phytoplankton samples, a 1ml aliquot subsample was placed in a Sedgewick-
Rafter cell counter and was examined under a Nikon Alphaphot II YS2 microscope. For zooplankton samples,
a 1ml aliquot subsample was placed in a Petri dish with grids and examined under a microscope.
Phytoplankton will be counted and identified to the lowest taxonomic level (genera) possible using standard
taxonomic guide. Zooplankton will be identified to major groups using available references. Analysis of
diversity and abundance was undertaken employing the Shannon-Weaver Diversity/Evenness Indices and
bio-assessment metrics. Identification of harmful algal bloom-causing plankton (HAB) was undertaken in the
UP MSI laboratory. The plankton station coordinates are detailed in Table 2.2-40 and a map of station location
is shown in Figure 2.2-96; also see Plate 2.2-5.

Table 2.2-40. Coordinates of Plankton Sampling Stations inside Island C; November 2018
Station Northing Easting Remarks
Dominant phytoplankton Pseudonitzschia spp. at 3,343 cells/L,
PLK12 N 14.449611° E 120.873972° while dominant zooplankton nauplius (larval form) at 45,700
indiv/m3
Dominant phytoplankton Pseudonitzschia spp. at 12,714
PLK13 N 14.451194° E 120.868694° cells/L, while dominant zooplankton nauplius (larval form) at
34,900 indiv/m3
Dominant phytoplankton Pseudonitzschia spp. at 1,914 cells/L,
PLK14 N 14.452639° E 120.863806° while dominant zooplankton nauplius (larval form) at 45,600
indiv/m3
Dominant phytoplankton Pseudonitzschia spp. at 3,029 cells/L,
PLK15 N 14.454167° E 120.858639° while dominant zooplankton cyclopoid copepod (adult form) at
87,900 indiv/m3

Plate 2.2-5. Plankton sampling and benthos sorting being undertaken during the marine
ecology baseline assessment in the proposed Cavite Reclamation Project; February 2019

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Cavite Provincial Government

Base Map: 2018 Google Earth Map

Figure 2.2-96. Location of Plankton Community Sampling Stations in the proposed Cavite Reclamation Project; November 2018.

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Macro-invertebrates of Commercial Significance

Benthic and in-faunal invertebrates are usually found in inter-tidal flats, seagrass and coral substrates but
these habitats do not exist in the proposed Cavite Reclamation Project in as much as most of the coastlines
in the site have been converted to settlement areas and breakwater structures. The survey team conducted
macro-invertebrate community assessment in three stations where rocky revetments along the coastline were
encountered. Coordinates are listed in Table 2.2-41 and shown in Figure 2.2-97.

MAC3 is the nearest survey station to Island C.

Table 2.2-41. Coordinates of Macro-invertebrate Survey Stations in the Proposed Cavite

Reclamation Project; November 2018.
WP
LATITUDE LONGITUDE Remarks
Code
Located in sandy-rocky coastline near Wawa river estuary
MAC1 N 14.417550° E 120.845870°
approximately 800 meters from proposed island ‘E’
Located in rocky revetments of old jetty structure in Rosario
MAC2 N 14.423060° E 120.851100°
near proposed reclamation island ‘E’
Locate in rocky fortifications near households in Noveleta
MAC3 N 14.457060° E 120.878553°
coastline near island ‘C’

ISLAND
C

Figure 2.2-97. Location of Macro-invertebrate Stations in the Proposed Cavite Reclamation

Project; November 2018.

Seagrasses and Associated Macrobenthic Algae

Manta tows and spot dives revealed absence of seagrass meadows in the sandy and muddy shelves of the
proposed reclamation islands in Cavite. Algae communities were, however, observed in submerged rocks in
the breakwater structures in Rosario and Noveleta but these were too sparse and uneven.

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Mangroves

No patches of mangrove trees occur in the coastline of Noveleta where reclamation island C is located.

Bathymetry

Depth of seabed in various points inside the proposed reclamation areas were measured using a HONDEX
Handheld Depth Sounder Ps-7 A423 067. A total of 304 depth measurements were undertaken with a
minimum distance of 200 meters between point readings. However, the presence of dense mussel farms and
fish pens in the Kawit reclamation site cause irregular bathymetry readings, avoiding structures along the
survey grid. The distribution of bathymetry stations per ‘island’ is shown in Table 2.2-42.

Table 2.2-42. Distribution of Bathymetry Stations per Reclamation Island in the Proposed
Cavite Reclamation Project; October 2018.
Number of bathymetry
Reclamation Island Designation Location
points
Island A Cavite City 42
Island C Noveleta 55
Island D Noveleta and Rosario 58
Island E Rosario 72
Total bathymetry points 304

Sediment Collection

To reinforce findings on the nature of the seabed and the absence of fragile benthic habitats in the proposed
reclamation area, sediments were collected from twenty (20) stations spread across the five ‘islands’, 4 of
which are in Island C. The station coordinates for Island C are shown in Table 2.2-43 and results are displayed
in Figure 2.2-98.

Table 2.2-43. Sediment Sampling Stations in Island C.

WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE Remarks
Same coordinates as PLK12; dark gray silt/mud collected and sent
SED09 N 14.449611° E 120.873972°
to laboratory for analysis
Same coordinates as PLK13; dark gray silt/mud collected and sent
SED10 N 14.451194° E 120.868694°
to laboratory for analysis
Same coordinates as PLK14; dark gray silt/mud collected and sent
SED11 N 14.452639° E 120.863806°
to laboratory for analysis
Same coordinates as PLK15; dark gray silt/mud collected and sent
SED12 N 14.454167° E 120.858639°
to laboratory for analysis

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Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 2.2-98. Location of Sediment Sampling Stations; November 2018.

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Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.5.3 Results and Discussion

Benthic Profiling and Substrate Characterization

Results of twenty manta tows with tuck dives and four (4) spot dives with scuba confirmed that the seabed in
the proposed reclamation island C is comprised largely of sandy substrate, mixed with mud, pebbles and grits
of shellfish carapace in the shallower portions (Plate 4). There were no corals, seagrass and algae beds, fish
populations, submerged structures, and other benthic life forms such as anemones, gorgonians and sponges
that can occur in the sandy seabed in the proposed reclamation sites. Elsewhere in the project site, extensive
systematic snorkeling around validation stations along the manta tow pathways in shallower sea further
confirmed the coarse sandy nature of the seabed. Visibility underwater is poor due to the re-suspension of
silt in the water column. Results of the tows are listed in the table below and summarized in Table 2.2-44 and
displayed in Figure 2.2-100. Also see Plate 2.2-6.

Plate 2.2-6. Sand, mud and shellfish carapace comprise the seabed inside the proposed
reclamation island C in Noveleta, Cavite. Sediments collected in nearshore areas were particularly
composed of mud and silt.

Table 2.2-44. Results of 20 Manta Tow Benthic Life Form and Substrate Investigations in Island
C; November 2018.
Tow Location
LHC SC DC DCA CR S Remarks
Coverage [DecDeg]
N 14.443300°
S00c - - - - - - Start of Tow
E 120.867602°
N 14.444174° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
S00c-T01 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.865433° with shellfish grits

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Cavite Provincial Government

Tow Location
LHC SC DC DCA CR S Remarks
Coverage [DecDeg]
N 14.445407° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T01-T02 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.863162° with shellfish grits – tuck dives and KI
N 14.446640° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T02-T03 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.861168° with shellfish grits
N 14.448570° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T03-T04 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.859616° with shellfish grits – tuck dives and KI
N 14.450822° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T04-T05 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.858618° with shellfish grits
N 14.453451° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T05-T06 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.858229° with shellfish grits
N 14.454792° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T06-T07 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.859891° with shellfish grits
N 14.455007° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T07-T08 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.862163° with shellfish grits
N 14.453452° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T08-T09 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.864379° with shellfish grits
N 14.451253° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T09-T10 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.865266° with shellfish grits
N 14.448947° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T10-T11 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.865709° with shellfish grits
N 14.447232° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T11-T12 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.867426° with shellfish grits
N 14.446428° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T12-T13 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.870250° with shellfish grits – tuck dives and KI
N 14.447715° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T13-T14 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.872521° with shellfish grits
N 14.450182° Turbid water; Substrate is sand and mud
T14-T15 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.872576° with shellfish grits
N 14.452488° Substrate is sand and mud with shellfish
T15-T16 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.871966° grits
N 14.454525° Substrate is sand and mud with shellfish
T16-T17 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.870637° grits – tuck dives and KI
N 14.456187° Substrate is sand and mud with shellfish
T17-T18 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.868975° grits
N 14.457796° Substrate is sand and mud with shellfish
T18-T19 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.866981° grits – tuck dives and KI
N 14.459191° Substrate is sand and mud with shellfish
T19-T20 0 0 0 0 0 100
E 120.864876° grits
Average Reef and Substrate
0 0 0 0 0 100
Composition
Site name: Western coastal waters across Noveleta, Cavite Survey Team:

Time / Date: 0947H-1210H / 24 October 2017 1. Benjamin Francisco

2. Michael Chester Francisco
Tow Speed: 4.0 km/h (ave)
3. Jose Rene Villegas
Visibility: Varying from 30cm to 100cm due to mixing of seawater and sand/silt
Weather: Fair
Wave: Ripples at 10cm crests
Current: None
Rising @ 0.15m to 0.37m; as ref from Cavite –Manila Bay Tidal Station
Tide:
(WXTIDE32)
Water Temp: Varying from approx. ± 30°C
Wind: Beaufort Scale #2
Cloud Type: Cumulus and Cirrus Clouds
Tow area coverage are expressed in Decimal Degrees notation in reference to WGS84 Map Datum

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
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Note the 100% sandy substrate in Island C.

Figure 2.2-99. Chart of Benthic Observations from 20 Manta Tow Pathways Across Island C;
November 2018.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

ISLAND C

Figure 2.2-100. Results of Benthic/Substrate Surveys from 20 Manta Tow Pathways across Island C; November 2018 and Feb 2019

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Fisheries and Fishing Practices

The total number of registered fishers and fishing boats in Rosario, Noveleta and Kawit are listed in the table
below:

Table 2.2-45. Number of Fishers and Fishing Boats in Rosario, Noveleta and Kawit*.
Coastal Total number of Number of fishing Annual production
Municipality
Population municipal fishers boats (MT)
Rosario 52,537 300 410 No data available
Noveleta 9,292 540 156 2998
Kawit No data 1040** 350 No data available
Cavite City No data available
**including mussel and oyster farmers and workers, vendors, processors and traders;
*Source of data: Municipal Fisheries Profiles; 2018

In the municipal fisheries sector, capture fisheries is the dominant practice in Rosario and Noveleta, while mussel,
oyster farming and milkfish culture in pens are the traditional industry in Kawit, principally in Bacoor Bay. Mussels
are also being harvested in Rosario and Noveleta although the bivalves are not being farmed in these areas.

Fishery Resources

In the absence of coral reefs, fish visual census for recording of species richness of demersal, reef-associated fish
communities cannot be undertaken. No significant aggregations of demersal fish species were encountered in the
manta tows, spot dives and systematic snorkeling around the proposed reclamation site. The absence of
ecologically significant benthic habitats and ecological functions that can support a viable level of demersal fish
population and the prevalence of fishing gears that target pelagic species is a manifestation of the lack of demersal
fish stocks.

The dominant pelagic species is sardines, principally the deep bodied herring Sardinella brachysoma, locally called
“Law-law”, other sardines species and seasonal occurrences of Anchovy (Stolephorus spp). Other target species,
albeit with much lower abundance compared to sardines include the common whiting (Asohos, Sillago sihama),
mullet (Mugil sp), and the gizzard shad (Kabasi, Anodontostoma chacunda). The latter species – Kabansi – is
particularly abundant in Bacoor Bay during its peak season from October to February. Mackerel scads (i.e.
alumahan), swimming crabs and the lucrative diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus) also constitute a
minor portion of target species. The list of common species caught in the vicinity of the proposed reclamation
areas is presented in Table 2.2-46 and Plate 2.2-7.

Table 2.2-46. List of Fish Species Caught in Fishing Grounds of Rosario, Noveleta, Cavite City,
Cavite; near the proposed Cavite reclamation.
English Name Local Name Scientific Name
Deep bodied herring Law-law Sardinella brachysoma
Anchovy Dilis Stolephorus sp
Nile Tilapia Tilapia Oreochromis nilotica
Flathead mullet Banak Mugil cephalos
Long-arm mullet Aligasin Valamugil cunnessius
Gizzard shad Kabansi Clupanodon thrissa
Spotted mojarras Latab Gerres filamentosus
Caranx Samin-samin Ulua mentalis
Common whiting Asohos Sillagos ihama
Spadefish Kitang Scatophagus argus

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Cavite Provincial Government

English Name Local Name Scientific Name

Goat fish Saramolyete Upeneus species
Rabbitfish Samaral/budas Siganus punctatus
Rabbitfish Danggit Siganus species
Indian mackerel Alumahan Rastrelliger kanagurta
Mackerel scad Galunggong Decapterus macarellus
Diamondback squid Pusit Thysanoteuthis rhombus
Suahe Pasayan Metapenaeus ensis

Plate 2.2-7. Dominant target species in coastal waters around the proposed Cavite Reclamation
Project, top row left to right: common whiting (asohos), ponyfish (sap-sap), sardines(Law-law/tamban);
bottom:swimmer crab (alimasag), a fisher with set gill net in Noveleta; tow fishers with encircling gill net.

Fishing Practices- Mussel Farms, Fish Corals and Fish Pens

The surrounding gill net and ring net, both considered active gears, are operated in offshore fishing grounds,
estimated to be 8 to 10 kilometers from the shoreline to catch schools of pelagic species, principally sardines.
Operators of this gear claim that catches of sardines are better in deeper fishing grounds. At the time of the survey,
there were thirty-six (36) fishing boats docked at the Rosario Fish Port, and a sizeable number of smaller law-law
boats in Noveleta, majority of which were for “law-law” fishing. Farther east of the proposed reclamation island C,
motorized push nest are being operated in coastal water under the jurisdiction of Cavite City. The push net is one
of the most damaging fishing gears strictly banned under the Fisheries Code of the Philippines.

In the shallow sandy shelf about 4 km from the shore, large boats with crab pots are operated to catch swimming
crabs (Portunus pelagicus) but the declining catch rate has slowly eroded profitability of the gear and the number
of crab fishers has significantly waned over the last few years (Plate 2.2-7). In nearshore areas, where reclamation
islands are proposed to be located, small scale fishers principally operate surface gill nets, handlines and spear to
catch and flathead mullet (Mugil cephalos) or Banak, tilapia, sardines and spadefish (Kitang).

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Cavite Provincial Government

Catch Rates and CPUE

Information from the fishers in Rosario, fishers interviewed during actual fishing documentation and fishers
unloading their catch in the Rosario Fish Port, indicate that the catch rates for sardines have remained stable in
the last five years, with surges in catch rates after the species’ spawning season from October to December of
each year. (Similar surges in sardine stocks have been reported by the BFAR in provinces where a sardine closed
season have been imposed during the last five years, e.g., Zamboanga peninsula, central Visayas). A typical big
sardine fishing boat (35-footer twin engine) will have seven (7) fishers operating nine (9) to 10 hours a day with
three net settings. The average catch is four (4) to 10 bañeras/day, or a CPUE of between 15 kg to 40 kg of
sardine per fishing hour/boat. Each sardine tub is sold at the Rosario fish port at a common price of PhP
1500/bañera (35 kg).

Compared to fishing yields in the inner Manila Bay, the catch rate of small-scale fishers off the shores of Cavite
are relatively better. According to the BFARMC of Kawit and fishers in the Rosario fish port, the catch rate
averages 3 kg of Tilapia plus 1 kg of assorted species (e.g., asohos and mullet) per 4 hours of fishing operation or
an income of about P 150.00 per day. The CPUE is quite high at 1 kg per hour. Small gill nets catch mainly Tilapia,
spadefish and mullet, as well as occasional catches of Theraponids (Bugaong). The normal catch rate ranges
from 5 to 10 kilos per day of mostly tilapia, still considered worthwhile in spite of the turbid waters. The BFARMC
claims that in ‘good’ fishing days, fishers allegedly net an income of between PhP 300 to PhP 600/day.

With the exception of mature Sardinella species, the rest of the catch composition is comprised of juvenile size
fish.

Results of Actual Fishing Operations

Observation of nine (9) actual fishing operations in various proposed reclamation islands encountered during the
marine ecology survey yielded the following actual fishing data (Table 2.2-46, Figure 2.2-101):

Table 2.2-47. Results of actual fishing encounters documented during marine ecology baseline
assessment in the Cavite Reclamation Project; November 2018.
WP Code Vicinity Fishing Gear Catch rate/catch composition/CPUE
south of Island 1 kg of small flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus); CPUE 1
AFE1 Gill net
‘E’ kg/hr
34 kg of mussel Perna viridis; CPUE 8.5 kg per hour with
AFE2 Island E compressor
use of compressor (considered illegal)
2 kg of assorted fish, mainly asohos (Sillago sihama);
AFE3 Island D cast net
CPUE – 0.5 kg per hour
Near Island E; 5 kg of Tilapia inside the Wawa river; CPUE – 1.25 kg
AFE4 cast net
Wawa river per hour
13 kg of assorted fish including gizzard shad
(Anodontostoma chacunda), asohos (Sillago sihama),
AFE5 Island D gill net
spadefish (Scatophagus argus), tilapia and mullet (Mugil
sp); CPUE 1.6 kg per hour
4 pieces of Tilapia in 4 hours; CPUE – 1 piece of Tilapia
AFE7 Island A gill net
per hour
Island D
surrounding gill 60 kg of Law-law with seven fishers on board; CPUE 6.6
AFE8 1.6 km from
net kg per hour
shoreline
Additional Vicinity of Bottom set gill 2.5 kg of assorted fish, principally sap-sap and
AFE island C net mullet in 4 hours of fishing time

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sapras (Lift Nets)

The sapra or lift net, which is operated with the aid of lights to catch small pelagic species of fish, is a popular gear
in Bacoor Bay and offshore waters of Cavite City but are not being operated in Noveleta, particularly within or
outside proposed reclamation project Island C. However, in Cavite City waters, a total of twelve (12) sapras were
seen by the survey team in 2018. This increased to 29 units in February 2019 survey. The lift nets are positioned
about 4 km from the shore. None of the lift nets were neither ‘inside’ nor immediately outside the proposed
reclamation island C.

Mussel Farms, Fish Corals and Fish Pens

There are no mussel farms, fish pens or fish corals in the vicinity of reclamation island C although mussel spats
settle in rocky breakwaters of Noveleta.

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SITE

Figure 2.2-101. Results of 8 actual fishing operations observed during the survey in the proposed reclamation islands; various dates in Nov 2018 and Feb 2019

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Cavite Provincial Government

2.2.5.4 Mangroves

There are no mangrove stands in the vicinity of reclamation Island C.

2.2.5.5 Plankton Community

Zooplankton

An extensive survey was conducted across the five proposed reclamation islands in the coastal waters of
Cavite from October 16 to 29, 2017 in order to determine the composition, abundance and diversity of plankton
organisms. Sampling stations were plotted perpendicular to the shore crossing each proposed island of the
reclamation. Three stations were sampled in a Naic-Rosario (Wawa) river which is located in the vicinity of the
nearby proposed Island E.

A total of eighteen (18) zooplankton groups (adult and larval forms) were identified in twenty-four (24) stations
sampled (Table 2.2-48). These zooplankton groups identified include copepod (calanoid, cyclopoid and
harpacticoid), bivalve veliger, larvacean, decapod zoea, polychaete, polychaete trocophore, chaetognaths,
gastropod veliger, rotifer, salps, flatworm larvae, cnidarian larvae, echinoderm larvae, fish larvae and
protozoan (Arcella sp). Zooplankton recorded comprised of larval forms constituting 51% and adult forms
accounting for 49% of the total zooplankton abundance (Table 2.2-48). Both larval and adult forms
zooplankton life forms consisted of 9 groups respectively. The large portion of the larval zooplankton were
attributed to the high abundance of copepod nauplii with 39% (Figure 2.2-102). For the adult zooplankton
forms, copepods comprised 44% with cyclopoid being the most abundant copepod group. Other important
groups like bivalve veliger also contributed significant portion of the total zooplankton count with 16%. This is
expected since the site had dense shellfish farming areas particularly for the green mussel (Perna viridis).
Fish larvae were also observed although at low abundance 300 ind/m 3. There was no rare or endemic
zooplankton species found in the area and majority of the groups are common and cosmopolitan in distribution.
Photomicrographs of common zooplankton groups are shown Plate 2.2-8.

Bivalve Other larval

veliger forms
Other adult 6% 4%
forms
7%
Copepod
44%

Nauplius
and
Copepodite
39%

Figure 2.2-102. Percentage Composition of Major Zooplankton Groups across all Sampling
Stations in the proposed Cavite Recamation project; February 2019.

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Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.2-48. Zooplankton Composition and Abundance (ind/m3) in 4 stations in Island C;

February 2019.
TAXA ZP16 ZP17 ZP18 ZP19 Total
Adult forms 36,500 54,100 19,700 130,800 226,400
Arcellidae 0 0 0 0 0
Calanoid 4,500 6,500 5,600 23,200 39,800
Chaetognaths 1,300 1,300 800 4500 7,900
Cyclopoid 7,800 34,700 3,400 87,900 133,800
Harpacticoid 4,500 4,500 5,800 2,200 17,000
Larvacean 6,700 3,700 3,400 4,500 18,300
Polychaete 4,800 3400 700 700 9,600
Rotifer 6,900 0 0 0 6,900
Salps 0 0 0 7,800 7,800
Larval forms 49,700 40,400 52,700 64,300 207,100
Bivalve veliger 2,300 3,400 2,400 2,300 10,400
Cnidarian larvae 0 0 0 1,300 1,300
Decapod zoea 800 800 800 200 2,600
Echinoderm larvae 0 0 0 0 0
Fish larvae 0 0 0 0 0
Flatworm Larvae 0 0 0 600 600
Gastropod veliger 600 1,300 1,300 1,700 4,900
Nauplius 45,700 34,900 45,600 56,800 183,000
Trocophore 300 0 2,600 1400 4,300
Grand Total 86,200 94,500 72,400 195,100 433,500
Mean Abundance 4,789 5,250 4,022 10,839
Richness 12 10 11 14
Evenness (I') 0.68 0.69 0.6 0.58
Diversity (H') 1.68 1.59 1.43 1.53

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Cavite Provincial Government

Plate 2.2-8. Photomicrographs of the dominant and important zooplankton groups (A)
Calanoid copepod (B) Cyclopoid copepod (C) Harpacticoid copepod (D)Copepod Nauplius
(E) Bivalve veliger (F) Fish larvae.

The mean estimate of abundance was 97,608 individuals/m3 across all sampling stations recorded during this
survey. Spatially, station ZP19, the most offshore station near the proposed island B had the highest
zooplankton abundance with 199,100 ind/m3 while the most taxa rich station was ZP11, also located at the
most offshore station near island C with 10 (Table 2.2-47, Figure 2.2-103). The lowest zooplankton
abundance and least number of taxa was observed in the upstream station of the Naic River ZP1 with 9
recorded taxa and a total density of 39,100 ind/m3. It is worth noting that high abundance of bivalve veligers
was observed along the island A stations with maximum density of 34,500 ind/m3 in station ZP23. This is
expected since there a numerous shellfish farms near this area and it is presumed that spawning and
recruitment of mussels occur in the area.

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16 Richness Abundance 250,000

14
200,000
Richness (No of Taxa)

Abundance (ind/m3)
12

10 150,000
8

6 100,000

4
50,000
2

0 0
ZP2
ZP1

ZP3
ZP4
ZP5
ZP6
ZP7
ZP8
ZP9

ZP12

ZP22
ZP10
ZP11

ZP13
ZP14
ZP15
ZP16
ZP17
ZP18
ZP19
ZP20
ZP21

ZP23
ZP24
River Island E Island D Island C Island B Island A

Figure 2.2-103. Zooplankton abundance and taxa richness in 24 stations investigated during the
marine ecology baseline assessment in the proposed Cavite Recamation project; February
2019.

All diversity measurement were low (<3) with the highest values observed in station ZP2 and ZP3 with 2.25
and 2.22, respectively, while the lowest in station ZP9 with 1.02. The computed index of evenness were
generally low ranging from 0.44 to 0.68 except for station ZP2 and ZP3 with vales ranging from 0.89 to 0.94.
The low evenness and diversity values could be attributed to the high abundance of copepod in marine station
as compared to the estuarine stations. In addition, these indices indicate that zooplankton communities in the
area were low with the Wilhm criteria (1975) classifying the diversity index <3.0 as low in community stability.

Phytoplankton

A total of thirty-two (32) phytoplankton species belonging to Bacillariophytes (diatoms) with 15 species,
Dinophytes (dinoflagellates) with fourteen (14) species , Cyanophytes (blue-green algae) with 1 species and
Chlorophytes (green algae) with 2 was recorded in 24 stations sampling sampled in Cavite (Table 2.2-49).
Diatoms totally dominated the phytoplankton community accounting for 97% of the phytoplankton abundance
(Figure 2.2-104). Dinoflagellates only represented for 3% while cyanobacteria and green algae were almost
negligible with 0.13% and 0.06% contribution to the total phytoplankton count respectively. Among the
diatoms, the pennate chain forming diatom, Pseudoniztschia was the most abundant genus accounting for
77% of the total phytoplankton count. A centric chain-forming diatom, Skeletonema also contributed significant
density contributing with 13%. Both diatom genera are commonly found in warm tropical marine environment
and play major role in the overall primary productive of the marine environment in the area. There were two
green algae genera identified observed at very low density i.e Pediastrum and Staurastum which were
primarily observed in upstream station of the river sampled near the project site. The only cyanophyte genus
observed was Trichodesmium with maximum cell density of 1500 cells/L. Dinoflagellates were observed all
stations although all represented genera only contributed less than 1% of the total phytoplankton density.

The potentially harmful phytoplankton species observed were Pseudonitzschia spp and Dinophysis caudata.
Some species of Pseudinitzschia are known to produce domoic acid, a toxin associated with Amnesic Shellfish

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Poisoning (ASP). For this survey however, species identification of this genus was not feasible as it requires
more powerful microscope like Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) but for monitoring purposes, the
genus Pseuodonitzschia is always considered potentially harmful. Dinophysis caudata are dinoflagellates
associated to Diarhhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSP). Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, the dinoflagellate
historically associated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Manila Bay including Cavite area was not
observed in this survey. Cell densities of Dinophysis and Pseudonitzschia however observed during the
sampling was relatively low compared to areas where blooms of these organisms have been reported (Azanza
and Taylor 2001). In addition, there is no confirmed incidence of ASP and DSP was reported in the Philippines
but it is still highly recommended to institute a monitoring program for HABs after the project has been
established in order to prevent negative public health impacts brought about by possible blooms of these
species.

Photomicrograph of dominant and common phytoplankton is shown in Plate 2.2-9.

Dinoflagellates Cynophyte Green Algae

3% 0% 0%

Diatoms
97%

Figure 2.2-104. Percentage Composition of Major Phytoplankton Groups in 24 Stations investigated

in the Proposed Cavite Recamation Project; February 2019.

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Plate 2.2-9. Photomicrographs of common and important phytoplankton observed in Cavite

City/Kawit coastal waters:
Top row left to right: (A) Chaetoceros (B) Pseudonitzschia (C) Trichodesmium; Bottom row left to
right: (D) Skeletonema (E) Dinophysis caudate, (F) Pediastrum

Table 2.2-49. Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance (cells/L) in 4 Stations within and near
Island C February 2019
TAXA PH12 PH13 PH14 PH15 Grand Total Rel Abund (%)
Cyanophyte 0 8 0 8 16 0.05
Trichodesmium 0 8 0 8 16 0.05
Diatoms 3,798 20,934 2,585 3,876 31,193 98.56
Chaetoceros 23 34 22 45 124 0.39
Coscinodiscus 22 8 189 0 219 0.69
Guinardia 3 4 5 13 25 0.08
Lauderia 12 7 0 0 19 0.06
Leptocylindrus 0 13 0 0 13 0.04
Odontella 13 8 45 15 81 0.26
Pleurosigma 4 13 9 9 35 0.11
Pseudonitzschia 3,343 12,714 1,914 3,029 21,000 66.35
Rhizosolenia 32 23 34 67 156 0.49
Skeletonema 288 8,100 345 678 9,411 29.73
Thalassionema 13 4 13 12 42 0.13
Thalassiosira 45 6 9 8 68 0.21
Dinoflagellate 118 66 134 123 441 1.39
Amphisolenia 0 0 2 0 2 0.01
Ceratium furca 77 22 56 65 220 0.70
Ceratium maraceras 22 3 3 0 28 0.09
Ceratium tripos 6 8 6 9 29 0.09
Dinophysis caudata 0 3 23 9 35 0.11
Diplopsalis 4 0 9 0 13 0.04

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TAXA PH12 PH13 PH14 PH15 Grand Total Rel Abund (%)
Gonyaulax 6 2 13 8 29 0.09
Prorocentrum micans 2 9 13 14 38 0.12
Protoperidnium 1 11 9 9 30 0.09
Scripsiella 0 8 0 9 17 0.05
Grand Total 3,916 21,008 2,719 4,007 31,650 100
Mean Abundance 122 657 85 125 3,606
Richness 18 22 19 17
Evenness 0.24 0.24 0.40 0.31
Diversity 0.68 0.74 1.17 0.88

Generally, the mean cell density of all the phytoplankton in twenty-four stations was 4,808 cells/L (Figure 2.2-
105). In terms of spatial distribution, station PH5, located in nearby island E had the most number of
phytoplankton genera observed with twenty-seven (27) while station PH13 located in island C the highest
phytoplankton abundance with 21,016 (Table 2.2-48, Figure 2.2-105). The lowest total phytoplankton density
was observed in station PH7 located in island ‘E’ with 412 cells/L while station PH9 was the most depauperate
with only eight (8) genera. The highest calculated diversity index based on Shannon Weiner is observed in
station PH5 with 2.55 while the lowest was observed in stations PH23 with only 0.37. The poor diversity
measurement only indicates a bloom of a particular taxa dominating which in this survey is the diatom
Pseudonitzchia. It is important to note that phytoplankton abundance is highly variable and has seasonality.
The overall impression of the phytoplankton community during this survey is moderately poor as indicated by
low abundance of phytoplankton organisms and presence of potentially harmful phytoplankton.

30 25,000
Richness
25
Richness (No. of taxa)

20,000

Abundance (cells/L)
20
15,000
15
10,000
10

5 5,000

0 0
PH1 PH3 PH5 PH7 PH9 PH11 PH13 PH15 PH17 PH19 PH21 PH23
River Island E Island D Island C Island B Island A

Figure 2.2-105. Phytoplankton Abundance and Taxa Richness in 24 Stations Sampled within and
near the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project.

Macro-invertebrates Significant to Livelihood

The conversion of inter-tidal flats into human settlements and household revetments in most parts of the
coastline from Rosario to Cavite City has led to a dearth in populations of macro-invertebrates, particularly
gastropods and echinoderms. Three stations were investigated during the survey, in areas where rocks and
boulders were found in the coastline which could serve as suitable habitats for macro-invertebrates. Results

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of the investigations revealed that shellfish existing in the coastaline of the proposed reclamation project is
almost exclusively dominated by mussels (Perna viridis). Other than mussels, few shellfish species were seen
attached to rocks that serve as shoreline breakwater in Noveleta. These include periwinkles Litoria sp., limpets
Patella flexuosa, the swamp cerith Telescopium telescopium, and solitary shore crabs. In the mangroves in
Kawit, turban shells (Turbo sp), conch shells (Strombus sp) and the swamp cerith (Terebralia sulcata) were
the only macro-invetebrates encountered.

Unlike in Baccor City where abundant ark shells (“halaan”) are harvested in Bacoor Bay, data gathered during
the survey indicate the absence of significant macro-invertebrate population in the shoreline bordering the
proposed reclamation project.

Plate 2.2-10. Few species of macro-invertebrate were found in three stations surveyed,
dominated almost entirely by mussels, Perna viridis.

Sediment Sampling

Twenty (20) sediment investigations all showed sandy and muddy substrates in all the proposed reclamation
islands of the Cavite reclamation project. No other significant benthic ecological niches were encountered
during dives for sediment collection (Plate 2.2-11).

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Plate 2.2-11. Sediments collected from the proposed five islands of the Cavite Reclamation
Project consisted entirely of mud, silt, discarded oyster shells and grits of other shellfish.

2.2.5.6 Probable Environmental Impacts

Sediment Fluxes and Re-suspension of Silt

The reclamation site is covered by loose sand and constant sediment deposition. This condition is unlikely to
degenerate with reclamation activities but filling, piling and compacting of the reclaimed area will significantly
disturb the silt and aggravate re-suspension of substrates decayed organic matter and presumably a host of
other organic and inorganic terrigenous matter. Further spoilage of sea water quality through proliferation of
suspended solids will only further depress recruitment and settlement of marine animals due to the impaired
condition of marine food webs in affected areas. Seagrass settlement is unlikely to occur. In the direct
reclamation areas, the impacts of silt and sediment disturbance, and further sediment deposition loading in
the sandy substrate contiguous to the reclamation area will have profound effects on an already heavily-taxed
fisheries resource base and further reduce the viability of productive nearshore fisheries through the loss of
inshore fishing grounds and impairment of primary productivity if sediment streams from reclamation are not
controlled effectively. The dispersion of silt clouds will further increase seawater turbidity and water quality
deterioration in the impact area and may lead to enhancement of localized deterioration of primary productivity
due to further blocking of sunlight. Negative impacts on primary productivity will likely depress natural
processes that propagate a healthy marine food chain and fisheries stock recovery, including impairment of
reproductive processes and larval growth. The further alteration of benthic habitats due to sediment loading
would most likely result to the movement of fish and fish recruits away from the coastal area affected by the
Project.

Planktonic communities can be affected albeit, these organisms can readily regenerate. Fish aggregations
will also be disturbed and fish are expected to move away from the site. The silt and sediment fluxes will be
temporary as the area is completely reclaimed, stabilized and “greened”. Primary productivity will eventually
improve over the long term as the establishment of water treatment facilities will ultimately result to disposal
of cleaner waters around the reclaimed site. Farther away from the impact area, the effect may not be likely
felt as the movement of the water along the water column would result to dispersion of silt to a greater area.

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Over the long run, the reduction of photosynthetic function will have little impact as hardly any significant group
of benthic marine animals dwell in the seabed within the project’s impact area and contiguous waters. While
no significant epi-benthic macro-invertebrates have been encountered in the seabed itself during the survey,
smothering of the dominant macrobenthos catalogued in the survey (mollusks), particularly juveniles of filter
feeding bivalves and other detritus feeders in the immediate area can happen with compacting of the seabed.
Extreme turbidity can also impair fish feeding and reproductive physiology but fish aggregations have been
found to be minimal in the area and the dominant species – Tilapia – will simply evade the disturbed area and
seek safer shelter and grazing grounds around the reclamation site.

Effects on Fisheries

Few fishers, as well as gleaners for macro-invertebrates in the proposed reclamations islands will be
dislocated momentarily during reclamation activities but will ultimately resume fishing operations in coastal
waters past the reclaimed area. It is noted however, that a sizeable nearshore fishing ground will be lost to
reclamation affecting largely small-scale fishers. On the other hand, effects on demersal fisheries productivity
will be minimal as no benthic fish habitats will be affected or altered due to the extreme silt and muddy
sediments currently deposited in the area. However, schools of Sardinella that normally enter inshore waters
can be disturbed and move away from the reclamation site. Tilapia and sardines fisheries in this area will be
dislocated and loss of income from fishing will be felt during reclamation activities. Fisheries operation in
fishing grounds offshore of the reclamation and generally in the mouth Manila Bay will not be affected as
fishers will move to new fishing grounds further away from the reclaimed area where seawater will probably
be less polluted and pelagic fish more abundant. However, this will require modifications on fishing gears
used.

In Island C, there are no fish corals, fish pens and mussel farms (counted at the time of the survey in
November 2018) although mussel spats settle in rocky breakwaters of Noveleta.

Finally, it is noted that there are no permanent or stationary lift nets or “sapras” directly inside the proposed
reclamation site.

Oil and Grease Contamination

The risk of oil and grease contamination in seawater around the reclamation site can occur if disposal of
marine vessel bilge water and if accidental spillage from refueling at sea is experienced. While the issue is
not anticipated to be severe, oil slicks caused by inadvertent disposal or spillage may remain sequestered in
coastal waters and carried in small blotches towards the direction of tidal movement. While the issue is not
anticipated to be severe, oil slicks from inadvertent spillage may remain sequestered in the water column or
carried to the shoreline in blotches. Areas with inter-tidal corals in Bataan and mussel colonies in Cavite can
be considered at risk from exposure to such slicks, leading to immediate coral and shellfish mortality. In open
waters of Manila Bay, the chain reaction can be far-reaching, affecting not only benthic communities but stocks
of fish that are dependent on plankton and zooplankton as their primary diet. Sandy substrate in areas near
the reclamation can likewise be at risk as some portion of spilled oil can enter the water column either as a
dissolved fraction or suspended in small aggregations and settle to the bottom. Subsurface oil is a possibility
in some spills, particularly if the spilled product is heavy, with a density approaching or exceeding that of
seawater, and if conditions permit oil to mix with sediment material to further increase density.

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Possible Threats to Benthic Communities

This survey generated poor macrobenthos diversity in the area, as indicated on the low numbers of soft-bottom
benthos taxa, bivalves and gastropods. There are no rare and endemic taxa. Any impact brought about by
the reclamation project would be temporary and the macrobenthic community can readily colonize the new
areas in the reclamation boundaries. It is furthermore noteworthy that macro-benthic communities are known
to be resilient and have the locomotion ability to migrate in less stressful areas; hence the project is not
expected to pose a significant impact on this aquatic community. Over the long term, it can be anticipated
that populations of macro-invertebrates can colonize concrete revetments that will be built around reclaimed
areas.

Threat to Plankton Community

Phytoplankton and zooplankton would be generally subjected to short-term impacts during the construction.
Threat to plankton community would come from the increase load of suspended solids during the construction
of the project resulting to reduction of depth of photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton. Similarly, highly
turbid water would affect the grazing success of zooplankton. This would temporarily result to lower rates of
photosynthesis and primary production. However, plankton population recovery after construction would be
generally rapid due to quick reproduction periods including recruitment and advection from adjacent unaffected
areas. A laboratory experiment conducted over a two week with different zooplankton showed that mortality
was high at levels over 10,000 mg/L of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) but generally, studies have not shown
any significant impact at the levels experienced from activities such as dredging and related activities (Clarke
& Wilbur 2000). In addition, many larval stages are only in the plankton stage for short periods and other
groups have short life cycles which mean recovery can be relatively quick (less than a year) depending on the
time of year and source of larvae (James et al 2015). Given, the temporary and limited extent of the effect of
highly turbid waters relative to the overall area of Manila Bay, the impact on plankton community are predicted
to be low in long term.

Potential HAB inducement

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) is the term used to describe the "bloom" or rapid multiplication of toxic single-
celled phytoplankton. In Manila Bay and Cavite, HAB episodes have been occurring for more than two decades
and the primary causative organism for paralytic shellfish poisoning is the dinoflagellate
Pyrodiniumbahamense var. Compressum. Pyrodinium and other biotoxin - forming phytoplankton species
produce potent neurotoxins that can be transferred through the food web which for years has affected the
mussel and oyster industry in Bacoor Bay. Among others, recent investigations point to excessive nutrient
loading in coastal waters from land-based sources and sudden changes in seawater temperature as primary
factors. The occurrence of El Nino – La Nina episodes, exacerbated by hyper-nutrient and sediment loading
from untreated domestic wastewaters from the Metropolis further enhance the possibility of algal blooms over
a broad expanse of the sea where such waste streams are occurring. There are no species of potentially
harmful phytoplankton observed in water samples taken in the proposed reclamation area. Pyrodinium
bahamense var. compressum, the dinoflagellate historically associated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
(PSP) in Manila Bay including Cavite area was not observed in this survey. The potentially harmful
phytoplankton species observed were Pseudonitzschia spp and Dinophysis caudata. Some species of
Pseudinitzschia are known to produce domoic acid, a toxin associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
(ASP). Dinophysis caudata are dinoflagellates associated to Diarhhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSP). Cell densities
of Dinophysis and Pseudonitzschia observed during the sampling, however, was relatively low compared to
areas where blooms of these organisms have been reported (Azanza and Taylor 2001). In addition, there is
no confirmed incidence of ASP and DSP reported in the Philippines but it is still highly recommended to
institute a monitoring program for HABs after the project has been established in order to prevent negative
public health impacts brought about by possible blooms of these species. In general, it is unlikely that the
reclamation project would trigger for HAB episodes.

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Increase in domestic waste water around the reclamation site

Compacting, configuring and development structuring of the reclaimed area will result to increased human
activity in the project site due to the influx of workers and this is expected to generate a significant amount of
solid wastes and domestic wastewater that could find its way to the coastal and marine environment if waste
disposal and management systems are not sufficient. The outflow of domestic wastewaters from project
facilities if such waste streams are not properly treated and managed can lead to hyper-nutrient loading which
in turn can cause algal blooms. In the project area where seawater flushing is moderate and water turbidity is
already intense, such phenomenon can lead to problems on paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).

Further, when combined with organic wastewaters from domestic sources due to increased waste streams
from project operations, marine pollution can spread horizontally away from the project site and contribute to
episodes of algal blooms in other areas where hyper-nutrient loading from domestic wastewaters is intense.
Significant sardine fisheries and shellfish resources in Bacoor Bay can be contaminated by algal blooms, and
oxygen depletion can occur in localized portions of the sea and lead to spoilage and discoloration of water
columns.

However, the risk of waste contamination of benthic resources directly in the reclamation area is insignificant
due to the absence of significant benthic habitats. The predicted impact of this threat to epi-benthic soft bottom
communities in the seabed could be more pronounced.

Mangroves

There are no mangroves in Island C or in its vicinity.

Potential Impacts Arising from Climate Change Scenarios

The reclamation will not contribute to enhancement of impacts arising from climate change, notably rise in
surface sea water temperature. However, if hyper-nutrient loading in warm waters become intensified – either
from domestic wastewaters or from point sources in the project, the risk of oxygen depletion and fish kills over
a broad area can be possible. In the long term, immediate extensive vegetation planting around the reclaimed
sites will in fact contribute to sequestration of greenhouse gasses in the future.

Loss of Navigational Channels going to the Rosario Fish Port

The reclamation islands will block traditional navigational lanes of fishing boats delivering their fish catch to
the Rosario Fish Port and nearby fishing communities, resulting to slightly longer route and possibly higher
fuel costs.

2.2.5.7 Mitigation Measures

Mitigation of Potential Sediment Fluxes

Sedimentation is predicted to be high during reclamation area filling and compacting and impacts are predicted
to range from moderate to high depending on the implementation of mitigating measures in the primary impact
area. Minimizing sediment influx from the project site to the coastal waters is a critical and underpinning
strategy. The overall mitigation strategy for all phases of reclamation activities and its operational phases is to
ensure that silt and sediment streams emanating from reclamation activities do not infiltrate into surrounding
coastal waters indiscriminately and further deteriorate water quality and sediment blanketing where sandy
seabed occur. A diverse array of sediment mitigation measures will include installation of silt curtains and
screens in project areas where reclamation filling and compacting activities will be undertaken. Where sites
have been filled up and reclaimed, diversion canals leading to sediment impoundments will be installed in
order to ensure that fugitive soil run-off is contained. Moreover, loose reclamation filling materials shall be

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stockpiled in areas where erosion control measures can be easily applied and run-off can be controlled
effectively. As a precautionary approach, the stabilization of reclaimed areas through vegetation cover
enrichment and enhancement will be undertaken in order to increase sediment amalgamation capacity and
soil compacting.

Wastewater Management
Waste minimization and retrieval will be practiced in all aspects of reclamation activities. Modern and sufficient
sanitation facilities and disposal systems will be installed. Modern latrines with 3-chambered septic tanks shall
be installed in all project facilities where wastewaters and other effluents are generated from areas already
reclaimed. Waste minimization will be practiced in all aspects of the reclamation and all shipboard wastes will
be retrieved and disposed of in land-based systems. There will no disposal of wastes at sea. The objective
is to ensure that pollution-causing effluents that can be potentially carried downstream are treated at the
source.

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste shall be disposed of in appropriate waste bins positioned across reclaimed areas. Solid wastes
from project personnel and marine vessels will be completely collected and disposed of properly. A rigid waste
management and retrieval system will be enforced in all aspects of reclamation activity.

Oil and Grease Containment

Potential risks of small oil spills will be controlled through strict fuel and oil dispersal protocols backed-up by
an oil/fuel spill contingency plan. An oil and grease recovery system will be adopted employing the best
facilities. A strict protocol against disposal of bilge water by vessels delivering reclamation materials to the
site will be established and implemented. Any accidental spills will be dealt with efficiently and promptly
through the formulation of oil spill contingency and recovery plan. The project will enforce strict policies against
indiscriminate disposal of oily wastes.

Fisheries and Fishing Gears – Mussel Farms and Fish Pens

In general, long-term improvement in fish stocks is contingent on the application of interventions that are
designed to perpetuate growth, maturation and recruitment. This can be pursued by ensuring enough habitats
for a wide range of fish species are protected against anthropogenic issues arising from reclamation activities
and its post-reclamation development. Curtailment of fishing practices that contributes to growth and
recruitment overfishing needs to be considered as a collaborative activity with the local government units and
the BFAR

Any fishing gear that will be dislocated by reclamation filling and operations will be compensated through the
provision of new mussel farming materials and fishing gear paraphernalia, as well as technical assistance in
re-establishing fishing and mariculture operations. In particular, a new mussel and fish pen zone needs to be
identified and delineated with collaboration from the local government units of Cavite City and Noveleta. Site
suitability assessments – focusing on viability of mussel and oyster spat settlement in new areas - needs to
be conducted and affirmed, supported by technical assistance of better farming techniques. Supplemental
livelihood projects, through mariculture of full cycle aquaculture species will be promoted through collaboration
with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Conservation of mussel stocks will be pursued through
the establishment of spat collectors in areas past the proposed areas to be reclaimed. The spats will then be
released in coastal waters after the reclamation is completed so that the shellfish juveniles can eventually
repopulate rocky areas around the reclaimed site.

Pelagic species of sardines will continue to move to areas close to the shore and their seasonal movement
into the coastal seas surrounding the reclamation project will be sustained. In other nearshore areas, this will

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involve the provision of seawater channels to ensure that plankton communities will continue to enrich inshore
fishing grounds between the shoreline and the inner boundary of reclaimed sites so that sardines and other
small pelagic fishes can continue to migrate and graze into such areas. Efforts to sustain macro-invertebrate
recruitment and settlement will be studied and applied in suitable areas.

The demand for fishery products, both in fresh and processed form, is likely to increase significantly as a result
of increased demand during project establishment and can lead to enhanced fishing effort in an already
heavily-fished fishery and competition for a dwindling resource base can drive fishers to use more illegal fishing
methods. On the other hand, the operation of the Project is also seen to increase employment opportunities
for skilled labor and provide certain fisheries-based livelihood to local fishers. With assistance from the Project,
small-scale aquaculture and fisheries product value-adding can evolve into profitable livelihoods, especially
for women in fisheries.

The Project will assist in refurbishing and increasing the number of fish aggregating device (FADs) previously
set in coastal waters by the MAO and its sustainable management. New, more suitable sites will be identified
and the design of ARs will consider aggregation of both demersal and pelagic species of fish. In addition, the
Project will assist the LGU in the provision of more appropriate fishing gears to organized fishers to enable
them to fish further offshore where stocks of sardines (Sardinella lemuru) are more plentiful. Further, through
collaboration with BFAR, the project will support diversification of fisher livelihoods into cage culture of
Pompano and other full-cycle species.

The reclamation project will ensure that adequate seawater channels in between islands are designed and
maintained open to boat navigation. Such channels will be adequately engineered to ensure suitable depth
and seawater flow.

Mangroves

No patches of mangrove trees occur in the coastline of Noveleta and Cavite City where reclamation island C
is located. Even then, a proactive approach shall be adopted by the Proponent. To support the protection and
conservation of nearby mangrove areas, the Proponent shall include in its environmental protection
management a mangrove reforestation program in suitable area/s, in coordination with the fisherfolks'
association. Also, there will absolutely be no cutting of mangrove anywhere in the area.

Mangrove species already occurring in nearby coastlines shall be used in the enrichment planting such as:
Avicennia marina and Avicennia officinalis. The location shall either be in the existing mangrove patch in the
estuary of Ligtong River or in other areas as may be recommended by the LGUs or the fisherfolks.

Ensuring Fishing Boat Navigation to Fishing Grounds and into the Rosario Fish Port

The reclamation project will ensure that adequate seawater channels in between islands are designed and
maintained open to boat navigation. Such channels will be adequately engineered to ensure suitable depth
and seawater flow.

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Table 2.2-50. Environmental Management Plan for Coastal and Fisheries Management
Project Activity
Environmental Component Options for Prevention or Mitigation or
CONSTRUCTION Potential Impact
Likely to be Affected Enhancement
PHASE
Reclamation, soil Coastal water quality; Increase in siltation/sedimentation loading in coastal Provision of silt curtains where sediment streams are likely
filling and compacting Benthic communities of marine waters; increase in turbidity and suspended solids; to occur and escape.
organisms; pelagic fish
populations Reduction in photosynthesis and primary productivity Collection and trans-location of macro-invertebrates found
within the reclamation area.
Suffocation of bivalve veliger in soft bottom benthos;
Monitoring of sediment fluxes and application of more
Disruption of fish feeding and benthos larval growth; stringent control measures when necessary; or temporary
cessation of activities.
Impairment in fish and shellfish reproductive process.
Sediment canals in reclaimed areas will be installed to
Disturbance to schools of sardines and mullets feeding in divert sludge into filters and weirs that capture sediments
inshore waters and fugitive reclamation filling materials at source.

Wastewaters emanating due to Inadvertent spill of domestic wastewaters Install liquid waste management system ensuring modern
influx of reclamation workers can can cause coastal water pollution, loss of macro- waste retrieval and treatment system. Treatment and
add to marine pollution and invertebrate population, impairment in fish and shellfish disposal of liquid waste at point source will involve
negatively affect benthic reproductive physiology. collecting liquids of point source origin; directing waste into
communities of macro- integrated multiple waste streams facilities or collecting
invertebrates; plankton vessels, and application of treatments. Any fluid effluent
community fish to be discharged at sea will be monitored and tested before
discharging.

Installation of latrines and waste receptacles; collection

facilities;

Adoption of clean practices by all project operating units

and personnel;

Efficient waste retrieval system;

Chapter 2.2 2.2-160

 CHAPTER TWO
THE WATER
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Project Activity
Environmental Component Options for Prevention or Mitigation or
CONSTRUCTION Potential Impact
Likely to be Affected Enhancement
PHASE
Greening of reclamation area
Coastal waters Oil and grease contamination Adoption of an oil and grease recovery and treatment
system;

Implementation of rigid policies against indiscriminate

disposal of oily waste and marine vessel bilge water.
Fisheries and mariculture Loss of mussel farms and fish pens/fish corals. No mussel farms and fish pens in Island C area
livelihood
Loss of nearshore fishing grounds; dislocation of gill net and Provision of new fishing paraphernalia to enable affected
hook and line fishers small-scale fishers to move to deeper fishing grounds past
the reclamation area; Provision of alternative livelihoods to
affected fishers.

Chapter 2.2 2.2-161

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SECTION 2.3 THE AIR

INTRODUCTION

The potential impacts on the air environment and climate change phenomenon of the activities during the
reclamation works are summarized in Table 2.3-1.

Table 2.3-1. Reclamation Activities in Relation to Impacts on Air Resources and Climate Change
Sub Activities with Potential Impacts
Major Activities Remarks
on Air and Climate Change
Preparatory Works at Reclamation Site
o Dredging o Operation of dredging equipment, o Distant from ESRs
(To remove undesirable sea bed use of power generating sets o Short term only
materials) involving combustion of fuel oils o Fuel used in generating sets and heavy
equipment will generate CO2 and other
criteria pollutants

o Creation of 2.4728 sq km of land o Impacts on GHG o Deemed minimal because of small

form ( ) equivalent to 0.13% of the CO2 from combustion of Marine change (in percentage) in land form of
area of Manila Bay (1,800 sq.km. Diesel Oil (MDO) the Manila Bay
(Source PEMSEA) Loss of sea surface thus of GHG
sequestration by ocean
Reclamation Proper
o Sea travel of dredging vessel from o Use of fuel (diesel oil) to propel o Pollution source is mobile in nature
site to San Nicholas Shoal (Distance vessel and power dredgers/cutters o Activity is short term; TSHD will operate
of approx. 6.97 km) will generate combustion products for est. 54600 hours for the entire
(air pollutive) and GHG (CO2) reclamation phase.
o Filling/Land reclamation o Same as above o Same as above
o Installation of sub structures, e.g. o Use of barges o Minor generation of combustion
containment sheets or silt curtains products; relatively short term operation
of barges
o Leveling of reclaimed area to o Use of compaction and other o Minor generation of combustion
desired elevation equipment, potential use of products
generating sets, o Potential fugitive dust generation.
o Horizon works/Construction of o Use of miscellaneous construction o Minor and short generation of
support facilities, roadways, equipment, potential use of combustion products
drainage system, etc. generating sets
o Temporary concrete mix batching
plant may be opted. o Potential fugitive dust generation.
o Soil Stabilization o Minimum use of heavy equipment; o Essentially no significant air pollution
use of wick drains discharges
o All dredging, filling and horizontal o Noise generated by equipment o Deemed not significant due to distance
development works from noise generator to ESRs and short
term activities

Air Pollution Impacts during Operation of the Dredging Equipment and Transportation of Sea Vessels

The most important aspect of the vessel operations in respect to potential air pollution arises from the dredging
vessel(s) operating at sea. The major operation that generates air discharges is the combustion of oil during the
travel to/from site to the San Nicholas Shoal. Thus, the air impact area and the receptors of air pollutants are the
areas within the navigational lane shown in Figure 2.3-1; such impact areas being at sea are not populated.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-1

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Adapted from PRA, PRA Seabed Quarry Project EIS

Figure 2.3-1. Sea Lane to the San Nicholas Shoal

It is noted that the actual dredging and related operations at and within the San Nicholas Shoal are covered by a
separate Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) and therefore compliances thereto are covered by this ECC.

2.3.1 Meteorology
2.3.1.1 Change in the local climate e.g. local temperature

In broad terms, microclimate refers to the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs
from the climate of the surrounding area of which temperature is a key aspect.

“Microclimate pertains to local climatic patterns which are superimposed on the global pattern as a function of
geography and topography. The primary geographic variables are latitude and longitude. For example, the
Philippine’s climatic characteristic is tropical because of the archipelago’s location relative to the warm equator. As
a result, the country is generally said to experience pronounced dry (summer) and wet (rainy) seasons. However,
because of differences in topography, sizes and positions relative to large water bodies and other oceanographic
parameters, the country is further characterized into four distinct climatic zones

Effects of topography on micro-climate

Among the factors to consider in the assessment of the impact of topography on microclimate are elevation,
steepness and direction of slope, position of the slope and aspect or orientation of the area (e.g. Sartz, 1972;
Sevruk et al., 1998; Rich and Fu, 2000). The combined effects of these parameters influence the microclimatic
conditions in an area such as “incoming solar radiation (insolation), soil temperature, air temperature, wind,
precipitation, evapotranspiration, water flow (accumulation and run off), snow accumulation, and snow melt” (e.g.
Rich and Fu, 2000).

Chapter 2.3 2.3-2

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Diurnal rainfall variation

The diurnal variation of rainfall at any tropical location is determined by a combination of many factors such as
radiation heating and cooling, land-sea breeze effects, topography, tidal effects, frequency of synoptic
disturbances, among others. Local circulations such as land-sea breeze, mountain-valley winds, and radiation
surface-heating may be of secondary importance, at least during the months of maximum rainfall.

Solar Energy

Radiational heating refers to atmospheric heating caused by solar radiation being readily transmitted inward
through the earth's atmosphere. During the transition months between the wet and dry seasons, surface heating
is greater (due to the reduced cloud cover) and maybe more important in determining changes in daily rainfall.

Daily rainfall distribution

In the tropics, synoptic-scale disturbances are primarily responsible for most rainfall on a daily basis, whereas
convective and cloud-scale motions are related to time scales of hours and tenths of hours (Garstang, 1966).
These synoptic-scale disturbances provide an environment favourable for the development of convective-scale
systems (Henry, 1966). As the rainstorm intensity increases, the importance of orography declines.

Rainfall variation with elevation

Orography is undoubtedly a major factor in determining rainfall distribution. However, previous studies which
attempted to derive statistical relationships between elevations and mean rainfall amounts have had very limited
success. For example, Stidd and Leopold (1951) found only a weak relationship between elevation and mean
relations between mean January and July rainfall amounts and elevation for all available stations on the island of
Oahu. Cobb (1966) listed five factors which influence terrain effect: (1) shape, size and roughness of the mountains,
(2) direction and distance from the moisture source, (3) intervening terrain between moisture source and the
orographic barrier, (4) wind velocity, and (5) thickness and stability of the moist layer.

The effect of smaller topographic features on precipitation was investigated by James (1964) following contentions
that “the orographic effect does not come into play (at least in middle Europe) on a hill low enough not to be a
factor in the rising, and thus in the cooling, of inflowing air” (Geiger, 1959). It is proposed that a hill less than 300
feet (~91 m) than the surrounding area would have little influence on the distribution of local precipitation (James,
1964) “.

Wind

Changes in wind circulation and velocity patterns can impact on micro climate.

Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour and Other GHGs

Climate and microclimate changes are directly influenced by GHG emissions, these emissions are however
reckoned from global and not local inventories

Table 2.3-1 suggests that noting the activities involved there will be no changes in microclimate particularly in
temperatures. There will be no significant discharges to the atmosphere of air pollution and of substances at
elevated temperatures. Moreover, the construction works involving the major shipping vessels will be undertaken
for a short period of not more than two to three (2-3) continuous years.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-3

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.3.1.2 Monthly average rainfall and temperature of the area; Climatological normals/extremes; Wind rose diagrams; Frequency of Tropical cyclones

The climatological extremes of the project site are shown in Table 2.3-2 below.

Table 2.3-2. Climatological Extremes

YEAR: AS OF 2016 LATITUDE: I4°30`25.75”N

ELEVATION: 21m LONGITUDE: 121°00`15.90”E

MONTH TEMPERATURE (°C) GRATEST DAILY STRONGEST WINDS (mps) SEA LEVEL PRESSURES (mbs)
RAINFALL (mm)
HIGH DATE LOW DATE AMOUNT DATE SPD DIR DATE HIGH DATE LOW DATE
JAN 35.8 01-07-1989 14.8 01-18-1961 55.3 01-03-1970 20 ENE 01-12-1986 1022.3 01-27-1987 1004.4 01-01-1950
FEB 35.1 02-21-1998 14.6 02-01-1962 16.5 02-27-1950 20 E 02-28-1988 1021.4 02-01-1998 1003.8 02-21-2001
MAR 36.5 03-30-1978 16.0 03-03-1963 36.0 03-07-2011 26 E 03-29-1992 1021.1 03-02-1987 1002.4 03-06-1999
APR 37.8 04-23-1948 18.7 04-01-1994 63.0 04-04-1992 22 ESE 04-06-1986 1019.9 04-23-1987 1002.4 04-21-2001
MAY 38.2 05-18-2014 19.1 05-11-1950 229.1 05-27-1960 31 SW 05-22-1976 1015.9 05-09-1957 992.2 05-17-1989
JUNE 38.0 06-02-1991 20.0 06-22-1954 353.8 06-01-1958 36 S 06-29-1964 1016.0 06-071997 974.6 06-29-1964
JULY 36.4 07-26-2016 18.3 07-28-1948 472.4 07-20-1972 36 W 07-08-1986 1014.9 07-07-1953 990.1 07-16-2014
AUG 35.2 08-29-1989 17.4 08-09-1949 401.8 0810-1947 30 WSW 08-16-1984 1015.2 08-12-1958 992.8 08-24-1978
35.2 08-19-2014
SEP 35.2 09-02-2013 19.1 09-15-1950 228.9 09-08-1963 40 NNW 09-28-2006 1016.2 09-18-2005 986.7 09-30-1995
OCT 36.0 10-24-1976 18.0 10-23-1981 274.5 10-09-1978 27 W 10-18-1985 1017.0 10-25-1986 977.9 10-14-1970
NOV 35.8 11-17-1972 17.2 11-26-1949 121.7 11-14-1977 56 W 11-19-1970 1019.4 11-03-1989 899.4 11-06-1995
DEC 34.2 12-29-1978 16.3 12-18-1955 125.5 12-15-2015 25 NW 12-30-1950 1020.9 12-06-1960 955.5 12-02-2004
ANNUAL 38.2 05-18-1969 14.6 02-01-1962 472.4 07-20-1972 56 W 11-19-1970 1022.3 01-27-1987 889.4 11-03-1995
Period of 1947-2016 1949-2016 1950-2016 1950-2016
Record
PREPARED BY: CADS/CAD/PAGASA

Chapter 2.3 2.3-4

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
The monthly wind rose diagrams are provided in Annex 5.0 while the annual diagram is shown in Figure 2.3-2.

Color Wind Speed Range (mps) Description

1-4 Light
5-8 Moderate
9 - 12 Moderate to Strong
13 - 16 Strong
17 - 20 Very Strong

Source: PAGASA
Figure 2.3-2. The Annual Windrose Diagram for the Project Site and Environs

Frequency of Tropical Cyclones

This is shown in Figures 2.3-3.

The reclamation site experiences 1 cyclone per year. This information is useful guide considering that the works
will be done at sea and therefore tropical cyclones are important considerations vis-à-vis navigational safety.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-5

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SITE

Figure 2.3-3. Map Showing Frequency of tropical Typhoons in the Philippines

2.3.1.3 Contribution in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (or GHG mitigation potential)
Effects of climate change using PAGASA medium to long term projections. Estimation of LUCF
GHG emissions. Data on Greenhouse gasses (i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide); Estimation of projected
greenhouse gases (GHG) (i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide) using IPCC guidelines; include mitigation
and/or sequestration for both construction and operation phases.

The major GHG of relevance to the project is carbon dioxide because of oil combustion to generate power from
generating units stationed in the vessels. Nitrous Oxide is also present, however, methane is not considered
relevant in the absence of methane generators.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-6

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Estimation of GHG emissions from the Project

Scope 1 emissions

These are the Direct GHG emitted by sources resulting from the dredging, reclamation and horizon development
activities and includes:

GHG generation from the combustion of fossil fuels used by shipping vessels.

The GHG is estimated based on direct calculation of CO2 generated from the combustion of heavy fuel oils. The
main source of air discharges is the TSHD, which will operate only for a short period of time through the completion
of the reclamation.

Calculation of CO2 generated by the TSHD, the major vessel/dredging/reclamation equipment.

Basis and assumptions: (Source: THEIDI Construction Corporation)

Travel cycle of TSHD from site to SNS and back 7 hours/cycle

Trench Dredging Cycle 350 hours
Total 6.5 years
Hopper Capacity 1500-3000 m3
Volume Fill required for 5 islands 124,920,000 m3
Total Number of cycles 7800
Total hours operating 54600 hours
Fuel carried by TSHD 2200 m3
Total Oil Used 195,000 ton for the entire reclamation period

Estimation of GHGs (Order of Magnitude)

Estimated Heat Content = 42,700 kJ/kg,

www.effship.com/PartnerArea/MiscPresentations/Dr_Wild_Report.pdf

or:

195,000,000 kg x 41,700 kJ/kg = 8.132 x 1012 kJ or 7 707 648.822 x 1012 BTU

Scope 1 Emission (Ref https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei10/ghg/barbour.pdf}

Estimated GHG Emissions expressed as C equivalent, defined as the composite of the various GHGs as follows

Components of the Carbon Equivalent of the GHG

Referenced Order of Magnitude Estimation

(https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei10/ghg/barbour.pdf)

MMTCE (Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent) = (Btu/1000)(19.33MMTCE/Tbtu)(0.99)

Chapter 2.3 2.3-7

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Btu/1000)(19.33MMTCE/Tbtu)(0.99) = 2.53 x 10 -6 MMTCE

Table 2.3-3 shows the Phl GHG Inventory.

Table 2.3.3. The Officially Reported Phl GHG Inventory

Category In CO2 Equivalent (kilotons) (2000) In CO2 Equivalent (kilotons) (1994)
Energy 69,667 50,040.33
Agriculture 37,002 33,128.57
Waste 11,599 7,094.78
Industrial Processes 8,609 10,602.93
Subtotal 126,878 100,866.61
Land-Use Change and Forestry -107,387 -126.49
TOTAL 19,491 100,740.12
References: 2nd national communication of the Philippines and UNFCCC website

Scope 2 emissions are referred to as Energy Indirect GHG, and are defined as ‘emissions from the
consumption of purchased electricity, steam, or other sources of energy) generated upstream from the
organization’.

Mitigation consists of minimizing the use of fuel, which can be achieved through the use of efficient engines and
boilers in vessels, when applicable.

From use of fossil fuels during the construction of roads, the operations of the wick drain placer
equipment, trucks, compactors and others.

The various equipment are of different sizes with respect to horsepower and operate at different times and with
different duration of works. For purposes of estimation of GHG it is assumed that the net equipment capacity is
equivalent to 1000 kW. For a continuous operation of 1 year, the GHG is estimated at emission factor of 9.45 kg
CO2 per gallon of biodiesel (Reference: USEPA)

Diesel Usage = 7.5 Ton/hour

CO2 generation (estimates only) = 420 tons/day

Loss of sequestration of CO2 by the displaced sea body/Disturbance of the sea surface

The ocean has a significant role in maintaining the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere by absorbing the GHG.

It is reported that 2.3 Pg C yr−1 or 2.3 billion metric tons is sequestered by the ocean which roughly translate to 2.25
metric tons per cu km.

For the project there will be a displacement of sea water from the creation of land. However when the fill materials
are dredged from Manila Bay there will be an equivalent creation of water body from the shoal area.

Estimation of LUCF GHG emissions

LUCF (Land-Use Change and Forestry) – Land-use refers to the type of activity being carried out on a unit of
land, such as forest land, cropland and grassland. IPCC 1996GL refers to sources and sinks associated with
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions/removals from human activities that:

➢ Change the way land is used (e.g. clearing of forest for agriculture, conversion of grassland to forest);
➢ Affect the amount of biomass in existing biomass stocks (e.g. forest, village trees, savanna) and soil
carbon stocks…”(UNFCC Handbook on Land Use Change and Forestry Sector)

Chapter 2.3 2.3-8

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Based on the above, it appears that LUCF GHG emissions are not the primary contributors to GHG emissions
from the Project.

The disturbance of sediments, i.e. the soft and clayish portions of the sub sea bed is a temporary short-term
situation if a reclamation technology that re uses these disturbed materials is applied, e.g. through the use of
sandbags. This means that the sediments would be placed back to the sea bed.

Effects of climate change using PAGASA medium to long-term projections

The projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal rainfall change and frequency of extreme events in 2020
and 2050 under the medium-range emission scenario in the provinces in Region 4-A are presented in the
succeeding tables.

To use the tables and arrive at values of seasonal mean temperature and seasonal rainfall in 2020 and 2050 in
any of the provinces, the projections are added to the observed values (presented in each of the tables).

For example, in Quezon, the projected values in 220 are:

a. DJF mean temperature = (25.1 C + 0.9 C) = 26.0 C;

b. DJF rainfall = {827.7 mm + 827.7 (6.5%)mm} = (827.7-53.8) mm or 763.9mm;
c. Number of days with Tmax > 35 C in Casiguran during the 2006-2035 period (centered in 2020) = 1,720;
d. Number of dry days in Casiguran during the 2006-2035 period (centered at 2020) = 4,520; and
e. Number of days with rainfall > 300mm in Casiguran during the 2006-2035 period (centered at 2020) = 20

Table 2.3-4. Seasonal temperature increase (in 0C) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission in
provinces in Region 4-A
Observed baseline (1971-2000) CHANGE in 2020 (2006-2035) CHANGE in 2050 (2036-2065)
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
Degree Centigrade ( C)
0

25.7 28.2 27.3 26.9 1 1.2 0.9 1 2 2.2 1.8 1.9

Percent (%)
124.9 242.8 985.7 579 -26.1 -28.2 13.1 0.4 -19.1 -30.5 24.2 5.9

Table 2.3-5. Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission
scenario in provinces in Region 4-A
No. of Days w/Rainfall
No. of Days w/Tmax>350c No. of Dry Days
>200mm
Station
OBS
(1971-2000) 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050
Sangley 630 1697 2733 7352 6635 6565 6 9 9

From the table presented, the following may be observed:

• Maximum seasonal temperature increase of 2.2°C may be expected in the long term (2036-2065).

The above projections will be largely experienced during the operations phase of the project which has significantly
much longer period of time that the relatively shorter construction phase and for which the major impacts are:

• Rainfall will impact on storm water flows from the reclaimed area. The drainage system will be
engineered accordingly. More importantly, the channels of the reclaimed land will also be engineered
in detail to ensure the storm water discharges are not constricted.
Chapter 2.3 2.3-9
 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
On Climate Change Adaptation

Following are the key Climate Change hazard scenarios and the adaptive measures to be taken:
o Accelerated Sea Level Rise
-- The reclaimed land platform will be at elevation 4 M above MLWL

o Storm surges
--The reclaimed land itself will provide sheltering effect during episodes of storm surges.
(Discussed in Section 2.2.)

--Wave deflectors will be installed in strategic places.

2.3.2 Air Quality

2.3.2.1 Degradation of air quality.
2.3.2.1.1 Ambient Air Quality Baselines

Following are the key terms of reference for the conduct of the air quality baselines:

The baselines have to be reckoned from the standards, which for air pollution is referred to the guideline values
under the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.

These guidelines are taken to refer to guideline values at lands and no guidelines are provided for values taking
the sea as the reference locations or sites.

For this type of project, the sources of air pollution are from the mobile sea vessels on which combustion of Marine
Diesel Oil (MDO) takes place.

There are no Environmentally Sensitive Receptors of air pollution at sea.

The generation of air pollution by the engines on board the sea vessels are short term and intermittent during the
construction period of approximately 6-7 years.

The above premises considered, following baseline results are presented.

Air Quality Parameters

The National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values (NAAQGV) for Criteria Pollutants prescribed by the Philippine
Clean Air Act of 1999 are used.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-10

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Additionally, DAO 2013-13 (07 March 2013) “ Establishing the Provisional National Ambient Air Quality Guideline
Values for Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) is recognized, in particular the following:
Pollutant Short Term Long Term Implementation Period
μg/Ncu.m Averaging Time μg/Ncu.m Averaging Time
PM2.5 75(3) 24 Hours 35(3) 1 Year Upon effectivity date of
DAO until December 31,
2015
50(3) 24 Hours 25(3) 1 Year January 21, 2016
(1) Maximum limits represented by ninethy eight percentile (98%) values not to be exceeded more than one year
(2) Annuall Geometric Mean
(3) These are provisional guideline value and shall be reviewd yearly to determine the course of action required or the next
step

Test Methods

The standard and acceptable test methods were used by the DENR-recognized laboratory (Industramach Inc.)
as follows:

The DENR standard ambient sampling equipment and analytical procedures were used in the sampling activity.
These equipment and procedures are specified below:

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)

Procedure: USEPA, 40 CFR 50, Appendix B
Sampling Equipment: Graseby PM 10 High Volume Sampler
Method of Analysis: Gravimetric Method

Particulate Matter 10 Microns (PM 10)

Procedure: USEPA, 40 CFR 50, Appendix M
Sampling Equipment: Graseby PM 10 High Volume Sampler
Method of Analysis: Gravimetric Method

Particulate Matter 2.5 Microns (PM 2.5)

Procedure: USEPA, 40 CFR 50, Appendix N
Sampling Equipment: Graseby PM 10 High Volume Sampler
Method of Analysis: Gravimetric Method

The TSP and PM10 filters were placed inside a sealed brown envelope lined with clean paper. PM2.5 filters were
placed in a traveling filter container. The samples were transported to the laboratory for analysis.

Noise Level Measurement

A precision type, digital sound level meter was used in noise measurement. The said instrument is an EXTECH
sound level meter Model 407780A (Extech). As declared in the certificate of conformity, with the accuracy of 1.5
dB, the sound level meter fulfills the guidelines of 89/336/ECC. The sound level meter conforms also with DIN EN
60651, (IEC 651), Class 2 standards.

The sound level meter was calibrated by Switchtek Measurement Systems using a Lutron sound level calibrator
model SC-940. By comparative technique, Standard Sound Generator was introduced to the Extech at a constant
value of 114.0 dB and at a uniform frequency of 1000 Hz. Data were gathered and tabulated.

The 4-time period noise level measurements were conducted at least five (5) minutes every sampling periods
(morning, daytime, evening and nighttime). Statistical noise values, minimum, maximum, mean (average) and

Chapter 2.3 2.3-11

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
median, were determined from each set of noise meter readings. Median noise values were compared with the
applicable DENR Noise Limits

Sampling Stations

The air pollution sources as well as the receptors are located at sea. These sources are also mobile being from
the operation of air pollution devices in moving sea crafts.

It is noted that the Clean Air Act guidelines prescribe standards at land, i.e. at the population centers.

Moreover, the Construction Phase (i.e. during the dredging and reclamation phase) does not involve significant air
and noise generation. The Operations Phase instead is the more relevant phase of the project cycle with respect
to the Air and Noise Module.

The sampling stations are arbitrarily chosen along the coastal roads along Manila Bay, i.e. onshore and shown in
Figure 2.3-4.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-12

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

ISLAND C

Source: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.3-4. Map of the Ambient Air Sampling Station (24-HR)

Chapter 2.3 2.3-13

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.3-6 Results of the Ambient Air Quality Measurements (24-HR) (February 2019)
TSP PM10 PM2.5
Stn LOCATION
µG/Nm3 µG/Nm3 µG/Nm3
1 Barangay Molina, San Roque, Cavite City 69.7 15.4 15.5
2 Manila-Cavite Road, Noveleta 35.1 16.9 15.9
3 Barangay San Rafael IV, San Juan, Noveleta, 95.8 40.7 28.9
Cavite
4 Barangay Bagbag II, Roasario, Cavite 146.5 53.8 20.6
5 Barangay Muzon II, Rosario 154.3 81.8 29.3
6 Barangay Kaingen, Kawit, Cavite 115.5 42.6 16.4
7 Barangay Pulvorista, Binakayan, Kawit, Cavite 123.4 38.7 17.2
8 Barangay Congbalay-Legaspi, Binakayan, Kawit, 123.2 38.3 13.0
Cavite
9 Barangay Talaba II, Bacoor, Cavite 228.8 79.8 30.3
DENR NAAQSSAP 230 150 50

Table 2.3-7 Results of the Noise Level Measurements (24-HR) (February 2019)
DENR (dBA)*
Max. MIN Ave. MEDIAN
Stn. Period Date Time Class Class
(dBA) (dBA) (dBA) (dBA)
A B
1 Morning 2.18.2019 05:23-05-28 56.1 51.4 53.1 53.1 - 60
Daytime 2.17.2019 13:48-13:53 57.9 54.1 55.9 56.0 - 65
Evening 2.17.2019 20:00-20:05 72.6 56.2 62.4 61.3 - 60
Nighttime 2.18.2019 02:12-02:16 65.3 56.5 58.2 58.0 - 55
2 Morning 2.19.2019 06:61-06:56 80.4 59.0 68.2 67.4 50 60
Daytime 2.18.2019 16:15-16:19 76.8 62.4 68.3 67.3 55 65
Evening 2.18.2019 20:41-20:46 80.6 57.6 64.8 64.3 50 60
Nighttime 2.19.2019 02:49-02:54 80.1 58.2 65.5 65.2 45 55
3 Morning 2.20.2019 06:46-06:51 82.2 64.9 71.9 72.5 - 60
Daytime 2.19.2019 16:23-16:28 85.6 57.5 70.7 70.0 - 65
Evening 2.19.2019 20:44-20:49 77.2 57.1 69.1 71.8 - 60
Nighttime 2.20.2019 03:28-03:32 77.9 53.3 60.0 57.0 - 55
4 Morning 2.25.2019 05:17-05:22 79.4 58.3 67.6 67.2 50 60
Daytime 2.24.2019 10:19-10:24 79.9 61.8 70.1 69.7 55 65
Evening 2.24.2019 19:01-19:06 84.5 63.4 74.2 73.9 50 60
Nighttime 2.24.2019 23:45-23:50 80.2 58.6 60.8 59.4 45 55
5 Morning 2.21.2019 04:33-04”37 60.7 50.8 54.1 53.8 50 -
Daytime 2.20.2019 17:42-17:47 83.1 54.2 60.8 58.6 55 -
Evening 2.20.2019 19:46-19:51 66.0 51.1 54.9 54.0 50 -
Nighttime 2.21.2019 04:19-04:24 76.0 51.8 64.5 65.8 45 -
6 Morning 02.26.2019 06:33-06:38 69.2 48.5 55.4 52.4 50 -
Daytime 02.25.2019 12:48-12:53 67.2 47.1 52.8 50.7 55 -
Evening 02.25.2019 19:16-19:21 57.9 49.0 50.8 50.0 50 -
Nighttime 02.26.2019 01:03-01:07 62.5 42.9 48.7 48.2 45 -
7 Morning 02.27.2019 06:53-06:58 79.4 58.3 67.7 67.6 45 60
Daytime 02.27.2019 10:02-10:06 81.5 64.7 70.8 71.0 50 65
Evening 02.26.2019 20:10-20:10 81.5 59.3 69.1 67.7 45 60
Nighttime 02.27.2019 4:30-04:354 78.6 57.5 65.8 64.0 40 55
8 Morning 02.28.2019 06:32-06”37 71.5 56.0 59.9 59.2 50 -
Daytime 02.27.2019 14:25-14:30 73.6 56.3 64.0 62.2 55 -
Evening 02.27.2019 19:06-19:11 71.0 53.2 58.3 57.6 50 -
Nighttime 02.28.2019 03:18-03:23 70.3 53.9 57.1 56.5 45 -
9 Morning 03.01.2019 06:04-06:09 81.8 70.9 76.1 75.8 50 60
Daytime 02.28.2019 15:12-15:17 83.5 68.8 76.3 76.5 55 65
Chapter 2.3 2.3-14
 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
DENR (dBA)*
Max. MIN Ave. MEDIAN
Stn. Period Date Time Class Class
(dBA) (dBA) (dBA) (dBA)
A B
Evening 02.28.2019 21:35-21:40 84.7 67.4 73.8 73.6 50 60
Nighttime 03.01.2019 00:40-00:45 75.7 61.4 65.3 64.1 45 55

Chapter 2.3 2.3-15

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

PROJECT
SITE

ISLAND C

Source: Satellite Image by Digital Globe, Google Earth. 2020

Figure 2.3-5. Map of the Ambient Air Sampling Station (1HR)

Chapter 2.3 2.3-16

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.3-8 Results of the Ambient Air Quality Measurements (1-HR) December 2018
TSP PM10 SO2 NO2
Stn LOCATION
µG/Nm3 µG/Nm3 µG/Nm3 µG/Nm3
1 Market Parking Lot Cavite City 60 49 16.55 6.94
2 Samonte Park Cavite City 99 47 8.63 2.71
3 Front Mary Magdalene Parish 96 122 4.48 2.23
Church Kawit
4 Vacant LotBrgy. Bagbag 1 Rosario 363 255 39.42 18.81
Cavite
5 Manila-Noveleta Road San Rafael 66 55 11.66 4.00
Kuatro
6 Manila- Noveleta Raod Cavite San 199 113 7.42 1.80
Rafael Tres
7 Legazpi St., Binakayan, Kawit 74 109 10.50 5.30
Cavite
8 Brgy. Mabolo/ Tirona Highway 335 727 8.51 4.92
Bacoor Cavite
9 Brgy. Dulong Bayan/Tirona 104 184 9.00 3.56
Highway Bacoor Cavite
DENR NAAQSSAP 300 200 340 260

Table 2.3-9 Results of the Noise Level Measurements (December 2018)

Station MIN MAX MEAN MEDIAN DENR (dBA)
Date & Time of Sampling
No. (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) Class B
1 Dec. 12, 2018 1409H-1414H 49.7 56.4 52.3 52.2 55
2 Dec. 12, 2018 1555H-1600H 58.6 74.5 65.4 65.6 50
3 Dec. 13, 2018 0832H-0837H 49.6 69.8 55.8 54.5 50
4 Dec. 13, 2018 1050H-1055H 58.5 84.5 69.8 69.7 55
5 Dec. 13, 2018 1250H-1255H 58.4 80.7 71.0 71.6 55
6 Dec. 13, 2018 1455H-1500H 56.4 79.4 69.2 71.0 55

Discussion of Results:

The above results may be deemed as adequate for an EIS Report because the actual activities related to the
project will not be undertaken until after a much later date after the securing of the ECC. Additional baseline tests
would likely be required by the Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) which will be organized after the securing of
the ECC.

The sampling in Stations 1 to 3 were conducted on a sunny weather condition with light to moderate southeasterly
wind; while cloudy weather condition with light northerly wind were prevailing for Stations 4 to 9

The results showed that the TSP, PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations in all sampling stations, except for Stations
4 and 8, were within the applicable AAQGV as prescribed in the Philippine Clean Air Act and the DENR Standards.
The exceedances in TSP and PM10 were attributable to road dusts dispersed by passing vehicles.

For the noise measurements, the standards are based on the 1978 Rules and Regulations of the then National
Pollution Control Commission (NPCC) shown in the table below. Different limits are set the various times of the
day and area categories.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-17

 CHAPTER TWO
THE AIR
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.3-10 Noise Level Standards (NPCC Guidelines of 1978)
Daytime Morning & Evening
Category of the Area Nighttime (dBA)
(dBA) (dBA)
AA 50 45 40
A 55 50 45
B 65 60 55
C 70 65 60
D 75 70 65

Category of Areas

AA Areas within 100 m from school sites and hospitals

A Residential Areas
B Commercial Areas
C Light Industrial Area
D Heavy Industrial Area

Air Dispersion Modelling deemed not applicable because:

• The sources of air discharges are moving (i.e. at sea)

• Only short time duration of works
• Traffic which attributes to area air dispersion is not a concern during this phase (but is during the
operations phase)

2.3.2.2 Increase in Ambient Noise Levels

Ambient Noise is deemed not relevant to the Project for the following reasons:

The receptors are on land are distant from the project site, which is at sea

The major noise generators e.g. dredgers, pumps on vessels, boilers on vessel, etc. are based on sea crafts which
are mobile.

These noise generators are intermittent in operation.

There are no guidelines nor standards for noise levels at sea; these being reckoned for noise levels at land where
there are population centers.

Nevertheless, noise level measurements were conducted and reported in Tables 2.3-7 and 2.3-9 above.

Chapter 2.3 2.3-18

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 2.4. THE PEOPLE

Methodology and Limitations

The people module is one of the vital components of the EIA system because it highlights the impacts of the
proposed project to the primary and secondary impact or affected communities. More importantly “People” factor
could be a key to the success of a project.

Baselines presented in this module were gathered and conducted for the discussion of the proposed reclamation
project. Most of the data presented in this module are derived from the existing 2018-2028 Noveleta
Comprehensive Land Use Plan.

The preliminary household perception survey was conducted last June 13-18, 2018 to assess the socio-cultural
economic situation of the communities that are to be affected by the proposed reclamation. See Annex 2.4-A.

On the other hand, secondary information was also gathered from existing websites of relevant government
agencies such as the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) and Philippine Statistics Authority 2015
Census of Population. The said data gathering was undertaken to gather baselines, assess the potential impacts
and provide appropriate measures.

BACKGROUND

The proposed project site is situated along the coast of Manila Bay and the Coastline of Noveleta within the
jurisdiction of Cavite Province.

As the proposed project spans in 1 town,3 barangays fronting the site and hosting onshore establishments are
considered DIAs for socio-economic aspects and perhaps for environmental/risks aspects as well, principally
regarding flooding and storm surges. Thus, baselines of the affected areas are presented to evaluate the projected
impacts of the proposed project and provide necessary mitigation.

Land Area

Municipality of Noveleta has a total land area of 604.0145 hectares which is roughly 0.47 % of the total land area
of the Province of Cavite. The municipality is politically subdivided into 16 barangays.

Among the 16 barangays, San Rafael IV is the largest with 169.01 hectares representing about 27.98 % of the
municipality’s total land area. The second largest is Brgy. San Rafael III which comprises 86.48 hectares or about
14.32 % of the total land area. The smallest barangay is Poblacion with 5.88 hectares representing about 0.98 %
of the municipality’s land area. Provided in Table 2-4-1 is the total population, land area and density per barangay.

Table 2.4-1. Noveleta Land Area and Population Density By Barangay; 2015
Barangay Population Area (ha) Density (Person/ha)
Magdiwang 2,036 16.4715 124
Poblacion 2,234 5.8772 380
Salcedo I 2,137 16.3809 130
Salcedo II 6,032 19.3927 311
San Antonio I 4,869 39.3453 124
San Antonio II 1,855 37.6117 49
San Jose I 1,105 11.267 98
San Jose II 1,653 13.2205 125
San Juan I 2,312 10.4482 221
San Juan II 2,994 28.4677 105
San Rafael I 1,353 15.7484 86
San Rafael II 3,656 78.7201 46

Chapter 2.4 2.4-1

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Barangay Population Area (ha) Density (Person/ha)
San Rafael III 6,073 86.4811 70
San Rafael IV 2,147 169.0101 13
Sta. Rosa I 4,177 24.2981 172
Sta. Rosa II 1,213 31.274 39
Total 45,846 604.0145 76
Source: 2018-2028 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Municipality of Noveleta

Based on the available data, the dominant land use of the municipality is for residential purposes, which comprise
362.20 hectares or about 59.97% of the total land area. These include the privately owned subdivisions mostly
located around the municipal center. Some 53.70 hectares or 8.89 percent are still devoted to lowland rice and
other agricultural crops.

This is to note that these are within the zoned area for residential purposes as per zoning plan approved by the
Housing and land Use Regulatory Board in 1981.

Saltbeds and fishponds cover 71.50 hectares or about 11.84 percent of the total land area. Industrial use
comprises 3 hectares representing 0.50 percent.

Demographic Profile

Population Size and Historical Growth

The population of the municipality in 2015 based on the 2015 Census is 45,846 (Table 2.4-1). San Rafael III, San
Antonio I, Sta. Rosa 1 and Salcedo II account for the most populated among the 16 barangays with 21,151
population. Such concentration is primarily due to establishment of residential subdivisions and their accessibility
to transportation and proximity to commercial establishments located at the Poblacion and the nearby city of Cavite
and the CEZ, which is only about 6 kilometers away.

The historical growth of the population in the municipality of Noveleta indicates a consistent increase since the
year 1903 up to the last censal year 2015. The recorded population in 1903 was 2,343 and eventually increased
to 2,886 in the next censal year 1918 (15 years) with an annual growth rate of 1.59 %.

The 2015 population of Noveleta is at 45,846, an increase of 33.79 % from 20,409 in 1990. Based on this increase,
the average annual growth rate is 5.60 %, which is lower than the provincial growth rate of 6.92 percent. For the
period 2000-2010, the growth rate is 2.69%; and in 2000 to 2015 is 2.39%. This further strengthens the role of the
municipality as an urban area. The population is distributed among its 16 barangays and is considered to be about
1.24 percent of the total provincial population of 3,678,301. See Table 2.4-3.

Table 2.4-2. Historical Population Growth of Noveleta

Year Population Increase % Increase / Decrease Average Growth Rate
1903 2,343 - - -
1918 2,886 543 23.18 1.40
1939 4,241 1,355 46.95 1.82
1948 5,003 762 17.97 1.85
1960 7,029 2,026 40.50 2.87
1970 10,560 3,531 50.23 4.15
1975 12,141 1,581 14.97 2.83
1980 14,460 2,319 19.1 3.56
1990 20,409 5,949 41.14 3.51
1995 27,306 6,897 33.79 5.60
2000 31,959 4,653 17.04 3.43
2007 39,2911 7,335 22.95 2.87
2010 41,678 2,384 6.07 1.98
2015 45,846 4,168 10.00 1.59
Source: 2018-2028 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Municipality of Noveleta

Chapter 2.4 2.4-2

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Population Density

Table 2.4-1 shows that if the population of Noveleta were evenly distributed over its land area of 604.01 hectares,
there will be a gross density of about 76 persons for every hectare. Poblacion has the biggest population density
at 380 persons per hectare, followed by Salcedo II at 311 persons per hectare. San Rafael IV has the smallest
population density at 13 persons per hectare.

Population Projection

The population projection indicates that with the average annual growth rate of 1.59 percent, it will reach the count
of 56,279 for the year 2028; and will be 60,897 by the year 2033. These data are reflected in Table 2.4-5.
Population projection per barangay designates Barangay San Rafael III as having the highest participation rate
and is projected to reach 7,455 by the year 2028.
Table 4
Table 2.4-3. Projected Population By BY
PROJECTED POPULATION BARANGAY
Barangay, Municipality of Noveleta
2015 - 2033
(2015-2033)
2015 Participation Projected Population*
Barangay
Population Rate 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033
Magdiwang 2,036 0.044410 2,068 2,101 2,135 2,169 2,203 2,238 2,274 2,310 2,347 2,384 2,422 2,460 2,499 2,539 2,579 2,620 2,662 2,704
Poblacion 2,234 0.048728 2,270 2,306 2,342 2,379 2,417 2,456 2,495 2,534 2,575 2,616 2,657 2,699 2,742 2,786 2,830 2,875 2,921 2,967
Salcedo I 2,137 0.046613 2,171 2,205 2,241 2,276 2,312 2,349 2,386 2,424 2,463 2,502 2,542 2,582 2,623 2,665 2,707 2,750 2,794 2,839
Salcedo II 6,032 0.131571 6,128 6,225 6,324 6,425 6,527 6,631 6,736 6,843 6,952 7,062 7,175 7,289 7,405 7,522 7,642 7,763 7,887 8,012
San Antonio I 4,869 0.106203 4,946 5,025 5,105 5,186 5,268 5,352 5,437 5,524 5,612 5,701 5,791 5,883 5,977 6,072 6,169 6,267 6,366 6,467
San Antonio II 1,855 0.040462 1,884 1,914 1,945 1,976 2,007 2,039 2,072 2,104 2,138 2,172 2,206 2,241 2,277 2,313 2,350 2,387 2,425 2,464
San Jose I 1,105 0.024102 1,123 1,140 1,159 1,177 1,196 1,215 1,234 1,254 1,274 1,294 1,314 1,335 1,356 1,378 1,400 1,422 1,445 1,468
San Jose II 1,653 0.036055 1,679 1,706 1,733 1,761 1,789 1,817 1,846 1,875 1,905 1,935 1,966 1,997 2,029 2,061 2,094 2,127 2,161 2,196
San Juan I 2,312 0.050430 2,349 2,386 2,424 2,463 2,502 2,541 2,582 2,623 2,665 2,707 2,750 2,794 2,838 2,883 2,929 2,976 3,023 3,071
San Juan II 2,994 0.065306 3,042 3,090 3,139 3,189 3,240 3,291 3,343 3,397 3,451 3,505 3,561 3,618 3,675 3,734 3,793 3,853 3,915 3,977
San Rafael I 1,353 0.029512 1,375 1,396 1,419 1,441 1,464 1,487 1,511 1,535 1,559 1,584 1,609 1,635 1,661 1,687 1,714 1,741 1,769 1,797
San Rafael II 3,656 0.079745 3,714 3,773 3,833 3,894 3,956 4,019 4,083 4,148 4,214 4,281 4,349 4,418 4,488 4,559 4,632 4,705 4,780 4,856
San Rafael III 6,073 0.132465 6,170 6,268 6,367 6,468 6,571 6,676 6,782 6,890 6,999 7,110 7,223 7,338 7,455 7,574 7,694 7,816 7,940 8,067

San Rafael IV 2,147 0.046831 2,181 2,216 2,251 2,287 2,323 2,360 2,398 2,436 2,474 2,514 2,554 2,594 2,636 2,677 2,720 2,763 2,807 2,852
Sta.Rosa I 4,177 0.091109 4,243 4,311 4,379 4,449 4,520 4,592 4,665 4,739 4,814 4,891 4,968 5,047 5,128 5,209 5,292 5,376 5,461 5,548
Sta. Rosa II 1,213 0.026458 1,232 1,252 1,272 1,292 1,313 1,333 1,355 1,376 1,398 1,420 1,443 1,466 1,489 1,513 1,537 1,561 1,586 1,611
Total 45,846 1.000000 46,575 47,315 48,067 48,831 49,607 50,396 51,197 52,011 52,838 53,678 54,531 55,398 56,279 57,174 58,083 59,006 59,944 60,897

*Based on 1.59% Annual Growth Rate

Source: National Statistics Office
Office of the Municipal Planning & Development Coordinator

Education
Existing Situation

There are sixteen (16) formal educational institutions in the Municipality of Noveleta in the year 2018. Of these,
nine (9) are public and the remaining seven (7) are privately owned institutions. Generally, all the schools have the
required facilities being used by the students.

In addition, there are fifteen (15) day care centers and four (4) Rural Improvement Club centers with an average
area of 50 square meters which offer pre-school education. These are being supervised by the Municipal Social
Welfare and Development Office and the Municipal Agriculture Office, respectively.

There is one (1) maritime training center which caters to the skills training needs of educational institutions offering
maritime courses

Chapter 2.4 2.4-3

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
This is Mariners Training Center at Barangay San Rafael IV.

To provide basic skills for better livelihood opportunities to the locality’s out-of-school youth and women, the
municipal government of Noveleta established the Municipal Livelihood and Skills Training Center. This local
institution offers Basic and Advanced Computer Education, Industrial Sewing Machine Operation, to date, majority
of the graduates are already employed

Source: CLUP of Noveleta, 2018-2028

Figure 2.4-1. Map of the Existing Private School in Noveleta

Chapter 2.4 2.4-4

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: CLUP of Noveleta, 2018-2028

Figure 2.4-2. Map of the Existing Public Schools in Noveleta

School-Going Age Population

One of the most important data is the determination of the school-going age population who are likely to enroll in
the elementary, secondary and tertiary school.

In Noveleta, there were 7,911 children in 2015 with ages 5-14 who qualify for elementary studies. Of these, 7,619
were attending school or 96.3%.. (Table 2.4-6)

Chapter 2.4 2.4-5

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
For the age group 15-24, 3,371 of the 8,870 or only 38% of these young people in Noveleta are in school.. This
could be because of the high percentage of college dropouts or majority may have graduated already. (Table 2.4-
6)

Moreover, it should be noted that majority of the in-migrants go to these areas mostly to look for jobs, and not to
go to college.

Table 2.4-4. Household Population 5 to 24 Years Old Who Were Currently Attending School: 2015
Household Population Household Population 5 to 24 Years Old
5 to 24 Years Old Who Were Currently Attending School
Age Group
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female

NOVELETA
Total 16,781 8,519 8,262 10,990 5,606 5,384
5-9 3,960 2,014 1,946 3,757 1,889 1,868
10 - 14 3,951 2,039 1,912 3,862 1,992 1,870
15 - 19 4,251 2,174 2,077 2,763 1,409 1,354
20 - 24 4,619 2,292 2,327 608 316 292
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population

Projected Enrollment

To determine the future teacher and classroom requirement up to the year 202, the enrollment is projected for
elementary, secondary and tertiary schools. In Noveleta, the enrollment for elementary is projected to reach 5,245
by the school year 2006-2007 and 7,182 by the school year 2011-2012; secondary is expected to total 2,392 in
the school year 2006-2007 and 4,324 in the school year 2011-2012; and tertiary to be 1,852 in the school year
2006-2007 and 4,146 in the school year 2011-2012.

Literacy

The literacy rates in both towns are very high with 99.77% for Noveleta (see table below). This is almost equal
across all age groups and for both sexes. In Noveleta, there is even a 100% literacy among the females in the age
groups of 30-34 y.o. and 40-44 y.o.

Table 2.4-5. Literacy of the Household Population 10 Years Old and Over: 2015
Household Population
Literate
Age Group 10 years old and over
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
NOVELETA
Total 38004 18552 19452 37918 18499 19419
10 - 14 3951 2039 1912 3938 2031 1907
15 - 19 4251 2174 2077 4245 2168 2077
20 - 24 4619 2292 2327 4613 2287 2326
25 - 29 4115 2039 2076 4111 2036 2075
30 - 34 3677 1799 1878 3674 1796 1878
35 - 39 3580 1736 1844 3575 1732 1843
40 - 44 2958 1502 1456 2952 1496 1456
45 - 49 2748 1301 1447 2741 1298 1443
50 - 54 2274 1131 1143 2268 1126 1142

Chapter 2.4 2.4-6

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Household Population
Literate
Age Group 10 years old and over
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
55 - 59 1793 857 936 1786 854 932
60 - 64 1527 697 830 1524 696 828
65 years old and
2511 985 1526 2491 979 1512
over
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population

Educational Attainment

For the Municipality of Noveleta, 29,824 of the population are within the ages of 20 and above. Of these, 94 (0.35%)
did not finish any grade level; 4 went to pre-school only; 27 to Special Education; 3,130 (10.49%) completed
elementary; 1,847 (6.19%) are High School undergraduates; 13,400 (44.93%) finished High School; 857 (2.57%)
went to Post Secondary school; 4,798 (16.08%) are College undergraduates; 5,632 (18.89%) are degree holders;
and only 35 went to post-graduate school. This means that only <20% of the population will be able to work as
professionals.

These are based on the Total Population 5 Years Old and Over by Highest Grade/Year Completed: 2015 published
by PSA in 2015.

Socio Cultural Profile

Employment

Based on the DILG Region IV-A, the data published on 08 May 2014 stated that the major income sources in the
municipality of Novelata are fishing and services related jobs.

On July 2018, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) provided The Current Labor Statistics quarterly publication,
which shows regional data on employment. The table below shows Region IV-A where the Municipality of Noveleta
is located. It also shows that the number of unemployed gets lower in Region IV-A in the year 2018.

Table 2.4-6 Household Population 15 Years Old and Over and Employment Status by Region, Philippines: 2016 -
April 2018 conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority showing the current labor statistics.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-7

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.4-6. Household Population 15 Years Old and Over and Employment Status by Region,
Philippines: 2016 – April 2018

Furthermore, the minimum wage earners in private establishments in CALABARZON received a basic wage
increase of P9.50 to P10.00 upon effectivity of Wage Order No. RBIVA-17 starting July 1, 2018. This brings the
new minimum wage to a range of P317 to P400 in non-agriculture; P303 to P370 in agriculture sector; and P303
in retail/service establishments regularly employing not more than 10 workers.

Based on Table 2.4-9, 20,690 or 45.13% of the 45,846 total population of Noveleta are gainful workers 15 years
old and over. Of these, 22.64% are technicians and associate professionals, 15% are service and sales workers,
and 13.66% are plant and machine operators and assemblers. The professionals make up 7.28% of the employed.

Table 2.4-7. Gainful Workers 15 Years Old and Over by Major Occupation Group: 2015
Total Gainful Workers
Major Occupation Group 15 Years Old Percentage
and Over
TOTAL 20,690
Managers 1,397 6.75
Professionals 1,506 7.28
Technicians and Associate Professionals 4,684 22.64
Clerical Support Workers 2,036 9.84
Service and Sales Workers 3,103 15.00
Skilled Agricultural Forestry and Fishery Workers 355 1.72
Craft and Related Trades Workers 2,489 12.03
Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 2,826 13.66
Elementary Occupations 2,161 10.44
Armed Forces Occupations 91 0.44
Other Occupation Not Elsewhere Classified - 0.00
Not Reported 42 0.20
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population

Chapter 2.4 2.4-8

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Average Family Income and Expenditure vis-à-vis Poverty Level

Family income sources are the salaries, wages, allowances etc. while expenditures are the expenses made for
items to be consumed. Average family income in 2009 is 206 thousand pesos while the average family
expenditures is Php176,000.00. (These figures are as of 04 February 2011 of NSCB 2009 Family Income and
Expenditure).

In the same manner, NSCB reports Php166,841.00 as the annual per Capita over threshold, meaning families
whose income falls below it are considered poor.

2.4.1 Displacement of People, Livelihood and Properties

2.4.1.1 Displacement of Settlers/Fisherfolks

The proposed project will reclaim 267 hectares of land in Manila Bay. Inasmuch the issue on displacement of
settlers is irrelevant since the proposed project site is situated offshore; there are no current settlers in the proposed
reclamation area.

The fisherfolks and residents at the coastal areas shall not be dislocated from their homes (all onshore), hence,
there will be no resettlement necessary. Also, there are no permanent fishing structures such as lift nets or
mussel/oyster farms within the project site in Noveleta and Cavite City.

The sapra or lift net, which is operated with the aid of lights to catch small pelagic species of fish, were seen at
offshore waters of Cavite Cnity but are not being operated in Noveleta, particularly within or outside proposed
reclamation project Island C. In Cavite City waters, a total of 12 sapras were seen in 2018. This increased to 29
units in February 2019. The lift nets are positioned about 4 km from the shore. Nevertheless, none of the lift nets
were neither ‘inside’ nor immediately outside the proposed reclamation island C, and hence, will not be dislocated
due to the project. Furthermore, there are no mussel farms, fish pens or fish corals in the vicinity of reclamation
island C, and hence, no issues of dislocation as well.

In the absence of significant benthic habitats, pelagic fish species are the principal target of fishing boats in the
Noveleta area. Dominant fishing gears include encircling gill net and ring nets, designed specifically to capture the
deep-bodied herring Sardinella brachysoma (“law-law/tamban/tuloy’). In the vicinity of Island C, large motorized
push nets – an illegal fishing gear – are also operated in nearshore waters to catch shrimp and acetes (alamang).
There are 540 registered fisherfolks in Noveleta, while there is no available data for Cavite City.

The surrounding gill net and ring net, both considered active gears, are operated in offshore fishing grounds,
estimated to be 8 to 10 km from the shoreline to catch schools of pelagic species, principally sardines. Operators
of this gear claim that catches of sardines are better in deeper fishing grounds. Farther east of the proposed
reclamation island C, motorized push nest are being operated in coastal water under the jurisdiction of Cavite City.
The push net is one of the most damaging fishing gears strictly banned under the Fisheries Code of the Philippines.

In the shallow sandy shelf about 4km from the shore, large boats with crab pots are operated to catch swimming
crabs (Portunus pelagicus) but the declining catch rate has slowly eroded profitability of the gear and the number
of crab fishers has significantly waned over the last few years. In nearshore areas, where reclamation islands are
proposed to be located, small-scale fishers principally operate surface gill nets, handlines and spear to catch and
flathead mullet or Banak, tilapia, sardines and spadefish (Kitang).

Few fishers, as well as gleaners for macro-invertebrates in the proposed reclamations islands will be dislocated
momentarily during reclamation activities but will ultimately resume fishing operations in coastal waters past the
reclaimed area. It is noted however, that a sizeable nearshore fishing ground will be lost to reclamation affecting
largely small-scale fishers. On the other hand, effects on demersal fisheries productivity will be minimal as no
benthic fish habitats will be affected or altered due to the extreme silt and muddy sediments currently deposited in
the area. However, schools of Sardinella that normally enter inshore waters can be disturbed and move away from
the reclamation site. Tilapia and sardines fisheries in this area will be dislocated and loss of income from fishing

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
will be felt during reclamation activities. Fisheries operation in fishing grounds offshore of the reclamation and
generally in the mouth of Manila Bay will not be affected as fishers will move to new fishing grounds further away
from the reclaimed area where seawater will probably be less polluted and pelagic fish more abundant. However,
this will require modifications on fishing gears used.

In any case, he near-shore areas within 200m from the coast will be untouched and will remain as fishing grounds.
In general, long term improvement in fish stocks is contingent on the application of interventions that are designed
to perpetuate growth, maturation and recruitment. This can be pursued by ensuring enough habitats for a wide
range of fish species are protected against anthropogenic issues arising from reclamation activities and its post-
reclamation development. Curtailment of fishing practices that contributes to growth and recruitment overfishing
needs to be considered as a collaborative activity with the local government units and the BFAR.

Any fishing gear that will be dislocated by reclamation filling and operations will be compensated through the
provision of fishing gear paraphernalia, as well as technical assistance in re-establishing fishing operations. For
the loss of nearshore fishing grounds and dislocation of gill net and hook and line fishers, the Proponent will likewise
provide new fishing paraphernalia to enable affected small-scale fishers to move to deeper fishing grounds past
the reclamation area and will provide alternative livelihoods to affected fishers.

Pelagic species of sardines will continue to move to areas close to the shore and their seasonal movement into
the coastal seas surrounding the reclamation project will be sustained. In other nearshore areas, this will involve
the provision of seawater channels to ensure that plankton communities will continue to enrich inshore fishing
grounds between the shoreline and the inner boundary of reclaimed sites so that sardines and other small pelagic
fishes can continue to migrate and graze into such areas. Efforts to sustain macro-invertebrate recruitment and
settlement will be studied and applied in suitable areas.

The demand for fishery products, both in fresh and processed form, is likely to increase significantly as a result of
increased demand during project establishment and can lead to enhanced fishing effort in an already heavily-fished
fishery and competition for a dwindling resource base can drive fishers to use more illegal fishing methods. On the
other hand, the operation of the Project is also seen to increase employment opportunities for skilled labor and
provide certain fisheries-based livelihood to local fishers. With assistance from the Project, small-scale aquaculture
and fisheries product value-adding can evolve into profitable livelihoods, especially for women in fisheries.

There will be other programs by the LGU/Project Proponent to assist the fisherfolks such as: assistance in
upgrading to bigger motorized boats/bancas for fishermen who use the "sagwan" boats in view of the longer routes
they have to take; skill development training seminars for fisherfolks and their families such as livelihood training,
fishery product value-adding, modern fishing technology, and aquaculture; introduction and sponsoring of
sustainable livelihood projects; and technical and financial assistance in the marketing/sales/promotion of local
products.

Change/conflict in Right of Way and Impact on Public Access

These relate to the connections of the access ways to points on shore. Figure 2.4-4 show the initial Framework
Plan for the access ways. Avoidance of ROW conflicts is a key consideration for these access ways.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Note that Island C as well as all the other islands are shown in the above

Figure 2.4-3. Initial Framework Plan showing therein access ways

2.4.2 In–Migration/ Proliferation of Informal Settlers

There will be no proliferation of informal settlers or property that will be displaced nor disturbed or cultural/Lifestyle
change since there are neither informal settlers nor IPs within the proposed project site. Temporary in-migration
may take place but only for a short period of time because these may compose the technical team that will
undertake the engineering and design requirements and construction requirements under the Contractor’s
responsibility. Also, even if new employees will be hired when land will be reclaimed, in-migration will not take
place because target employees are qualified residents of the area who have their own houses to live in.

2.4.3 Cultural/Lifestyle Change (especially on Indigenous Peoples (IPs), if there’s any)

The influx of people into the area may bring about the following:

• Potential social tensions due to income and wealth disparity between those who will be benefited
economically from the project and those who will not be benefited.
• Workers and other in-migrants may introduce different lifestyles and patterns of behavior leading to social
tensions.

To prevent this from happening, the proponent will implement a code of conduct for employees, contractors, and
subcontractors to prevent potential impacts on lifestyle and behaviour. Furthermore, IEC activities, open dialogue
and communication with the stakeholders will be undertaken regularly by the proponent to address the concerns
of the stakeholders.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.4.4 Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources

• The conduct of an Archaelogical Survey/Assessment is being planned and will be coordinated with the
National Museum.

• It is deemed practical to undertake this work during the site preparation works because at this phase of
the project sea based transport vessels will be available and underwater scuba teams will be needed by
the reclamation contractor. Thus, there will be effective synchronization / harmonization of the
archaeological survey with the own survey of the reclamation contractor.

National Heritage

The proposed project site will be situated in the territorial jurisdiction of the Municipality of Noveleta. As indicated
in the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, Manila Bay is the premier international gateway to the country’s political,
economic and social center. The bay has been known for its strategic importance ever since the pre-colonial times.
One of the finest natural harbors in the world, Manila Bay was a focal point of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade.
The bay has been a scene of many battles, and until today a historic naval base in Cavite stands, guarding the
entrance to the Bay. Thus, Manila Bay is considered to have historical and religious values, geological and
archaeological sites, cultural sites, natural values, tourism and recreational values.

Historical and Cultural Values

Historical and Religious Sites

Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), Manila Bay area is a place of many striking contrasts.
Monuments and sculptured images of heroes past stand amidst glass, steel and concrete skyscrapers. Centuries-
old churches are a stone’s throw away from big shopping malls and posh hotels. The walled city of Intramuros –
the bastion of Spanish rule, Corregidor’s ruined barracks and artilleries – testimony of heroism in World War II,
ancestral houses, museums and historical markers take one down along memory lane. Theater and open-air
performances offer a cultural interlude.

Geological and archaeological sites

Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), marine fossils have been found in the mountains of Antipolo,
Rizal, indicating that this part of the Sierra Madre mountain range was once under the sea. In Angono, Rizal,
prehistoric petroglyphs or rock engravings dating back to 3000 B.C. have been included in the World Inventory of
Rock Art under the auspices of UNESCO, and nominated as one of the ‘100 Most Endangered Sites of the World’
under the World Monument Watch List. Archeological excavations in Santa Ana, Manila, revealed habitation and
burial sites of early settlers and ancient data from the 12th to 13th centuries (DOT 1999).

Cultural sites

Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), the National Museum Complex, National Library, Metropolitan
Theatre and the Cultural Center Complex are found in Manila. Inside Intramuros, one can find the museums of
Fort Santiago and San Agustin Church. Open-air concerts and plays are shown at the Paco Park and the Rajah
Sulayman Theatre in Fort Santiago.

2.4.5 Threat to Delivery of Basic Services /Resource Competition

2.4.5.1 Water Supply

One of the pre-requisites to the orderly and well balanced growth of the urban areas is an effective system of local
utilities, the absence of which is recognized as a deterrent to economic growth. Domestic water system is one of
the most basic and essential elements of local utility systems.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

At present, the municipality is under the coverage of the Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI). All barangays are
being served by the water utility. Based on the provincial profile, the MWSI has a total of 1,156 customers in the
year 2017, broken down as follows: 983 households, 29 commercial/institutional and 4 semi-business
establishments.

They are served only from 4:00 to 9:00 in the morning daily. The service schedule is expected to be improved
once the utility’s expansion program is completed.

As to Level I water supply facilities, there is a total of 1,190 units in the municipality. There are 336 public wells
(45 shallow wells and 291 deep wells) and 854 private wells (195 shallow wells and 659 deep wells).

Water Demand

Based on projected population in 2028 and standard water demand of 144 liters per capita per day, the total
estimated water demand is 8,104,176 liters per day (lcpd) or about 8,104.176 cubic meters per day. Generally, the
present water supply is sufficient for the local population.

At this stage, the engineering work activities are dry in nature. Moreover, during reclamation works, no water will
be used except by the construction crews for domestic purposes. The water supply for the construction crew is
from purchase of bottled water onshore, thus there will not be any water resource competition.

During the operations phase, water will be required for the operation of the various establishments, commercial
centers, and by the locators. Water will be sourced from a concessionaire who will supply the requirements without
depriving the users outside of the reclamation project with their water needs.

2.4.5.2 Power Supply

The Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) supplies the power requirements of the municipality. Based on the
provincial profile, the present number of customers served by MERALCO is 10,787 for residential, 3 for industrial
and 1320 for commercial uses and various barangay streetlights.

Correspondingly, the average monthly power consumption based on the report of MERALCO is 173.04 kwh for
residential uses, while the commercial and industrial purposes utilize 930.61 kwh and 1,348.36 kwh, respectively
and 1,511.58 kwh for streetlights.

Generally, the power service being provided in the municipality is adequate. However, power rate schedule is
considerably high with the inclusion of Power Purchase Adjustment (PPA) for all types of uses.

Further, the Municipality’s power requirements are supplied by MERALCO. The demand for power supply has
not shown a remarkable increase since the last five periods. Commercial sector is the second biggest consumer
of electricity followed by residential sector.

The Proposed Project will not create competition on power supply. The power requirements during the
reclamation/dredging works will be sourced from onboard power generators for the obvious reason that the sea
vessels will not be able to connect to the power lines onshore. Hence, there will be no competition with the
communities.

During the operations phase, power will most likely be sourced from MERALCO, which will provide the
requirements without depriving the communities with their own energy needs.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.4.5.3 Communications

Postal Services

There is one postal office managed by the Philippine Postal Corporation located in the municipal building. Mail
delivery within the area is efficiently handled by three (3) mail carriers.

In addition, a private company LBC is located at Barangay Magdiwang which accepts and delivers mail and parcels
within the municipality and the different localities in the country. This is complemented by the presence of high
technology communication facilities such as internet services.

Telecommunications

The Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT) Company & Globe Telecoms provide telephone services in the
municipality.

Aside from this, telephone providers, mobile communication and internet is being used to as form of
communication.

Print/Broadcast Media

Being an urban area near Metropolitan Manila, national daily newspapers as well as tabloids and magazines are
available in the municipality.

Radio broadcast and television shows can also be enjoyed by the local residents. Cable television is also being
served by the Cavite Cable.

2.4.6 Threat to Public Health and Safety

2.4.6.1 Peace and Order / Crime

Protective Services

The concern of the municipality does not merely focus on its progress and development through urbanization. The
overall success of the desired development could not be attained if protective services are not well in place. Hand-
in-hand with progress is the maintenance of peace and order which is one of the primary concerns of the municipal
leadership.

Existing Situation

At present, the police department, the barangay police, the fire department and other private security agencies
provide the protective services in the municipality.

The peace and order situation in the area has been favorable and under control of the local police unit with the
headquarters located in the municipal hall in the Poblacion. The Philippine National Police (PNP) Force has an
actual strength of eighteen (18) officers and men while the fire department consists of seven (7) BFP personnel
and five (5) volunteers.

The PNP as protector of the citizenry and with close coordination of the municipal leadership, undertakes the
following:

1. Dispersal of the police from the headquarters to the streets and enhancement of crime prevention and
control;
2. Restoration of the trust and confidence of the people on the police and gain community support;
3. Elimination of street and neighborhood crimes and improvement of public safety;

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
4. Arrest of all criminal elements, common or organized in coordination with other pillars of the criminal
justice system and law enforcement agencies

Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures

The personnel and the activities of the proposed reclamation during construction phase will be confined in the
project site only. Thus, the Project will not pose a threat on the existing peace and order/crime. The construction
crew will be managed Municipality of Noveleta and its private partner and third party contractor which will be hired
during the reclamation works. The proponent will set safety and control measures and restrictions to prevent any
situation that can trigger crime. The hired workers during construction and operations phase will be restricted on
carrying firearms or any deadly weapons. Moreover, propriety among the workers and guests shall be observed.

During the operations phase, the reclaimed land will be populated. Nevertheless, the various activities will still be
confined to the reclaimed land thereby creating some degree of isolation from the general public.

The management organization for the locators will provide full security and safeguards within reclaimed land and
the immediate vicinity to ensure that the people will be least exposed to public safety risks.

2.4.6.2 Public Health

2.4.6.2.1 Health Services/Facilities

Human development and a better quality of life for all Filipinos are the overriding goals of the national government.
In line with the objective of adopting an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall
endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost
as provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, the Municipality of Noveleta, as mandated by
the Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160), discharges the functions and responsibilities of the national
agencies and offices devolved to them in terms of basic health services delivery and maintenance of facilities.

Existing Situation

Based on the 2018-2028 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of the Municipality of Noveleta, presently, the available
public health services and facilities serving the municipality consist of a Rural Health Unit (RHU) located at the
Poblacion with nine (9) Barangay Health Stations.

The medical force provided by the government is composed of 1 doctor, 1 nurse, 7 midwives who are assigned in
the different barangays, 1 dentist, 2 sanitary inspectors and 20 barangay health workers. The medical force is
supported by the Barangay Nutrition Scholars. The facilities found in the Municipal Health Center include 3 beds,
dental and laboratory facilities, and first-aid equipment.

There is one private medical hospital, St. Martin Hospital, located at Salcedo II with 26 doctors, 21 nurses, 1
midwife, 6 medical technologists, 3 radiologists, and 4 pharmacists. It has 25 rooms with 41 beds that include the
following: 1 single bed suite room (air-conditioned); 12 single bed private rooms (air-conditioned); 1 single bed
isolation room (air-conditioned); 1 two-bed, 2 three-bed semi private rooms (air-conditioned); and 4 wards including
1 five-bed OB-Gyne room (air-conditioned); 1 four-bed pediatric room (air-conditioned); 1 four-bed female ward;
and 1 four-bed male ward. The hospital services offered include Obstetrics and Gynecology; Pediatrics; Medicine;
Surgery; Urology; ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat); Ophthalmology; Orthopedics; Anesthesia; Occupational Medicine;
Pharmacy; Complete Laboratory Examination; and X-Ray and Ultrasound.

There are 4 ambulances in the locality to provide logistics support to the municipal medical force.

As indicated in the 2017 Annual Accomplishment of the Municipal Health Office, medical services performed
include births, NTP, prenatal care, post-partum care, child care, and family planning. Other services include control
of diarrheal diseases, control of acute respiratory infection, nutrition program, environmental health service and
dental service.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The RHU has full implementation of the restructured health care delivery system serving the poblacion area, while
the 4 Rural Health Midwives assigned to different barangays are delivering the primary health care services to the
people of the communities where they are assigned.

Available records at the Municipal Health Office show that in 2017, there have been 916 live births which is about
1.99% percent of the projected population of 45,830. Out of the total births, 463 or 50.54% percent are male
while 453 or about 49.34% percent are female. Barangay San Rafael 3 has the biggest number with 480 births.
Barangays San Antonio 1, San Rafael 3, Salcedo 2, and Sta. Rosa 1 also accounted for 8 infant deaths.

On the total number of deaths, a total of 258 deaths was recorded, of which, 139 were male while 119 were female.
Barangay San Rafael III has the biggest number at 52.

As to morbidity, URTI with 2,224 cases topped the ten leading causes of morbidity in the last 5 years followed by
bronchial asthma with 1,963 cases.

To determine the degree of malnutrition in the municipality, the Municipal Health Center regularly conducts
Operation Timbang. The results in 2017 indicate that a total of 3,389 children with ages under 1, 1-4 and 5-6-
year-old where weighed. Out of this, 3,389 children representing 100% percent of the total children weighed were
found severely underweight; 18 or 0.6% percent were moderately underweight; 112 or 3.8 percent were mildly
underweight and 2,749 or 93.8 percent were normal. 51 children representing about 1.7 percent were found to be
overweight.

The above-stated figures show that the general nutrition situation of the pre-school children in the municipality is
encouraging. However, the municipality, through the local health office and the municipal nutrition council must
exert efforts to minimize, if not, eradicate malnutrition among our children. The incidence of malnutrition
(overweight and underweight) can be attributed to misconception on health and nutrition practices, economic status
and lifestyle, accessibility to food establishments, change in eating patterns and habits, educational background
and cultural beliefs.
There are 8,531 households which have toilet facilities, broken down as follows: 8,007 Sanitary Toilet and 524
Unsanitary Toilet. There were 524 households which have no toilet facilities.

Health Insurance Program

As of the year 2017, the Municipal Social Welfare and Development conducted an outreach program through the
efforts of the Municipal Government which aims at providing free health insurance for indigent families in the
municipality in accordance with the national program of providing health assistance for the people.

Impact Analysis

During the reclamation/dredging phase, there will be minimal impact on public health because the activities and
the small number of persons (the construction crew) involved will be based on the sea vessels. The risk health
factor that needs to be carefully identified during the reclamation phase is the potential contamination of the Bay
with toxic and hazardous substance that may be present in the filling materials.

If the filling materials would be sourced from Manila Bay itself, this risk is greatly reduced or would be absent. Pre-
screening of any filing materials with respect to complete chemical analysis for toxic elements, e.g.: cyanide,
mercury, lead, chromium, etc. will be undertaken. To ensure environmental compliance, the use of and sourcing
of the filling materials will be subject to prior permits and clearances including a separate ECC.

Moreover, mitigation measures will be put in place for dispersal of silts/disturbed seabed. The use of silt curtains
or rock bund along the perimeter of the project will further ensure that the silt and potential hazardous substances
are contained within the reclamation area.

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THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.4.6.2.2 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Disaster management in the proposed reclamation and development project and its environs is critical in the
success or failure of the project. The proper identification of the risks involving the project and its surroundings is
vital to properly prepare all the people involved including the community that hosts the project. The impacts of
disasters will not only affect the project but also its surrounding communities and the structures and properties.
When properly planned, mitigating measures can be put in place at the proper time so that all parties are informed
and prepared in case something happens. Also, the mitigating measures can alleviate the potential impacts. The
Project Proponent can be of service to the residents in the implementation of DRR efforts as it can provide the
necessary funding, training, and manpower in preparing the community against disasters.

With respect to marine traffic considering the routes of the Coast Guard, Navy as well as commercial ships and
fishing boats, the Proponent shall be in constant coordination with the PCG regarding the planned/scheduled
movements of all its vessels so that permits to sail and Notice/s to Mariners can be issued in a timely manner.
Beforehand, and as early as the securing of LONOs, coordination with the PCG and PN were done in respect of
planned routes of dredging vessels. This shall be firmed up during the DED stage and shall be coordinated once
again with these agencies.

Risk Profile of the Proposed Project

The profile of the various risks, including perceived risks are discussed in several sections of this EIS Report and
the major risks hereunder briefly summarized in the matrix below.

Table 2.4-8. Major Issues that May Affect the Communities In Case of Disaster/s
Hazard Cause/Related Activities Concerns/Issues Mitigation Measure
NATURAL HAZARDS (not caused by the project)
Met-Ocean Hazards
Flood With our without the Loss of life and property; The reclamation land configuration and
project, the project site panic among residents the appropriate design and engineering
(land adjacent to the site) and/or workers intervention will provide measures to
will be subject to episodes address these risks.
of floods, as actually Proper and adequate drainage system,
being experienced at this island configuration and distance vis-à-
time. vis mainland and other proposed
islands
Storm Surge Similar to floods, these Loss of life and property; Appropriate design and engineering
could occur with or panic among residents intervention will be provided. Elevated
without the project. and/or workers platform and storm wave deflectors.

The reclaimed island will serve as

shield to mainland and its population.
Earthquakes and seismic related Hazards
Tsunami Similar to floods, these Loss of life and property; Appropriate design and engineering
could occur with or panic among residents intervention will be provided. Elevated
without the project. and/or workers platform and storm wave deflectors.

The reclaimed island will serve as

shield to mainland and its population.
Subsidence In the current situation, Loss of life and property; Appropriate ground/soil compaction
this is due to groundwater panic among residents measures
extraction, which does not and/or workers
apply to the project.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Hazard Cause/Related Activities Concerns/Issues Mitigation Measure
Liquefaction Existing soil properties - Loss of life and property; Appropriate ground/soil compaction
soft, unconsolidated and panic among residents measures
water-saturated, which and/or workers
will potentially be
disturbed during
earthquakes
Ground Shaking Proximity to active faults Loss of life and property; Design and Engineering
(20.2km from West Valley panic among residents intervention in accordance with
Fault) and/or workers National Building Code.
ACCIDENTS
Fire Dredging/reclamation Loss of life and property; Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) used has
activties/ movement of panic among residents high Flash Point > 600 C
vessels and/or workers
Explosion Dredging/reclamation Loss of life and property; MDO not explosive
activties/ movement of panic among residents
vessels and/or workers
Release of Toxic Dredging/reclamation Loss of life and property; Bilge water treatment
Substances activties/ movement of panic among residents No HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants)
vessels and/or workers from exhaust of engines
Oil Spills from Dredging/reclamation Loos of marine life, a. Assurance of sea-worthiness of the
Dredging Vessels activties/ movement of environmental damage sea vessel
vessels • Compliance with international and
local (PCG) standards
• Training of vessel crew and personnel
• Possession of adequate navigational
aids
b. Inspection by the PCG of the
integrity of the oil storage tank in the
vessel
• Record of last inspection of the tank
• Checking of safety instruments of the
oil system e.g. valves, fittings
c. Provision for onboard oil spill
containment and recovery equipment
e.g.
• Oil Spill Boom
• Approved oil spill dispersant
• Oil recovery equipment e.g. oil pump
Collission Movement of dredging Loss of life and property There will be Mariners' Notice issued to
between marine vessels vis-à-vis all parties concerned with regards to
vessels movement of other planned trips of each vessel.
vessels of the PCG, PN, The vessels shall make the necessary
commercial ships, and communication, depending on the type
smaller fishing boats and operations of the vessel, with other
vessels and/or with the Radio Room by
means of the VHF channel that has
been set up for the project.
Rigid adherence to Marine Safety
guidelines as discussed in Chapter 4.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Hazard Cause/Related Activities Concerns/Issues Mitigation Measure
Failure/collapse of Inadequate Endanger life, property Use of internationally-accepted
Structure design/engineering and/or the environment. construction technology and
measures Accidents to construction methodology, the use of sound fill
crew materials and rocks and the employ of
proven Contractor.
-Safety training of all personnel
-Use of safety gears/equipment and
PPEs

Risks that may be attributable to the project itself, e.g. potential failure of the reclaimed land. Design and
engineering intervention will be undertaken. Baselines from the geotechnical investigation will be used.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

This is inherently considered and provided for in the miscellaneous discussions of risks and include but not
limited to:
• DRR through design and engineering intervention such as in the construction of the land itself using
geotechnical investigation reports as baselines.
• Provisions for reduction of risks from storm surges, e.g. from the design of the islands and from the
use of wave deflectors.
• Elevated platform to reduce risks from tsunamis, as well as from storm surges and other potential met-
ocean risks/hazards.
• Coordination with the National/Local Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Council

The Project Proponent shall implement overall disaster risk awareness and preparedness before and
during the project implementation.

Safety drills will be institutionalized throughout the project life. This will include fire drills, earthquake drills, and the
like. Evacuation muster points will be established. These efforts shall be in consonance with the Disaster/Risk
Reduction and Management Plan of the government.

Lastly, the proponent will be actively involved in the IEC campaign to increase public awareness on hazard
management.

A multi-hazard mitigation and protection plan for natural coastal hazards will be developed. Similarly, awareness
about climate change impacts on coastal zone systems such as coastal erosion, sea level rise, and flooding risks
should be promoted with emphasis in the threat to life, structures, and economic production.

In case of disaster occurring in the area, may it be caused by natural hazards or by the project, the Private Partner
shall be assisting the concerned LGU in the disaster relief operations such as: evacuation of populace; search and
rescue operations; distribution of relief goods; medical assistance; etc. This shall be entrenched in the SDP-IEC
programs.

2.4.7 Generation of Local Benefits from the Project

Main Sources of Income and Livelihood

Construction Phase

The construction phase may not significantly bring about local benefits that will be generated in terms of:
• Direct Opportunities for employment
• Direct Opportunities for livelihood

Chapter 2.4 2.4-19

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
During this phase, only few construction workers will be hired and since the activities involve highly specialized
tasks, the opportunity for hiring local residents is not highly significant. Thus, the LGU proponent must thoroughly
conduct IEC on manpower requirement during and after construction activities with concerned barangays so as
not to create false hopes.

In any case, the increased revenues for the Municipality of Noveleta through tax payments will be flowed back to
the residents in terms of development projects of the Province of Cavite.

Operations Phase (Not part of the application for ECC)

During the operations phase whereby the locators will be conducting their individual businesses, employment and
livelihood will be significantly experienced. The envisioned business developments in the reclamation area shall
bring about employment opportunities for the people of Municipality of Noveleta and the Province of Cavite. If a
large number of those working in Manila will have the option to work nearer their homes, their daily spending will
be concentrated locally, and thus, will stimulate local economy.

2.4.8 Traffic Generation

Baseline/Existing Transportation/Traffic Situation in Municipality of Noveleta

Road Network

The road network of the municipality has a total length of 20,091.80 meters (20.09 kilometers). Broken down to
the types of road according to classification and length, national road comprises about 6.3 kilometers or 31.46
percent of the total road length; provincial road with about 5.3 kilometers or 26.37 percent; municipal road with
about 1.5 kilometers or 7.79 percent; and barangay road with about 6.9 kilometers or 34.38 percent. About 19.3
kilometers or a little more than 95 percent of the total road network is covered with concrete pavement. About 825
meters or 4 percent is still with earth fill.

Footpaths of about 1.5 meters wide are present for access of residents living far from the roads.

See Figure 2.4-4 for the Road Network Map.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-20

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Source: CLUP of Noveleta, 2018-2028

Figure 2.4-4. Road Network Map of Municipality of Noveleta

Bridges

There are nine (9) bridges in the municipality, of which, five (5) are national; two (2) are provincial; and two (2)
which are hanging bridges are municipal. See Table 2.4-9.

As to type of construction, six (6) bridges are concrete; one (1) is steel; and the hanging bridges timber. All bridges
are generally in good condition.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-21

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.4-9. Bridge Inventory; 2017
Bridge Description
Number of
Bridge Name Location No. of Length Width Type of Classification Remarks
Lanes
Span (m) (m) Construction

Hanging Bridge San Juan II 1 28.00 1.00 Timber Municipal Fair

Hanging Bridge San Antonio II/Sta. Rosa II 1 35.20 1.00 Timber Municipal Fair
San Juan Bridge San Juan I 1 23.30 6.00 Concrete Double Provincial Fair
Needs Repair
San Juan Bailey Bridge San Juan II 1 19.30 4.00 Steel Single Provincial and
Improvement
Noveleta Diversion Bridge Magdiwang 1 32.20 6.00 Concrete Double National Fair
Noveleta-Rosario Diversion Needs
Bridge (Ylang-Ylang Bridge) San Antonio II/Sta. Rosa II 2 Improvement
45.20 6.50 Concrete Double National (Widening)
Soriano Bridge Poblacion/San Jose I 1 21.95 6.00 Concrete Double National Fair
Malimango Salcedo II 1 14.00 6.00 Concrete Double National Fair
Needs
Calero Bridge San Rafael III & IV 1 21.95 6.00 Concrete Double National Improvement
(Widening)

TOTAL 241.10

Source: CLUP of Noveleta, 2018-2018

Figure 2.4-5. Map of Existing Bridges

Chapter 2.4 2.4-22

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Mode of Transport

The modes of transport in the municipality are public buses, jeepney, FX taxis, tricycle, pedicabs and private
vehicles.

The Noveleta Junction at the Poblacion is considered as the crossroad for vehicles traveling to the Municipalities
of Rosario, General Trias, Tanza, Kawit, Cavite City and Metro Manila and even Olongapo City and Baguio City.

Commuters from Noveleta can conveniently travel to these places by bus and jeepney which may be found passing
along the following streets:

a. General P. Alvarez and Dr. Jose Salud streets: route to Cavite City from Kawit, Bacoor. Zapote and/or
Metro Manila and Olongapo/Baguio City and vice versa.

b. M. Luna and General P. Alvarez streets: route to Cavite City from General Trias and vice versa.

c. Gen. M. Alvarez and General P. Alvarez streets: route to Cavite City from Rosario, General Trias, Tanza,
Trece Martires and Naic and vice versa.

d. General M. Alvarez and Dr. Salud streets: route to Naic, Tanza and General Trias from Kawit, Bacoor,
Zapote and/or Metro Manila and vice versa.

For short/long distance travel within the municipality, tricycle and pedicabs are available. Pedicabs may be found
at the entrance of selected subdivisions and barangay roads, while tricycles have terminals in the Poblacion and
selected corners of municipal and barangay roads.

Impacts of Reclamation and Horizontal Construction Phase on Traffic

The existing traffic congestion is due to the uncontrolled growth and urban sprawl in the whole GMMA with millions
of people travelling everyday to and from the national capital for work, school, entertainment, etc.

The direct impact of the project with regards to addition to traffic congestion will only be very minimal during the
pre-construction phase. This is mostly due to vehicles of the personnel engaging in further studies and planning in
areas towards the project location. This impact will increase only during the initial stages of the horizontal
development construction phase upon the arrivals and exits of equipment via land, and on other occasions
throughout the project implementation, but not too frequent or prolonged. The proponent shall be using the sea
access as much as possible, and these are also for logistical and cost considerations. The traffic towards and in
the areas directly accessing the project location would be limited only to the few personnel who will travel to the
project site by land.

The proponent will strictly comply with traffic rules and implement speed limits to ensure safety of the potentially
affected communities. Furthermore, there will be close liaison with local traffic authorities and installation of
improved signage to reduce the risk of accidents.

With regards to sea vessel traffic, the project will have no direct impact on the established navigational routes of
the Navy and PPA.

Increase in sea traffic due to the use of large ships and vessels during reclamation is also unavoidable. To address
these impacts, it is recommended that the affected fisherfolks will be provided additional livelihood opportunities.
Peak hours of fishing activities shall be considered during the reclamation activities.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-23

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
2.4.9 Public Perception Survey

The Preliminary Perception Survey conducted last October 13-19 2018 with a total of 90 respondents to assess
the socio-cultural economic situation of the communities that are to be affected by the proposed reclamation,
particularly the three (3) barangays-namely: Barangays San Rafael II, San Rafael III and San Rafael IV for the
Municipality of Noveleta. Table below presents the summary of the Perception Survey conducted for the Proposed
Project.

Sex Distribution – The respondents were composed of 43.33% males and 56.67% females.

Table 2.4-10. Impact Barangays: Sex Distribution

GENDER Total
Barangay Male Female No Answer No. of HH
No. of % No. of HH % No. of % surveyed %
HH surveyed HH
surveyed surveyed
Municipality of Noveleta
San Rafael II 8 26.67 22 73.33 0 0 30 100
San Rafael III 8 26.67 22 73.33 0 0 30 100
San Rafael IV 23 76.67 7 23.33 0 0 30 100
Total 39 43.33 51 56.67 0 0 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Civil Status – Data coming from the EIA survey are used to present baseline condition of the impact barangays
residents where majority or 79.99% of the respondents are married (or 72 out of 90 respondents) followed by single
10% and the rest are widower and lived in.

Table 2.4-11. Impact Barangays: Civil Status

CIVIL STATUS Total
Barangay Single Married Widower Separated Atbp. (Lived in) No. of
No. of % No. of HH % No. of % No. of % No. of % HH %
HH surveyed HH HH HH surveye
surveye surveye surveye surveye d
d d d d
San Rafael 2 6 20 19 63.33 1 3.33 0 0 4 13.33 30 100
San Rafael 3 0 0 28 93.33 0 0 0 0 2 6.66 30 100
San Rafael 4 3 10 25 83.33 2 6.66 0 0 0 0 30 100
Total 9 10 72 79.99 3 3.33 0 0 6 6.66 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Religious Affiliations – Results of the conducted survey indicated that 71.11% of the total respondents
interviewed are Roman Catholic followed by 21.11%, which are Aglipayan and followed by Protestants, Iglesia Ni
Cristo and Christian.

Table 2.4-12. Impact Barangays: Religious Affiliation

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION Total
Barangay Catholic Protestant Aglipayan INC Others No. of
No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % HH %
HH HH HH HH HH surveye
surveye surveye surveye surveye surveye d
d d d d d
San Rafael 2 8 26.66 3 10 19 63.33 0 0 0 0 30 100
San Rafael 3 28 93.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6.66 30 100
San Rafael 4 28 93.33 0 0 0 0 2 6.66 0 0 30 100
Total 64 71.11 3 3.33 19 21.11 2 2.22 2 2.22 90 100

Chapter 2.4 2.4-24

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Religious Affiliations – Results of the conducted survey indicated that 71.11% of the total respondents interviewed are Roman Catholic followed by 21.11%, which are Aglipayan
and followed by Protestants, Iglesia Ni Cristo and Christian.

Table 2.4-13. Impact Barangays: Religious Affiliation

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION Total
Barangay Catholic Protestant Aglipayan INC Others No. of
No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % HH %
HH HH HH HH HH surveye
surveye surveye surveye surveye surveye d
d d d d d
San Rafael 2 8 26.66 3 10 19 63.33 0 0 0 0 30 100
San Rafael 3 28 93.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6.66 30 100
San Rafael 4 28 93.33 0 0 0 0 2 6.66 0 0 30 100
Total 64 71.11 3 3.33 19 21.11 2 2.22 2 2.22 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Ethnicity – The Municipality’s dialect is mostly Tagalog (93.33%), there are migrants from other provinces that are also Tagalog speaking. Others are Waray, Cebuano and
Bicolano.

Table 2.4-14. Impact Barangays: Ethnicity

ETHNICITY Total
Barangay Tagalog Cebuano Bicolano Waray Others No. of
No. of % No. of HH % No. of % No. of % No. of HH % HH %
HH surveyed HH HH surveyed surveye
surveye surveye surveye d
d d d
San Rafael 2 25 83.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 16.67 30 100
San Rafael 3 30 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100
San Rafael 4 29 96.67 0 0 0 0 1 3.33 0 0 30 100
Total 84 93.33 0 0 0 0 1 1.11 5 5.56 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Chapter 2.4 2.4-25

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Income, Livelihood and Employment – The main source of income of the respondents is mostly Fishing, Regular Private/Government Employee, vendor/family business and
through contractual job/sub-contractor. On the other hand, 62.22% of the respondents stated that the husband is the primary earner in the household while 20% has the wife as
primary eaner. See Table 2.4-15 and Table 2.4-16.

In terms of monthly income, Table 2.4-17 shows that most of the respondents or 26.67% are earning between Php 10-001-Php 20,000, while respodnents earning Php 1,001-
Php 5,000 make up 21.11% followed by 21.1% earning Php 5,001 – Php 10,000, 17.78% earning Php 1,000 below and 13.33% earning Php 20,001 above.

Table 2.4-15. Impact Barangays: Main Source of Livelihood of Respondents

OCCUPATION Total
Barangay Fishing Regular Private/Govt Contractual Vendor/Family Others No. of HH
Employee Job/Sub- Business surveyed %
Contractor
No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 0 0 13 43.33 2 6.67 6 20 9 30 30 100
San Rafael III 16 53.33 5 16.67 4 13.33 5 16.67 0 0 30 100
San Rafael IV 23 76.67 0 0 0 0 4 13.33 3 10 30 100
Total 39 43.33 18 20 6 6.67 15 16.67 12 13.33 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Table 2.4-16. Impact Barangays: Primary Earner

PRIMARY EARNER Total
Barangay Husband Wife Son Daughter Others No.of HH
No. of % No.of HH % No.of HH % No. of % No. of % surveyed %
HH surveyed surveyed HH HH
surveyed surveyed surveyed
Municipality of Novelata
San Rafael II 14 46.67 3 10 3 10 2 6.67 8 26.67 30 100
San Rafael III 19 63.33 9 30 0 0 2 6.67 0 0 30 100
San Rafael IV 23 76.67 6 20 0 0 1 3.33 0 0 30 100
Total 56 62.22 18 20 3 3.33 5 5.56 8 8.89 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Chapter 2.4 2.4-26

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.4-17. Impact Barangays: Monthly Income of the Respondents
MONTHLY INCOME Total
Barangay P1,000 below P1,001-P5,000 P5,001-10,000 P10,001-20,000 P20,001 Above Others/No No. of
Answer HH %
No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % surveye
HH HH HH HH HH HH d
surveyed surveye survey surveye surveye surveye
d ed d d d
San Rafael II 8 26.67 7 23.33 1 3.33 7 23.33 7 23.33 0 0 30 100
San Rafael III 6 20 3 10 8 26.67 11 36.67 2 6.67 0 0 30 100
San Rafael IV 2 6.67 9 30 10 33.3 6 20 3 10 0 0 30 100
Total 16 17.78 19 21.11 19 21.1 24 26.67 12 13.33 0 0 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Educational Attainment – Table 2.4-18 shows that the largest percentage or 36.66% of the respondents are high school graduate followed by 33.34% elementary graduate
and 24.44% vocational course graduates.

Table 2.4-18. Impact Barangays: Educational Attainment

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Total
Barangay Wala (None) Elementary High School Vocational College No. of
No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of HH % HH %
HH HH HH HH surveyed surveye
surveye surveye surveye surveye d
d d d d
San Rafael II 0 0 8 26.67 3 10 19 63.33 0 0 30 100
San Rafael III 0 0 12 40 16 53.33 0 0 2 6.67 30 100
San Rafael IV 0 0 10 33.34 14 46.66 3 10 3 10 30 100
Total 0 0 30 33.34 33 36.66 22 24.44 5 5.56 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018
Health

Sickness in the Family – Based on the survey conducted, 37.78% of the household respondents have experienced one (1) sick family member for the past five years. 13.33%
of the household respondents have experienced two (2) sick family memebers for the past five years (Table 2.4-19). Common sickness in the barangay as indicated by the
household respondets are fever, cold, gastrointestinal disease, skin disease and heart disease (Table 2.4-20).

Chapter 2.4 2.4-27

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Where do they Consult? – Based from the result of the conducted survey, 26.67% of the household respondents opted to consult in Private Clinic while 21.11% opted to consult
in Barangay Health Center.

See Table 2.4-21 on Where They Consult, for the survey data.

Table 2.4-19. Number of Family Member Who Got Sick for the Past 5 Years
NUMBER OF FAMILY MEMBER WHO GOT SICK FOR THE PAST 5 YEARS Total
Barangay 1 2 3 4 5 NO ANSWER No. of HH
No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of HH % surveyed %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 10 33.33 8 26.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 40 30 100
San Rafael III 21 70 3 10 2 6.67 1 3.33 2 6.67 1 3.33 30 100
San Rafael IV 3 10 1 3.33 1 3.33 0 0 0 0 25 83.33 30 100
Total 34 37.78 12 13.33 3 3.33 1 1.11 2 2.22 38 42.22 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Table 2.4-20. Common Illness in the Community

Source of treatment for Illness of Respondents Total
Barangay Gastrointestinal Cold Fever Others No Answer No. of
Disease HH %
No. of HH % No. of % No. of % No. of % No .of % surveyed
surveyed HH HH HH HH
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael 2 0 0 8 26.67 3 10 19 63.33 0 0 30 100
San Rafael 3 0 0 12 40 16 53.33 0 0 2 6.67 30 100
San Rafael 4 0 0 10 33.34 14 46.66 3 10 3 10 30 100
Total 0 0 30 33.34 33 36.66 22 24.44 5 5.56 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Chapter 2.4 2.4-28

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.4-21. Place of Treatment for illness of respondents
Place of treatment for Illness of Respondents Total
Barangay House Barangay Health Government Private Clinic Herbalist Others No Answer No. of
Center Hospital HH %
No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % surveyed
HH HH HH HH HH HH HH
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael 2 8 26.67 7 23.33 1 3.33 7 23.33 0 0 7 23.33 0 0 30 100
San Rafael 3 6 20 3 10 8 26.67 11 36.67 0 0 2 6.67 0 0 30 100
San Rafael 4 2 6.67 9 30 10 33.3 6 20 0 0 3 10 0 0 30 100
Total 16 17.78 19 21.11 19 21.1 24 26.67 0 0 12 13.33 0 0 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Environmental Health and Sanitation - Based on the perception survey conducted, majority of the total respondents has access to sanitation facilities.

Table 2.4-22. Type of Toilet Facility Used by Respondents

Type of Toilet Facility Used by Respondents Total
Barangay None Water-sealed (pour Water-sealed (with Antipolo Type Others No. of
flush) flush tank) HH %
No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % surveyed
HH HH HH HH HH
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael 2 6 20 19 63.33 1 3.33 0 0 4 13.33 30 100
San Rafael 3 0 0 28 93.33 0 0 0 0 2 6.66 30 100
San Rafael 4 3 10 25 83.33 2 6.66 0 0 0 0 30 100
Total 9 10 72 79.99 3 3.33 0 0 6 6.66 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Chapter 2.4 2.4-29

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Perception of the Community

• Knowlegde About the Proposed Project

Table 2.4-23 shows the frequency of the respondents who answered that they did not had prior knowledge and
idea about the Proposed Cavite Land Reclamation and Development Project. Out of the 90 respondents, 67 or
74.44% of them answered No, while 13 or 14.44% answered Yes, and the remaining 10 or 11.11% had no
responses.

Table 2.4-23. Household Knowledge about the Proposed Project

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT Total
Barangay Yes No No Answer No. of HH
No. of HH % No. of HH % No. of % surveyed %
surveyed surveyed HH
surveyed
San Rafael 2 12 40 15 50 3 10 30 100
San Rafael 3 1 3.33 25 83.33 4 13.33 30 100
San Rafael 4 0 0 27 90 3 10 30 100
Total 13 14.44 67 74.44 10 11.11 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Majority of the respondents answered that their source of information about the Proposed Cavite Land Reclamation
and Development Project was learned from the barangay with a frequency of 33 or 36.66% while 14 or 15.56%
answered that they heard the project from their neighbor, 5 or 5.55% answered that they also heard the project
from the media, 1 or 1.11% answered that they learned the project from IEC and the remaining 37 respondents or
41.11% had no response. See Table 2.4-24.

Table 2.4-24. Household Source of Information about the Proposed Project

SOURCE OF INFORMATION Total
Barangay Neighbor Barangay IEC by Media No Answer No. of
Proponent HH %
No. of HH % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % surveye
surveyed HH HH HH HH d
surv’d surv’d surv’d surv’d
San Rafael 2 0 0 13 43.33 0 0 3 10 14 46.66 30 100
San Rafael 3 2 6.67 8 26.66 0 0 1 3.33 19 63.33 30 100
San Rafael 4 12 40 12 40 1 3.33 1 3.33 4 13.33 30 100
Total 14 15.56 33 36.66 1 1.11 5 5.55 37 41.11 90 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Perceived Impacts
The respondents were also asked on their view on the possible beneficial and adverse impacts of the proposed
Cavite Reclamation Project. As far as the perceived benefits is concerned, top answers are on livelihood and
business opportunities, improvement of roads and other infrastructure, additional tax, good service of the
government and water services. On the other hand, perceived adverse impacts are traffic, water pollution, loss of
job, tsunami, corruption, loss of fresh air from the Manila Bay, flood, death of marine species and loss of view.

Table 2.4-25. Possible beneficial impacts of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project
1. Livelihood and business opportunities
2. Improvement of roads and other infrastructure
Answers
3. Land taxes
4. Improvement of government services
5. Improvement of water services
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Chapter 2.4 2.4-30

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Table 2.4-26. Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project
1. Increased traffic
2. Flooding
3. Health and safety hazard
Answers 4. Air, water and land pollution
5. Generation of wastes
6. Loss of plants, trees and other infrastructure
7. Loss of existing livelihood
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Enhanced Perception Survey

Further and enhanced household perception surveys were made post the activities under DAO 2017-15, in
compliance with the requirements of the Review Committee Members (REVCOM).

The discussions below are based on the households perception survey conducted last January to March 2019.
The Tables below present the summary of the Perception Survey conducted for the Proposed Project

Age Distribution, by Sex. In terms of age and sex distribution, majority of the respondents of the three (3)
barangays are male. The data on age distribution are presented in Table 2.4-28.

Table 2.4-27. Impact Barangays: Gender distribution in Noveleta

FEMALE MALE NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
surveyed % surveyed % surveyed % surveyed %
San Rafael II 76 31 171 69 0 0 247 100
San Rafael III 121 53 86 38 21 9 228 100
San Rafael IV 18 62 11 38 0 0 29 100
Total 215 42.66 268 53.17 21 4.17 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-28. Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Cavite Reclamation Project

1. Increased traffic
2. Flooding
3. Health and safety hazard
Answers 4. Air, water and land pollution
5. Generation of wastes
6. Loss of plants, trees and other infrastructure
7. Loss of existing livelihood
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018

Chapter 2.4 2.4-31

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Enhanced Perception Survey

Further and enhanced household perception surveys were made post the activities under DAO 2017-15, in compliance with the requirements of the Review Committee Members
(REVCOM).

The discussions below are based on the households perception survey conducted last January to March 2019. The Tables below present the summary of the Perception Survey
conducted for the Proposed Project

Age Distribution, by Sex. In terms of age and sex distribution, majority of the respondents of the three (3) barangays are male. The data on age distribution are presented in
Table 2.4-29.

Table 2.4-29. Impact Barangays: Gender distribution in Noveleta

FEMALE MALE NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
surveyed % surveyed % surveyed % surveyed %
San Rafael II 76 31 171 69 0 0 247 100
San Rafael III 121 53 86 38 21 9 228 100
San Rafael IV 18 62 11 38 0 0 29 100
Total 215 42.66 268 53.17 21 4.17 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-30. Impact Barangays: Age Distribution in Noveleta

15-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71 ABOVE NO ANSWER TOTAL
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
Barangay
surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye %
d d d d d d d d d
San Rafael II 6 2 41 16 55 21 27 11 34 13 14 5 9 4 70 27 256 100
San Rafael III 7 3 51 22 58 26 25 11 27 12 3 1 3 1 53 23 227 100
San Rafael IV 1 3 5 17 5 17 5 17 1 3 0 0 0 0 12 41 29 100
Total 14 2.73 97 18.94 118 23.05 57 11.13 62 12.11 17 3.20 12 2.34 135 26.37 512 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Civil Status. Data coming from the conducted EIA survey are used to present the baseline condition of the impact barangay residents where majority or 68.25% (or 344 out of
the 504 respodnents) are married and the rest are single, lived-in, single parents or widower.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-32

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-31. Impact Barangays: Civil Status in Noveleta

DALAGA/BINATA MAY ASAWA BYUDA/BYUDO HIWALAY LIVE-IN OTHERS NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 18 7 182 74 27 11 15 6 0 0 3 1 2 1 247 100
San Rafael III 44 19 143 63 8 4 5 2 0 0 4 2 24 11 228 100
San Rafael IV 5 17 19 66 0 0 1 3 2 7 0 0 2 7 29 100
Total 67 13.29 344 68.25 35 6.94 21 4.17 2 0.40 7 1.39 28 5.55 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Educational Characteristics and Literacy. About 44.44% (or 224 out of the 504 respondents) are in secondary high school level, 22.22% (or 112 out of the 504 respondents)
are in primary education level followed by 13.69% (or 69 out of the respondents) tertiary education level. Only 5.55% (28 out of 504 respondents) opted not to answer while
about 9.72% or 49 out of 504 respondents have undergone vocational trainings.

Table 2.4-32. Impact Barangays: Educational Attainment in Noveleta

NONE ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL VOCATIONAL COLLEGE POST GRADUATE NO ANWER TOTAL
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH
% surveye % surveye % surveye % % % surveye % surveye %
surveyed surveyed surveyed
d d d d d
San Rafael II 12 4.86 92 37.25 115 46.56 7 2.83 18 7.29 0 0 3 1.21 247 100
San Rafael III 7 3.07 13 5.70 97 42.54 40 17.54 46 20.18 2 0.88 23 10.09 228 100
San Rafael IV 0 0.00 7 24.14 12 41.38 2 6.90 5 17.24 1 3.45 2 6.90 29 100
Total 19 3.77 112 22.22 224 44.44 49 9.72 69 13.69 3 0.60 28 5.55 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Socio-Cultural Profile

Place of Birth and Origin. Most of the respondents of barangays San Rafael II, III and IV were born outside the barangay/municipality while 31% of the total respondents of
Barangay San Rafael III were born within the barangay/municipality. It can be noted that majority of the respodnents are Tagalog. See Tables 2.4-33 to 2.4-36.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-33

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-33. Impact Barangays: Birth Place in Noveleta

Born Outside the Born Within the
No Answer TOTAL
Municipality Municipality
Barangay
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 153 62 42 17 52 21 247 100
San Rafael III 85 37 71 31 72 32 228 100
San Rafael IV 23 79 0 0 6 21 29 100
Total 261 51.79 113 22.42 130 25.79 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-34. Impact Barangays: Years Stay in the Municipality

Since Birth 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-above NO ANSWER TOTAL
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
Barangay
survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % surveye %
ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed d
San Rafael II 36 15 116 48 10 4 14 6 8 3 5 2 3 1 3 1 47 19 242 100
San Rafael III 70 31 43 19 25 11 27 12 5 2 5 2 2 1 0 0 51 22 228 100
San Rafael IV 0 0 13 45 4 14 2 7 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 31 29 100
Total 106 21.24 172 34.5 39 7.8 43 8.61 14 2.8 10 2.0 5 1.00 3 0.60 107 21.4 499 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-35. Impact Barangays: Ethnicity in Noveleta

TAGALOG VISAYAN ILOCANO KAPAMPANGAN BICOLANO OTHERS NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 184 74 47 19 6 2 0 0 0 0 7 3 3 1 247 100
San Rafael III 194 85 4 2 3 1 3 1 0 0 2 1 22 10 228 100
San Rafael IV 21 72 5 17 2 7 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 100
Total 399 79.17 56 11.11 11 2.18 4 0.79 0 0 9 1.78 25 4.96 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-34

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-36. Impact Barangays: Dialect in Noveleta

TAGALOG CEBUANO HILIGAYNON WARAY BICOLANO ILOKO KAPAMPANGAN OTHERS NO ANSWER TOTAL
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % surveye % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
d d d d d
San Rafael II 200 81 10 4 0 0 25 10 8 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 247 100
San Rafael III 200 88 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 22 10 228 100
San Rafael IV 26 90 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 100
Total 426 85 12 2 0 0 27 5 11 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 24 5 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Religious Affiliations. Results of the survey indicated that 86.11% or 434 of the respondents are Roman Catholics followed byProtestant and the INC and affliates of the Islam,
as presented in table below:

Table 2.4-37. Impact Barangays: Religion in Noveleta

ROMAN CATHOLIC PROTESTANT AGLIPAYAN INC ISLAM CHRISTIAN OTHERS NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of # of # of
# of HH % # of HH % % % % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH %
HH HH HH
San Rafael II 230 93 0 0 0 0 11 4 0 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 247 100
San Rafael III 176 77 2 1 16 7 3 1 0 0 4 2 5 2 22 10 228 100
San Rafael IV 28 97 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 100
Total 434 86.11 2 0.39 16 3.17 15 2.97 0 0 4 0.79 11 2.18 22 4.36 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Socio-economic Profile

Sources of Income, Income Levels and Poverty Incidence. Sources of income of the respondents are generally from employment. Most of the respondents are Jeepney
driver, security guard, sales clerk, sales lady, vendor, sari-sari store vendor, cashier, bnk teller and entrepreneur.

In terms of average monthly income of the households, 20.84% of the total respondents have average household monthly income ranging from below Php 1,000, 17% earn
from Php 5,000-9,999, 13.78% earning from Php 1,000-4,999, 13% earning Php 10,000-14,999, 7% earning Php 15,999-19,999, 6% earning Php 20,000 – 25,000 above and
the remaining 16% opted not to answer the question, as shown in Table below.

Tables 2.4-38 and 2.4-39 prsent the results on source of income of respodents, and monthly income, respectively.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-35

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-40 stated that the husband is the primar earner in the household.

Table 2.4-38. Impact Barangays: Occupation in Noveleta

NAGTITINDA/ SARILING
PANGINGISD KONTRAKWA MAY OFW NA
PAGSASAKA EMPLEYADO NAGBEBENT NEGOSYO NG IBA PA NO ANSWER TOTAL
A L KAMAG ANAK
A PAMILYA
Barangay
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
# of HH
surveye % survey % survey % survey % surveye % % survey % survey % survey survey %
surveyed
d ed ed ed d ed ed ed ed
10
San Rafael II 0 0 35 14 25 10 40 16 24 10 8 3 11 4 54 22 50 20 247 0
10
San Rafael III 0 0 9 4 39 17 53 23 20 9 19 8 18 8 12 5 63 27 233 0
10
San Rafael IV 1 3 3 10 1 3 11 38 3 10 1 3 0 0 5 17 4 14 29 0
9.2 12.7 20.4 9.2 5.5 13.9 22.9 10
Total 1 0.19 47 3 65 7 104 3 47 3 28 0 29 5.69 71 4 117 8 509 0
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-39. Impact Barangays: Monthly Income in Noveleta

BELOW 1000 1000-4999 5000-9999 10000-14999 15999-19999 25000 ABOVE NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay 20000-24999
# of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH %
10.9
San Rafael II 71 28.74 59 23.89 43 17.41 27 3 11 4.45 8 3.24 3 1.21 25 10.12 247 100
13.7 13.3
San Rafael III 6 2.75 23 10.55 39 17.89 30 6 21 9.63 20 9.17 29 0 50 22.94 218 100
24.1 10.3
San Rafael IV 9 31.03 2 6.90 3 10.34 7 4 3 4 1 3.45 0 0.00 4 13.79 29 100
Total 86 20.84 84 13.78 85 17 64 13 35 7 29 6 32 6 79 16 494 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-36

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-40. Impact Barangays: Primary Earner in Noveleta

LALAKING
ASAWANG ASAWANG ANAK NA BABAENG
ANAK NA KAMAG IBA PA NO ANSWER
LALAKE BABAE LALAKI KAMAG ANAK TOTAL
BABAE ANAK
Barangay
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey % survey %
ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed
San Rafael II 140 57 32 13 26 11 14 6 7 3 4 2 7 3 17 7 247 100
San Rafael III 106 49 18 8 9 4 3 1 7 3 1 0 35 16 39 18 218 100
San Rafael IV 21 72 1 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 17 29 100
Total 267 54.05 51 10.32 35 7.09 18 3.64 14 2.83 5 1.01 43 8.70 61 12.35 494 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Community Services

Water – Based on the survey, an acoounted 21.12% of households use “sariling patubigan” for source of water supply. Athough 22% of the total respondents opted not to
answer, it can also be noted that 8.69% of the respondents use deepwell 17% use other sources of water supply.

Table 2.4-41. Impact Barangays: Source of water supply in Noveleta

ILOG/SAP BOTTLED TANKER
SARILING DEEP ARTESIA SHALLOW DUG
NAKIKIIGIB A/ WATER/DISTILL TRUCK/PEDDL OTHERS NO ANSWER TOTAL
PATUBIGAN WELL N WELL WELL WELL
BATIS ED ER
Barangay
#
# of # of # of # of # of
# of HH % % % % % of % % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH %
HH HH HH HH HH
HH
San
Rafael II 34 14 49 20 20 8 2 1 8 3 0 0 0 0 28 12 0 0 46 19 54 22 241 100
San
Rafael III 64 30 32 15 21 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 8 0 0 33 15 45 21 213 100
San
Rafael IV 4 14 11 38 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 10 9 31 29 100
Total 102 21.1 92 19.0 42 8.7 2 0.4 8 1.6 1 0 0 0 46 10 0 0 82 17 108 22 483 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-37

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Power – Based on the survey conducted, majority of the households in barangays San Rafael II, III and IV have their own legal power coonection. On the hand, 5% of households
in Barangay San Raael II said that they do not have legal power connection. Based on the survey, household without legal power connection in the entire 3 barangays total to 3
percent.

Data on Source of Electricity of respondents can bee seen in Table 2.4-42 below.

Table 2.4-42. Impact Barangays: Availability of Electricity in Noveleta

OO WALA NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 212 86 13 5 22 9 247 100
San Rafael III 186 82 2 1 40 18 228 100
San Rafael IV 24 83 0 0 5 17 29 100
Total 422 84 15 3 67 13 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Availability of Comfort Rooms – It can be noted on the survey conducted that majority of the household respondents have their own comfort room.

Table 2.4-43. Impact Barangays: Availability of Toilet in Noveleta

MERON WALA NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 205 83.00 13 5.26 29 11.74 247 100
San Rafael III 194 87.39 6 2.70 22 9.91 222 100
San Rafael IV 24 82.76 0 0.00 5 17.24 29 100
Total 423 85 19 4 56 11 498 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Solid Waste Disposal – Based on the survey conducted, majority of the respondents stated that solid wastes are being collected once in a week. Thus, it clearly shows that
the Municipality has been collecting the garbage. See Tables 2.4-44 and Table 2.4-45.

Chapter 2.4 2.4-38

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-44. Impact Barangays: Garbage Collection in Noveleta

MAY HUKAY SA LOOB NG TINATAPON SA
SINUSUNOG IBA PA NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay NANGUNGULIKTA BAKURAN ILOG
# of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH % # of HH %
San Rafael II 157 64 13 5 0 0 50 20 4 2 23 9 247 100
San Rafael III 102 63 1 1 0 0 4 2 14 9 40 25 161 100
San Rafael IV 20 69 0 0 0 0 7 24 1 3 1 3 29 100
Total 279 64 14 3 0 0 61 14 19 4 64 15 437 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-45. Impact Barangays: Schedule of Garbage Collection in Noveleta

ARAW ARAW 2-3 / LINGO 1/ LINGO REGULAR IBA PA NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 13 5 41 17 115 48 18 7 12 5 43 18 242 100
San Rafael III 2 1 51 25 104 51 13 6 2 1 33 16 205 100
San Rafael IV 3 10 7 24 15 52 0 0 2 7 2 7 29 100
Total 18 4 99 21 234 49 31 7 16 3 78 16 476 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Health

Sickness in the Family- Based on the survey conducted, 24% of the household respondents have experienced one to two sick family members for the past three years. while
9% of the household respondents have 3 sick family members. Common sickness in the barangay are gastrointestinal diseases, cough, fever, skin disease, upper respiratory
diseases, heart disease and cancer.

Table 2.4-46. Impact Barangays: History of having sick for the past 3 years in Noveleta
OO HINDI NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 184 74.49 36 14.57 27 10.93 247 100
San Rafael III 159 64.37 34 13.77 54 21.86 247 100
San Rafael IV 19 65.52 6 20.69 4 13.79 29 100
Total 362 69 76 15 85 16 523 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-39

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-47. Impact Barangays: Year of having Sick in Noveleta

2014 2013 2012 No Answer TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 120 48.58 25 10.12 14 5.67 88 35.63 247 100
San Rafael III 109 45.04 28 11.57 1 0.41 104 42.98 242 100
San Rafael IV 11 37.93 5 17.24 3 10.34 10 34.48 29 100
Total 240 46 58 11 18 3 202 39 518 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-48. Impact Barangays: Number of family members who got sick in Noveleta
1 2 3 4 5 Higit pa No Answer Total
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 64 26 55 22 24 10 17 7 14 6 15 6 58 23 247 100
San Rafael III 50 22 62 27 18 8 10 4 3 1 4 2 81 36 228 100
San Rafael IV 9 31 4 14 1 3 0 0 4 14 2 7 9 31 29 100
Total 123 24 121 24 43 9 27 5 21 4 21 4 148 29 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Table 2.4-49. Impact Barangays: Type of Disease in Noveleta

Gastrointest Upper
Pag Skin Hereditary Heart
inal Lagnat Respiratory STD Cancer Others No Answer Total
ubo/sipon Disease Diseases Diseases
Diseases Diseases
Barangay # of # of # of # of # of
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
HH HH HH HH HH
survey % survey % % % % survey % % survey % survey % survey % survey % %
surve surve surve surve surve
ed ed ed ed ed ed ed
yed yed yed yed yed
San Rafael II 9 4 72 29 74 30 12 5 8 3 0 0 0 0 8 3 2 1 11 4 51 21 247 100
San Rafael III 3 1 71 31 76 33 1 0 4 2 4 2 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 66 29 231 100
San Rafael IV 0 0 5 17 11 38 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 11 38 29 100
Total 12 2 148 29 161 32 13 3 12 2 5 1 0 0 11 2 4 1 13 3 128 25 507 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-40

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Where do they Consult? – Based on the survey conducted, 44 percent of the household respondents opted to consult in the existing Barangay Health Centers. 12 percent
opted to consult in Government Hospitals while 6 percent opted not to consult.

Table 2.4-50. Impact Barangays: Place of Treatment in Noveleta

Barangay Goverment Herbalist/Traditional
Bahay Private Clinic Iba pa No Answer Total
Health Center Hospital Medicine
Barangay
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 14 6 92 37 47 19 6 2 18 7 7 3 63 26 247 100
San Rafael III 14 6 128 56 10 4 23 10 0 0 1 0 54 23 230 100
San Rafael IV 0 0 19 66 3 10 2 7 0 0 0 0 5 17 29 100
Total 28 6 239 47 60 12 31 6 18 4 8 2 122 24 506 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Perception of the Community

Knowledge About the Proposed Project

When the respondents were asked if they are aware of the proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project that will be constructed in their Barangay, 44
percent said that they are not aware while 37 percent are aware. Majority of the respondents (26 percent) knew about the proposed project from barangay officials. Others
indicated that they knew the proposed project from their neighborhood (7 percent), media (1 percent) and other people (7 percent). And the rest (7 percent) opted not to answer.

Table 2.4-51. Impact Barangays: Knowledge about the Reclamation in Noveleta

OO HINDI NO ANSWER TOTAL
Barangay # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 51 25.76 117 59.09 30 15.15 198 100
San Rafael III 103 45.18 75 32.89 50 21.93 228 100
San Rafael IV 15 51.72 10 34.48 4 13.79 29 100
Total 169 37 202 44 84 18 455 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-41

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-52. Impact Barangays: Source of Knowledge about the reclamation in Noveleta
IEC NG MAY ARI
KAPITBAHAY BARANGAY MEDIA IBA PA NO ANSWER TOTAL
NG PROYEKTO
Barangay
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 10 4 43 17 7 3 4 2 29 12 154 62 247 100
San Rafael III 21 9 76 33 3 1 3 1 4 2 121 53 228 100
San Rafael IV 3 10 12 41 0 0 0 0 2 7 12 41 29 100
Total 34 7 131 26 10 2 7 1 35 7 287 57 504 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Perceived Impacts

The respondents were also asked on trhier own view on the possible beneficial and adverse impacts of the Proposed Project. As far as they benefits is concerned, top answers
are on employment and livelihood, additional tax, road construction, good service of the government and development of the barangay and municipality. On the other hand,
perceived adverse impacts are health concerns, traffic and water and air pollution.

Table 2.4-53. Impact Barangays: Benefits of the Project in Noveleta

Pagpapaayos
Pag unlad ng Kabuhayan at Pag aayos ng
Buwis sa ng kalsada at
serbisyo ng negosyo sa serbisyo ng Iba pa No Answer Total
kalupaan imprastraktura
Barangay tubig mamamayan gobyerno
sa bayan
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 3 1 20 8 1 0 24 10 9 4 54 23 126 53 237 100
San Rafael III 14 6 60 26 0 0 23 10 18 8 4 2 111 48 230 100
San Rafael IV 1 3 4 14 0 0 2 7 2 7 4 14 16 55 29 100
Total 18 4 84 17 1 0 49 10 29 6 62 13 253 51 496 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-42

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-54. Impact Barangays: Bad Effects of the Project in Noveleta

Kalusugan at Pagkaubos ng Epekto sa Pagdagdag ng Paglala ng
Iba pa No Answer Total
siguridad puno at halaman hangin at lupa basura trapiko
Barangay
# of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH # of HH
% % % % % % % %
surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed surveyed
San Rafael II 34 14 29 12 25 10 7 3 10 4 21 9 121 49 247 100
San Rafael III 49 21 25 11 2 1 9 4 20 9 1 0 123 54 229 100
San Rafael IV 2 7 5 17 0 0 3 10 1 3 2 7 16 55 29 100
Total 85 17 59 12 27 5 19 4 31 6 24 5 260 51 505 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2019

Chapter 2.4 2.4-43

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Based on these tables, it may be seen that the social development aspects of the Project would have to be in
harmony with the results of the perception survey.

Moreover, and equally important the organizational plan (Institutional Plan) are relevant to the implementation
of the SDPs. The Institutional Plan is presented in Chapter 8.

Public participation was observed through the IEC, the Public Scoping and perception surveys.

It may be noted that the Public Participation activities were not specifically conducted for the individual
communities in each of the Islands A, C, D and E. Morover, the Public Scoping was done for the entire
reclamation project including all the 4 Islands then the issues presented for each individual island are for the
entire reclamation project.

IEC – Discussed in Section ES and Annex ES-B2.

Perception Surveys – Discussed in Chapter 2.4.9.
Public Scoping – As discussed in the ES, the Public Scoping conducted on 21 November 2018 for the
Municipality of Noveleta and was attended by participants from different sectors. The concerned
stakeholders, especially those known to have opposing on reclamation projects, as well as those
located in the Impact Areas were invited to participate. The objective of the conducted Public Scoping
is to ensure that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will address the relevant issues and
concerns of the stakeholders and that it will be consistent with the Philippine Environmental Impact
Statement System (PEISS). A matrix summary of issues/suggestions raised during the public scoping
is shown in Tables 2.4-55 and 2.4-56.

2.4.10 Impacts on Tourism

The impacts on tourism is on enhancement because the reclamation project once operational shall provide
alternative destinations for foreign and local tourists.

A Letter of No Objection from the DOT was already secured (Annex ES-D).

Chapter 2.4: PEOPLE 2.4-44

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 2.4-55. Matrix Summary of Issues and Concerns Raised in the Public Scoping in Municipality of Noveleta
Sector or
EIA Representative Who
Issues/Suggestions Raised by Stakeholder Proponent’s Response during Public Scoping Activity
Module Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
LAND Mr. Edgardo S. Chavez Liquefaction ay problemang nangyayari pagkatapos ng lindol, Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Land Hazard Assessment and Geotechnical
gumuguho at lumalambot ang mga lupa malapit sa bodies of water, Assessment ang aming gagawin para malaman ang mga posibleng Hazards.
ano po kaya ang mitigating measures natin para dito? Walang liquefaction kasi mag coconduct muna kami ng geotechnical survey /
investigation. Malayo naman ang area sa west valley fault. At isipin nyo to
magiinvest ka ba ng malaki kung hindi ka sigurado sa kaligtasan ng iyong
project? May mga engineering techniques kaming gagawin para masigurado
ang kalidad ng aming proyekto.
Mr. Alvin Bunag Yung part ng Imus river medyo mababaw na po. Yung malapit sa Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Pag aaralan namin yan, matutulungan nyo kame
may island cove. Pwede mo ng lakaran halos yung ilog sa babaw pero dapat makapag pakita muna kayo ng study at geological features at kung
nito, baka pwedeng pag aralan kung maaring gawing panambak ang may quary permit na ang lupa sa ilog na yan.
lupa mula sa imus river. Nakatulong na po kayo sa amin at sanay
makatulong din kame sa inyo salamat po.
WATER Ms. Mercy F. Pasco Base po kase sa aking obserbasyon dati hindi binabaha ang area Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Iba ang MOA at Macapagal sa Cavite, iba ang klase
malapit sa pinag tayuan ng MOA at Macapagal, paano nyo ng pagkakagawa, iba ang mga expertong humawak at madami pang iba, pero
masisiguro na hindi mangyayari sa Cavite ang pagbaha sa MOA at gagamitin namin ang experience na ito at iko-consider para magamit sa aming
Macapagal? report.
Mr. Arman Bernal Catch basin po ng tubig mula sa upland, ang aming mga Engr. Lene Ramboyong: Noted
nasasakupan hindi ba mahaharangan ang daloy ng mga tubig mula
sa taas baka magdulot ito ng pagbaha sa aming mga ka nayon?
Sana ay magkaroon ng pag aaral tungkol dito para mamitigate ang
issue na ito.
PEOPLE Ms. Vivian Tolentino Noong nakaraang October 10 Hindi kasama ang Kawit sa report Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Hindi namin kinokonsidera sa ngayon ang mga
pero kung titingnan ang inyong plano Kawit ang pinaka apektado ng apektadong lugar, mas pinapahalagahan muna namin ang mga technical
Island A. Ang Kawit ay may size na more than 1,330 halos kakambal aspects bago ang mga area.
na sa size ng munisipyo at kame ay natatakot sa posibleng maging
epekto nito sa amin kung sakaling maitayo na ang project na ito Engr. Lene Ramboyong: Makikita po ninyo ang mga report na aming
marerecieve sa aming website, maaacess po ninyo ito at magbibigay din kame
ng kopya sa inyong mga barangay.
Konsehal Buddy Kung magkakaroon po ng relocation e puro mangingisda ang mga Engr. Lene Ramboyong: Hindi po maaaring ilipat ang mga mangingisda sa
Samartino tao sa amin baka naman ilipat nyo sila sa bukirin, ano namang bukirin, sa aming review pag aaralan pong mabuti kung saan magandang ilipat
klaseng buhay ang kanilang makukuha doon di po ba? sila na makuha nila ang kanilang dating trabaho.

Chapter 2.4: PEOPLE 2.4-45

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sector or
EIA Representative Who
Issues/Suggestions Raised by Stakeholder Proponent’s Response during Public Scoping Activity
Module Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
OTHERS Konsehal Boy Alvares May proposed Project po ang JICA sa Noveleta, Rosario, Kawit at Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Bahagi po ng aming report na tugunan ang
Gentri, ito pong proposed cavite reclamation project ay di po ba katanungan nyong ganyan. Kung may project ba na magcoconflict sa aming
magcoconflict sa site kasi hektahektarya po ang pinag uusapan po project ay idudulog namin sa proponent ng lalawigan. Aalamin po muna
dito. namin kung approve na ba ang project na ito o ano na ang status nito. Meron
na bang funding at higit sa lahat meron na po bang ECC.

Engr. Lene Ramboyong: So wala pang idea ang preparer tungkol sa project
na ito at hindi pa nila masasagot kung magkakaroon ng overlapping
ENS. Kenneth Amiel May info ba kayo o knowledge na may proposed reclamation ang Ms. Nadia Conde: We consider sa pag aaral namin kase as of now wala pa
Jaho Philippine Navy along the coast of Bacoor Bay kaming any concrete idea tungkol sa project nyong yan pero icoconsider po
namin yan sa pag gawa ng report namin.
Mr.Rene Zaldy Porlaje Yung sa invitation po ay 1331 tapos ngayon 1332 ano po ba talga Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Proposal stage palang kame, walang relevant impact
ang exact area po ng project? sa Land, Water, Air and People as of now. Makikita natin yung posibleng
maging epekto ng project pagkatapos magawa ang whole EIS document. At
Inform po namin kayo na based on our studies, madaming present pag nagpulong pulong muli tayo saka namin masasagot lahat lahat ng inyong
marine species sa area tulad ng corals at sea grass at egg larva. mga katanungan.

May mga concrete plan na po ba kayo sa mga fisher folks, madami

ang fisherfolks sa project area nyo may data po kame, may mga
financial package po ba as an example?

Benefits ng 41 barangays na apektado sa project site. Reclamation,

Settlement o kaya discount kapag gustong bumili ng property ng
mga nakatira dto.
Mr. Alvin Bunag Sino po ang financer po nyan? Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Hindi pa po natin masasabi kung sino sino ang mag
iinvest sa project. Nasa stage po tayo na mag aapply palang po tayo ng ECC.
Sa aking experience makakahikayat lang ng mga investors ang isang project
kapag may ECC na parang ito ang nag aanyaya sa kanila na mag invest basta
may ECC na madali nalang lahat ng yan.

Engr. Lene Ramboyong: Malinaw lang po na ang proponent ay ang

Provincial Government of Cavite.

Chapter 2.4: PEOPLE 2.4-46

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sector or
EIA Representative Who
Issues/Suggestions Raised by Stakeholder Proponent’s Response during Public Scoping Activity
Module Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
Mr. Alvin Tamaros Katulad ng sinabi ni vice mayor ay may kinalaman ito sa pag baha, Engr. Lene Ramboyong: Noted
yung proposed project po ng JICA, Flood Control project. 100m from
Kawit to Salcedo at popondohan ng JICA at ng Gobyerno. Sa
katunayan ay suportado ito ng ating pangulong Duterte. Almost 800
families po ang affected ng relocation pero nagsasagawa na sila ng
pag aaral at dito sa Noveleta ang nahahanap na lilipatan. Sana
maisama sa pag aaaral nyo po ito.

Isa pa diba pag nag reclaim ka mayroong sharing ang local PRA: Hindi pa namin masasagot iyan kase proposal pa lang pero siguradong
Government dito? magkakaroon ng share ang government at LGU.
Rene Zaldy Porlaje Hindi na po namin tinatanggap ang ginamit nyong method sa pag Dr. Edgardo Alabastro: Ituro ninyo kung saan pa pwedeng makakuha ng
kuha ng marine survey sa area. lupang panambak, pakitaan nyo kame ng permits para mapag aralan,
malaking tulong sa amin kung may maipapakita kayo.
Baka may iba pa kayong pwedeng pagkuhanan ng lupa para sa
reclamation area. Bukod sa San Nicolas, puro kase San Nicolas
Shoal ang pagkukuhanan ng panambak sa napakadaming
reclamation area sa Manila Bay.

Ang mga concerns lang naman po namin ay may kinalaman sa

water bodies salamat po.
Engr. Lene Ramboyong: Noted
Ressetlement Plan in required.

Chapter 2.4: PEOPLE 2.4-47

 CHAPTER TWO
THE PEOPLE
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 2.4: PEOPLE 2.4-48

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SECTION 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

Explanatory Notes:

The following explanatory notes are deemed relevant to the formulation of the EMP for the following reasons:

• The paradigm that an EIS/ECC is a “Planning Tool” and not a Permit is expounded.
• This emphasis is useful when seeking the LONOs from the various agencies to impress on them that they
can still exercise their respective mandates even if the ECC shall have been secured.
• It also impresses on the PRA, which has the mandate to issue the NTP to allow project implementation that
it can still prescribe other requirements during the conduct of the Design and Engineering Details (DED).
• Equally important, in cases of challenges from the Court, this explanation will serve as an important basis
for any court intervention.
• Similarly, when/should challenges or issues arise in the future concerning the ECC, this discussion will
become relevant.
• For Reclamation Projects, the EMP also referred to as Impacts Management Plan (IMP) declared in the
EIS Report are further validated by government authorities post ECC in contrast with other ECPs whereby
project implementation may immediately proceed after the securing of their ECCs. Th concepts are
illustrated in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1. Post ECC Implementation of the IMP

Chapter 3.0 3-1

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

The above notes and Figure 3-1 imply the following:

• The EIS Report and the ECC are only planning tools. Environmental protection is more firmly assured
in the activities post ECC such as the conduct of Detailed Engineering Design (DED).
• For other ECPs, projects may be implemented (i.e. construction could start) after securing of the
ECC, undertaking an internal (by the Proponent) DED and securing construction permits from
authorities.
• In the case of Reclamation Projects, there are still two (2) levels of approvals prior to actual
construction works. These involve (1) the validation of the IMP prior to the signing of a MOA involving
the project the developer and (2) another stage which is the securing of Letters of No Objection
(LONO) from concerned agencies. Thus, environmental protection is planned in the EIS/ECC
and further enhanced post ECC by agencies other than the DENR/EMB.
• Even after the securing of an ECC, changes may be imposed on the master plan for a reclamation
project. e.g. the case of the reclamation project in Las Piñas-Paranaque whereby the configuration
of the islands was changed to allow for better water circulation.

• Another key point is that a Multi Partite Monitoring Team (MMT) is to be organized post ECC.
The MMT will further add to additional requirements for the EMP.

Impacts, Mitigating Measures and the EMP

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is summarized in Table 3-1 as derived from the assessment of
environmental impacts. This focuses on the major impacts wherein mitigating measures are required.

Moreover the issues and concerns raised during the Public Scoping, a key aspect of the Public Participation
activity under DAO 2017-15 are incorporated in the EMP. The impact analysis and proposed
mitigation/management measures cover the Land, Water, Air and People modules.

Chapter 3.0 3-2

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 3-1. IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP)

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
I. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Geotechnical Survey Completed. Clearances from the Philippine Coast Guard were secured prior to the actual survey works. Limited and non-destructive activities (Marine ecology survey,
bathymetric survey and geotechnical exploration). There are no residual impacts on the environment.
II. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
DREDGING WORKS ACTIVITY
Removal of unwanted Water Quality Water pollution brought Installation of silt curtains around the Allowable Ambient
seabeds and silt about by silt disturbance dredging vessel and around the Criteria or 100% MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
within the project area perimeter area of dredging Compliant to RA 9275 And Development Consortium;
area/activities and DAO 2016-08 Proponent’s Cost of ECC
standards outside the Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
silt curtain area.
People Impact on the livelihood • Assistance in refurbishing and 100% Compliance to MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
of fisherfolks that will be increasing the number of fish livelihood and Fish And Development Consortium;
displaced aggregating device (FADs) Aggregating Device Proponent’s Cost ECC
previously set in coastal waters by (FAD) Self-Monitoring commitment
the MAO and its sustainable
management. New, more suitable
sites will be identified and the design
of ARs will consider aggregation of
both demersal and pelagic species
of fish.
• Provision of more appropriate
fishing gears to organized fishers to
enable them to fish further offshore
where stocks of sardines (Sardinella
lemuru) are more plentiful.
Collaboration with BFAR, the project
will support diversification of fisher

Chapter 3.0 3-3

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
livelihoods into cage culture of
Pompano and other full-cycle species
Transport of dredged Water Quality Water pollution due to The hauler shall ensure that vessels Allowable Ambient
material to disposal site accidental spillage of used for transporting are in good Criteria or 100% MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
dredged materials condition to prevent dredged Compliant to RA 9275 And Development Consortium;
materials from leaking or spilling and DAO 2016-08 Proponent’s Cost of ECC
standards outside the Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
silt curtain area.
Dumping of dredged material Soil and water Soil and water Pollution Installation of high density No soil contamination
to disposal site quality due to disposal of polyethylene (HDPE) liner and/or and Allowable MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
(Inland) dredged materials clay for the spoil disposal site to Ambient Criteria And Development Consortium;
prevent soil and water (ground and due to disposal of Proponent’s Cost of ECC
surface) contamination and zero dredged materials Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
discharge
Dredging of filling material for Water Quality Water pollution due to Installation of silt curtains around the Allowable Ambient
MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
reclamation dredged filled materials dredging vessel and/or dredging area Criteria or 100%
And Development Consortium;
Compliant to RA 9275
Proponent’s Cost of ECC
and DAO 2016-08
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
standards
Barging of fill materials for Water Quality Water Pollution due to Provision of containment facility to Allowable Ambient Part of Project MOA among
reclamation accidental spillage of prevent spillage Criteria or 100% Development Consortium;
dredged materials Compliant to RA 9275 Cost ECC
during barging and DAO 2016-08 MMT Members commitment
standards And
Increase of suspended Provision of control measures when Proponent’s
solids affecting the transporting filling materials 100% No proliferation Self-Monitoring
settlement of marine of suspended solids
species in the dredging
and reclamation areas
RECLAMATION ACTIVITY

Chapter 3.0 3-4

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected

• Installation of a silt curtain 50m Allowable Ambient

Criteria or 100%
away from the working area,
Water pollution/ Compliant to RA 9275
surrounding the area to be filled
Increase turbidity of and DAO 2016-08 MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
with reclamation materials and in
adjacent areas due to standards And Development Consortium;
Water Quality the revetment structures area.
Infrastructure Proponent’s Cost ECC
/Construction Activities • Provision of geotextile membrane Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
of adjacent areas on the containment structures
throughout the perimeters of the
project area.
Conduct of periodic monitoring of 100% No freshwater
water quality and the occurrence of quality degradation
Construction of containment MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
Water quality freshwater fish (i.e., abundance, and loss of freshwater
structures And Development Consortium;
Water Quality degradation of Ylang- species richness and biomass) species particularly
Proponent’s Cost ECC
Ylang River Ylang Ylang River
Installation of sand Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
bags/containment wall
system along certain areas
100% No cutting of
along the perimeter of the
Water- Change Fish larvae and other mangroves MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
project area Sustainability of mangrove protection
in current marine species And Development Consortium;
and conservation thru preparation of
pattern and migrating to nearby Proponent’s Cost ECC
mangrove conservation plan
wave action mangrove areas Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment

100% No flooding and MMT Members Part of Project MOA among

Strictly implement the
permanent defense And Development Consortium;
Hazard/Safety Tsunami/Storm surges recommendation of the EGGAR
against tsunami/storm Proponent’s Cost ECC
report
surge Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
100% sustained the MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
Decrease of fish catch
Livelihood of fisherfolks that will be income of affected And Development Consortium;
People production of affected
displaced fishermen Proponent’s Cost ECC
fishermen
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment

Chapter 3.0 3-5

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
100% Compliant to MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
Health and Safety due to
Implement wearing of PPE’s at all PPEs and Zero And Development Consortium;
exposure to
times when inside the project site accident Proponent’s Cost ECC
Construction Hazard
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
100% Compliance to MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
SDP in terms of local And Development Consortium;
Employment Priority to qualified local hirees
employment Proponent’s Cost ECC
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
• Installation of a silt curtain 50m Allowable Ambient
away from the working area, Criteria or 100%
surrounding the area to be filled Compliant to RA 9275
Water pollution MMT Members Part of Project
with reclamation materials and in and DAO 2016-08
/Increase turbidity due to And Development EIS / ECC
the revetment structures area. standards”
-Filling the project area with filling materials near Proponent’s Cost Commitment
• Silt curtains shall be removed after
reclamation materials reclamation areas Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
all necessary components and
'-Delivery of filling and other Water Quality
materials are in place inside the
construction materials
revetment sections.
through barges
Allowable Ambient
Provision of permeable geotextile MMT Members Part of Project
Increase in Criteria or 100%
membrane to prevent sediments And Development EIS / ECC
sedimentation outside Compliant to RA 9275
during high and low tide outside the Proponent’s Cost Commitment
the project area and DAO 2016-08
project area. Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
standards
Use of efficient silencers on
equipment and other noise
MMT Members Part of Project
dissipating device on all equipment to
100% Compliant with And Development EIS / ECC
Hauling of filling materials Air (noise) Noise generation be used.
Noise Standards Proponent’s Cost Commitment
Avoid use of heavy machinery during
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
night hours. Observe allowable work
hours to limit noise.

Chapter 3.0 3-6

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
• Sprinkling of water using
water tanker at least four times a day
Dust pollution due to along all possible roads leading to
vehicle movements: the reclamation area (as shown in MMT Members Part of Project
an indicative haul route map in the 100% Compliant to
-Along the road leading And Development EIS / ECC
Air (Quality) EIS), especially during dry season. RA 8749 in terms of air
to the reclamation area Proponent’s Cost Commitment
quality standards
-Within the project area • Covering all loaded trucks Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
activities properly/fully using tarpaulin
throughout the hauling period.
• All trucks shall be road-worthy.
LAND DEVELOPMENT
MMT Members Part of Project
Geotechnical analysis of materials
Liquefaction due to And Development EIS / ECC
Land and proper design for mitigation 100 % No liquefaction
improper compaction Proponent’s Cost Commitment
EGGAR report
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
MMT Members Part of Project
Flooding due to
Proper Engineering design of And Development EIS / ECC
Water Hazard insufficient drainage 100% No flooding
Compaction/Soil stabilization Drainage network Proponent’s Cost Commitment
network
of the project area Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
MMT Members Part of Project
Stabilization or reclaimed areas 100% No further
Increase sedimentation And Development EIS / ECC
Water Quality through vegetation cover siltation/sedimentation
fluxes Proponent’s Cost Commitment
enrichment/enhancement will occur
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
• Use of efficient silencers on
equipment and other noise dissipating MMT Members Part of Project
Noise pollution due to
device on all equipment to be used. 100% Compliant to And Development EIS / ECC
Air (Quality) heavy equipment
Noise Standards Proponent’s Cost Commitment
operation • Observe allowable work hours to Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
limit noise.

Chapter 3.0 3-7

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
• Sprinkling of water using
water tanker at least four times a day
Dust pollution due to within the project area especially MMT Members Part of Project
100% Compliant to
heavy equipment during dry season. And Development EIS / ECC
RA 8749 in terms of air
operation including • Transport vessels/barges quality standards”
Proponent’s Cost Commitment
transport vessels shall be fully and properly covered Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
and load secured throughout the
hauling period.
Ensure that its contractors shall
Construction of horizontal practice onsite segregation and
structures such as follows: establish storage facility of the 100% compliance with
A. Road networks following: the following:
B. Drainage system (sewage 1. Construction debris such as used
and sewerage system) drum, used tires, wood cuttings, iron • RA 9003
C. Water distribution Land pollution due to bar cuttings, etc. • DAO 1992-29 and MMT Members Part of Project
D. Centralized wastewater indiscriminate /improper 2. Hazardous wastes such as used DAO 2013-22 and And Development EIS / ECC
Land
treatment facility dumping of solid wastes oil, busted lamps, oily rags, etc. its Revised Proponent’s Cost Commitment
E. Power and and toxic substances The above waste materials shall be Procedural Manual Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
telecommunication lines hauled and disposed of by a DENR
accredited hauler and treater.
Composting facility will be provided to
process biodegradable waste.
Compost materials shall be used for
greening activities.
• Personnel stationed at the reclaimed
land will be provided with on-site MMT Members Part of Project
Generation of untreated/ Zero discharge of
portable toilets and washrooms And Development EIS / ECC
Land/Water improper disposal of domestic waste to
Proponent’s Cost Commitment
domestic wastewater • Collection and disposal will be done Bacoor Bay.
by a DENR accredited hazardous Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
waste hauler and treater

Chapter 3.0 3-8

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
• Drainage system should to lead to Allowable Ambient
settling ponds Criteria or 100%
Compliant to RA 9275
Water Pollution due • Sewage and sewerage systems MMT Members Part of Project
Increase storm water and DAO 2016-08 And Development EIS / ECC
Water Quality shall have dual piping (going to the
run-offs surrounding the standards” Proponent’s Cost Commitment
wastewater treatment facility and for
Areas redistribution) Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
• Provision of storm water collection
system
• Sprinkling of water along all
possible routes leading to the
reclamation area, at least four times MMT Members Part of Project
Dust pollution 100% compliance with
a day, especially during dry season. And Development EIS / ECC
Air (Quality) emanating from open RA 8749 in terms of air
Proponent’s Cost Commitment
areas • Open areas should be covered with quality standards
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B
greeneries such as grass, shrubs,
etc.
100% compliance to
PPEs and Zero MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
Health and Safety due
• Implement wearing of PPE’s at all accident And Development Consortium;
to exposure to
times when inside the project site Proponent’s Cost ECC
Construction Hazard
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment
People
100% compliance to
SDP in terms of local MMT Members Part of Project MOA among
employment And Development Consortium;
Employment • Priority to qualified local hirees
Proponent’s Cost ECC
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B commitment

III. ABANDONMENT PHASE

MMT Members Part of Project
Dismantling of equipment, People Reduction and eventual EIS / ECC
of • Promote alternative livelihood at
100% compliance with And Development
clean-up, cessation of termination Commitment;
early stage of project operation. SDP Proponent’s Cost
construction activities employment SDP
Self-Monitoring Php 12.01 B

Chapter 3.0 3-9

 CHAPTER THREE
Impact Management Plan (IMP)
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Environmental
Potential Impact Guarantee /
Project Phase / Component Options for Prevention or Efficiency of Responsible
Residual Effects Cost Financial
Environmental Aspect Likely to be Mitigation* or Enhancement Measures Entity
(When applicable) Arrangements
Affected
• Pay employees termination pay
and other payment mandated by
laws.

Chapter 3.0 3-10

 CHAPTER FOUR
ERA
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SECTION 4. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA)

INTRODUCTION:

The term “risk” is not clearly delineated because the word may have two meanings. It can mean in one context
a hazard or a danger of an exposure to an accident, mischance or peril. In another context, risk is interpreted
more narrowly to mean the probability or chance of suffering an adverse consequence from a fortuitous event.
To illustrate, “flood risk” can refer to the presence of a danger of flooding while a flood hazard to a specific
probability such a flood event may occur and can be expressed in quantitative terms such as a “0.10%
probability”.

Environmental risk refers to actual or potential threats or adverse effects on living organisms (man, plants,
animals, fish, etc.) and the environment caused by effluents, emissions, wastes, resource depletion, etc.,
arising out of activities involved in a project (Martin et al., 1977).

Risk assessment is a systematic method of identifying and analyzing the hazards associated with an activity
and establishing a level of risk for each hazard. The hazards cannot be completely eliminated, and thus, there
is a need to define and estimate an accident risk level that can be presented either in quantitative or qualitative
way.

Figure 4-1 is an illustration of the risk assessment process.

Figure 4-1. An Illustration of the Risk Assessment Process

Hazard identification involves the identification of all possible events or processes that could lead to disastrous
or fatal incidents including potential hazards from substances, chemicals and materials (both physical and
biological) used in the project process that could result in adverse effects on personnel/people and the
environment. As an example for the reclamation project, “materials” could include the fills sourced from other
sites, which will be examined for presence of harmful chemicals such as metals, which if present could present
risk of contamination of the sea.

Chapter 4.0 4-1

 CHAPTER FOUR
ERA
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Consequence analysis involves the assessment of the adverse or unacceptable effects or results of an incident
or episode from a project activity. When applicable, mathematical models may be employed for consequence
analysis.

Frequency analysis is the estimation of the likelihood of number of occurrences of the identified hazard and/or
the time occurrences of such.

Risk management refers to the overall process of prevention and reduction of the evaluated hazards,
containment of the actual incident/episode, instituting response measures and the monitoring and
communicating of the risks to stakeholders and project proponent/developer.

The main objective of this section is to identify and analyze hazards, the event sequences leading to hazards,
the risk of hazardous events and the management of the elements of risks, which are particular to this Project
relating to the coverage of the ECC being applied for.

The discussions below are based on of the Revised Procedural Manual (RPM) of DAO 03-30 in particular
Annex 2-7e. As stated in the RPM, an ERA, within the context of Philippine EIS System, is concerned primarily
with safety risks (characterized by low probability, high consequence, accidental nature and acute effects
associated and focused on human safety).

As discussed in previous sections, this EIS Report and the ECC application being made is for the reclamation
works (Construction Phase of the EIS cycle) up to the formation of stabilized landforms while the Operations
Phase will be subject to separate requirements of the PEISS. Thus, focus on the ERA is made on the creation
of stable reclaimed land up to and including horizontal developments.

The ERA is concerned with the movements at sea of vessels, dredging and related activities. Once the land
is created, the ensuing period of at least one (1) year will no longer require the use of the vessels and dredging
equipment (such as the TSHD and/or other dredgers) and will instead involve land/soil stabilization only as
well as horizon development activities.

4.1 Level of Coverage of the ERA

Reference is made to Annex 2-7e of the RPM for DAO 2003-30

I. LEVELS OF COVERAGE AND SCOPING REQUIREMENTS

The requirement for the conduct of ERA shall be defined in three (3) levels:

a) Level 2 – for facilities that will use, manufacture, process or store hazardous materials in excess
of Level 2 threshold inventory shall be required to conduct a Quantitative Risk Assessment
(QRA) and prepare an Emergency/Contingency Plan based on the results of the QRA.

b) Level 1 – for facilities that will use, manufacture, process or store hazardous materials in excess
of Level 1 threshold inventory shall be required to prepare an Emergency/Contingency Plan
based on the worst-case scenario. The Plan shall be based on a Hazard Analysis study.

c) Risk Screening Level – specific facilities or the use of certain processes shall require the conduct
of a risk screening study even if the projected or estimated inventory does not reach the threshold
levels.

II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT

A. Determination of Risk Levels

Levels of Coverage and Requirements

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
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Risk Screening Level. The following activities are required to undertake a risk screening exercise:

1) Facilities for the production or processing of organic or inorganic chemicals using:

a) alkylation
b) amination by ammonolysis
c) carbonylation
d) condensation
e) dehydrogenation
f) esterification
g) halogenation and manufacture of halogens
h) hydrogenation
i) hydrolysis
j) oxidation
k) polymerization
l) sulphonation
m) desulphurization, manufacture and transformation of sulphur-containing
compounds
n) nitration and manufacture of nitrogen-containing compounds
o) manufacture of phosphorus-containing compounds
p) formulation of pesticides and of pharmaceutical products.
q) distillation
r) extraction
s) Solvation

2) Installations for distillation, refining or other processing of petroleum products.

3) Installations for the total or partial disposal of solid or liquid substances by incineration
or chemical decomposition.
4) Installations for the production or processing of energy gases, for example, LPG, LNG,
SNG.
5) Installations for the dry distillation of coal or lignite.
6) Installations for the production of metals or non-metals by a wet process or by means of
electrical energy.
7) Installations for the loading/unloading of hazardous materials as defined by RA 6969 (or
DAO 29)

Levels 1 and Level 2 Threshold Inventory. The following threshold levels shall be used to determine
whether a proposed project or undertaking shall be required to prepare a QRA and/or an
emergency/contingency plan:

Table 4-1. Level 1 and Level 2 Threshold Inventory

CATEGORY LEVEL 1 (tons) LEVEL 2 (tons)
Explosives 10 50
Flammable substances 5,000 50,000
Highly flammable substances 50 200
Extremely flammable substances 10 50
Oxidizing substances 50 200
Toxic substances (low) 50 200
Toxic substances (medium) 10 50
Toxic substances (high) 5 20
Toxic substances (very high) 0.2 1
Toxic substances (extreme) 0.001 0.1
Unclassified (Type A) 100 500
Unclassified (Type B) 50 200

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 4-2. Categories of Hazard Materials

Category Definition
A. Explosives 1. A substance or preparation, which creates the risk of an explosion by shock,
(Reactivity) friction, fire, or other sources of ignition.
2. A pyrotechnic substance (or mixture of substances) designed to produce heat,
light, sound, gas, or smoke or a combination of such effects through non-
detonating self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions.
B. Flammable 1. Flammable substances are substances and preparations having a flash point
Substances equal to or greater than 21*C and less than or equal to 55*C, capable of
supporting combustion.
(Highly 2. Highly flammable substances are substances and preparations which may
flammable and become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature
extremely without any input of energy, or substances which have a flash point lower than
flammable 55*C and which remain liquid under pressure, where particular processing
substances) conditions, such as high pressure or high temperature, may create major-
accident hazards.
3. Extremely flammable substances are liquid substances and preparations which
have a flash point lower than 0*C and the boiling point (or, in the case of a
boiling range, the initial boiling point) of which at normal pressure is less than
or equal to 35*C; gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable
when in contact with air at ambient temperature and pressure, whether or not
kept in the gaseous or liquid state under pressure; or, liquid substances or
preparations maintained at a temperature above their boiling point.
C. Oxidizing Substances which give rise to highly exothermic reaction when in contact with
substances other substances, particularly flammable substances.
D. Toxic Low, medium, high, very high and extreme toxicity of substances or preparation
Substances are classified as follows:
1. A substance shall be considered as a liquid if vapor pressure is less than 1 bar
at 20*C.
2. A substance shall be considered as a gas if vapor pressure is greater than 1
bar at 20*C.
3. The sum of (a) and (b) as provided in Tables 2 and 3 shall determine the toxicity
class as contained in Table 1.
E. Unclassified Substances or preparations that react violently with water (Type A), and
Substances substances or preparations, which release or liberate toxic gas in contact with
water (Type B).

Moreover, the guideline for Societal Risk is reflected in Figure 4-2.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
–3
10
Intolerable

–4
10

Frequency of N or more Fatalities per year (F)

–5
10

ALARP
–6
10

–7
10

–8
Acceptable
10
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Number of Fatalities (N)

Source: Figure 1 of Annex 2-7 e

Figure 4-2. Societal Risk Criteria

Following are the key information in risk assessment:

The project site is at sea whereat there are no population centers. Therefore “societal risk” is not germane
to the project. The construction phase personnel are stationed at ships and small in number, i.e. of less than
about fifty (50) persons.

Activities which would be undertaken at or near populated areas are those associated with the construction of
the connecting points to the land of the access ways.

In the dredging and land formation works, Environmental Risks are most relevant to and associated with the
operations of the type of equipment to be used as chosen by the Contractor to be awarded the works. Either
a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) or a Cutter Section Dredger (CSD) will be employed.

In case a TSHD will be use risks may potentially arise during the transport or movement of the vessel.

In the identification of hazardous materials to establish threshold levels Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) is the
reference material. Being a heavy fuel oil, flash and fire points are not of significant concerns.

The general operating cycle of the TSHD is shown below:

Travel cycle of TSHD from site to SNS and back 7 hours/cycle

Trench Dredging Cycle 350 hours
Total 6.5 years
Hopper Capacity 1500-3000 m3
Volume Fill required for 5 islands 124,920,000 m3
Total Number of cycles 7800
Total hours operating 54600 hours
Fuel carried by TSHD 2200 m3
Total Oil Used 195,000 ton for the entire reclamation period

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

An Assessment

With respect to the guidelines stipulated in Annex 2-7 e of the Revised Procedural Manual, titled “Procedural
Guidelines for Scoping of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)”, the following conclusions are thereby
made:

• Under the criterion of processes, the project does not fall in any of the guidelines/criteria
• Under the “hazardous” classification, the fuel does not fall under the categories on “Explosivity,
Flammability and Toxicity”.
• Under the Threshold Inventory guidelines, the type of fuel oil does not fall in the category and
thus the volume criterion is not relevant.
• The project is also outside the “Societal Risk” Criteria because the number of people who may
be affected by risks is only approximately less than 50 who are the crew and officers of
the TSHD or the CSD.

4.2 Safety Risks

Focus is herein made on “safety risks” rather than on “impacts”, the latter being potential results of regular
activities while the former is a result of probabilistic events.

The key aspects of risks for the reclamation/dredging (construction) phase are:
• Fire
• Explosion
• Release of toxic substances

4.2.1 Description of conditions, events and circumstances, which could be significant in bringing
about identified safety risks

Table 4-3 summarizes the identified safety risks from which it may be stated that such are remotely identified
with the reclamation/dredging activities.

Table 4-3. Summary Matrix of Safety Risks

Prevention/Control
Activities Safety Risks Probability of Incident
Measures/Remarks
Dredging Fire Nil to Minimal Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
used has high Flash Point
(At site and at source of > 600 C
fill, i.e,. San Nicholas Explosion Nil MDO not explosive
Shoal) Release of hazardous Nil to insignificant Bilge water treatment
substances Spent oil or on board & No HAPs (Hazardous Air
leaks discharged to bilge Pollutants) from exhaust of
not overboard engines
Filling at Site Fire Nil to Minimal Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
used has high Flash Point
> 600 C
Explosion Nil MDO not explosive
Release of hazardous Nil to insignificant Bilge water treatment
substances Spent oil or on board No HAPs (Hazardous Air
leaks discharged to bilge Pollutants) from exhaust of
not overboard engines
Operation of Heavy Fire Nil to Minimal Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
Equipment used has high Flash Point
(e.g. pumps, pile drivers) > 600 C

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Prevention/Control
Activities Safety Risks Probability of Incident
Measures/Remarks
Explosion Nil MDO not explosive
Release of hazardous Oil sludge generated at Not discharged to bay,
substances vessel instead to onshore
Land Stabilization Fire No Relevant Activity Not Relevant
Soil stabilization Explosion Involves only land
Release of hazardous compaction; placement of
substances wick drains and allowing
land to settle

Based on the above table, there are no significant safety risks involved with the proposed project. The
activities involved are confined to the vessels at sea, away from population centers, thus, there are no societal
risks associated.

It is noted, however, that the construction crew would be preparing meals and using LPG - a fire and explosive
substance. Cooking is confined to a designated place and the LPG used is a standard cooking fuel. The LPG
inventory however, does not classify this activity as a safety and risk undertaking.

The possibility that bombs/ordnance from World War II may be present on the seabed will not be overlooked.
The preparatory works to dredging will be on the lookout for these explosive materials.

4.2.2 Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the environment

4.2.2.1 Potential Accidents Involving Fishing Operations Along the Navigational Lane of the
The risks to and accidents involving fisher folks are noted but are deemed not highly significant because:

Although there are existing fishing activities (BY USE OF SAPRAS) and mussel farms within or adjacent the
reclamation site these need to be relocated if validated before the start of the construction period that such
activities would be existing; The relocation site will not be in the pathway of the movements of the TSHD.

The work area at the site will be cordoned to avoid ingress of fisher folks and persons not involved with the
reclamation works.

The environmental resources that could potentially be at risk in a potential accident scenario are the lift nets
within the waters of of the municipalities involved as well as those adjacent to the navigational lane of the
TSHD. During the travel of the TSHD to/from the San Nicholas Shoal, there could exist potential risks of the
vessel drifting towards the fish lifts such as during stormy weathers.

The mangrove communities were also considered but are deemed essentially free from risk because of its
distance from the navigational lane and the reclamation site.

Figure 4-3 indicates the tentatively identified navigational pathway of the major dredging/reclamation vessels.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 4-3. Map of the Tentative Pathway of the TSHD Vessel

The relocation site for the lift nets will also have to consider the pathway (navigational lane of the TSHD.

4.2.2.2 Potential Oil Spills from the TSHD Vessel and/or the Dredging Equipment

The fact that the TSHD/CSD will carry Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) suggests that risks be considered concerning
potential oil spills.

The preventive measures consist of:

a. Assurance of sea worthiness of the sea vessel (TSHD) through:

• Compliance with international and local (PCG) standards

• Training of vessel crew and personnel
• Possession of adequate navigational aids
• These features of the vessel are discussed in Section 1

b. Inspection by the PCG of the integrity of the oil storage tank in the vessel
• Record of last inspection of the tank
• Checking of safety instruments of the oil system e.g. valves, fittings

c. Provision for on board oil spill containment and recovery equipment e.g.

• Oil Spill Boom

• Approved oil spill dispersant
• Oil recovery equipment e.g. oil pump

d. Oil spills collected must not be discharged at sea but on shore through an accredited third party TSD

e. Proper training and accreditation of the Vessel crew

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
4.2.3 Description of the hazards, both immediate (acute effects) and delayed (chronic effects) for man
and the environment posed by the release of toxic substance, as applicable.
The safety policy and emergency preparedness guidelines consistent with the regulatory
requirements. Emergency Preparedness should also consider natural hazards to the infrastructures
and facilities

By way of reference, typical classification of hazardous wastes is provided in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4. Typical Classification of Hazardous Wastes and Relevance to Reclamation

Works
Classification Under DAO 36 Proposed Revisions Remarks
Putrescible Organic Wastes Grease trap wastes From food preparation of vessel
crew
Used or Waste Oils from operation Collected separately and disposed
of onboard equipment onshore or discharged to the bilge
Collected separately and disposed
onshore or discharged to the bilge
Inks/Dyes/Pigments, etc. Resinous Materials Not involved in reclamation
Containers Waste containers previously Hazardous wastes involved are
containing hazardous wastes minimal quantities of spent lighting
bulbs and computer parts
Organic Chemicals Wastes containing halogenated Not involved in reclamation works
chemicals
Miscellaneous Wastes Containing Pathogens Not involved in reclamation works
Not specified Waste electrical and electronic Computer system only WEEE
equipment (WEEE) aspect of project

It may be deduced from table that the project does not involve significant hazardous wastes based on present
classification (DAO 36) and prospective reclassification.

4.2.3.1 Chronic Risks. Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e. cyanide, mercury, etc.)
in Water

The generation of significant quantities of toxic and hazardous substances is considered nil in the
proposed project as this is not included in the activities during the reclamation/ construction phase.

The risk factor that needs to be carefully identified during the construction phase is the potential
contamination of the Bay with toxic and hazardous substance that may be present in the filling
materials.

If the filling materials would be sourced from Manila Bay itself, this risk is greatly reduced or would
be absent. Pre-screening of any filing materials to be used would be mandatory; complete chemical
analysis for toxic elements, e.g.: cyanide, mercury, lead, chromium, etc. must be necessarily
undertaken.

The use of and sourcing of the filling materials from its likely source, i.e., the San Nicholas Shoal in
Cavite, is to be subject to prior permits and clearances from the Philippine Reclamation Authority.
One of the requirements for securing such permits/clearances is an ECC.

Notwithstanding that the import of filling/burrows are to undergo strict screening and evaluation,
mitigation measures will nevertheless will put in place for dispersal of silts/disturbed sea beds. The
use of containment sheet piles along the perimeter of the project will further ensure that any
toxic/hazardous substances will not disperse beyond the reclamation area.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
4.2.3.2 Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e., cyanide, mercury, etc.) in Air and Land

The substances/materials listed below are not considered as highly significant considering the low quantities
involved with the nature of the project, which involves the construction phase only.

Table 4-5. Initial Listing of Potential Toxic and Hazardous Substances Involved in the
Reclamation Activities
Nature of Substance Source Estimated Inventory THEIDI
Oil Waste From Use of Diesel Oil in Dredging ≈ 10-20 drums
Vessel
Spent Lighting Fixtures From Dredging Vessel 10-20 units
From street lighting during soil 25 units
stabilization phase
Computer Parts Scraps From onsite office 100 kg
Spoiled Food Wastes From construction workers abroad Minimal (regular on shore disposal)
dredging vessel

The potential presence of toxic/hazardous substances in the fill materials is not included in the above list
because the fill materials may be sourced from Manila Bay itself, i.e., the San Nicholas Shoal. All fill materials
will be subject first to prescreening, which will include tests of the presence of toxic and hazardous substances.

During the operations phase (NOT INCLUDED IN THE APPLICATION FOR AN ECC), the common materials
designated under RA 6969 as being hazardous will be generated. These will include the following:

a. Spent lighting fixtures which may contain metallic elements

These are disposed through third-party accredited TSD (Treatment, Storage and Disposal)
companies accredited with the EMB.

b. Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs)

These are generated by vehicles and may include benzene, aromatics, aldehydes, polycyclic
aromatic benzenes, and other hydrocarbons inherently present in fossil fuels. The reclamation
works will not involve use of land-based vehicles.

The use of clean fuel such as Euro IV P gasoline or diesel oil should be encouraged. The
specification for marine fuels is dictated by International Standards, e.g. the “MARPOL” or
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the US EPA and others.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
4.2.4 Dangerous Substances/Organisms with Risk of being released into the environment

Various Issues / Concerns on dangerous substances/organisms are explained below

How dangerous are the substances/organisms that risk being released into the environment?

The basic information on the Project discussed in several sections of the EIS is herein reiterated to give a
good appreciation of the responses:

Nature and Scope of the Project includes only the construction phase or the reclamation activities the
components of which are the following:

Table 4-6. Summary of Project Components (Based from Chapter 1)

Potentially Dangerous Substances or
Components Specifications
Organisms that Risk Release
Reclaimed Land (Total Land Area = 205 ha)
1 Island
Total Land Area 205 ha
NIL
• Platform elevation 4.0 m above MLLW
• Water Channels 5.99 km from Cañas River To serve as buffer zone and for water circulation.
No materials or substances involved.
• Vertical Containment Structure Containment wall (seawall) Will be firmed up during the Detailed Engineering
consisting of a combination Works No dangerous substances or organisms
of rock mound and sheet involved; materials are made of ordinary
piles. construction materials such as steel.
• Wave Deflector Concrete with water sump No dangerous substances or organisms involved;
(For defense against storm only ordinary materials of construction e.g.
surges) concrete aggregates, cement, reinforcing steel.
SUPPORT FACILITIES
• Drainage System To consider using the No dangerous substances or organisms involved;
Rational Formula only ordinary materials of construction e.g.
Q = 0.278 CIA “ concrete aggregates, cement, reinforcing steel.
• Electricity, water and Temporary connection with To be sourced from service providers. No
communications systems Meralco e.g. for lighting dangerous substances or organisms involved.
purposes; generating sets
for construction works.
Mobile communications
• Wastewater treatment units In house facilities during the Use of approved portable toilets on reclaimed land.
Reclamation Phase Dangerous substances or organisms not involved
(e.g. toilets in barges) nor used.
Disposal through
accredited waste handling
entities
• Water supply system (During Internal sourcing by Water supplied by concessionaires or imported
Reclamation Phase) individual contractors from external sources.
• Street Lighting High Pressure Sodium To be sourced from accredited HPS lamps
Lamps suppliers.
No dangerous substances or organisms involved;
lighting fixtures similar to those used in streets.
• General Notes on Not Applicable Activities of Construction Workers will take place in
Reclamation/Construction work stations located at sea, e.g. in dredging
Activities vessel, in pile driving facilities, etc.
There is no population at these construction sites.
Domestic wastes are generated; not released to
the environment but instead confined to portable
toilet facilities for disposal on shore.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Potentially Dangerous Substances or
Components Specifications
Organisms that Risk Release
Waste materials classified as hazardous include
spent lighting fixtures, computer inks and parts
which are disposed on shore.
No medical wastes, pathogens and harmful
organisms involved or generated.
Note: The sourcing of the Fill Materials. The dredging and related activities for the sourcing of fill materials will be subject
so separate ECC application when the source(s) are identified and approved by the PRA.

4.3 Physical Risks- Failure of Structure which could endanger life, property and/or the
environment
• Description of conditions, events and “trigger”, which could be significant in bringing about identified
physical risks
• Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the environment
• Description of the hazards both immediate (acute effects) and delayed (chronic effects) for man and
the environment posed by the failure of structure, as applicable

The “failure of structure” referred to in this Phase is the collapse of the reclaimed land. There will be no vertical
structures to be constructed during this Phase.

Although highly unlikely because of engineering and design interventions, use of internationally-accepted
construction technology and methodology, the use of sound fill materials and rocks and the employ of proven
Contractor, a discussion are nevertheless made on this potential physical risk.

The environment that will be at risk is the Direct Impact Area of the project, i.e. the boundaries of the landform
including the islands.

The immediate remedial activity is to deploy silt curtains to the boundaries of the landform to prevent dispersal
of silt.

Temporary containment structures, e.g. sheet piles or armor rocks will be imbedded to prevent dispersal of
other heavier materials from the collapsed landform.

Table 4-7. Summary Matrix of Physical Risks

Probability of
Activities Physical Risks Prevention/Control Measures
Incident
Dredging Accidents to Construction Nil to insignificant • Safety Training of Construction Crews
Personnel • Safe worthy equipment
Filling Accidents to Construction Nil to insignificant • Safety Training of Construction Crews
Personnel • Safe worthy equipment
Operation of Heavy Accidents to Construction Nil to insignificant • Safety Training of Construction Crews
Equipment Personnel • Safe worthy equipment

It is thus concluded that there exists no significant safety risks, further since the activities are confined to the
reclamation area and away from population centers there are no societal risks associated.

4.3.1 RISKS DURING THE HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT WORKS

The horizontal development works are included in the scope of the “construction phase” and include the
following activities which will be undertaken at the reclaimed land.

Road Construction
Construction of Drainage System

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
Installation of electrical power and water distribution system

Physical risks, i.e. to construction workers are deemed as the major considerations during these works. This
is because of the use of heavy equipment during the above-cited works.

Assessment and Recommendations

During the horizontal development activities, the major risks are those associated to accidents and safety.

These may however, be minimized or prevented through

• Training of construction workers and equipment operators

• Use of personnel safety equipment
• Regular maintenance of heavy equipment

4.4 Emergency Response Policy and Generic Guidelines

Policies on HSE

Inasmuch as the direct responsibility for Health, Safety and Environmental concerns rest on the
Dredging/Reclamation Contractor, a judicious selection process for the Contractor will necessarily be made.
The formal award of the Contract cannot be made until after the securing of an ECC. However, provided below
are basic policies and guidelines on HSE of an international reclamation practitioner.

4.4.1 General

All vessels working / sailing for the project have to comply with the local and international maritime
requirements or protocol such as that prescribed by the Philippine Coast Guard and under the MARPOL.
Some of the requirements are:

• Communication procedures with Port Authorities;

• Anchoring;
• Towing;
• Speed limitation within port; Etc.

All vessels / barges must have valid harbor craft license or equivalent. Official inspections on the vessel
regarding its construction and required safety appliances must be carried as per regulations.

Prior to commencement of operations, all relevant notices (e.g. Notifications to Mariners; Port Marine Notices)
shall be provided to the Master, who will verify them for implementation.

4.4.2 Responsibilities and Duties

All personnel are responsible for the safety of themselves and those they work with. They have a duty to take
action to prevent accidents at all times, in accordance with accountability for HSE.

The Master of a vessel is responsible for the safety of the vessel and all those on board at all times. He has
the authority to decide whether any operations affecting the vessel should proceed or be terminated, and
should question any instructions issued to him that create a hazard to the vessel and all those on board.

Emergency response on an ISM certified vessel takes place in accordance with the Master Roll. The Master
Roll shall show the duties assigned to the different members of the ship's crew.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
4.4.3 Onboard HSE Inductions

All personnel joining the vessel for the first time or who have not been on board within the previous 6 months
will be required to undergo HSE induction training (‘Information at recruitment’ resp. ‘Familiarization’) from the
Captain or Chief Engineer.

Training shall include but not be limited to aspects of living and working on board a vessel or barge:
• Layout of the vessel
• Housekeeping rules
• Muster Stations
• Emergency Alarms
• Safety Equipment
• PPE
• Emergency Escape Routes
• HSE Management
• Environmental Awareness

Signed function descriptions and records of familiarization / information at recruitment shall be available
onboard.

After boarding a vessel, visitors shall report to the Master who shall give a small induction on the particular
dangers and rules on the vessel. Visitors shall always be guided during visits on deck.

4.5 Site Basic Safety Rules

The vessels shall make the necessary communication, depending on the type and operations of the vessel,
with other vessels and/or with the Radio Room by means of the VHF channel that has been set up for the
project.

Approaching or leaving a jetty or another vessel shall be done at a low speed, avoiding high waves and thus
allowing safe boarding. Life jackets of the inflatable type or work vest type shall be worn in following situations:
• when boarding / deboarding a vessel / jetty;
• when working near or over the sides of a vessel;
• when there is a danger of falling into the water;
• when working on other locations as specified by the supervisor or safety officer.

Other rules include:

• Reference is made to the specific SWP for PPE.
• Standards for housekeeping on the vessel (e.g. deck, galley, accommodation, etc.) shall be
followed.
• The crew shall be competent and shall be made familiar with various emergency situations and
hazardous applications through toolbox meetings and drills.
• Regular inspections shall be held by the Master, Safety Officer or Chief Engineer. The inspection
and the frequency shall depend on the type of vessel.
• Mooring to other vessels or to jetties shall be done safely and with correct and sound mooring
ropes.
• Fishing is not allowed on site.
• Smoking is only permitted in designated smoking areas.
• Drugs are not permitted on board. Persons taking medication are to advise the medic of their
medical condition and show the prescription drugs they are taking.
• All crew shall be in possession of a valid medical fitness certificate, correct seaman’s book and
correct STCW95 certificates for the function they have.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

During periods of rough weather the following rules are to be observed:

• Crew shall not work in external areas of the vessel unaccompanied.

• Watertight closures are to be secured and shall be kept clear of obstructions.
• Watertight doors shall always be secured after passing through them (this should be observed in
good weather conditions also).
• On vessels with low freeboard working decks such as anchor handlers and tugs where decks are
easily awash the following precautions will be taken:
o Personnel shall not work in external areas of the vessel unaccompanied.
o Personnel working on external decks shall wear a work vest.

When entering a Port, the vessel shall adhere to the specific Port Regulations, which could handle:

• Pilotage, navigation
• Anchorage, berth, mooring, bunkering
• Security measures
• Arrival and departure procedures

Prior to arrival at a Port, the SOPEP contact list must be available on the bridge. Reference is made to other
SWP that could be applicable to vessel operations:

• Dredging and reclamation

• PPE
• Hot Work
• Lifting

During lifting operations on a vessel, particular attention should be paid to the following factors:

• Wind speed
• Vessel motion
• Visibility
• Suitability, certification and Safe Working Load (SWL) of equipment and rigging to be used

All crane operators shall be competent and authorized. Rules for cabins:

• Keep your cabin clean.

• Clean your toilet and shower area at regularly.
• Clean the drains very good on regular times.
• Use Biotal 2000 (or similar product) for your toilet and drains.
• When furniture is broken tell Captain or Chief mate.
• Do not smoke a cigarette on bed, and always use an iron ashtray.
• Do not keep food in your refrigerator.

4.6 Standard safe work operations

4.6.1 Mooring and Unmooring

General

The deckhands shall be fully acquainted with the mooring procedure and the equipment. The deckhands shall
check if the equipment is operational and tested. Mooring wires and ropes shall be replaced when they are

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damaged to a certain grade (i.e. when damage is more than 10% of the diameter; when a wire is badly kinked;
etc.). The decks shall be well illuminated.

The deckhands that handle the ropes / wires shall always wear a hardhat, gloves and safety shoes. They shall
be aware that standing in bights or near wires / ropes under tension is not allowed.

The crew shall be aware that, when working over / near water, a life vest needs to be worn. Means of
communication shall be available during mooring activities.

Mooring of Barges alongside dredger, crane barges or anchored pontoons

Captains of barges approaching alongside dredger, crane barges or anchored pontoons shall be aware of
treacherous currents and movements of the other vessel. Only EXPERIENCED skippers shall operate/sail the
barges.

For the fastening of barge to the dredger, crane barges or anchored pontoons, the deckhands shall prepare
at least 4 m of slack in the wire or use a pendant wire in order to prevent the deckhands on the other vessel
from heavy pulling/lifting.

Stepping over wires or ropes when the barge is alongside, especially during rough weather conditions, must
be avoided at all times.

Towing

The towing operation shall be in the charge of a competent tow Master and shall be properly planned and
prepared in order that the voyage may be made in a safe and efficient manner without presenting a hazard to
other shipping or offshore installations.

The selection of a towing vessel is based on its adequacy for the tow in the worst weather conditions to be
encountered in the proposed area of operation. The type, specification and bollard pull (BP) of the vessel for
a specific tow operation shall be defined. Prior to selection, a tow vessel will undergo suitability audit carried
out by the technical department in order to ensure that the vessel is fit for the intended work scope.

If required, a Marine Warranty Surveyor shall check the sea fastening of cargo and the setup of the towing
arrangements.

4.6.2 Engine and machinery room safety

Some procedures for safe working practices in engine and machinery rooms are defined below. Mechanics,
engineers and wipers shall be made familiar with these basic rules.

General:

• Think safety, try to predict, avoid and eradicate hazards.

• The following protection must be worn prior to entering a machine space: skin protection;
protective clothing; footwear with slip and oil resistant soles; ear defenders; and if applicable,
protective gloves and hard hat.
• Check where repair and maintenance work is in progress and ensure correct warning signs are
in position.
• Do not run in a machinery space.
• Ensure visitors are suitably dressed, protected and familiar with E.R. procedures. Officers in
charge must be informed of their presence.

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• Asbestos holding items are removed from the vessel. Alternatively, possible asbestos holding
items (of a none-dangerous type) are identified and crew is made aware of correct procedures
regarding working with these items.

Unmanned E.R. and machinery spaces:

• Do not enter alone and always notify the officer in charge or the bridge.
• Before entering, ensure reporting and communication procedures are clearly understood.
• Safety procedures must be displayed at all entrances.
• Ensure adequate illumination is provided.
• Be aware that machinery may start and stop automatically.
• Do not attempt to rescue casualties alone, call for the Emergency Team.
• Be aware of toxic and explosive risks in certain machinery spaces.

Main engines and auxiliaries:

• When checking machinery, beware of moving parts and high temperatures.

• Be particularly observant in checking for oil and fuel leaks. These give the highest potential for
fire.
• Be aware that some machines start and stop automatically.
• Ensure that all machinery is guarded correctly, especially after maintenance.
• During maintenance of machinery, ensure that all loose parts are securely stored.
• Engine room deck plates, grids and handrails must be securely fixed, clean and free from debris.
• All bilges and mud boxes must be kept clean and free from obstruction.

Boilers:

• All manufacturers’ operating procedures must be clearly displayed and observed.

• Correct flashing up procedure must be followed to avoid risk of blowback.
• All escape routes from boiler fronts and firing spaces must be kept clear.
• Ensure uptakes are maintained free from gas leaks.

Workshop and stores:

• All loose items of equipment and spare gear must be securely stored.
• Workshop machinery must be suitably guarded with specific protective equipment available and
mandatory signs displayed.
• All consumables must be correctly stored in accordance with suppliers’ instructions and ship
safety procedures.
• All wastes to be correctly packaged for disposal in accordance with MARPOL Annex V or project
requirements.
• When using pneumatic or hydraulic equipment, ensure they are set at the correct working
pressure and have been checked for serviceability.
• Use welding screens and head shields when arc welding and do not leave hot items unattended.
• Only trained personnel should use metal working machinery.
• Grinding wheel regulations must be observed.

4.6.3 Hatches and doors closed at sea

The risks of open doors:

• unwanted water flow could occur during sailing and stormy weather;

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• the compartmentalization is no longer guaranteed during a calamity or collision.

Prevention:

• all watertight doors on deck must be closed and locked during sailing and working;
• doors shall be checked regularly during safety rounds;
• the importance of the closure and locking of doors shall be emphasised during toolbox-meetings.

The risk of open horizontal hatches on deck an inside the ship:

• because of overflow when dredging, water, silt and other (polluted) spoil could flow in rooms,
resulting in major damage and pollution;
• unwanted water flow could occur during sailing and stormy weather;
the compartmentalization is no longer guaranteed during a calamity or collision.

Prevention:

• all hatches must be closed and locked during sailing and working;
• check regularly during safety rounds;
• emphasize the importance of the closure and locking of hatches during toolbox-meetings.

Furthermore, condition of all automatic doors and hatches shall be checked regularly. As a minimum, the
following items should be checked:

• warning signal (when opening/closing bell and/or revolving light);

• alarm signal to bridge or to engine room;
• availability operating instructions near the door;
• doors and hatches can be easily opened;
• emergency stop; and
• condition and watertight function of seals of doors and hatches.

4.6.4 Shipboard food and hygiene

Recommended procedures for health and safety in pantries, galleys and freezers are described below. Cooks
and stewards shall be made familiar with these basic rules. Only authorized persons who have undergone
food hygiene training and specific medical checks and vaccination shall carry out the preparation and handling
of food.

Health and hygiene:

• Hands and fingernails must be kept clean at all times using hot water and anti-bacterial soap.
• Wash hands between handling meat, fish, fruit and vegetables or visiting the toilet or blowing
your nose.
• Cuts, burns and abrasions must be covered with a suitably colored waterproof dressing.
• All illnesses to be reported immediately. If dysentery or diarrhea is suspected, stop work at once.
• No smoking, eating or drinking in food handling areas.
• Clean protective clothing and head covering must be worn at all times to protect food and
handler.
• Do not cough or sneeze near food.

Food preparation:

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• Do not use the same knife, chopping board or preparation surface for raw meat, fish, cooked
food, fresh vegetables and fruit.
• Never use cracked or broken utensils.
• Use cleaning materials in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and never allow them to
come into contact with food.
• All food must be thoroughly cooked to a safe internal temperature.
• Separate storage compartments must be used for raw and cooked foods.
• Do not handle food unnecessarily.
• Food must be washed properly where necessary.

Galley and pantry equipment:

• Extreme care must be taken when turning on stoves or deep-fat fryers, especially if oil of gas
fired.
• Range guards must be used in rough weather.
• Microwaves must be used in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
• Deep-fat fryers must have safety lids, which can smother a fire. Never use water to extinguish a
fat fire.
• Knives, saws and choppers should be kept sharp and housed in secure racks or safely sheathed.
Don not mix with other items when washing-up.
• Do not grab a falling knife.
• Faulty appliances must be reported and taken out of service. A ‘do not use’ notice must be
displayed.
• When cleaning or unblocking, ensure equipment is switched off and isolated. All parts in contact
with food must be washed, rinsed, sanitized and air-dried.
• Food wastes and other garbage must be immediately stored in designated containers and
disposed of in accordance with MARPOL Annex V and with the project specific requirements.

Temperature control:

• It is the temperature of the food and not the air temperature of the holding unit that must be
maintained.
• Always load the refrigerator in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Keep the thermometer in the coldest part of the fridge and check regularly that the temperature
is between 0°C and 5°C.
• The coldest part of the fridge should contain the most perishable foods such as cold meats.
• All raw or uncooked food must be wrapped.
• Do not overload or put hot food in the fridge.

Slips, halls and trip hazards:

• Wear slip resistant footwear, which offers protection from hot fat or boiling water.
• Decks and gratings must be kept free of grease.
• All spills and breakages must be cleaned-up immediately.
• When using stairs and companionways, keep one hand free to use the handrail.
• Do not carry items in such a way as to obscure your view.
• Wherever possible, ensure all deck coverings are of the anti-slip type, especially outside
refrigeration rooms.

Refrigeration, freezer and store rooms:

• All doors must be fitted with both means of opening and sounding alarm from inside.

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• The alarm should be tested weekly.
• Personnel using refrigerated rooms must be familiar with operating alarms and handles in
darkness.
• Always inform others when entering their areas and take the padlock and key with you.
• Refrigerant leaks must be reported immediately and warning notices posted on outside doors.
• Stores must be stowed securely to prevent movement in rough weather.

4.6.5 Navigation

General

• Masters shall ensure that their vessels are navigated in full compliance with the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG), without exception.
• Prior to commencing any voyage Masters must ensure that a passage plan for the voyage has
been developed and all Watch keeping / Navigating Officers are familiarized with it.
• Masters must ensure that all necessary charts and nautical publications for the area of operation
are carried on board the vessel and that they are up to date with all the latest amendments and
corrections. Where the area of operation will include subsea assets and platforms, the Master
must also ensure that he has the latest field charts on board the vessel.
• Unless advised to the contrary or for safety reasons, vessels shall make best safe economical
speed at all times.
• Vessels involved will be equipped with bathymetry maps showing areas of sensitivities.
Furthermore, these areas will be marked in the dredge survey computer.
• Vessels shall anchor at anchoring areas indicated by the port. Alternatively, JAN DE NUL shall
define designated safe anchoring zones outside sensitive areas. Vessels will not anchor outside
designated anchoring areas unless in an emergency situation.
• Latest admiralty charts (ECDIS) will be provided of the working and sailing area to ensure that
exclusion zones and subsea obstructions and installations are known to the officers.

Bridge Watch keeping:

• A safe navigational watch must be kept at all times and every opportunity must be taken to
physically check the vessel’s electronic position referencing systems against visual observation
and charts.
• A proper visual lookout shall be maintained at all times and the Officer of the Watch shall be
responsible for taking timely action in order to avoid collision, grounding or close quarter
situations.
• During periods of reduced visibility, Master’s shall ensure that additional lookouts are posted,
appropriate sound signals are made and a radar watch is maintained on both long range (12 nm)
and short range (6 nm or less).

Preparing bridge before sailing

• Check compass error

• Compare gyro compass-reading with magnetic compass-reading
• Ascertain deviation by either adding or subtracting the variation and check outcome with
deviation-table
• Put radars on stand by
• Start two steering-pumps

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
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• Check if rudders are free of obstacles and then turn rudders full to SB and PS and check rudder-
indicators
• Do this also with only SB and PS pump running
• Switch the Doppler-log on
• Check scanners of both radars and run the “Nucleus” radar and align gyro course, set the speed
to log speed and adjust the screen brilliance / contrast. If the visibility is poor, then also do this
with the second radar
• Test the ship’s air whistle and its automatic signal blasting device
• Check if the bottom doors are fully closed and if the hydraulic pressure switch is set to “high”
• Check navigation-lights (including NUC-lights and X-mass tree) and leave the sailing lights
burning
• Check communication with engine room by telephoning two ways with them and test the
telegraph (you must go to the “engine room-control to do this) after this return to “bridge-control”
• Check portable radio sets on allowed channels only and hand them out to the fore- and aft
mooring party or anchor hewing party
• Check if propellers are clear and when the control is the engine is on bridge-control than try to
adjust the pitch slightly ahead and astern prior to unmooring the ship
• Switch on the VHF’s on the correct frequencies
• Put the correct nautical charts on the chart table
• Check if the DGPS position readout is correct
• Check if the echo sounder is operational and if the reading make sense
• Check the bow thruster by running it slowly PS/SB after you checked if there are no polypro
ropes or rubble floating next to you
• Check window wipers
• Make sure standing orders are available
• Check on the navtex and check if anything important is on the printout
• Check searchlights and torches
• Check if everything is secured on the bridge and check with the dredge master if this is the case
on deck
• Check if the pilot ladder is stowed away correctly or lowered to the correct height. In the latter
case check if there is a life buoy and a deck light available
• Check the GMDSS radio equipment
• Place minimal two binoculars on the bridge console
• Hoist the appropriate flags for instance the “H” (Pilot on board) or show the appropriate lights if
required by harbour rules and regulations (ask the pilot!)

4.6.6 Weather

The Master and/or the Superintendent shall continuously monitor the weather conditions and shall restrict or
even interrupt certain works when safe work is not possible.

Adverse Weather

Adverse Weather is defined as environmental conditions that may affect people, equipment or facilities, to
such an extent those precautionary measures must be taken to safeguard the vessel or to maintain a safe
system of work. Adverse weather includes, fog, hail, lightning, heavy rain, high winds, low cloud base, poor
visibility, severe sea states and strong currents. In certain circumstances low/no wind can also be adverse
weather. Weather conditions can change quickly and the effects of short-term variations such as wind gusts
must be considered.

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Weather Limits
Weather limits must take into account the location and type of worksite, the nature of the work to be carried
out, and the time required to secure the worksite before the onset of adverse weather. Weather limits should
be identified in terms of the following categories as appropriate:

• Wind Speed
• Wind Direction
• Sea State
• Air Temperature

Weather Forecasts

Weather forecasts should be obtained on a regular and frequent basis, at least every 12 hours and with a
minimum coverage of 36 hours and a 5-day outlook. The forecasts as a minimum should provide the following
information:
• Wind speed and direction
• Sig and max wave height
• Swell direction, period and height
• Visibility
• Significant temperature change
• Barometric pressure and tendency
• Risk of weather phenomena such as fog, thunderstorms, etc.

Movement Of Personnel During Adverse Weather

Site supervisors should carry out an assessment of the risk to personnel during adverse weather. In addition,
supervisors responsible for the area should continue to frequently monitor external and other vulnerable areas
throughout periods of adverse weather and put in place any necessary control measures to minimize risk to
individuals. They should advise management of the need to review all other work in progress, to assess the
impact of the adverse weather, and in particular access to and from modules and worksites. Personnel
movement in external areas affected by adverse weather should be limited to the covered, sheltered or leeward
areas of the location. Emergency Exit doors may have to be used for access to the leeward side of
accommodation modules. Personnel should be made aware of restrictions or the alternatives to normal access
routes, by the public address system and by the erection of safety barriers. Provision of guard/restraining lines
may be necessary at areas such as walkway corners where wind effects are particularly severe, when such
routes have to be used in adverse weather.

In severe weather, there may be occasions when all personnel will have to remain inside. Any operations,
which cannot be continued without personnel access to weather affected areas, shall be suspended. 'Weather
Watch Inspections' to look for loose items, carry out damage assessment, or perform meteorological
observations should only be performed when it is safe to do so and should not be carried out by an
unaccompanied individual.

4.7 Basic Safety Equipment

General

In essence, the safety equipment that is required to be onboard a vessel is reflected in the vessel’s safety
plan. This safety plan depends on the vessel’s class, in compliance with SOLAS regulations, and is required
to be approved by the Class surveyor. A copy of the safety plan can be found on various locations on the
vessel.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
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ISM certified vessels have specific procedures and instruction regarding safety equipment within their ISM
system. This project procedure provides some information on essential safety equipment onboard of vessels
since not all vessels comply with SOLAS / ISM requirements, e.g. small or not self-propelled vessels, which
are not sailing/working in international waters.

Inspection of life-saving and safety equipment

The Captain/Senior Dredge Master must make a monthly inspection of all life-saving and safety equipment
that it is compulsory to have on board ensuring that it is in the correct location and in good working order. If
the equipment is found to be defective, corrective action must be taken. All inspections must be recorded in
the ship's log.

Safety equipment to be checked:

• All life rafts and lifeboats with their equipment. The engines of the motor lifeboats must be in
good working order.
• All lifebuoys and attachments, such as flares and smoke signals.
• Line throwing appliances.
• Rockets for sending distress signals.
• Pilot ladder.
• Navigation lights.
• Safety lamps and signal lamps.
• Emergency shut-off valves on fuel lines.
• All fire extinguishing appliances and compressed-air breathing apparatus.

Survival and/or MOB craft

• The survival craft (lifeboat) will be used in case of an abandon ship emergency. The MOB boat
will be used for rescuing a Man over Board victim. The crafts contain survival equipment as
specified by the SOLAS convention.
• The master will ensure that the crafts are maintained in a fully operational condition. A regular
inspection and maintenance schedule shall be executed and records kept for each craft. All
officers and crew members shall be familiar with the operation of the crafts in accordance with
their function as stipulated on the Muster List. Visitors must be informed on the location of the
crafts by the master during their introduction.
• Launching, boarding and sailing have to be done following procedures which are defined in the
Emergency Procedures Manual and the Vessel Operating Manual.
• The use of equipment on board of the lifeboat will be explained in Training Courses and safety
briefings.

Life rafts

• In some emergency cases, it will be impossible to launch the lifeboats. In these cases life rafts
will be used to abandon the ship. The SOLAS convention regulates the construction and the
launching equipment of the rafts.
• A sufficient number of inflatable life rafts are mounted at convenient locations on the vessels. All
officers and crew shall make themselves aware of the locations and operations of the rafts.
Visitors must be informed to the master after boarding the vessel.
• Launching and boarding has to be done according the procedures which are defined in the
Emergency Procedures Manual and Vessel Operating Manual.

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Emergency Life jackets

• In every cabin there will be at least one SOLAS approved emergency life jacket (type: block vest)
for each person staying in that cabin. Near the muster station there will be additional life jackets
available.
• The SOLAS Convention defines the requirements for the amount of jackets, the type and their
location on board.
• This type of life jackets must be worn when an emergency alarm sounds (e.g. Abandon Ship or
Fire).
• Everybody on board shall be made familiar with the use of the jacket.

Work life jackets (work vest)

• In normal conditions, a work vest shall be worn when work is being performed near the water
side outside the protected area. However, in certain work conditions it is not practical to wear a
work life jacket since it can hamper normal work. In this case, other means of protection (life line,
net …) shall be in place.
• Sufficient work life jackets shall be available on board.

Life buoys

• Life buoys are constructed in accordance with the regulations stipulated by the SOLAS
Convention.
• Location, configuration (i.e. with smoke, light and/or life line) shall conform to the safety plan.

Gangways, Accommodation ladders and Rope ladders

• Gangways and accommodation ladders are used for safe access of the vessel in normal
conditions or at berth.
• The crew shall adhere to the rules of safe rigging and use of the gangway and accommodation
ladder.
• The purpose of rope ladders is to provide means to board and deboard ships, even in difficult
circumstances. When using the rope ladders, a life jacket shall be worn. A crewmember must be
on standby below / above the rope ladder in order to assist for a safe transfer to and from the
vessel.
• Places of boarding / deboarding shall be well lit at night.

Firefighting Equipment

Firefighting equipment shall be available in accordance with the SOLAS regulations. The type of firefighting
equipment and the location is shown on the safety plan and fire plan. The equipment is subject to regular
maintenance and inspection. The crew is trained in using the equipment through their STCW95 training as
well as by regular drills.

The following firefighting equipment will be onboard:

• fixed firefighting system (CO2) in engine rooms
• fire flaps
• fire extinguishers
• fire reels and hoses
• hydrants
• fire pump & generator
• fireman’s outfit
• emergency escape breathing devices

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
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• fire / heat / smoke alarms
• fire axe

Lifesaving signals

Lifesaving signals shall be available in accordance with the SOLAS regulations. The type of life saving signals
and the location is shown on the safety plan and fire plan. The equipment is subject to regular inspections.
Officers are trained in using this equipment.

The following lifesaving signals shall be onboard:

• EPIRB
• Radar transponder
• VHF radio
• Pyrotechnics
• Signal lamp
• Flags

Safety signs

Safety signs shall be posted in accordance with the SOLAS regulations. Crew shall be familiar with the signs
and adhere to them. The most important signs shall be explained to visitors during their introduction.

The following types of safety signs are posted onboard:

• Prohibition signs (e.g. ‘no smoking’)

• Mandatory signs (e.g. ‘emergency exit: keep free’)
• Direction signs (e.g. ‘exit’ or ‘escape route’)
• Hazard signs (e.g. ‘danger: overhead working’)
• Fire control / equipment signs (e.g. ‘fire alarm’)
• Space indicating signs (e.g. ‘paint store’)
• ISPS signs (e.g. ‘restricted area’)

Compressed-air breathing apparatus

How compressed-air breathing apparatus is to be tested:

Monthly:
• Open the bottle(s) a half turn and read the pressure on the gauge (must be at least 95% full).
• Close off the bottle(s) again.
• Wait one minute. Meanwhile affix the bracket.
• After one minute there should not have been an appreciable drop in the pressure; if there is, it
means there is a leakage somewhere; trace the cause and solve the problem!
• Carefully reduce the pressure in the apparatus.
• Check that the (low pressure) withdrawal alarm is working

Every six months:

• Check the apparatus in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions;
• Pay special attention to all rubber components.
• Recharge the bottles with fresh air.

Entrances and emergency exits

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• Escape routes and emergency exits must be clearly marked and well lit.
• Escape hatches and emergency exits must be marked on both sides with the words
'EMERGENCY EXIT - KEEP CLEAR'.
• Escape hatches and emergency exits must never be locked.
• Keep all means of access and emergency exits, all passageways, workshop floors, platforms,
stairways and stairwells, gangways and scaffolding free from obstacles, grease, oil, snow, ice
and mud. Never leave tools, ropes, wires and rubbish around but clear up immediately.
• Ensure (if possible) that provision is made for a second escape route wherever men are working.
• Paint all permanent fittings in a conspicuous color (black/yellow). Be mindful of obstructions such
as eye plates on deck, lashing points, projections, raised edges and low ceilings.
• Raised work areas, (such as platforms), must be provided with railings.

Tanks Soundings

• The Captain or Chief Officer must ensure that all compartments and buoyancy tanks, including
fore- and after- peaks, are sounded regularly.
• These soundings must be recorded in the ship's log and in the engine logbook (by the Chief
Engineer)

Ballast tanks

• Ballast tanks must not be emptied or filled without prior permission from the Captain or Chief
Officer.
• Adherence to the international ballast water requirements (IMO)

Fuel tanks

• Fuel tanks must be marked with the warning that naked flames and heat are dangerous and
there must be safety devices in place to prevent 'overfill'.
• Engine exhausts in the vicinity must be fitted with spark arrestors.

Hatches and tank openings

• Hatches and tank openings must be clearly marked.

• A hatch that is open must be cordoned off.
• All permanent hatches must be fitted with safety devices to prevent them from closing of their
own accord.

The following protocols of the prospective Contractor will be observed

• SWP General Marine Operations

• Training Requirements
• Navigational Aids and Equipment
• Adequate Personnel and Manpower

4.8 Oil Spills

Oil Spills are considered the primary focus for Prevention and Emergency Responses. The following
protocols related to this concern are provided as follows:

• Annex The Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
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• Annex Oil Pollution Prevention and Response Plan

4.9 Natural Risks and Hazards

• Seismic Risks
• Hydrological Risks
• Met Ocean Risks

These are discussed in Section 2.1. The mitigation measures for natural risks and hazards are through:

Engineering Intervention- By design and engineering using the applicable local and international building
codes.

Reclamation Methodology- Application of the most appropriate technology and methodology. Complete and
adequate soil stabilizations

Section 1 provides discussions of the “Process Technology” indicating therein the various engineering and
construction methodology to address natural risks.

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SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 5. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (SDP) AND IEC

FRAMEWORK
5 1 Social Development Plan (SDP)

Introduction

The SDP and IEC discussed in this Section are considered as “frameworks”.

Inasmuch as the proponent is the LGU, the official SDP will be formulated and/or finalized based on the
protocol of the provincial government as well as of the host municipalities. This will not only ensure that the
SDP responds to the needs and conditions of the concerned LGUs but equally important that the approval
processes of the respective local governments are duly observed. The SDP also addresses the issues and
concerns identified during public participation activities such as IEC, public scoping, perception survey, and
public hearing, the latter to be undertaken when the EIS Report shall have substantially satisfied the
requirements of the EIARC and the Resource Persons (RPs).

It is noted that the requirements of the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) in granting the Notice to
Proceed (NTP) which will be secured Post ECC to the Proponent LGU may likely impact on the details of the
SDP and IEC.

5 1.1 Responsibilities for the SDP and IEC

The responsible parties for the SDP and the funds for the SDP projects as well as the other components are
herein spelled out in Table 5-1.

With respect to public funds/resources, these will be fully provided by the Private Sector / Project Developer
and will not use government (national or local) sources. The LGU will eventually enter into a Consortium
Agreement with a private sector and PRA for the proposed project. It will be necessary to formally establish
the private sector partner (“Project Developer” of the Project Joint Venture so that the source of funds and
resources could be ensured.

The estimated SDP fund will on a per annum basis will be subject to discussions not only among the LGUs
concerned but likewise with the prospective private sector project partner.

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Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 5-1. Preliminary Social Development Plan (SDP) for the Proposed Project
Government Agency/ Non-
Responsible Community Member / Indicative Source
CONCERN government Agency and PROPONENT
Beneficiary Timeline of fund
Services
FISHERIES (AFFECTED FISHERFOLKS & THEIR FAMILIES)
Sustainable livelihood programs TESDA
(e.g. fish processing & other aquaculture technology) Cavite Province LGU
· Barangay Chairman Cavite City LGU Formulation
Skill development training/livelihood seminars according to the
· Barangay Kagawad for Noveleta LGU Cavite Province and Planning
need of affected parties & possible employment in the Proposed
Agriculture/Fisheries DSWD LGU even prior to Private
Project
· Registered fisherfolks] Cavite City LGU construction. Partner
Technical & financial assistance in the marketing/sales/promotion · Fisheries, women sector and other Noveleta LGU Construction
of local products residents LGUs & Operation
(e.g., prominent display of ads in the public areas of the Island- DTI
Complex)
Cavite Province
Cavite Province LGU
LGU Construction Private
Employment Assistance Program All stakeholders Noveleta LGU
Cavite City LGU & Operation Partner
Cavite City LGU
Noveleta LGU
· Barangay Chairman
· Barangay Kagawad for Cavite Province
LGU
Technical assistance (training/workshop) to fisherfolks in modern Agriculture/Fisheries LGU Construction Private
·Cavite Provincial Planning
fishing methods and aquaculture technology · Registered fisherfolks] Cavite City LGU & Operation Partner
Office
· Fisheries, women sector and other Noveleta LGU
residents
· Barangay Chairman Cavite Province
LGU
· Barangay Kagawad for LGU Construction Private
Entrepreneurial and managerial assistance to fisherfolks ·Cavite Provincial Planning
Agriculture/Fisheries Cavite City LGU & Operation Partner
Office
· Registered fisherfolks]\ Noveleta LGU

Section 5.0 5-2

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Government Agency/ Non-

Responsible Community Member / Indicative Source
CONCERN government Agency and PROPONENT
Beneficiary Timeline of fund
Services

LGU
Credit assistance to farmers and fisherfolks · Barangay Chairman Cavite Province
· PPDO/MPDO
· Barangay Kagawad for LGU Construction Private
- BFAR
Assistance in upgrading motorized boats (in view of longer routes Agriculture/Fisheries Cavite City LGU & Operation Partner
- Local Agriculture &
for fishing) and provision of new fishing paraphernalia to enable · Registered fisherfolks]\ Noveleta LGU
Fisheries Office
affected small-scale fishers to move to deeper fishing grounds
EDUCATION
Barangay Kagawad for Education
Teacher and/or Proncipal DepEd
Scholarship programs for qualified students
Qualified & indigent students from the Barangay LGUs
impact barangays

Barangay Kagawad for Education Cavite Province

Free school supplies and uniforms for indigent students and Teacher and/or Proncipal DepEd LGU
Scholarship programs for qualified students Grade 1 students from chosen/adopted Barangay LGUs Noveleta LGU Construction Private
public grade schools Cavite City LGU & Operation Partner
Council member for
Annual assistance to the Education-related prograrm of the DepEd Education/ / CRO
LGUs (the Province and/or the concerned Citiy/Municipality) Barangay Kagawad for Education Barangay LGUs
PTA
Technical/vocational education project;
Adopted public high schools & their
TESDA
Training for advanced and appropriate technology, and strive to students
Barangay LGUs
link with the economic strategies of the Province.
LIVELIHOOD
Barangay Chairpersons in the impact PPDO, MPDO
Pre-
barangays Provincial & Municipal
Concerned Council Construction Private
Provision of Livelihood Opportunities for Displaced Fisherfolks Chairperson or President of Agriculture & Fisheries
Member / CRO & Partner
Fisherman’s organization Office
Construction
Displaced Fisherfolks PSWD, MSWD

Section 5.0 5-3

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Government Agency/ Non-

Responsible Community Member / Indicative Source
CONCERN government Agency and PROPONENT
Beneficiary Timeline of fund
Services
PPDO, MPDO
Provision for Gender-responsive Employment Opportunities / Provincial/City/Municipal &
Barangay Chairpersons Concerned Council Construction Private
Training Programs for the elderly, men, women, and youth that Barangay LGUs
Residents of impact barangays Member / MRO & Operation Partner
are not employed. TESDA
PSWD, MSWD
HEALTH
Improvement of barangay health centers at impact areas as Provincial Health
primary health care service providers. Office (PHO)
Barangay Chair LGUs City/Municipal
Medical missions and emergency relief programs Barangay Kagawad for Health Provincial Health Office Health Office Construction Private
Health information campaign Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) City/Municipal Health Office (CHO/MHO) & Operation Partner
Residents of impact barangays Barangay Health Unit Community
Food assistance program for children of poverty-stricken families Relations Officer
Control of communicable diseases (CRO)

HOUSING / URBAN SETTLEMENT

Barangay Chair
PPDO, MPDO
CPDO, MPDO Private
Construction and maintenance of additional public toilets Provincial Engineering PPDO, MPDO Construction
Stall owners/sellers at the Public Partner
City/Municipal Engineering
Market
SPORTS AND CULTURE DEVELOPMENT
Provision of sports facilities such as balls, team uniforms, and the · Barangay Chairman Cavite Province
Provincial & Municipal
like · Barangay Kagawad for Sports and LGU Construction Private
Sports Commissions
Cultural Development Noveleta LGU & Operation Partner
Integrate sports and cultural events with historical tour packages Barangays
- Youth Cavite City LGU
PEACE AND ORDER
Provide drug addiction seminars, human rights violations and Barangay Chair PPDO Cavite Province Construction Private
other related assistance Kagawad for Peace and Order MPDO PPDO & Operation Partner

Section 5.0 5-4

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Government Agency/ Non-

Responsible Community Member / Indicative Source
CONCERN government Agency and PROPONENT
Beneficiary Timeline of fund
Services
Sustain police mobility and visibility Barangay Police and Safety Officer Barangay Tanod Noveleta MPDO
(BPSO) Local Police Cavite City CPDO
Conduct community-based preparedness programs to build on Residents of Noveleta & Cavite City CROs
the “Ugnayan” with the barangays.

Encourage the Barangay Intelligence Network

SPIRITUAL
Support on fund-raising activities relevant to religious programs Barangay Assigned Catholic Priest, Parish Priest Construction Private
CROs
and value formation programs Pastor of different denomination Pastor & Operation Partner

ENVIRONMENT
Barangay Chairman Construction Private
Manila Bay Marine Pollution Prevention and Coastal Clean up
Kagawad for Environment PG-ENRO & Operation Partner
Municipal/City ENRO
Barangay Chair CENRO
Barangays
Mangrove reforestation & Nursery Establishment (As may be Kagawad for Environment Comrel Private
MBCO Operation
applicable) Host Barangay (areas suitable for PCO Partner
mangrove reforestation)
SOCIAL SERVICES
· Cavite Province Social
Community welfare program services Cavite Province
· Barangay Chairman Services
LGU Construction Private
· Barangay Kagawad for Social · Noveleta Social Services
Outreach and consultation with the poor and underprivileged Noveleta LGU & Operation Partner
Welfare · Cavite City Social
families; Cavite City LGU
Services
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION / CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (in sync w IEC)
IEC on Disaster Risk Management · Barangay Kagawad for Environment DENR-MGB, PHIVOLCS,
Seminars/training on Disaster Risk Preparedness and Mitigation · Barangays and communities around PAGASA, PDRRMC, Cavite Province
the project area MDRRMC LGU Construction Private
· Workers Barangay Kagawad for Noveleta LGU & Operation Partner
Provision of equipment and aid in response and recovery of Environment Cavite City LGU
affected communities

Section 5.0 5-5

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Photos of Ongoing Social Development Programs at Cavite City and Munucipality of Noveleta

Education

ADOPTING SUMMER EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM

Refers to employment of students during summer vacation, providing them with minimal compensation to
support educational needs.

SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM

Technical/Vocational programs of the TESDA school-based programs.

Section 5.0 5-6

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Health

Livelihood Programs

Section 5.0 5-7

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

5 2 The IEC Framework. Target sector, key messages, scheme/strategy/methods, Information medium,
timelines and frequency, cost (Annex 2-19 of RPM for DAO 2003-30)

This is provided in Table 5-2.

Table 5-2. Generic IEC Plan/Framework

Indicative Indicative
Major Topic/s of concern IEC Scheme/ Information
Target Sector Time/ Cost
in Relation to Project Strategy/ Method Medium
Frequency
Barangay • Disaster Risk Reduction Municipal wide IEC Visual From start of To be
Council/association and and Management/ Emergency Drills Actual Drills (Fire, construction determined
Municipal Officials Emergency Plan Participation by Earthquake, Semi-annual or
NDRRMC and storm surges) as decided
PHIVOLCS
Barangay and Municipal • Project Description Group Method Roundtable After receipt of To be
council members • Impacts on environment Consultations with Discussion NTP from PRA determined
and health Stakeholders Focus Group
• Risks Discussion /
• Socio-Economic Power Point
benefits Presentation
• Socio-Economic Printed Materials
impacts particularly to Media releases
fisher folks and vendors
Climate Change
Mitigation/Adaptation
Impact Barangays • Health and Safety Group Method Roundtable Before start of To be
Senior Citizens • Locally prevalent Consultations Discussions construction determined
diseases
General Public • Drugs Awareness Public Discussions Roundtable Before start of To be
PNP as guest Discussions construction determined
The Impact Barangays • Garbage Management Technical Discussions Invite experts on Before start of To be
• Plastic wastes Printed Materials solid wastes construction determined
NGOs and Religious • Nature of the Proposed Group Method Focus Group Before Printing of IEC
Groups Project Consultations Discussion / construction Materials
• Impacts on environment • Send invitations to Phase
o Floods various barangay Power Point
o Liquefaction council members Presentation
o Marine Ecology and impact Printed Materials
• Impacts on health sectors
• Socio-Economic
impacts and benefits to • Continuous
existing establishments discussion and
consultation with
the stakeholders
to know their
issues and
concerns
Professional society and Continuing consultation Group Method Focus Group To be To be
individuals Discussion determined determined
Power Point
Presentation
Prospective MMT Environment and Health Group Method Focus Group Same Same
Members (if formed) Discussion
PENRO Power Point
Presentations
MMT Members (if formed) The Project EIA Group method Printed materials Same To be
Water and Marine Ecology Individual Focus Group determined
Quality Management Discussions

Section 5.0 5-8

 CHAPTER FIVE
SDP
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Notes: The indicative time/frequency and indicative cost are noted in the above as “To be determined”. These
would be dependent not only on the LGUs internal programs/plans but on the inputs/requirements that may
arise from the prospective JVAs as well as from the requirements of the PRA during the processing of the
NTP for the Proponent LGU.

5 2.1 Public information on the Nature of the Project.

The completed “Public Participation” compliant with DAO 2017-15 sufficiently provides public information and
includes among others the following matters/issues/concerns/perceptions of the public.

• Flooding/Storm Surges
• Liquefaction
• Land Subsidence
• Sea Level Rise
• Damage to Marine Life
• Incremental increase in Traffic Congestion

The report on “Public Participation” is provided in the Executive Summary and in the submission of the Public
Scoping Report to the EIAMD.

The mandatory and prospective Public Hearing will further provide an important vehicle for Public Information
and Dissemination.

5 2.2 Consultation with the Professional Sectors, Individuals and Experts

During the detailed design and engineering works, which will be undertaken post ECC, the proponent will
consider consultations as maybe necessary and feasible with independent professionals, individuals,
members of the academe, concerned governmental entities (e.g. the DOST PAGASA/PHIVOLCS) and of the
civil societies concerning the application of technical/scientific/engineering knowledge and methodologies to
address various perceived and real concerns on natural risks and hazards at the project site environs.

These perceived and real concerns relate to hazards/potentials on storm surges/waves, tsunamis,
liquefaction, land subsidence and ground shaking. The National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
in fact conducted a scientific forum on February 15, 2016 in Manila on the topic: Policy Discussion on the
Hazards, Risks and Profits of Reclamation

5 2.3 Timeframes and Funding Support

The reclamation phase is separate and distinct from the operations phase and involves only the reclamation
itself and horizontal development. This phase may be completed in between 2-3 years per phase after start of
construction work. Thus, the definitive timeframes for the SDP and IEC are necessarily tied in to the
project timetable.

The more definite timetable as well as source of funding will be better determined after the signing of the
Province and the PRA with a Private Sector Project Developer which will undertake and fund the project.

Section 5.0 5-9

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Chapter 6. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING (ECM)

6.1 Self-Monitoring Plan

Provided in Table 6-1 is the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) with Environmental Quality Performance
Levels (EQPLs) consistent with Annex 2-20 of the RPM for DAO 2003-30.

From this the definition of EQPL-Environmental Quality Performance Level is as follows:

• Alert or Red Flag: early warning

• Action Level: point where management measures must be employed so as not to reach the
regulated threshold or limit level, or to reduce deterioration of affected environmental component
to pre-impact or optimum environmental quality
• Limit Level: regulated threshold of pollutant (standard that must not be exceeded); point where
emergency response measures must be employed to reduce pollutants to lower than standard
limit.

Chapter 6. ECM 6-1

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Table 6-1. Summary of EMoP with EQPLs for the Project Cycle

Sampling & Measurement Plan Annual EQPL MANAGEMENT SCHEME

Potential Parameter to Lead
Activity Estimated EQPL RANGE MANAGEMENT MEASURE
Impact be Monitored Person
Method Frequency Location Cost
ALERT ACTION LIMIT ALERT ACTION LIMIT
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Not relevant survey works at site completed
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
WATER
TSS >35 mg/L >40 mg/L >45 mg/L

O&G >1.5 mg/L >1.8 mg/L >1.9 mg/L

pH <7.2 & >8.2 <7.1 & >8.3 <7 & >8.4

Color No significant effect
Temperature 2.6°C rise 2.8°C rise 3.0°C rise
BOD >15 mg/L >20 mg/L >25 mg/L
Cadmium 0.001 mg/L 0.002 mg/L 0.0025 mg/L
-Remove oil from the
Lead 0.007 mg/L 0.008 mg/L 0.009 mg/L Oil-Water Separator
using oil sorbent
Mercury 0.0007 mg/L 0.0008 mg/L 0.001 mg/L
Conduct pads.
Chromium 0.03 mg/L 0.04 mg/L 0.045 mg/L investigation on the - Conduct retesting to
Grab Conduct investigation
possible causes of confirm result of
Construction of Total Coliform Sampling per on the possible
exceedances as per action. Hire a 3rd
containment DAO 2016-08 causes of
Fecal Coliform 8 Stations - 2 stations Part of the 70 MPN/100mL 80 MPN/100mL 90 MPN/100mL standard Incident party environme ntal
structures Water Quality exceedances as per
Water per side monitoring fund Accident monitoring team to
Filling of Guidelines Quarterly PCO/ MMT standard Incident
pollution COD elevation/direction (N, S, of MMT >80 mg/L >90 mg/L >100 mg/L Notification, conduct the testing to
Materials and General Accident
Surfactants W, E) PhP 400k Investigation and validate
Transport of Effluent 0.2 mg/L 0.25 0.28 mg/L Notification,
(MBAS) Reporting results. If exceedance
Materials Standards of Investigation and
Ammonia 0.03 mg/L 0.04 mg/L 0.05 mg/L Procedure. persist operation in
2016 Reporting Procedure
Retesting to verify the area of concern
Nitrate 15 mg/L 17 mg/L 19 mg/L the exceedances. will be temporarily
Phosphate 0.35 mg/L 0.4 mg/L 0.45 mg/L
stopped unless the
exceedance is
Sulfate 235 mg/L 240 mg/L 245 mg/L corrected.
Cyanide 0.015 mg/L 0.017 mg/L 0.019 mg/L

Arsenic 0.007 mg/L 0.008 mg/L 0.009 mg/L

Copper 0.01 mg/L 0.015 mg/L 0.018 mg/L

Flouride 1 mg/L 1.2 mg/L 1.4 mg/L

Iron 1 mg/L 1.2 mg/L 1.4 mg/L

Zinc 0.035 mg/L 0.04 mg/L 0.045 mg/L

AIR

Chapter 6. ECM 6-2

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sampling & Measurement Plan Annual EQPL MANAGEMENT SCHEME

Potential Parameter to Lead
Activity Estimated EQPL RANGE MANAGEMENT MEASURE
Impact be Monitored Person
Method Frequency Location Cost
ALERT ACTION LIMIT ALERT ACTION LIMIT

If source of noise is
Noise sampling thru
from the site, inform
3rd party firm. Inform
Survey sampling the PM to provide
the operation to stop
station verify mitigation
activity unless
complaints as per measures. Conduct
mitigation measure
Noise Level noise monitoring to
Portable Part of the has been installed or
Noise Monitoring and verify if level is
Noise Noise sampler monito ring Daytime - 60dB Daytime - 65 Daytime - 70 the source of noise
(Decibels Semi Annual 2 station (hourly) PCO Measurement already w/in limits.
generation NPCC Class fund of MMT Night time - 55dB Night time - 58 Night time - 60 has been corrected.
dBA) Procedure. Check the If source of noise is
C PhP 10k Upon installation of
sound level using not from the area,
measures, conduct
sound meter. inform the MMT
noise monitoring to
Determine possible regarding possible
verify if the noise level
cause. source for MMT’s
is already w/in
investigation &
limits.
coord w LGU.

Check weather
Hauling of filling condition during
materials SO2 sampling and if
290 (1hr) 305 (1 hr) 340 (1 hr)
(µg/Ncm) location is downwind
of the area.
Check weather
Conduct site visit at
condition during
said stations & hire a
NO2 Check weather sampling and if
220 (1hr) 235 (1 hr) 260 (1 hr)
3rd party sampling
(µg/Ncm) condition during location is
Degradation firm to confirm.
sampling and if downwind of the
of air quality DENR AO Part of the Adjust the unit’s
location is downwind area. Conduct site
Dust PM10 2000-81, monito ring operation per
Quarterly 2 station (hourly) PCO/ MMT 170 (1hr) 180 (1 hr) 200 (1 hr) of the area. Check visit
pollution due (µg/Ncm) Rule fund of MMT operating manual.
possible source of at said stations &
to vehicle XXVI, Sec.1 PhP 100k Temporarily stop
pollution including hire 3rd party
movements certain aspect of
external sampling firm to
operation unless the
factors. confirm. Adjust the
problem has been
unit’s operation per
TSP resolved.
255 (1hr) 270 (1 hr) 300 (1 hr) operating manual.
(µg/Ncm) If the source is not
from site, coordinate
with LGU, DENR &
MMT for appropriate
action.
Noise
Compaction/Soil pollution due same as noise
stabilization of the to heavy generation
project area equipment entries above
operation

Chapter 6. ECM 6-3

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Sampling & Measurement Plan Annual EQPL MANAGEMENT SCHEME

Potential Parameter to Lead
Activity Estimated EQPL RANGE MANAGEMENT MEASURE
Impact be Monitored Person
Method Frequency Location Cost
ALERT ACTION LIMIT ALERT ACTION LIMIT
Dust
pollution due
to heavy Same as
equipment degradation of
operation air quality
including entries above
transport
vessels
LAND
Monitoring will
be through
visual count
weekly of the
Land
number of
pollution due
Construction of garbage
to solid Volume of
horizontal Visual Weekly On site PCCO cans/containers
wastes and solid wastes
structures picked up and
toxic
coordinated to
substances
Cavite Solid
Waste
Management
Office.
PEOPLE
Employment Review the protocol
Formal
of local Contractor Construction Reclamation/construction Included in Negative feedback to the Formal complaint Formal complaint by and reconsider the
Construction Hiring MMT complaint by the Complain to DOLE
qualified records period site Operation Cost Proponent by the workers the workers complaint if
workers
residents applicable
Safe person-
Exposure of
hours, injury, Incident
employees One affected
near miss and reporting, Part of the No affected employee, Major accident s Re-training of the Inspect the area of
and the local Reclamation/construction employee, injury, Safety audit on site by
other safety survey, Annually MMT monitori ng injury, near misses and such as fires, workers on safety. most accidents.
community to site near misses and 3rd Party
performance include in the fund of MMT minor accidents. explosion, etc. Investigate. Monitor.
construction minor accidents.
indices Health H&S Plan
activities
stats
Surveys,
medical
examinations
included in the All complaints All complaints Talk with the locals to
Health, ComRel Part of SDP Increased level of Intensify IEC and Conduct FGDs if
Residents H&S Plan, Annually DIAs and IIAs lodged by lodged by check their stand & to
Income Officer Budget sickness per survey ComRel needed.
payment residents residents property address it.
record, key
informant
interviews

Chapter 6. ECM 6-4

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

6.2 Multi-Partite Monitoring Team (MMT)

Based on DAO 2017-15 in compliance to the ECC during the implementation of the project, it is imperative to
ensure the implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

The MMT is to be composed of representative(s) from the concerned local environmental Non-Government
Organization (NGO), PAGASA, DPWH, and other concerned government agencies, which shall be organized
consistent with DAO 2017-15 and DAO 2018-18. The MMT shall primarily oversee and report to EMB Central
Office, the proponents’ compliance with its commitment and EMP/EMMoP as contained in the EIS documents.

The MMT is recommendatory to EMB. MMTs have the primary responsibility of validation of Proponent’s
environmental performance, with the following specific functions:

Per DAO 2003-30:

i. Validate project compliance with the conditions stipulated in the ECC and the EMP;
ii. Validate Proponent’s conduct of self-monitoring;
iii. Receive complaints, gather relevant information to facilitate determination of validity of complaints or
concerns about the project and timely transmit to the Proponent and EMB recommended measures
to address the complaint;
iv. Prepare, integrate and disseminate simplified validation reports to community stakeholders;
v. Make regular and timely submission of MMT Reports based on the EMB-prescribed format.

Per DAO 2017-15:

vi. Continue to serve as a venue for promoting greater stakeholder vigilance and providing appropriate
check and balance mechanisms in monitoring project impacts as well as a venue for empowering the
communities in taking responsibility for environmental protection.
vii. Conduct quarterly ocular site visit to validate the proponent’s compliance with the ECC conditions
and the EMoP including the requirement to conduct self-monitoring and submit corresponding reports
regularly.
viii. Discuss findings with the proponent.
ix. May observe sampling activities conducted by the project proponent.
x. Prepare and submit report to EMB-CO and EMB-RO concerned using EMB-prescribed format.
xi. Institute an environmental emergency and complaints receiving and management mechanism, which
shall include systems for transmitting recommendations for necessary regulatory action to EMB in a
timely manner to prevent adverse environmental impacts.

The preliminary and proposed list of stakeholder members of the MMT, the basis of selection and proposed
role is given in the Table 6-2.

Table 6-2. List of MMT Stakeholders/Basis of Selection /Proposed Roles

Stakeholder Member Basis of Selection Proposed Roles
EMB REG 4-A Per Annex 3.4 of RPM • Ensure adherence to policies and IRR of the MMT
body
• When necessary refer items in conflict to EMB CO
for resolution
Municipal Government Same as above • Provide relevant project information
Main Responsible entity • Allow MMT inspection of site and of pollution
abatement facilities
• Participate in monitoring
• Assist and sign MMT Report
• Provide MMT with related Municipal Policies

Host Barangays Most affected • Participate in monitoring

• Assist and sign MMT Report

Chapter 6. ECM 6-5

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Stakeholder Member Basis of Selection Proposed Roles

NGO or PO registered and • Assist in monitoring
accredited in the Province or • Assist in MMT report
Municipality • Provide relevant inputs on the sector represented
Philippine Reclamation Authority for all reclamation • Ensure compliance with the internal guidelines of
Authority projects the PRA
• Ensure compliance with Agreements with PRA
Department of Tourism Tourism enhancement • Ensure project aligned to Tourism
• Policy and Objectives
Philippine Coast Guard In charge of Philippine Coasts • Ensure compliance with rules of PCG relative to
marine environment
Manila Bay Council Policy Making for Manila Bay • Ensure harmony with the MBC policies

Section 16.2 of DAO 2017-15:

“The project proponents and EMB-DENR shall no longer be member of the MMT. The EMB-DENR shall
provide oversight guidance to the MMT and consider its reports and recommendations in its impact and
compliance evaluation. It shall conduct regular performance audit of the MMTs. The project proponent shall
provide funds for the MMT activities based on the Annual Work and Financial approved by the EMB.”

The above is a subject of challenge from some private sector and current members of the MMT.

Section 15.4 of DAO 2017-15:

“In case that in this Environmentally Critical Project (ECP), the significant environmental impacts do not persist
after construction phase or whose impacts could be regulated through the regular monitoring activities
conducted by other government agencies, the MMT shall be terminated upon certification of completion by
the lead government agency.”

6.3 Environmental Guarantee Fund

A readily available and replenishable Environmental Guarantee Fund (EGF) to cover the following expenses:
1. For further environmental assessments, compensations and/or indemnification for whatever
damages to life and property that may be caused by the project;
2. Rehabilitation and/or restoration of areas affected by the project’s implementation; and
3. Abandonment/decommissioning of the project facilities related to the prevention of possible
negative impacts; and as a source of fund for contingency and clean-up activities.

A replenishable Environmental Monitoring Fund (EMF) shall likewise be established to cover all costs
attendant to the operation of the MMT.

Proposed Amounts:
1. Proposed EGF trust fund- Php 500,000 (estimate)
2. Proposed EGF cash fund- Php 500,000 (estimate)
3. Proposed EMF cash fund- Php 500,000 (estimate)

The above will be discussed with the MMT upon its formation. It may be expected that the Proponent -LGU
will also need to discuss this with the prospective private sector developer.

Basis of the estimate

Annex 3-6 of the Revised Procedural Manual provides the guidelines for the determination of the EGF and is
summarized hereunder. There is no explicit provision under DAO 2003-30 requiring valuation of potential
impacts that may arise as a result of changes in the use of natural and environmental resources.

Chapter 6. ECM 6-6

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Procedures for arriving at such estimates in a more rational and systematic manner will have to be based on
experiences that shall have been generated on Philippine examples and other developing countries. In the
absence of such information, more recent experiences of projects of similar nature with provisions for EGF
may be utilized.

The amount and mechanics of the EGF, EMF and the establishment of the MMT shall be determined by the
EMB Central Office and the proponent in consultation with the EMB Region 4A Office through a Memorandum
of Agreement (MOA), which shall be submitted to this Office one (1) year prior to project construction.

It should take into consideration the following factors in determining the appropriate amount for specific
projects:
• The EIS committed programs
• The degree of environmental risk involved (based on number and extent of potential damage)
• Valuation of resources that would most likely to be affected
• The proponent’s ability to provide funds for the EGF

At the end of the project life, a sufficient amount should be left from the EGF to ensure that rehabilitation,
restoration, decommissioning, or abandonment shall be adequately financed. Such amount may be increased
during the project life span to insure that the balance shall be sufficient for the abandonment phase. In such
case, the EGF Committee may require an adjustment of such amount to cover inflation and other factors. The
required submission to the DENR-EMB of the project’s Abandonment Plan shall have a corresponding fund
commitment subject to the approval of the DENR or the lead government agency with direct approving
authority on the Abandonment/Decommissioning Plan of the project.

Draft MMT, EGF and EMF Memorandum Agreement is provided in Annex 6-B.

Additional NOTES
• MMT agreements and the details involving EGF EMF are developed post ECC for projects of all types
• Accordingly, the most appropriate time to provide meaningful entries is post ECC.

Chapter 6. ECM 6-7

 CHAPTER SEVEN
DECOMMISIONING/ABANDONMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SECTION 7. ABANDONMENT/ DECOMMISSIONING/

REHABILITATION POLICY
7.1 Statement on Proponent’s policies and generic procedures for Rehabilitation/
Decommissioning/Abandonment will be submitted post-ECC, within a timeframe
specified in the ECC.

This will be submitted post-ECC, within a timeframe specified in the ECC. Abandonment/decommissioning may
not be undertaken until after approval of the EMB of the submitted plans, which may include: a. Environmental Site
Assessment to determine contaminants left by the construction; b. the monitoring of any residual effects and c.
legal commitments, if any.

The proposed project is only intended for reclamation works and horizontal development, thus, decommissioning
is only perceived as cessation of works in reclaimed land, which will be prepared before vertical development
(construction of buildings etc.,) or the establishment of the locators, which is not included in this ECC application.
Once this Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) shall have been contemplated, it will be the responsibility of the
proponent to coordinate with the EMB for the latter’s guidelines on what are the needed activities including more
in-depth monitoring as well as the decommissioning procedure.

The activities to be undertaken for the cessation of reclaimed land are:

• Sampling test for water to ensure that there are no leak oil and greases and more importantly metallic
contamination and other substances that can affect the existing water quality of Manila Bay.
• General demobilization of equipment.
• In terms of alternatives for the future use of abandoned area, there will be no area to be abandoned,
hence, this is not needed;
• Rehabilitation/ restoration plans, if any The project is consistent with the long-term zoning and land use
development, noting that the proposed project is the Province itself.

7.2 General Abandonment/Decommissioning Scenario

Procedures for the decommissioning of the project components;

Demobilization during post construction will be conducted by the contractors as per Provincial Government
requirements, which include all activities and costs for transport of all construction equipment used, all excess
materials, disassembly and transport of temporary facilities used during construction, removal and disposal of all
construction debris and general clean-up of construction site.

The project components are largely the reclaimed land including the infrastructures therein constructed e.g. roads
open spaces, viaduct, drainage culverts, electrical and water lines, etc.

Transport/disposal of equipment and other materials used in the operation;

The equipment and other materials used in the reclamation and dredging works would have been returned or
claimed back by the contractors.

Remediation of contaminated soil and water resources due to spills and leakage of chemicals and other
materials used in the operation;

There are no spills and leakages during the process of soil stabilization, and hence, this aspect is not relevant.

Chapter 7.0 7-1

 CHAPTER SEVEN
DECOMMISIONING/ABANDONMENT
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Maintenance and Enhancement

The reclaimed land itself and the operations phase of the project have no lifespan, hence, a continuing proper
maintenance, enhancement and upgrading will be done to ensure high standard of the developed areas that is
environmentally compliant, structurally-sound and safe. Structures will be assessed and monitored regularly to
ensure the sustained integrity of the project development.

Alternatives for the future use of abandoned area;

The proponent can bid out the project to private sectors for their use; subject to the policies and approval of PRA
and the NEDA.

Consistency with long term zoning and land use development plan of the municipality;

The project is consistent with the long term zoning and land use development, noting that the proposed project is
the LGU itself.

7.3 Focus on the Decommissioning/Rehabilitation and Restoration Activities

Focus will be made on the 205 hectare landform created for Island C.

Moreover, attention will be also be made on the rehabilitation and restoration needs, if any, for any residual
impacts on the fishing structures and on the fishing grounds. Damage if any to the marine ecology will have to be
compensated for including the rehabilitation of such damage.

Chapter 7.0 7-2

 CHAPTER EIGHT
INSTITUTIONAL PLAN
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

SECTION 8. INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION

8.1 Organizational Scheme of the Proponent

The Institutional Plan is the inception of a organizational body that will implement the proposed Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) whose main thrust is to ensure that environmental, socio-economic, political and
public health issues are properly address in a timely manner. It provides necessary mechanism that will
strengthen the organizational relationship of the proponent with the private sector developer/partner, other
concerned government agencies and other stakeholders.

The proposed project will be implemented by a group of the Cavite Provincial Government, PRA and a private
sector project developer (through a Joint Venture Agreement), which will have shared responsibilities and
liabilities.

• The Provincial Government of Cavite will enter into an Agreement with a private sector private
developer (or a group of investors) that will ensure not only the implementation of the proposed
project but also the faithful implementation of the EMP.
• The private sector member is expected to take direct responsibility for the reclamation phase in
accordance with the agreements that will be made among the members of the consortium. The
Project Developer will be awarding the reclamation/dredging works to qualified contractor(s).
• The line of command will be directly from the Project Developer through its Project Manager to the
Contractor through the latter’s Construction Manager.
• The delineation of total responsibilities for the implementation of the Project will be determined in the
MOA. The Proponent will ultimately be responsible but is expected to delegate authority to the Private
Sector Developer.

During the Construction Phase

The following key points are noted in respect of the organizational scheme:

Institutions Responsibilities
The Province of Cavite • Monitor compliance to EMP by contractors
• Coordinate and participate in monitoring compliance
The Municipality of Noveleta Same as above as may be relevant to a particular Municipality and
subject to arrangements with the Province
Philippine Reclamation Authority/National • The government agency with overall mandate over reclamation
Development Authority projects
Private Sector Project Developer • The private sector member of this consortium is expected to take
responsibility for the reclamation phase in accordance with the
agreements that will be made among the members of the
consortium.
• The Project Developer will be awarding the reclamation/dredging
works to qualified contractor(s). The manpower complement of the
contractors will be determined by the Contractors themselves. The
line of command will be directly from the Project Developer
through its Project Manager to the Contractor through the latter’s
Construction Manager.
The Department of Works and Highways • Participation in addressing flood problems
• Involvement in providing infrastructure support to the various
projects
The Philippine Coast Guard • Stewardship of the Philippine marine waters
Other Government Entities (e.g. BFAR, DOTr, DOT, • According to their Respective Mandates
etc)

Chapter 8. 0 8-1
 CHAPTER EIGHT
INSTITUTIONAL PLAN
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Figure 8-1. Conceptual Institutional Plan for Project Implementation – Construction Phase

Figure 8-1 is an illustration of the Institutional Plan for the Construction/Reclamation Phase that may likely be
adopted by the Project Consortium.

In compliance with the regulations of the EIS system, the Proponent shall establish an Environmental Unit
(EU) to completely handle the environment-related aspects of the project in addition to the monitoring
requirements as specified in the EMP / EMoP. The EU shall have the following functions:

• Monitor actual project impacts vis-à-vis the predicted impacts and mitigation measures in the EIS;
• Ensure that monitoring and submission of reports to EMB are carried out;
• Submit Demobilizatio Plan 1 year prior to the completion of reclamation activities, which will include
clean-up plan; and
• Conduct a continuing consultaion with the stakeholders in updating the EMP/EMoP that may include
baseline data, geohazard, disaster risk reduction and management, and ground settlement
monitoring of the newly-reclaimed island.

The Organizational Chart for EMP Implementation

The Pollution Control Officer (PCO) shall be responsible for the implementation of the recommended
Environmental Management Measures and Environmental Monitoring Plan as stated in this report. He shall
direct all contractors and sub-contractors in case they have observed the alert and action situation for
immediate corrective measures. In addition, the PCO shall be responsible for monitoring of the Community
Relations and Safety Officer. He shall be responsible for the regular submission of the compliances report to
the EMB Central Office and Regional Office.

The Organizational

Figure 8-2 Organizational Chart for the Construction/Reclamation Phase that may likely be adopted by the
Project Consortium during the Implementation of the Environmental Management Measures.

Proponent

Like in any other normal organization, the proponent Provincial Government of Cavite shall be responsible for
planning, organizing, leading and controlling of the company thru its assigned Project Developer.

Project Developer

The Project Developer shall report directly to the Provincial Government of Cavite who shall be responsible
for the overall construction of the project as well as leading the management of the people and environment.

Chapter 8. 0 8-2
 CHAPTER EIGHT
INSTITUTIONAL PLAN
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

Managing Head

The Managing Head shall ensure compliance with the requirements of PD 1586, RA 6969, RA 8749, RA 9003,
RA 9275,

Pollution Control Officer (PCO)

The Pollution Control Officer (PCO) who shall be reporting directly to him and shall be responsible for the
health and safety and implementation of the environmental management plan of the project. The Pollution
Control Officer (PCO) shall see to it the safety of the people and the implementation of the Impact Management
Plan (IMP) and at the same time lead assistant in the Multi-sectoral team.

Health and Safety

The health and safety shall include administration of the following:

• safety practices of the workers inside the project
• point person in the disaster management plan
• emergency needs of the workers

Environment

The environment section functions the following:

• implementation and monitoring of the Impact Management Plan (IMP)

• implementation and monitoring of the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)
• reports from time to time to the Project Manager and recommends action when necessary
• implementation of the Social Development Plan (SDP)
• implementation of the Information Education Communication (IEC)

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF CAVITE

COMMUNITY
RELATIONS OFFICER

PROJECT DEVELOPER

ENVIRONMENTAL UNIT (EU)

MANAGING HEAD

POLLUTION CONTROL OFFICER

HEALTH AND SAFETY ENVIRONMENT

Figure 8-2 Organizational Chart of the Environmental Unit (EU)

Chapter 8. 0 8-3
 CHAPTER EIGHT
INSTITUTIONAL PLAN
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government

During Operations Phase (Distinct from the Construction Phase)

The locators are expected to be organizing themselves into an Association which function involves among
others the management of pollution abatement facilities.

It is understood that the body who will implement the EMP to be called Health, Safety, Environment and
Community (HSEC) Department, shall follow the structure whereby these JV consortium ‘members will be
represented in the body to be organized.

During the reclamation phase, the Project Developer, through its Project Manager, shall be responsible in
overseeing this institutional body in coordination with the representatives from the Department of Engineering
& Public Works of the City of Paranaque and the PRA.

An Pollution Control Officer (PCO) shall be designated among the project engineers who shall have the
following functions for the implementation of the EMP:
• Monitor compliance of contractors’ implementation of the EMP;
• Identify sources of pollution issues;
• Monitor the effectiveness of mitigating/enhancement measures;
• Based on monitoring results, find solutions/alternatives to enhance the EMP
• Coordinate with PRA, DPWH and other relevant oversight agencies and other stakeholders.

The PCO may concurrently act as Health and Safety Officer or a separate person may be designated. They
shall report directly to the Project Manager or his designate who in turn will be responsible for the overall
environmental management program. The PCO will have sufficient authority and competence on decision-
making in terms of environmental management.

The Health and Safety Officer shall be responsible for the health and safety component, while the Security
Officer shall be in-charge of Peace and order to include security risk management and emergency responses.
The Community Relations Officer (Comrel) shall handle the implementation of social development programs
and IEC activities.

Once the reclaimed land is established and turned over for vertical construction in the Operations Phase, a
Project Management Office (PMO) may be established by the Estate Association of locators/business owners.
The PMO head shall be supervising the new HSEC Department. The PMO shall report to the Association
BOD, the

The PMO shall also function, among others, the overseeing of the maintenance of the common facilities such
as the drainage system, the electrical/water distribution system and the communications facilities. It shall also
manage the maintenance of the roads, drainage system as well as traffic management.

Contractor’s Accountability

Since the construction of the project will rely on the contractors, the proponents shall ensure that the
contractors will strictly comply not only with all the technical specifications of the reclamation but likewise with
all the health, safety, environment and community concerns in the execution of the development works. The
contractors shall be held legally and financially liable to the EMP implementation. The contract may be
terminated and or the contractor will be included in the blacklist if deemed to have acted inappropriately or did
not abide by the rules set out clearly in the contract.

8.2 Framework on Grievance Mechanism

Policy on Grievance Mechanism

Chapter 8. 0 8-4
 CHAPTER EIGHT
INSTITUTIONAL PLAN
Proposed Cavite Province Land Reclamation and Development Project: ISLAND C (205 ha)
Cavite Provincial Government
In general terms a “grievance mechanism” is a formal, legal or non-legal complaint process that can be used
by individuals, workers, communities and/or civil society organizations that are being negatively affected by
certain business activities and operations.

Grievance Procedures for Reclamation Projects

Inasmuch as an LGU is the Project Proponent for reclamation projects, the Grievance Mechanism is lodged
in the LGU set up.

Following procedures are based from the Local Government Code (Reference :RA 7160)

• The MPDO or CPDO will be responsible for receiving the complaints and grievances regarding the
proposed reclamation project which relate to environmental, social and economic aspects (e.g.
employment and livelihood). Following are the general procedures:
• The said Office will first verify the nature, correctness as well as the rationale for the complaints.
• Only formal complaints will be formally entertained.
• When verified, this Office will refer the complaints to the concerned unit or sub committee of the LGU,
e.g. the environmental, employment, senior citizen, gender, peace and order, etc. unit or sub
committee.
• The sub-committee will conduct an investigation or inquiry on the complaint and will call a face to face
meeting with the complainant(s).
• The sub-committee will endorse the complaints and grievances to the Environment & Social Concerns
Office or other unit(s) for advise and assistance.
• During the community meetings prior to the reclamation activities, the channels for complaints and
grievances and related procedures shall be announced/publicized to the public including the PAFs
in the form of hand-outs like pamphlets brochures/ leaflets.
• After the community meetings, all concerned institutions, including Barangay, LGU, PMO-GNP I,
shall use the same hand-outs to explain the grievance redress procedures to those who come to
them for filing their concerns.

Grievances from the PAFs related to the reclamation implementation or any related issues to the project will
be handled, free of monetary charge, through negotiations and are aimed to have consensus decision following
standard procedures.

Amicable and non-confrontational atmosphere will be observed during meetings and in the resolutions of
complaints.

A timeline shall be set by the MPDO/CPDO for amicable resolutions of complaints.

The complainants shall have the prerogative of elevating their complaints to the courts as they see fit.

Chapter 8. 0 8-5