MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

SEMESTER – V
Module – 4
Preparation of project and ERP - meaning of project, project identification, project selection, project
report, need and significance of project report, contents, formulation, guidelines by planning
commission for project report, Enterprise Resource Planning: Meaning and Importance- ERP and
Functional areas of Management – Marketing / Sales- Supply Chain Management – Finance and
Accounting – Human Resources – Types of reports and methods of report generation

Meaning of Project:
A project in business and science is a collaborative enterprise, frequently involving research or design
that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.

Project Identification:
Project Identification is a repeatable process for documenting, validating, ranking and approving
candidate projects within an organization.

Purpose:
Due to the changing financial conditions within the total organization, it is necessary to establish a stable
process for approving projects for initiation. This process will...

• Validate the business reason for each candidate project.

• Provide the base information for more informed financial commitments to projects.
• Establish a more objective ranking of candidate projects.
• Allow a more effective matching of skilled resources to the right project.
• Avoid over-allocating limited skilled resources.
• Anticipate future human resource quantities and skills.
• Provide a valid basis for staff training.
• Make Project Initiation faster and more efficient.

Project Selection:

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 1

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Projects are undertaken for various reasons. Each project should have clear justification and methods
defined to show its ‘worth’ taking it. Strategic goals of organization, Market Need,

Technological Advancement, Competitive Advantage, Profitability, Project/Portfolio Management

Office (PMO), Sponsors are key in project selection. Below I presented the gist of few widely-used
project selection methods. Decisions are made based on the best information in hand about a particular
project at a given point of time.
One can use either Benefit Measurement Methods (Comparative approach) or Constrained Optimization
Methods (Mathematical approach) or both to arrive conclusion on project selection. Out of these two
benefit measurement method is most commonly used.
Benefit measurement methods are based on measuring the benefits in taking up the project and
comparing the results against other projects or a strategy benchmark. Cost-Benefit
Analysis, Scoring Models, Economic Models, Discounted Cash Flow(DCF), Net Present Value (NPV),
Internal Rate of Return are different types under Benefit measurement methods.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 2

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Constrained optimization methods uses complex mathematical calculation based on different worst/best
case scenarios and probability of outcome and then selecting project on best results. Generally known
methods are Linear programming, nonlinear programming, multi objective programming.

Project Report: need & its Significance

A project report is analogous to a feasibility study. It is of no moment whether you are a large, medium
or small-scale entrepreneur. In every investment, all angles must be considered and these likewise
involve hard-earned money, valuable time and priceless effort. Thus, an overview or insight for any
business undertaking must be fully scrutinized particularly on the ROI or return of investment which is
done practically through a feasibility study or project report.

Note: Always bear in mind the Law of Supply and Demand.

A Business Plan/Project Report submitted to NEDFi for consideration should include the following
information:
1. Description of the project.
2. Promoters, Management and Technical Assistance:
• Detailed Biodata of promoters including financial information.
• Proposed management arrangements.
• Description of technical arrangements (management, production, marketing, finance etc.).

3. Market and sales:

• Basic market orientation: local, national, regional, or export.
• Projected production volumes, unit prices, sales objectives, and market share of proposed
venture.
• Potential users of products and distribution channels to be used. Present sources of supply for
products.
• Future competition and possibility that market may be satisfied by substitute products.
• Tariff protection or import restrictions affecting products.
• Critical factors that determine market potential.
4. Technical feasibility, manpower, raw material resources, and environment:

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 3

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

• Brief description of manufacturing process.

• Comments on special technical complexities and need for know-how and special skills.
• Possible suppliers of equipment. Ideally three competitive quotations to be enclosed.
• Availability of manpower and of infrastructure facilities (transport and communications, power,
water, etc.).
• Breakdown of projected operating costs by major categories of expenditures.
• Source, cost, and quality of raw material supply and relations with support industries.
• Import restrictions on required raw materials.
• Proposed plant location in relation to suppliers, markets, infrastructure and manpower.
• Proposed plant size in comparison with other known plants.
• Potential environmental issues and how these issues are addressed.
5. Investment requirements, project financing, and returns:
• Estimate of total project cost, broken down into land, construction of buildings and civil works,
plant and machinery, miscellaneous fixed assets, preliminary and preoperative expenses and
working capital.
• Proposed financial structure of venture, indicating expected sources and terms of equity and
debt financing.
• Type of NEDFi financing (loan, equity, quasi-equity, a combination of financial products, etc.)
and amount.
• Projected financial statement, information on profitability, and return on investment.
• Critical factors determining profitability.
6. Government support and regulations:
• Project in context of government economic development and investment program.
• Specific government incentives and support available to project.
• Expected contribution of project to economic development.
• Outline of government regulations on exchange controls and conditions of capital entry and
repatriation.
7. Timetable envisaged for project preparation and completion.

Guidelines by Planning Commission for Project report

1. Name of the project and location.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 4

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

2. Name of Administrative Department including name of the Secretary, telephone number, fax and
Email addresses.
3. Method of execution of the project: (Whether the project is to be executed departmentally or through
state PWD/Central Government Departments/ Public Sector Undertakings/Nongovernmental
organisations /Private Companies on a turn-key basis, etc.)
4. List of consultants proposed to be contacted for preparation of Detailed Project Report.
5. Description of the Proposed Project (attach concept paper of 1-2 pages indicating project objectives,
background, project components, project rationale, manpower requirements and expected impact of the
project on the sector concerned and the state’s economy as a whole).
6. Schedule of clearances required for the processing of the investment proposal: Plan of action and
timetable for various steps.
7. Linkages with ongoing projects
8. Justification and need for seeking PCPPF assistance: suitability and prospects for external or
institutional financing.
9. Gist of informal discussions on acceptability and funding prospects of project held with external
agencies, financiers, Government of India, Ministries.
Project appraisal:
Project appraisal is a generic term that refers to the process of assessing, in a structured way, the case
for proceeding with a project or proposal. In short, project appraisal is the effort of calculating a project's
viability. It often involves comparing various options, using economic appraisal or some other decision
analysis technique.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 5

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Process of project appraisal

• Project planning
• Project scheduling
• Project control
• Project team
– made up of individuals from various areas and departments within a company
• Matrix organization
– a team structure with members from functional areas, depending on skills required
• Project Manager

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 6

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

– most important member of project team

• Scope statement
– a document that provides an understanding, justification, and expected result of a Project
• Statement of work
– written description of objectives of a project
• Organizational Breakdown Structure
– a chart that shows which organizational units are responsible for work items
• Responsibility Assignment Matrix - shows who is responsible for work in a project

NETWORK ANALYSIS:
Network is a set of symbols connected with each other with a sequential relationship with each step
making the completion of a project/event. A business plan or any project contains various activities. Any
delay in any activity will affect the other activities, project is delayed, and costs will go up leading to
reduced profit. A number of networking techniques have been developed for project scheduling.

They are:
• Program me evaluation and Review techniques
• Critical path method
• Line of balance
• Graphical evaluation and Review techniques
• Work shop analysis and scheduling program

Among these, PERT and CPM are the most widely used network analysis techniques in project
management.

Programme evaluation and Review techniques (PERT)

PERT was first developed as a management aid for completing Polaris Ballistic missile project in USA
during 1958. It worked well in completing this project well in advance. From then on PERT schedules
the sequence of activities to be completed in order to accomplish the project within a short period of
time. It helps to reduce both cost and time of the project.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 7

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Steps involved in PERT:

• The various activities involved in the project are drawn up in a sequential relationships to show which
activity follows what.
• The time required for completing each activity of the project is estimated and noted on network.
• The critical activities of the project are determined.
• The variability of the project duration and probability of the project completion in a given time period
are calculated.

Advantages of PERT:
1. It determines the expected time required for completing each activity.
2. It helps completion of project within an expected time period.
3. It helps the management in handling uncertainties involved in the project there by reducing the
element of risk.
4. If enables detailed planning of activities.
5. It stresses for correct action at a given time period there by helping the project to be completed on
time.
Limitations of PERT:
1. Difficult to provide realistic/correct time estimates for new activities in the absence of past data.
2. There is no provision in this technique about requirement of resources at various activities.
3. For the effective control of a project using PERT, it calls for frequent updates and revision of
calculations which is a costly affair.

Critical path method (CPM)

CPM was first developed by Dupont of USA in 1956 for doing periodic overhauling and maintenance of
a chemical plant. CPM differentiates between planning and scheduling of the project. Planning refers to
determination of activities to be accomplished; scheduling refers to the introduction of time schedules
for each activity of the project. The duration of different activities in CPM are deterministic. There is a
precise known time for each activity in a project.
Advantages of CPM:
1. It helps in ascertaining the time schedule of activities having sequential relationship.
2. It makes control easy for the management.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 8

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

3. It defines the most critical elements in the project. Thus, the management is kept alert and prepared to
focus their attention on the critical activities.
4. It makes room for detailed and better planning.
Limitations of CMP:
1. CPM operates on the assumption that there is a precise known time that each activity in the project
will take. But this may not be true in real practice.
2. CPM estimates are not based on any statistical analysis.
3. CPM cannot be used as a controlling device for the simple reason that any change introduced will
change the entire structure of network. It is not a dynamic controlling device.

Difference between PERT and CPM

Though PERT and CPM look same, they differ in certain aspects. The differences between
PERT and CPM is listed below:

PERT CPM
- Its origin is military -Its origin is industry
-Event oriented approach -Activity oriented approach.
-Allows uncertainty. -Does not allow uncertainty
-It has three time estimates -Only single time estimate
-Time – based -Cost-based
-Probabilistic model -Deterministic model
-There is no demarcation between critical -Marks critical activities
and non-critical activities.
-It averages time. -Does not average time
-It is suitable where high precision is required -Suitable where requirement of
in time estimates precision is reasonable.

ERRORS OF PROJECT REPORT

Project report formulation is very important and not an easy task. The entrepreneurs often make errors
while preparing project report. The following are some of the widely noticed errors in project report:

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 9

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Product selection:
It is noticed that some entrepreneurs commit mistakes by selecting a wrong product for their enterprise.
They select the product without giving due attention to product related and other aspects such as demand
for that product, market need, competition, life cycle, availability of resources like raw materials, skills
labour, technology etc
Capacity utilization estimates:
The entrepreneurs many times make over optimistic estimates of capacity utilization. Their estimates are
based on completely false premises and are made in complete disregard of present performance of the
enterprise, prevailing market conditions, competitive atmosphere, the technical snags etc.
Market study
Production of goods is ultimately meant for sale. Hence market study plays vital role and is very
important. Market study is a difficult task. Some entrepreneurs assume that there will be good market for
their product without conducting effective market study, leading to failure.
Technology selection
The technology varies from product to product. Selection of wrong technology leads to wrong product
or product with inferior quality. Selection of right technology is very important.
There are two types of errors made by some entrepreneurs in selecting the location of enterprise. First,
they are attracted by the concessions and government offers, financial incentives to establish industries
at a particular location.
Selection of Ownership form
Many enterprises fail merely due to the ownership from of enterprises is not suitable.

PROJECT APPRAISAL
Project appraisal means the assessment of a project in terms of its economic, social and financial
liability. This makes it necessary to recognize the interrelationship of various aspects of a project. This
exercise is critical as it calls for a multidimensional analysis of the project. Financial institutions carry
out project appraisal to assess its creditworthiness before giving finance to a project.
Method of project appraisal
Any project is appraised under the following contexts:
• Economic analysis
• Financial analysis

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 10

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

• Technical Feasibility
• Managerial competence
• Market analysis
Economic analysis
Economic analysis of appraisal is fundamental one. Economic analysis includes requirements for raw
materials levels of capacity utilization, expected sales, expected expenses and expected profits. Business
should have a volume of profit that decides sales to be achieved. The amount of sales has to be
calculated to achieve the target profits. Demand for the product is to be identified carefully as it is the
deciding factor of project feasibility points considered for the location of the enterprise are to be
maintained. The Government policies in this regard should be considered. The government offers
specific incentives and concessions for selling up industries in notified backward.

Financial Analysis
Financial is one of the most important prerequisites to establish an enterprise. It is the finance that
facilitates an entrepreneur to bring together the labour, raw materials and other facilities to produce
goods. Financial analysis includes assessment of financial requirements like fixed capital and working
capital, land and building, plants and machinery are some of the examples of fixed capital assets. The
working capital is also analyzed. Working capital is that amount of funds which is needed in day-to –
day’s business operation. Break-even analysis is made to assess at what level of production/sales will
result is no loss/no gain situation.
Technical feasibility
While making project appraisal, the technical feasibility of project is made. Technical feasibility means
the adequacy of the proposed plant and equipment to produce the product at proposed technology. It
should be ensured that know- how is available within the entrepreneur or should be obtained from
outside in the form of either collaboration or purchase or franchise.
Managerial competence
Before the actual start of production, there is a need to study the market with respect to demand, target
customers, when and where the products are to be sold. Production has no value unless the produced
goods are sold. Hence, knowledge of anticipated market for a product becomes an important aspect in
every business. Demand forecasting is one such method of knowing the anticipated market. The various
methods of estimating the demand for a product are:

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 11

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

1.Opinion pool.
2.Market survey.
3. Life cycle analysis.
4. Desk survey.
5. Dealers opinion etc.
Enterprise Resource Planning
Definition: Enterprise resource planning system is a fully integrated business management system covering
functional areas of an enterprise like Logistics, Production, Finance, Accounting and Human Resources. It
organizes and integrates operation processes and information flows to make optimum use of resources such
as men, material, money and machine.
Importance of ERP
ERP delivers a single database that contains all data for the software modules, which would include:
• Manufacturing: Engineering, bills of material, scheduling, capacity, workflow management,
quality control, cost management, manufacturing process, manufacturing projects,
manufacturing flow.
• Supply chain management: Order to cash, inventory, order entry, purchasing, product
configuration, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, and inspection of goods, claim
processing, and commission calculation.
• Financials: General ledger, cash management, accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed
assets
• Project management: Costing, billing, time and expense, performance units, activity
management.
• Human resources: Human resources, payroll, training, time and attendance, roistering,
benefits.
• Customer relationship management: Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer
contact and call center support, Data warehouse and various self-service interfaces for
customers, suppliers, and employees.
• Access control: user privilege as per authority levels for process execution, Customization - to
meet the extension, addition, change in process flow.
Functional areas of Operation/Functional areas of management of ERP
a) Marketing and Sales (M/S)
b) Supply Chain Management (SCM)

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 12

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

c) Accounting and Finance (A/F)

d) Human Resources (HR)

Business functions: Activities specific to a functional area of operation

Figure 1-1 Examples of functional areas of operation and their business functions

• Functional areas are interdependent

– Each requires data from the others
• Better integration of functional areas leads to improvements in communication, workflow,
and success of company
• Information system (IS): Computers, people, procedures, and software that store, organize,
and deliver information
• Collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of
value to customer
– Customer can be traditional external customer or internal customer

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 13

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

• Thinking in terms of business processes helps managers to look at their organization from
the customer’s perspective
• Example: A fictitious coffee shop
– Examine business processes of the coffee shop
– See why coordination of functional areas helps achieve efficient and effective
business processes
– Look at how integration of the information system improves the business

1. Marketing and sales

• Functions of Marketing and Sales

– Developing products
– Determining pricing
– Promoting products to customers
– Taking customers’ orders

– Helping create a sales forecast

Figure 1-4 The Marketing and Sales functional area exchanges data with customers and with the
Human Resources, Accounting and Finance, and Supply Chain Management functional areas

• Marketing and Sales tasks for the coffee shop

– Formal record keeping not required
– Need to keep track of customers

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 14

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

– Product development can be done informally

– Good repeat customers allowed to charge purchases—up to a point
– Records must show how much each customer owes and his or her available credit

2. Supply Chain Management

Figure: The Supply Chain Management functional area exchanges data with suppliers and
with the Human Resources, Marketing and Sales, and Accounting and Finance functional
areas

• Supply chain management (SCM) is the active management of supply chain activities
to maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.
• It represents a conscious effort by the supply chain firms to develop and run supply
chains in the most effective & efficient ways possible.
• Supply chain activities cover everything from product development, sourcing,
production, and logistics, as well as the information systems needed to coordinate
these activities.
• Needs information from various functional areas
• Production plans based on information about product sales (actual and projected) that
comes from Marketing and Sales
• With accurate data about required production levels:
– Raw material and packaging can be ordered as needed
– Inventory levels can be kept low, saving money

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 15

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

• Functions within Supply Chain Management

– Making the coffee (manufacturing/production)
– Buying raw materials (purchasing)
• Production planning requires sales forecasts from M/S functional area
– Sales forecasts: Analyses that attempt to predict the future sales of a product
• Production plans used to develop requirements for raw materials and packaging
– Raw materials: Bottled spring water, fresh lemons, artificial sweetener, raw sugar
– Packaging: Cups, straws, napkins
• SCM and M/S must choose a recipe for each coffee product sold
3. Accounting and Finance

• Functions within Accounting and Finance

– Recording raw data about transactions (including sales), raw material
purchases, payroll, and receipt of cash from customers
• Raw data: Numbers collected from sales, manufacturing and other
operations, without any manipulation, calculation, or arrangement for
presentation
• Data from Accounting and Finance used by Marketing and Sales and Supply
Chain Management
– Sales records are important component of sales forecast
– Sales forecast is used in making staffing decisions and in production planning
– Records from accounts receivable used to monitor the overall credit-
granting policy of the coffee shop

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 16

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Figure: The Accounting and Finance functional area exchanges data with customers and with the
Human Resources, Marketing and Sales, and Supply Chain Management functional areas

4. Human Resources
The basic function of HR is to ensure the availability of competent employees to work
positively
towards the realization of organizational objectives. The functions of HR can be
classified into managerial functions and operative functions.

1. Managerial functions: The five important functions of HR in an organization are

planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning is a course of
action required to achieve organizational objectives. For an HR manager planning
involves forecasting the quantity and quality of the workplace required. Organizing
refers to developing an organizational structure , defining, and allocating roles and
responsibilities, delegating authority and making the workforce accountable as
when required. Staffing involves filling up the existing vacancies with the right
quantity and the right quality of people at the right time. Directing function refers to
leading, guiding and motivating the employees of organization for achieving
organization objectives. The controlling function refers to reviewing organizational
plans to identify deviations and to take corrective and preventive measures to
overcome deviations.

2. Operative Functions: The operative functions of HR are: Human resource

planning (HRP), recruitment and selection, placement and induction, training and
development, compensation, performance appraisal, health and safety, industrial
relations and managing exit.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 17

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

Figure: The Human Resources functional area exchanges data with the Accounting and Finance,
Marketing and Sales, and Supply Chain Management functional area.

Types of Project Report

1. Business reports:
Each TimeLog business report is based on one specific issue. For example, the
internal/external analysis report provides management with relevant data in the form of each
employee’s time consumption for internal and external projects.
2. Status reports

Status reports offer production insight by showing on which projects or

customers your company has worked in a given period. These reports provide a
status based on the dimensions supported by the system, e.g. current employee
cost rates as well as potential and realized work values.
3. Process reports
Process reports focus on work processes, e.g. approving weekly timesheets,
outlays, travel expenses, etc. These reports contain information on a given
employee’s status in relation to a specific work process

4. Project portfolio reports

For management, TimeLog provides a range of reports to retrieve data from

multiple projects, enabling managers to view several project statuses in one
report. One example is the project portfolio report, which collects the entire
company’s project activities in a single screen.

5. Analysis reports

Analysis reports are based on the widest possible approach to filtering and
grouping data, rather than specific business requirements. A good example is the
pivot report. It allows you to filter project registrations from all dimensions, group
them and finally view them in graphic or table form. Another good example is the
contribution analysis, which includes data on contribution margins per project,
customer and employee.

Methods of Report Generation:

There are many ways to present the data so that it can be easily understood by the

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 18

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

stakeholders. No matter which reporting method is chosen, simplicity will ensure

that the results of your evaluation are both accessible and understandable.

There are two broad categories of reporting methods:

• those that are written (annual reports, fact sheets, etc.) and

• those that are oral/visual (PowerPoint presentations, exhibits, news release, etc.). No
matter the reporting method you choose, the report should take into account your
audience and be both accessible and understandable.

a) Written Reports b) Oral/Visual Reports

–Abstract and Briefing –Presentations

– Annual Reports –Exhibit

–Fact Sheet –News Release

–Empirical Publication –Posters

–Newsletters

Written Reports
Type Use Definition Main Components Tips Resources

An abstract is a short, The reasons for

If your audience is short
written overview. A conducting the
Abstract For audiences on time they should be
briefing is a short, oral evaluation. Example
and who are short on able to quickly and
overview. Both are The major abstract
Briefing time or focus. easily glean major
usually part of a larger conclusions and
evaluation conclusions.
report. recommendations.
Annual For audiences A detailed, year-long Summary, Annual reports can be Annual report
Reports interested in a overview of a program background interesting and outline and
highly formal and evaluation information, a Engaging if you follow tips
report on all findings. description of the a proven format.
aspects of a project, evaluation
program and results, etc.
the
evaluation.
For audiences
A brief program
who want to Simple, one-page
background, purpose,
easily pick out documents listing facts Should easily convey Example fact
Fact Sheet basic data,
relevant facts about the data in a data at a glance. sheet

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 19

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

about the data at simple-to-read format. conclusions, and

a glance. recommendations.
When writing your
An empirical
empirical publication,
For specific publication includes
use the results of any
practitioners or A publication that an abstract,
qualitative or
academics who includes the data introductions, Example
Empirical quantitative data you
are interested in collected from actual literature review, empirical
Publication collected, especially if
research or research, experiments, methodology, results, publication
you were able to
evaluation or observations. implications,
demonstrate specific
findings. conclusions, and
causal results from your
references.
experimental design.
For an audience
who is Additional
An informative
interested in a suggestions
publication that is Can vary in length
program or Keep the distribution when
written and distributed and contain graphics
organization, schedule regular so developing
on a regular basis showing data results,
Newsletters often serving as those receiving it begin your
(monthly, quarterly) pictures, and other
a primary link— to expect and look newsletter
and contains updated items of visual
sometimes the forward to receiving it.
information about the interest.
only link— Example
program or cause.
between an newsletter
audience and the
program.

A written report may be a project requirement or the best way to communicate information to a specific
audience. However, many people learn best by sharing or seeing information. Giving a presentation can
provide a valuable opportunity for the evaluator to interact with the intended audience and for the
audience to ask questions.

Oral or Visual Reports

Type Use Definition Main Components Tips Resources
To display key PowerPoint is Text should be
presentation presentation software A presentation minimized on each
points in order to that allows you to includes a title, visual by using six to
Presentati enhance create slides, purpose, objectives, eight words per line Additional tips
Ons understanding, handouts, notes and background, and six to eight lines for creating a
presentation
illustrate ideas, outlines that enhance findings, and per visual. Be sure
and break down your oral recommendations. your equipment
Complex presentation. works, the lighting is
concepts into It is the most appropriate, and the
simpler ones. common type of colors and text are
public presentation. readable.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 20

 MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR IT INDUSTRY (18CS51)

For large events

Exhibits that have a
like fairs or
Display boards or an Should include a gimmick are most
conferences. A
arrangement of title, several bulleted successful at
good way to
materials and statements that attracting an More tips on
network, put
Exhibit publications about convey your audience. “Make and developing your
information into
your program message, take” activities, free exhibit
people’s hands,
usually set out on a photographs, and/or gifts, and candy are
and create
table or in a booth. illustrations. attractions that draw
awareness among
people to the exhibit.
large audiences.
Begin with the most
important
information, using an
eye-catching
Interesting, news
message. Use quotes
worthy summary that
by program
is sent to The news release
principals or
To raise public newspapers, radio, should end with
participants that
News interest in a study and television “###.” This symbol Example news
draw attention to
Release or evaluation you stations, highlighting will alert the reporter release
important
have conducted. only the most that the news release
information. Include
important details of is finished.
the name, phone
your evaluation or
number, and address
study.
of a contact person
so reporters can
follow up and verify
information.
Should include the Use questions (not
name of the just statements or
For advertising program, project, pictures) to initiate an
programs, A visually research, interaction with
creating interesting board or organization, the people. They entice
awareness, and placard that is used goal of the project, people to find out
Posters piquing the to promote a single the findings from the more. Example poster
interest of people idea, event, a point, research, etc. Should Different colors affect
interested in the or to generate also contain bright the eye differently.
results of your interest. pictures, photos, and Bright colors can help
study. graphics along with attract attention
sound bites and resulting in higher
interactive features. response rates.

SVIT, Bengaluru Page 21