Alkane/Alkana Alkene/Alkena

Functional group : Functional group :

Kumpulan berfungsi Kumpulan berfungsi
No fuctional group Double bond between carbon to carbon bond
Tiada kumpulan berfungsi Ikatan ganda dua di antara karbon dengan karbon
-C=C-
Chemical properties: Chemical properties:
Sifat-sifat kimia: Sifat-sifat kimia:
Alkanes only have single covalent bonds, C – C and C – Alkenes are chemically ………………….. reactive than
H. They are saturated hydrocarbon and chemically not alkanes because of the existence of double covalent
reactive. bond between two carbon atoms.
Alkana hanya mempunyai ikatan tunggal di antara C – C Alkena adalah ……………..reaktif daripada alkana kerana
dan C – H. Alkana adalah hidrokarbon tepu dan secara kewujudan ikatan kovalen ganda dua di antara 2 atom
kimianya tidak reaktif. karbon.
Almost all of the chemical reactions of alkene occur at
1.Combustion the double bond.
Alkane has only two reactions pembakaran Kebanyakan tindak balas kimia berlaku pada ikatan
Alkana hanya ada dua tindakbalas ganda dua.
2.Substitution 1.Combustion
penukarganti Pembakaran

2.Addition (5reactions)
Penambahan
Alkene has three main reactions
Alkena ada tiga tindakbalas utama
3.Polymerisation
Pempolimeran

Chemical properties
1)Combustion Reaction 1)Combustion Reaction
Tindakbalas pembakaran Tindakbalas pembakaran

Alkanes undergo complete combustion in the presence Alkenes undergo complete combustion in the presence
of sufficient/excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and of sufficient/excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and
water only. water only.
Alkana terbakar lengkap di dalam oksigen berlebihan Alkena terbakar lengkap di dalam oksigen berlebihan
untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air sahaja. untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air sahaja.

Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Alkene + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Alkana + oksigen → Karbon dioksida + air Alkena + oksigen → Karbon dioksida + air

CH4+ O2→ CO2+ H2O Tips! (Balancing the

equations) C2H4+ O2→ CO2+ H2O
C2H6+ O2→ CO2+ H2O Step 1 : Balance C
Step 2 : Balance H C3H6+ O2→ CO2+ H2O
C3H8+ O2→ CO2+ H2O Step 3 : Balance O
(can use friction)
(Boleh gunakan pecahan)

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Write the balance chemical equation for combustion of Write the balance chemical equation for combustion of
substance below. substance below.

Ethane/etana: Ethene/etena:

Butane/Butana: Butene/Butena:

Propane/propana: Propene/propena:

Methane/Metana: Pentene/Pentena:

Pentane/Pentana: Hexene/Heksena:

Hexane/Heksana: Heptene/Heptena

Heptane/Heptana: Octene/Oktana

Combustion of alkane produced less soot than alkene Combustion of alkene produced more soot than alkane
Because percentage of carbon per molecule in alkane is Because percentage of carbon per molecule in alkene is
lesser than alkene. greater than alkane.
Pembakaran alkana menghasilkan kurang jelaga Pembakaran alkena menghasilkan banyak jelaga
daripada alkena kerana peratusan karbon per molekul daripada alkana kerana peratusan karbon per molekul
dalam alkana lebih rendah daripada alkena. dalam alkena lebih tinggi daripada alkana.
Contoh:- Contoh:-
Ethane/etana: Ethene/etena:
C2H6 C2H4
2(12) × 100% = 80.0% 2(12) × 100% = 85.7%
2(12)+6(1) 2(12)+4(1)

Kirakan peratusan Hexane/Heksana Kirakan peratusan Hexena/Heksena

Explain why hexene produce more soot than hexane?(3m)

Terangkan mengapa heksena menghasilkan banyak jelaga daripada heksana?

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 2. Addition
Penambahan
Mekanisma
An addition reaction is a reaction in which other atoms are
added to each carbon atom of the ……………….. bond, [C = C ]
to form ……………….. covalent bond product [ C - C ].
Tindak balas penambahan adalah tindakbalas yang mana
atom-atom di tambahkan kepada atom karbon yang ikatan
kovalen ganda…………..[C = C ] untuk menghasilkan ikatan
kovalen ……………….[ C - C ]

C=C + XY C C

X Y
(unsaturated)/tak tepu (saturated)/tepu
Double bond single bond
2) Substitution/penukar ganti I) Addition of Halogen (Halogenation)
Occurs when an alkane is mixed with a halogen in the Penambahan halogen(penghalogenan)
presence of sunlight (ultraviolet light, u.v). Alkenes react with halogens such as chlorine,Cl 2 and
Berlaku apabila alkana bercampur dengan halogen di bromine, Br2 at room conditions.
dalam kehadiran cahaya matahari(sinaran ultraungu) (no catalyst or ultraviolet light needed)
Alkena bertindakbalas dengan halogen seperti Klorin,
In this reaction, each hydrogen atoms in the alkane Cl2 dan bromine, Br2 pada keadaan bilik.
molecule are substituted one by one by halogen atoms.
Dalam tindakbalas ini, setiap atom hidrogen di dalam Example :
molekul alkana akan ditukar ganti satu demi satu C2H4 + Br2 →
dengan atom halogen. Draw the chemical equation above in structural
Ultraviolet light formula
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl Lukiskan persamaan kimia diatas dalam bentuk struktur
(methane) (chloromethane) formula
Ultraviolet light

CH3Cl + Cl2→ CH2Cl2 + HCl 1,2-dibromoethane

(dichloromethane)  When ethene gas is passed through bromine water,
Ultraviolet light
brown colour of bromine water is decolourised //
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → + HCl colourless solution formed.
(trichloromethane)
Apabila gas etena dialirkan melalui air bromin,
Ultraviolet light
warna perang air bromin dinyahwarnakan.
CHCl3 + Cl2 → + HCl
(tetrachloromethane)  This reaction is used to distiguish a saturated
hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Observation/pemerhatian: Tindakbalas ini boleh digunakan untuk
mengenalpasti hidrokarbon tepu dan hidrokarbon
……………………………………………………………….. tak tepu.
Write the chemical equation and the observation of this
reaction above. Write the chemical equation and the observation of this
Tuliskan persamaan kimia dan pemerhatian untuk reaction above.
tindak balas di bawah. Tuliskan persamaan kimia dan pemerhatian untuk
tindak balas di bawah.
Ultraviolet light

C2H6 + Br2 → …………………+……………………… C2H4 + Br2 → ………………………………………

Observation/pemerhatian: Observation/pemerhatian:

………………………………………………………………..
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……………………………………………………………………..
Identify the type chemical reaction and complete the chemical equation that given.

C3H6 + Br2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas:…………………………………………………………….)

Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………
C4H8 + Cl2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas:…………………………………………………………….)
Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………
C5H12 + Br2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas:…………………………………………………………….)
Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………
C3H8 + Br2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas:…………………………………………………………….)
Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………
C2H6 + Cl2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas: :………………………………………………………….)
Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………
CH4 + Br2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas:…………………………………………………………….)
Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………
C6H12 + Br2 → ………………………………………(reaction/tindakbalas:………………………………………………………………)
Observation/pemerhatian:…………………………………………………………………………………………

II) Addition of Oxidizing agent : (Oxidation reaction)

Penambahan agen pengoksidaan(t/b pengoksidaan)
Acidified Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution
Acidified Potassium dichroromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution
Example :
(add 2 OH)
Masukkan 2 OH
C2H4 + H2O + [O] → C2H4(OH)2
Ethene Ethan-1,2-diol
Observation/pemerhatian:

……………………colour turn……………………….. (KMnO 4)

……………………colour turn…………………………(K2Cr2O7)
Draw the structural formula for this equation.
Lukiskan formula struktur untuk persamaan ini.

This reaction is used to distiguish a saturated

hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Tindakbalas ini boleh digunakan untuk mengenalpasti
hidrokarbon tepu dan hidrokarbon tak tepu.
Explain why only halogenations and addition of
oxidising agent can distinguish alkane and alkene in
chemically?
Terangkan mengapa hanya penghalogenan dan
penambahan agen pengoksidaan boleh membezakan
alkana dan alkena secara kimia?

…………………………………………………………………………………...

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 III) Addition of Water (Hydration)
Colouless/tidak
Penambahan air
Replace the ending “e” from the name of berwarna
Alkene + H2O→ Alcohol
alkane with “ol” Add H and OH
Example : Masukkan H dan OH
Methane - Methanol Draw the structural formula for this equation.
Ethane- Ethanol Lukiskan formula struktur untuk persamaan ini.
Propane - Propanol
Butane- Butanol C2H4 + H2O C 2H5OH
Penthane -Pentanol
Ethene ethanol

C2H4 + H2O→………………………………….
C3H6 + H2O→………………………………….
4 carbon
C4H8 + H2O→………………………………….
-OH
atoms C5H10 + H2O→………………………………….
C6H12 + H2O→………………………………….
Butan-2-ol C7H14 + H2O→………………………………….
-OH at the 2nd C C8H16 + H2O→………………………………….
IV) Addition of Hydrogen Halide [ HX  HCl, HBr, HI ]
Penambahan hidrogen halida Colouless/tidak
berwarna
 Alkenes react with hydrogen halide such as
hydrogen chloride, HCl or hydrogen bromide, HBr
at room temperature to form haloalkane.
Alkena bertindakbalas dengan hidrogen halide
seperti hidrogen klorida, HCl atau hidrogen
bromide, HBr pada keadaan bilik untuk membentuk
haloalkana.

Draw the structural formula for this equation.

Lukiskan formula struktur untuk persamaan ini.
C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl
Ethene Hydrogen chloride Chloroethane

Example :

C3H6 + HBr →
Propene Hydrogen bromide ………………….
C5H10 + HCl →
Pentene Hydrogen bromide ………………….

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 V) Addition of Hydrogen (Hydrogenation)
Penambahan hidrogen(penghidrogenan)
Colouless/tidak
berwarna
Alkenes react with hydrogen at 180 C in the presence
of nickel/platinum as a catalyst to produce alkanes.
Alkena bertindak balas dengan hidrogen pada 180 C
dalam keadaan nickel/platinum sebagai mangkin
untuk menghasilkan alkana.

Hydrogenation is used to prepare an alkane (saturated

compound) from an alkene (unsaturated compound) in
industry.
Penghidrogenan digunakan untuk menyediakan
alkanaIsebatian tepu) daripada alkena(sebatian tak
tepu) dalam industri.
Lukiskan formula struktur untuk persamaan ini.
C2H4 + H2→ C2H6
Ethene Ethana

C2H4 + H2→………………………………….
C3H6 + H2→………………………………….
C4H8 + H2→………………………………….
C5H10 + H2→………………………………….
C6H12 + H2→………………………………….
C7H14 + H2→………………………………….
C8H16 + H2→………………………………….

3. Polymerisation reaction (Addition)

Tindak balas pempolimeran(penambahan)
Try this!
nC3H6→ In this reaction, small alkene molecules undergo
propene addition reaction at a high pressure of 1000 atm and
temperature of 200 C. Thousands of alkene molecule
join together to form long chain giant molecules called
…………………………
Dalam tindak balas ini, alkena yang ringkas akan
mengalami tindakbalas penambahan pada tekanan
tinggi iatu 1000 atm dan suhu pada 200 C. Ribuan
molekul alkena akan bergabung untuk menghasilkan
nC4H8→ rantaian panjang molekul raksasa yang
butane dipanggil……………………..

The small repeating units of molecules that join

together to form polymer are called …………………………
Unit-unit yang berulang yang bergabung bersama-
sama untuk mebentuk polimer di
panggil…………………………..
Contoh : pempolimeran ethene/etena
nC2H4→

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