FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCE AND RECREATION

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA 40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

MALAYSIA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN
SPORT AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES

ARTICLE REVIEW : Survey of Self-esteem among Successful and

Unsuccessful Student Athletes and this relationship by Achievement
Motivation

RAZIQIN SYAFIQ BIN RAZMAN 2020473874

MUHAMMAD AZRAF SUFI BI BAHARUDIN 2020830716
SITI AMANINA BINTI ROZALI 2020831312
NOR ATIKAH BINTI SUHAMI 2020850262
NUR ZAHIDAH BINTI ZAHARI 2020896534
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 CASE BACKGORUND 2

2.0 KEY ANALYSIS 3

3.0 RECOMMENDATION 4

4.0 CONCLUSION 4

5.0 REFERENCE 5

6.0 APPENDICES 6

1
1.0 CASE BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to understand the level of self-esteem among successful and
unsuccessful athlete which is considered as a psychological orientation and the relationship
with motivation achievement. Sport Orientation Questionnaire was used for this study,
distributed to 150 student athletes, consisting of 75 men and 75 women. Other than that, it is
also distributed to 750 successful athletes who gained medals in national and international
competitions and also another 750 unsuccessful athletes who failed to gain any medals.

Besharat et al., (2002) examined the connection between self-esteem and athletic success in
first-grade football and wrestling athletes. The study's findings demonstrated that for football
players and wrestlers, success and self-esteem are significantly and favourably correlated. Next,
according to Daniel et al., a research named comparing the sport achievement of optimistic and
pessimistic athletes among 259 student athletes participated in the study shows the results
revealed that there is no significance difference between optimistic and pessimistic athletes in
terms of their motivation to accomplish in sports. Lastly, Kokaridas et al., concluded that In
determining the relationship between sport growth and identity of sports of 30 weight throwers
competing in Paralympic games, it was shown that achievement oriented has a substantial
association with athlete's experience as a component of achievement motivation.

It would seem important to observe the thoughts and emotions of successful athletes and
contrast them with those of unsuccessful ones. Knowing the psychological tendencies of
successful athletes can help trainers help unsuccessful players. The purpose of this study is to
examine the psychological orientation of some successful and unsuccessful athletes.

2
2.0 KEY ANALYSIS

Everyone who engages in physical activity or sports does so for a variety of reasons
and finds excitement in a variety of circumstances. There are some people are very motivated
to achieve their goals while others lack of motivation. Since there is evidence that self-esteem
and athletic accomplishment are positively correlated, increasing the achievement motivation
in athletes is probably the greatest strategy to increase self-esteem. This study included athlete
students and the findings indicated that there was no discernible difference between optimistic
and pessimistic athletes in terms of their motivation for sporting success. High expectations for
forming challenging goals which it encourages focus and ongoing efforts that boost high self-
esteem, but people with low self-esteem have low expectations for their performance in various
contexts and typically underrate their core competencies because they lack confidence and are
afraid of failure. In addition to their physical ability, some athletes also possess exceptional
psychological characteristics that support them in boosting their competitive spirits, managing
stress, focusing intensely, and establishing their goals. It would seem necessary to observe the
thoughts and emotions of successful athletes and contrast them with those of unsuccessful ones.
This study will determine that sport achievement motivation of amateurs is less than
experienced players.

Method in this study was scientific comparison and correlation method. It consists of
population of male and female athletes were selected as a sample and be divided into two
groups of successful athletes and unsuccessful athletes. In total of 150 athletes were selected
as a sample and the questionnaires were distributed with 25 questions that is scored by Likert’s
five level scale of strongly agree and strongly disagree. The researcher used independent t-tests
and Pearson’s correlation to test the hypothesizes. The independent t-test showed that there is
a significant statistic difference between the achievement motivation of successful and
unsuccessful athletes while the Pearson’s correlation showed there is a significant relationship
between successful athlete’s self-esteem and achievement motivation. It means the successful
athletes’ achievement motivations are significantly higher than the unsuccessful athletes’
achievement motivation. Overall, it appears that athletes behave in accordance with their self-
perceptions, so developing readiness and dynamic skills through appropriate physical
education planning and creating favourable educational environments will help athletes
succeed in their dynamic experiences and feel competent about themselves in the field of
moving.

3
3.0 RECOMMENDATION

According to the article, a process-oriented model is superior to a static model for research on
both giftedness and achievement motivation. A general social cognitive perspective is a useful
theoretical framework for research on motivational processes involved in the intellectual and
personal development of gifted and talented students. The review's implications for upcoming
studies on talent development and motivation are examined.

Then, based on the article, increasing the self-esteem to the high level more and more. This
will help student athletes achieve improvement. After that, student need to focus on physical
activity together. The method will give the impact to each student athletes.

4.0 CONCLUSION

At the last, some people lack motivation, others are very motivated to accomplish their
goals. Since there is proof that self-esteem and athletic success are positively connected,
motivating athletes to achieve more is probably the best way to boost self-esteem among
athletes. Besides, from the key analysis also highlighted that this study has done scientific
comparison and correlation method to get a reliable result such as independent t-tests and
Pearson’s correlation to test the hypothesis. In addition, from the result tell us that self-esteem
and accomplishment motivation are positively and significantly correlated in both group of
successful and unsuccessful athletes. Lastly reviewer can conclude that this study succeeds to
prove successful athletes’ achievement motivations are significantly higher than the
unsuccessful athletes’ achievement motivation.

4
5.0 REFFERENCES

Daniel, R., Burke, K., Joyner, A., Hardy, C. An Exploratory Investigation of Optimism,
Pessimism and Sport Orientation. International sport Journal Academic Research
library. 2002;6(2):136-145.

Besharat. achievement among footballers and wrestlers. University of Tehran Electronic

Journals, Harakat. 2002;12:31-44., M.A., Abbasi, Q.R., Shojaoldin, S. An investigation
of relationship between self-esteem and sport

Ozrudi, M.B.F. and Matmask, E.A. (2019) “A Survey of Self-esteem among Successful and
Unsuccessful Student Athletes and this relationship by Achievement Motivation,”
Asian Exercise and Sport Science Journal, 3(1), pp. 1–7. Available at:
https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.30472/aesj.v3i1.100.

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 Asian Exercise and Sport Science Journal
2588-4832 www.aesasport.com
Vol.3 No.1
Received: January 2019 , Accepted: May 2019 , Available online: June 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30472/aesj.v3i1.100

Survey of Self-esteem among Successful and Unsuccessful Student Athletes and this
relationship by Achievement Motivation

Ebrahim Abbasi Matmask1, Mohammadbagher Forghani Ozrudi2 *

1
Master of bachelor, Department of Physical Education, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran, 2 Master of
bachelor, Department of Physical Education, Education Office, Babol, Iran,

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is Survey of Self-esteem among Successful and Unsuccessful Student Athletes and this relationship by
Achievement Motivation in Mazandaran Province. The subjects of study were 150 student athletes, divided into two groups of men and women:
750 successful student athletes, successful in gaining medals in interior and international official competitions and 750 unsuccessful athletes,
unsuccessful in gaining medals. Instruments of the study were Gill & Deeter (1998) sport orientation scale (SOQ) and revised self-esteem
questionnaire (Cupper-Smith, 1968). For analyzing data, Pearson Correlation and t-test (<0.05) were used. The results showed that there is a
significant relationship between self-esteem and achievement motivation between the two groups. Also the results of t-test revealed a significant
difference between self-esteem and achievement motivation among successful and unsuccessful athletes. It means that self-esteem and achievement
motivation were significantly higher in successful athletes comparing with unsuccessful athletes. Generally, regular physical activity together with
improved increasing self-esteem, leads to higher achievement improvement.

KEY WORDS Self-esteem, Achievement Motivation, Student, Successful & Unsuccessful athletes

INTRODUCTION [19]. So the awareness of that why some persons have a high motivation
One of the main topics of sport psychology that is effective on the for reaching to the goals and the others have not this motivation [17]. The
athlete's amount and intensity of performance is motivation [17]. achievement motivation is one of the kinds of motivation that have a
Motivation is a supposed structure that is used to describe the internal main role in sport psychology. It seems growing of the achievement
and external forces and it creates intent, direction, intensity and the motivation is effective on many behavior, thoughts and emotions like
stability of behavior [27]. Actually motivation is the main factor of trying selecting the kind of the activity, trying for following the goals and
and strengthening the human's voluntary behavior for reaching the goals perseverance in the face of defeat [31]. Gill called achievement
[7]. The personal differences in motivation have a great importance; the motivation "athleticism" in sports and competitions [12].
persons take a part in sports and physical activities for different reasons Athleticism is a clear property of successful persons and it has a main
and in addition to they are excited by different methods and situations role in improving the sport performance [1]. Because of the encouraging
 SURVEY OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL STUDENT ATHLETES... VOL. 3 (1)

athletes for more trying and increasing the self-confidence [2]. Increasing comparing these 2 studies it will be determined that sport achievement
the self-confidence can increase self-esteem , too [3]. Since a positive motivation of amateurs is less than experienced players. Chabrol et al
correlation between self-esteem and sporting success is proven, so, (2004) has found self-esteem in boys is higher and depression is lower in
probably the best way to boost the self-esteem is increasing the meaningful way. The result of their research proposes the difference in
achievement motivation in athletes. In fact, the self-esteem is the degree self-esteem among boys and girls is related to the frequency of
of approved, acceptance, and value that persons feel about themselves. intermediate to high depression factors [4, 32].
studies show that people with high self [30]. Daniel et al., (2002) did a research named comparing the sport
esteem is more trusting than people with low self-esteem and their efforts achievement of optimistic and pessimistic athletes. The subjects of the
will lead them to success. In these persons, the sense of competence and study were composed of 259 athlete students the research showed that
merit are factors for achieving the high levels of internal motivation. high there isn’t a significant difference in sport achievement motivation
expectations cause forming difficult goals and difficult goals help to between optimistic and pessimistic athletes [8]. Unierzyski (2003) did a
motivate the focus and ongoing efforts that the result is boosting the high research with this subject: the grades of the achievement motivations of
self-esteem , but people with low self-esteem consider low expectations for tennis players and their future developments. The subjects of the research
their performance in different situations and generally underestimate were 2 groups: group A consists of 11 international tennis players and
their primary abilities because they don't have self-confidence and they group B consists of 174 tennis player that didn't reach the international
afraid of failure [2]. (Marsh, 2007). naturally the result of low level. the results showed that the players of group A have more
expectations is lower effort and forming less difficult and average goals. significant achievement motivation than group B [26].
when a goal achieved by less effort it causes the average operating and Daniel et al., (2002) did a research that was named comparing the sport
reduction the efforts. several studies Have been done on self-esteem , for achievement motivation of optimistic and pessimistic (male and female)
example Holland & Andre (1994), Taylor (1995), Gholmohmadi (1996), athletes. The subjects of the study were composed of 259 athlete
Castagno (2001), Ghaffari et al., (2007), Slutzky (2009), students. The results of the research showed that there is not a significant
Shahbazzadeghan et al., (2010), Samadzadeh et al. (2011), that they have difference between optimistic and pessimistic athletes in sport
observed a significant difference in athletes and others' self-esteem and achievement motivation. [8]. Unierzyski (2003) did a research with this
have revealed the effort of a regular exercise programs on increasing the subject: The grades of the achievement motivation of tennis players and
esteem [5, 10, 11, 15, 20, 22, 24, 25]. According to Corbin et al (1997) their future development. the subjects of the study were 2 groups: group
report activities detect success and failure quickly. it means the A consists of 11 international tennis player and group B consists of 174
successful performance in sports provides immediate feedback for tennis players that couldn’t reach the international level. The results
athletes and positive feedback creates a sense of integrity, competence, showed that the players of group A have more significant achievement
satisfaction, self-confidence and self-acceptance [21]. Besharat et al., motivation than group B [26].
(2002) checked out the relationship between self-esteem and sport success Magourtsia et al., (2004) checked out the sport achievement motivation
in football players and wrestlers of first grade. The results of his research subscales in 5 wheelchair basketball players in a study by using
had showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between athleticism questionnaire. The results of research showed the levels of
success and self-esteem in football players and wrestlers [3]. Most of the high competitiveness and convergence with the average level of
researches in achievement motivation are about Gill, (1993) checked the achievement oriented [18]. Kokaridas et al., (2005) concluded that
sport achievement motivation of 100 males and female’s ultramarathon achievement oriented has a significant relationship with athlete’s
runners with the athleticism questionnaire and the results showed that experience as a component of achievement motivation in determination
there isn’t a significant difference in achievement motivation of of the relationship between sport development and identity of sports of
participants in ultramarathon matches [12]. Wartenberg & McCutcheon 30 persons of weight thrower participating in Paralympic games [16].
(1988) had checked the sport achievement of experienced hockey players Findlay & Bowker (2009) checked the relationship between participation
and amateurs. The results showed that sport achievement motivation of in various sport competitions and self-awareness with considering gender
experienced hockey players is higher than amateurs. The scores of and sport achievement motivation. The subjects of this study were 171
competitiveness, goal-oriented and success-oriented are 61.9, 26.7, 26.7, experienced athletes, 71 competitive athletes and 145 non athletes. the
for experienced players and 49, 22.9, 21.4 for amateurs [28]. However, results showed that experienced athletes and competitive athletes have
Gill (1993) achieved these scores for amateurs: 59.1, 26.4, 24.2 [12]; by more physical competence, physical self-awareness and general self-

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 SURVEY OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL STUDENT ATHLETES... VOL. 3 (1)

esteem than non-athletes. the non-athletes that have more achievement

oriented or less competitiveness have low self-esteem; As a result, METHODS

probably the correlation between the level of competition and self- According to the nature of research, the kind of the research is scientific
awareness depends on the specifications of each person like having the comparison and the method is correlation. population consists of all of

sport achievement motivation [9]. Optimal performance of sport skills the male and female athletes in Mazandaran province that had been sent

depends on 3 kinds of fitness, technical and psychological readiness. to officially National or international races 150 male and female athletes
were selected as a sample by using the available sampling and they were
Since different practical methods and skill performance methods are
divided into 2 groups of successful athletes (75 athletes that won first-
full-fledged and the distances between winners is reduced to
third place in team races) and unsuccessful athletes (75 athletes that
milliseconds and centimeters, it seems that the differences of winner`s
couldn`t won rank) that was used of sport achievement motivation
operation are depending on their psychological readiness more than ever.
questionnaire or sport oriented (SOQ) [13] and revised form of cooper’s
Some athletes have fantastic psychological abilities in addition to
self-esteem questionnaire. SOQ questionnaire consists of 25 questions
physical skills that it helps them to raise their morale for competition, set
that is scored by Likert`s five level scale (strongly agree or strongly
their stress, having a sharp focus, and setting the competitive and actual
disagree). This questionnaire consists of 3 subscales: racing, the desire
purposes. So, it seems necessary to detect successful athletes` thoughts
to win, and purpose oriented can be calculated by collecting the scores
and feelings and compare it with unsuccessful athletes. this can help
of subscales. validity and reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated
trainers to know successful athletes` psychological orientations and use
(r=0.91 for credibility and α=0.89 for stability). In inferential statistics
it to help unsuccessful athletes. so the goal of this study is checking some
were used of independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for
of successful and unsuccessful athletes` psychological orientation.
testing the hypothesizes. For analysis of data, were used of SPSS23.
Therefore, the self-esteem and achievement motivation and defining
their relationship between Mazandaran province successful and
STATISTICAL RESULTS
unsuccessful athletes had been compared in this study. The mean and standard deviation of self-esteem and sport
achievement motivation of successful and unsuccessful athletes are
given in the table 1.

Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of motivation for progress and self-esteem in successful and unsuccessful athletes

There wasn`t a significant difference between the variance of showed that there is a significant difference between the self-esteem of

achievement motivation of successful and unsuccessful athletes. successful and unsuccessful athletes (p=0.001, t=10.58) (Figure 1). the

(p=0.229, f=1.390) so these findings showed that default equality of independent t test showed that there is a significant statistic difference

variances were met for using of independent t-tests so independent t-tests between the achievement motivation of successful and unsuccessful
athletes, too (p=0.001, t =20.3) (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Average Difference Between Self-esteem in Successful & Unsuccessful Athletes.

Figure 2. Mean Difference in Achievement Motivation in Successful & Unsuccessful Athletes.

The results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that there is a In order to evaluate the relationship between the variables of research
significant relationship between successful athlete`s self-esteem and were used of 2 -the coefficient of determination - the results showed
𝑟
achievement motivation (p=0.001, r=0.41) there is a positive significant that 13% of self-esteem variances with athletes` achievement motivation
relationship between self-esteem and achievement motivation in is subscribed and justified.
unsuccessful athletes, too (p= 0.001, r= 0.36).
In order to the results the first hypothesis of research was accepted that
DISCUSSION noted there is a significant difference between successful and
unsuccessful athlete`s self-respect. it means the successful athlete`s self-

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esteem is significantly higher than the unsuccessful athlete`s self-respect. of competition can be effective on athlete`s efforts for regular and serious
In order to the results of the past studies we can determine several reasons exercise and his perseverance to overcome difficulties of training.
for the high level of successful athlete`s self-esteem. Comparing the According to the findings of the study it clarified that there is a positive
average of the successful athletes` self-esteem with the average of non- significant relationship between self-esteem and achievement motivation
athletes` self-esteem in past studies will be characterized that despite of in both groups of successful and unsuccessful athletes. It means if the
the unsuccessful athletes` lower scores of self-respect than successful athlete’s self-respect be high, his achievement motivating will be high,
athletes. they have higher scores than non-athletes that these results are too. These results are same with Findlay & Bowker (2009) findings
because of the role of exercise and regular physical activities in racing showed that on lower levels of competitions the persons have low self-
the self-respect that is accepted in several studies like Taylor (1995), esteem because of low achievement motivation. Moray in his theory of
Castagno (2001), Ghaffari et al., (2007), Slutzky (2009), the needing for improvements, considers the need as a trying to overcome
Shahbazzadeghan et al., (2010), Samadzadeh et al. (2011) [5, 10, 20, 22, the problems and obstacles that causes increasing the optimal capacities
24, 25], The findings of the study showed that there is a significant and it capable the person to compete with others that his self-esteem will
difference between successful and unsuccessful athletes` achievement Increases if he successes [9]. According to the Harter (1993) theory of
motivation. It means the successful athletes` achievement motivations motivation competence the persons lead to activities that they feel
are significantly higher than the unsuccessful athletes` achievement competence in them and this sense is a determining factor for people`s
motivation. this result is same with the findings of SKordilis et al., motivation to a specific task so the sense of control of athletes is
(2003), Gill (1993) [12, 23]. They had indicated in order that the interacting with the sense of self value and evaluation of their
professional athletes` achievement motivation than Amateurs, the competence and it is effective on their motivation [14, 29].
experienced hockey players` achievement motivation than amateurs, the Totally, it seems that athletes act according to their beliefs of
international tennis players` achievement motivation than lower levels, themselves so getting readiness and dynamic skills by correct planning
is higher. in physical education and providing educational conditions so that

According to Daniel et al `s (2002) Kokaridas et al. (2005), findings that athletes success in their dynamic experiences that causes athlete feels
competent about himself in the field of moving. This sense of competent
had showed in order the person`s sport`s approach is related to their view
is one of the main motivation variables and it causes increasing the
of themselves as an athlete and achievement motivation is related to the
achievement motivation in athlete. So if an athlete had necessary
levels of athletes` experiences. it can be picked that probably successful
competence and motivation for learning and performance the sport skills,
athletes have higher expectations from their ability as a successful athlete
he will increase the effort and perseverance. so he will reach to the
because of their sport experiences in different levels of competition and
specific emotional cases like enjoying, happiness, and ext. and his
this causes that they try hard in order to achieve their goals and meet motivation increases for development and reaching to the higher levels.
themselves and others` expectations [8, 16]. According to Atkinson’s therefore, totally it can be recommended to trainers to provide the
(1964) theory of achievement motivation, athlete`s internal motivation is promote awareness of athlete`s ability and value for this abilities by
a motive to reach the success and the athletes with high motivation for feedbacks and on time reinforcement and necessary supports and
reaching to success are searching for the condition of struggle progress constructive criticism in order to increase their achievement motivation.
without having concerns about the potential failures.
If we assume that successful athletes are optimistic to results because of
their knowledge of their abilities, and unsuccessful athletes are
pessimistic to results because of their unreliability, the results of this
study are against the Daniel`s (2002) findings that showed there isn`t
significant difference between optimistic and pessimistic athletes`
achievement motivation; Probably, the main reason for this difference is
the competition level and the subjects of 2 studies because Daniel`s
subjects are at the university level and the level of matches was academic
[8]. However, the subjects of this study are at international and national
levels and the level of the matches that they compete is high. So the level

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