COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN ART AND

TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

NAME: KAWOOYA CHARLES

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 20/U/1298

STUDENT NUMBER: 2000701298

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SECOND YEAR INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SEPTEMBER 2022
 DECLARATION

I, KAWOOYA CHARLES declare that this report is my original work and has not been
submitted to any college university or institution for any academic award

Signed: _____________________________

Student Name:

Date: _______________________________

i
 ABSTRACT
Here in this report is the work I did during my industrial training at SPAN
CONTRACTORS LIMITED.

This report covers the work done on Domestic installation on the arcade premises,

The first chapter of this report comprises a brief background of the industrial training
place, mission, address and objectives. The next two chapters comprise of a literature
review on domestic and industrial installation and detailed description of the practical
work done during the training.

This last chapter of this report includes observations made while training,
recommendations, conclusion, challenges and references.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost. I greatly thank the almighty God for the life and wisdom through I have
been able to successfully accomplish my industrial training
Furthermore, I thank span construction company for the industrial training placement
I also thank my supervisor Mr KAKOOZA STEVEN for his time and guidance during this
industrial training period.

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 SHOWING A 3 CORE CABLE.......................................................................................................................5
FIGURE 2 SHOWING A ONE WAY CIRCUIT WIRING....................................................................................................6
FIGURE 3 SHOWING A 3 WAY CIRCUIT WIRING.........................................................................................................7
FIGURE 4 SHOWING JOINT BOX WIRING METHOD......................................................................................................7
FIGURE 5 SHOWING THE RING CIRCUIT....................................................................................................................8
FIGURE 6 SHOWING A METALLIC MOULD BOX (MK)..............................................................................................11
FIGURE 7 SHOWING A JUNCTION BOX....................................................................................................................11
FIGURE 8 SHOWING A DRAWING TAPE..................................................................................................................11
FIGURE 9 SHOWING A CONSTRUCTED UNIT EARTH PIT..........................................................................................15
FIGURE 10 SHOWING THE EXCAVATION OF THE LOOP..........................................................................................16
FIGURE 11 SHOWING THE CONNECTION OF A REFERENCE EARTH POINT TO THE MEGGER TESTER.......................16
FIGURE 12 SHOWING THE FIRST TEST POINT HAMMERED IN THE GROUND CONNECTED TO THE MEGGER TESTER 17
FIGURE 13 SHOWING THE SECOND TEST POINT HAMMERED IN THE GROUND CONNECTED TO THE MEGGER
TESTER...........................................................................................................................................................17
FIGURE 14 SHOWING THE TEST RESULTS...............................................................................................................17
FIGURE 15 SHOWING A 4-POLE MCCB..................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 16 TESTING AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF THE 4-POLE MCCB................................................................20
FIGURE 17 SHOWING AN ALREADY INSTALLED 4-POLE MCCB.............................................................................21
FIGURE 18 ILLUSTRATION OF A 3-PHASE WIRING...................................................................................................22
FIGURE 19 A CONTROL PANEL...............................................................................................................................22
FIGURE 20 TIGHTENING SCREWS IN THE CONTROL PANEL.....................................................................................23
FIGURE 21 SHOWING A SUB DISTRIBUTION BOARD...............................................................................................23
FIGURE 22 SHOWING AN INSTALLED SUB DISTRIBUTION BOARD..........................................................................23
FIGURE 23 LOOPING SOCKETS AND LIGHT CABLES THROUGH THE JUNCTION BOXES..........................................24
FIGURE 24 INSTALLATION OF CEILING ROLLS........................................................................................................25
FIGURE 25 SHOWING A THREE GANG SWITCH COMPLETELY WIRED......................................................................26
FIGURE 26 SHOWING INSTALLED METERS ON THE SUB DISTRIBUTION BOARD.....................................................28

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: showing the cable sizes and their ratings…………………………….13

Table 2: showing the earth test results…………………………………………17

v
 LIST OF ACRONYMS
AC: Alternating Current
AI: Artificial Intelligence
CB: Circuit Breaker
CU: Consumer Unit
DAI: Distributed Artificial Intelligence
DB: Distribution Board
DC: Direct Current
DFB: Distribution Fuse Box
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
IT: Industrial Training
MCB: Miniature Circuit Breaker
PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride

vi
 Table of Contents
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................v
LIST OF ACRONYMS............................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
1.1 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING..............................................................................................1
1.1.1 Objectives of industrial training................................................................................1
1.2 ABOUT SPAN CONTRACTORS LIMITED.................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................4
2.1 DOMESTIC INSTALLATION........................................................................................4
2.1.1 ELECTRICAL WIRING...........................................................................................4
2.1.2 MAINTENANCE....................................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................14
3.1 EARTHING....................................................................................................................14
3.1.1 COMPONENTS OF EARTHING AND BONDING SYSTEM.............................14
Construction of a unit earth pit.........................................................................................14
3.1.2 EARTH TEST..........................................................................................................16
3.2 WALL CHASING ON THE LAST FLOOR.................................................................18
3.3 WIRING OF LIGHTS, SOCKETS, MCCB, AND DISTRIBUTION BOARDS..........18
3.3.1 CLEARING PATH WAYS.....................................................................................19
3.3.2 INSTALLATION OF 4-POLE MCCB...................................................................19
3.3.3 INSTALLATION OF THE CONTROL PANNEL AND SUB DISTRIBUTION
BOARDS..........................................................................................................................22
3.3.4 LOOPING IN WIRES.............................................................................................23
3.4 TERMINATIONS AND FITTINGS OF LIGHTS AND SOCKETS............................24
3.4.1 INSTALLATION OF LIGHTS...............................................................................24
3.4.2 INSTALLATION OF SOCKETS...........................................................................26
3.4.3 INSTALLATION OF METERS.............................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................29
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY AND PROCEDURES.......29

vii
 4.1.1OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE.................................................................................29
4.1.2 EHS PROCEDURES TAKEN AT THE SITE........................................................29
4.2 SKILLS ACQUIRED.....................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................30
5.1 OBSERVATIONS AND CHALLENGES.....................................................................30
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................30
5.3 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................30
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................31

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Definition: Industrial training refers to the placement of students in organisations to conduct
supervised practical training in the industry sector within a specified period of time before
they are awarded a Bachelor’s degree (definition of industrial training, n.d.)
During this training students practice the academic concepts and theories that have been
learned

1.1.1 Objectives of industrial training

TO THE STUDENT
To prepare students for their professional careers upon graduation
To expose students to the real working environment and get acquainted with the organisation
structure, business operations and administrative functions
To enhance the employment opportunities and employability for the graduates
To have hands on experience in the students’ related field so that they can relate or reinforce
what has been taught at the university

TO THE UNIVERSITY
 To change the program in the light of company feedback
 To build relationships with businesses and organisations for technical advancement,
especially in the fields of product design and construction
 To know skill gaps and improve quality of training.

 To have a balanced assessment of trainees.

TO THE COMPANY
 To be aware of potential skill availability and identify potential personnel
 To enhance the training provided at training facilities for relevance to industry
 To participate in the training of future employees.
 To solidify the relationship between industrial organizations and the university.
 To promote the products and services of the industrial institutions. (UBTEB, n.d.)

1
1.2 ABOUT SPAN CONTRACTORS LIMITED
Span Contractors Limited was registered in 2013 and has been in the field of construction for
the last eight years
“We Span Contractors Limited have a keen team player spirit and we pride ourselves on
quality work man-ship and the timely competition of projects”
Company address
Company name: SPAN CONTACTORS LIMITED
Location: MENGO
P.O. Box 74504 Kampala
Email: spancontractors@gmail.com
Company Mission
To strive for perfection in anticipation of exceeding our clients’ highest expectations,
building a good client relationship through leadership creative solutions and hard work.
Since construction can be a hazardous business, we are dedicated to education
implementation and self-monitory of all safety programmers to ensure the safest working
environment for all employees
Company Vision
To ensure that our operations safeguard the health, safety, environment and security of the
community where we work
Company Goals
 Client contentment
 Obtain rapid business growth
 Employee and trainee empowerment through mentoring and skill development

2
 COMPANY ORGANISATION CHART
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF THE COMPANY

Client
Contractor Consultant’s team
Architect
Electrical
Site Engineer Structural
Quantity surveyor

Site supervisor
Clerk of works

Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman

(steel) (Formworks) (Electrical) (Masonry/concrete

Steel fixers Carpenters Electrician Masons

Porters

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The content under this chapter presents the theoretical review for the practical work which
was done during the industrial training season.

Theory is given about the following aspects:

 Domestic installation (Flats) and industrial installation

 Camera installation
 Lighting arrestor installation

2.1 DOMESTIC INSTALLATION

2.1.1 ELECTRICAL WIRING

Is an electrical system of cabling and linked devices like switches, distribution boards, plugs
and light equipment in a building.

Wiring is subject to protection standards to strategize with installation

Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are specified according to the circuit operating
voltage and electric environmental conditions such as ambient temperature range, moisture
levels and exposure to sunlight and chemicals (System of Electrical Wiring, n.d.)

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING

Conduit wiring, Concealed wiring, Batten wiring, Cleat wiring, Casing wiring
ADVANTAGES OF CONDUIT WIRING
 Safest wiring
 Appearance is better
 No risk of damage of cable insulation
 Safe from humidity smoke, steam
 No risk of shock (Britanicca, n.d.)
Electrical cable
This is a rally of one or more wires running side by side or bundled which is applied to
transfer electric current

Types of electrical wires

Single core cables

4
Advantages:

• Ease of installation between phases.

• Less chance of short circuiting.
• Easy to layout and install.
• Longer cables can be used with an equivalent cross section carrying capacity.
Disadvantages:
• Easily damaged.
• High circulation risk thus greater probability of overheating.
• Lack armor for protection and thus not suitable for use in cases
with risk of high mechanical stress.
 Multi core cable
These have more than one core conductor, insulated and shift together
as shown below. They can be simply multi core or double core and

Earth cable

Figure 1 showing a 3 core cable

Advantages:

• Armor protected hence less susceptible to damage from mechanical

stress and external forces.
• Suitable for use in underground scenarios.

Disadvantages:

• Hard to layout as all cores have the same

destination.
• High chance of short circuiting.

 Triplex electrical wires

 Main feeder cable wires
 Panel feed electrical wires (The Spruce, n.d.)

5
Classification of electrical wires
 Non-Metallic (sheathed cable)
 Underground (feeder cables)
 Metallic (sheathed cable)
 Coaxial, Paired, Twisted pair multi-conductor cable, Twin, Twin axial (Classfication
of Electrical wires, n.d.)

2.1.1.1 Circuit design

TYPES OF CIRCUIT DESIGNS
One way lighting circuit.

It consists of a pair of wires from the mains terminals supplying a lamp. In this circuit there
must be a switch (if single pole) must be situated in the phase conductor.

Figure 2 showing a one way circuit wiring

Two way lighting circuit

A two-way switch is very useful in stair case lighting

In this circuit, the switches can have two positions, either of which can light the lamp.
Suppose switch A is in the upper position, and switch B in the lower position as illustrated,
there is no circuit, so the lamp is out

6
 (Britanicca, n.d.)

Figure 3 showing a 3 way circuit wiring

2.1.1.2 METHODS OF WIRING

Joint box method

For lights independently controlled the circuit would be as illustrated

Joint box showing phase, neutral and circuit protective conductor (c.p.c)

Switch connected showing switch feed and switch wire and c.p.c(or Earth)

Light connected showing switch wire and neutral and c.p.c (Earth)

Figure 4 showing joint box wiring method

7
Loop-in method

The most common system of wiring final sub-circuits is loop-in system where all connections
are made at the electrical accessories.

For simplicity all wiring diagrams have to show the basic circuit wiring necessary for the
circuit.
2.1.1.3 POWER CIRCUITS
SOCKET OUTLET CIRCUITS
Standard circuit arrangements
TYPES OF CIRCUITS
 Ring circuits
 Radial circuits

THE RING CIRCUIT

In this system the phase, neutral and circuit protective conductors are connected to their
respective terminals at the consumer unit and loop into each socket in turn; and then return to
their consumer unit terminals, forming a ring (NELMS J. I., 2008)

Figure 5 showing the Ring circuit

APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

Applications

 Most applicable in domestic installations

Limitations:

 Limited to area not beyond 10 square meters

 Protected by 30A circuit breaker.

8
  The floor area served by a single 30A ring circuit must not exceed 100 square meters
in domestic installations.

RADIAL CIRCUIT
Radial circuits also make use of 13A sockets but the circuit is not wired in the form of a ring.

Where immersion heaters are installed in storage tanks with a capacity in excess of 15litres or
a comprehensive space heating installation is to be installed, for example, electric fires or
storage radiators, separate circuits should be provided for each heater. (Bircham, 1994)

APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

 Used in cooker circuits

 Used in water storage heater circuits

Limitations

The floor area served by the socket outlets may be limited to either 20 or 50 square meters.

2.1.1.4 CABLE, CONDUIT AND TRUNKING.

The number of cables which may be drawn in or laid in any enclosure or wiring system is
covered by IEE Regulation 522-08. The number of cables must be such that no damage can
occur to the cables or the enclosure during installation, maintenance or use.

The sum of the terms of cables which are to be run in the same enclosure is the compared
with the term given in the tables for different sizes and routes of conduit or trucking.

The minimum size of conduit or trucking to accommodate the cables can be determined from
the appropriate table.

CONDUIT WIRING
This refers to the conduit enclosed wiring.

Types of conduit wiring:

Half conduit wiring:
This is characterized by drawn through conduits installed beneath the wall surfaces and
exposed cables running along the roof support bars.

In addition, conduits are installed in the ceiling. From the ceiling all final circuits are drawn.
Most junction boxes in such an installation are in the ceiling.

9
Few or no inspection boxes are found where half conduit wiring is used. In case of a fault in
the installation, the ceiling is one of the areas that are examined. It is a common and cheap
system of wiring.

Full conduit wiring.

Under this type of wiring all cables are drawn through conduits consumer unit to termination.

Conduits are also located in walls. Quite many inspection boxes are included. No wires are
exposed. (Bircham, Electrical Installation Notes, 1994)

Surface conduit work:

Here drilling and installing wall clips is done to support the PVC conduits on the wall.

At corners flexible conduits are employed. The extra switches and sockets are mounted using
plastic mold boxes

Types of conduits.
Conduits are categorized according to the tasks they are to be used for and the materials from
which they are made.

Flexible metallic conduits.

They are usually used to terminate conduit electrical machinery, in situations where there is
likely to be movement or where high temperatures are likely to be experienced. Such
conduits are made from pressed steel spiral

Nonmetallic conduit.

They are made of PVC

Accessories are bends, adaptable boxes, saddles, base plates, circular boxes and couplers

Preparing a conduit.

To perform a clean job, conduits are carefully prepared in the following ways.

Measuring or estimating length: using measuring instruments such as a tape measure, correct
lengths required are determined.

Cutting: having measured or estimated desired length, using suitable tools conduits are cut to
these sizes. Cutting tools like the hacksaw with fine tooth blade are used.

10
Drawing cables into a conduit system

The steel or draw tape is commonly used. It consists of a spring steel with a ball point at one
end and a closed loop at the other end. It is used for actual draw-in wire

Wall plugs: These are electrical receptables in walls. They can be plastic or metallic

Figure 6 showing a metallic mould box

(MK)

Junction boxes - These are used to provide open points in the ceiling for termination of lights.

Figure 7 Showing a Junction

Box

Their size is specified using internal diameter of their arms, showing the sizes of conduits that
can fit inside them as in the case of bends and coupler

Draw tape/drawing tape

11
 Figure 8 Showing a Drawing Tape
2.1.1.5 WALL CHASING.
This refers to the act of making grooves in the wall to provide for conduit passage during
conduit wiring. The grooves are cut following the drawing done by the qualified engineer.
Supervisors interpret these drawings and therefore give relevant instructions to ensure
accuracy.

There are two means by which wall chasing is performed:

Using hand cutting tools: in this method, a hammer and a chisel are used. With the hammer
hit on the head of the chisel grooves are created along the surface of the walls.

Using a drilling machine: this is specifically designed, electrically run machine whose
purpose is to make holes in surfaces like rocks, metal, concrete among others. The wall
chasing process is made less tedious and faster.

2.1.2 MAINTENANCE
This is the process of ensuring that electrical components/ equipment’s are
kept in good working order

It includes inspecting, testing and repairing of electrical components as

necessary to prevent problems that could lead to loss of power or an
electrical fire

2.1.2.1 HIERARCHY OF MAINTENANCE

Corrective maintenance: It involves the replacement or repair of equipment
after it fails
Preventive maintenance: This refers to a program of regular inspection and
service of equipment to detect potential problems and take proper corrective
measures through the approved work process controls

12
Risk-based maintenance: Prioritizes maintenance resources towards assets that
carry the most risk if they were to fail
Condition-based maintenance (CBM): This is a maintenance strategy
that monitor the actual condition of an electrical component to decide what
maintenance must be done (scienceDirect, n.d.)

Current capacity (in Amps) Area (in square mm)

11 1

13 1.5

18 2.5

24 4

31 6

42 10

56 16

73 25

90 35

145 50

185 70

230 95

(images, n.d.)
Table 1: showing the cable sizes and their ratings

13
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 EARTHING

3.1.1 COMPONENTS OF EARTHING AND BONDING SYSTEM

The components of the earthing and bonding systems are
Earth electrode, earth enhancement material, earth pits, equipotential earth bus bar,
connecting cables and tape/strip and other associated accessories
NOTE
The earth electrode should be made of high tensile low carbon steel circular rod, molecularly
bonded with copper on the outer surface to meet the laboratory requirements. This copper
bonded steel is preferred due to its overall combination of strength, corrosion resistance, low
resistance path to earth and cost effectiveness
Copper bonding is also required to improve the conductivity
These various components should be from a single manufacturer. This ensures quality
products and service from the vendor and it inhibits the supply of any non- approved material
Procedure
According to the site soil resistivity, 5 holes had to be excavated of about 100mm to 125mm
and a depth 0f about 2.8 meters

Construction of a unit earth pit

The earth electrode (earth mat bonded to the earth rod) is placed into the hole
The earth electrode is penetrated into the soil by gently driving on the top of the rod. 150mm
of the electrode is inserted in the natural soil
Earth enhancement material is filled into the dug hole in a slurry form and allowed to set.
After the material gets set, the diameter of the composite is 100mm minimum covering the
entire length of the hole
A copper strip of 300mmx26mmx6mm is exothermically welded to man earth electrode for
taking the connection to the main equipotential bus bar in the equipment room and to the
other earth pits
NOTE
Exothermic weld material should be tested as per provisions of IEEE 837 by NAB/ILAC
member labs.

14
The main earth pit should be located as near to the equipotential earth bus bar in the
equipment room as possible

Figure 9 Showing a Constructed unit earth pit

Construction of a loop earth providing multiple earth pits
At the site location due to the surveys taken it wouldn’t have been possible to achieve an
earth resistance in the range 1-10ohms with one earth electrode/pit due to the higher soil
resistivity
In such a scenario we had to provide more than one earth pits
The number of earth pits were decided based on the resistance we had obtained for the
previously constructed earth pit
The procedure above was repeated for the rest of the 4 earth pits
The distance between the earth pits is maintained to a minimum of 3 meters
These earth pits are linked using 25x3 mm copper tape or we can use 8mm round solid
copper conductor to form a loop using exothermic welding technique
The interconnecting conductor is buried at a depth not less than 50cm below the ground level.
The interconnecting is also covered with approximately 10kg of earth enhancing compound
NOTE
Exothermic welding is preferred for earthing connections and bonding because of
maintainability, non-corrosiveness, and low contact resistance in comparison to the use of
nuts and bolts
Though at some points for example at the copper angle flat portion, instead of exothermic
welding, these are connected with the help of nuts and bolts

15
 Figure 10 Showing the Excavation of the Loop

3.1.2 EARTH TEST

After connecting all circuits to the different earth points, we carried out an earth test
We hammered two iron rods close to the reference grounds.
The auxiliary electrodes were driven to a reasonably good depth into the ground
The pointer was set to zero
We made sure that the resistance areas of the earth electrodes didn’t overlap and the test leads
not crossing each other
Reading from the meter we recorded the resistances at different points

Figure 11 Showing the Connection of a reference earth

point to the megger tester

16
 Figure 13 Showing the Second test point hammered in the ground Connected to the
megger tester

Note: Recommended results must be less

than 8 ohms

Figure 14 Showing the Test results

TEST RESULTS
TEST 1 TEST 2 TEST 3
5 4 0.4
Table 2: showing the earth test results

EXPLANATION
According to the IEEE standards the acceptable Earth resistance ranges from 1-10 ohms
For achieving this value more than one earth pits can be installed if necessary, depending
upon the soil resistivity
In places where space is not available to provide parallel earth pits then longer earth rods
maybe provided. These earth rods are connected with a suitable anticorrosive copper coupler
(Reasoned document, 2019)
IMPORTANCE OF MATERIALS USED

17
Sand: This adds porosity to the soil mixture around the earth rod
Sodium chloride (SALT): This lowers the soil’s resistance. It’s of importance that the earth’s
resistance that we make it as small as possible
Charcoal: this keeps the soil cold. It’s of importance that the earth’s pit remains cold
Each point of lightening arrestors was connected to two different earth pits

3.2 WALL CHASING ON THE LAST FLOOR

Along the walls we made points of socket installation of about 250mm from
finished floor level

Using double metallic MK boxes, we sketched their outlines at the desired

points. This was done for all points along the floor
The marked points for DB, switches and sockets were chiseled to make
depressions and slightly wider than the outlines made. Channels were made to
create room for connecting the switch and sockets to the DB via conduits.
Sand-cement paste was made and the depressions for DBs and MK boxes filled.
They were then inserted in the fresh paste in the wall at their respective points
until fully immersed in the wall and levelled horizontally and vertically
The paste that was blocking the channels’ perforations was removed and the
surrounding paste was smoothed out to match the level of the wall.

3.3 WIRING OF LIGHTS, SOCKETS, MCCB, AND DISTRIBUTION BOARDS

Objective
 To provide power outlets at the socket points
 To provide conduction paths for connecting switching points to the lights
 To connect all circuits to the main distribution boards
 To supply building mains with power from the meter next to the electric poles
 To provide an alternative path for fault current to the ground

Tools and materials

Tools
Draw tape/ drawing tape, pair of pliers, ladders, hand hoe, pick axe, spade, electric concrete
drill, concrete chisel, 3- pound hammer
Materials
120mm four core wire, 25mm, 4mm and 2mm single cores, pliers, tester, flexible pipes

18
3.3.1 CLEARING PATH WAYS
PROCEDURE
Papers used for padding junction boxes and adapter boxes during conduit laying phase were
removed
The head of a wireman snake was inserted into the arm of the first JB connected to the
conduit and continuously pushed into concrete path ways at a suitable angle to the ceiling
In case of any blockages met, it was flushed with water using a horse pipe inserted at the
nearest JB entry until a water mark is seen at the ceiling. This point was chiselled open to
clear the path
If the passage was blocked from the junction box, it was chiselled to open and the padding
removed
The draw tape/ drawing tape was inserted to ensure continuity between the different junction
boxes and MKs
A binding wire was bound to the end of the drawing tape and pulled into the clear conduit
pathways continuously until the end of the given circuit

3.3.2 INSTALLATION OF 4-POLE MCCB

Figure 15 Showing a 4-Pole MCCB

PROCEDURE
We used a surface mount type of the distribution board
Using a drilling machine and screws we fixed the DB box on the wall
The Box had entry points on the bottom to allow the passage of feeder cables and entry points
at the bottom for the passage of sub-distribution cables
Onto the DN rail in the DB box we fixed a 4-pole MCCB (300A)
Using cutters and pliers we stripped the 3-phase wires (feeder cables) of 120mm onto which
we attached plugs
Using plugging tool, the plugs were tightly held onto the feeder cables
Using the down entry points the feeder cables were terminated from the 4-pole MCCB

19
The green cables were connected to the earth bench fixed in the Box

Figure 16 Testing after the installation of the 4-Pole MCCB

Figure 17 showing an already installed 4-Pole MCCB

ADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE WIRING

20
It provides greater power density than a single circuit at the same amperage hence keeping
wiring size and costs lower
Three phase circuits make it easier to balance loads, minimising harmonic currents and the
need for the large neutral wires
Three phase transformers are light in weight and smaller in size than single-phase
transformers which means they use less space
Three phase systems provide constant power

Figure 18 Illustration of a 3-phase wiring

3.3.3 INSTALLATION OF THE CONTROL PANNEL AND SUB DISTRIBUTION

BOARDS
PROCEDURE
Using a plugging tool, we connected plugs feeder electrical wires from the 4-pole (120mm)
These were terminated from an already designed control panel (4 pole MCCB (200A), 10OA
MCBs and copper bars for the connection of the neutral and the earth wire)

21
 Figure 19 a Control Panel

Figure 20 Tightening screws in the control Panel

From the control panel we connected 3- phases (25mm) terminated from the already designed
sub-distribution boards (same design as the control panel)
Each sub-distribution board contained (one 100a MCB and 63A MCBs)

Figure 21 Showing a Sub distribution Board

22
 Figure 22 Showing an Installed Sub distribution Board

3.3.4 LOOPING IN WIRES

Red, green- yellow and black 2.5mm core were stripped at their ends and bound to the free
end of the binding wire at the first junction box
From the nearest junction box, the cables were pulled into the conduit path ways from the
free loop of the binding wire until they reach the junction box
This was done to different junction boxes leaving behind above 20cm of the cables
protruding at each junction box and > 20cm in the switch mould box,
This this was repeated for all lighting circuits and in socket circuits a fee loop of wire was left
a free loop of wire was left at socket MK

Figure 23 Looping Sockets and Light Cables through the Junction Boxes

3.4 TERMINATIONS AND FITTINGS OF LIGHTS AND SOCKETS

Objectives
To provide switching points for the lights
To add protective equipment’s such as MCBs
To connect sockets at designated points of power provision
To make good finishes by sealing DB, junction and adapter box openings

23
3.4.1 INSTALLATION OF LIGHTS
Type of connection
The lights of the shops were connected in series controlled by one switch
ADVANTAGES OF SERIES CONNECTION
Series connection do not over heat easily
It minimises the amount of materials used
It makes components very dependent on other components
Procedure
A lamp holder (ceiling rolls) was placed on the ceiling with the junction box centrally located
and marks for fastening it made. These are drilled and plugged with wall plug
The lamp holder was then fastened in the place using screws
In the case of tubes, column width and tube holders are measured and marks made and drilled
at its start and end for fixing the holder such that it was perfectly centred between the walls
Using chalk line held at the start and end of the column a line is drawn on either side of the
line of the junction boxes to ease alignment of the tube.
Holes were drilled at the junction box points along the lines for fastening holders
Holes were drilled centrally in circular covers were black, red and green loops of wires are
passed through them at each junction box point. The holder was then fastened onto the ceiling
Red and black loops were partially stripped, fixed and fastened in the lamp holders

Figure 24 Installation of Ceiling rolls

3.4.1.1 SWITCHES:
Wires from the junction box to the MK box were stripped to a reasonable length using pliers.

The live was terminated in common hole on the switch and load wire (phase) in the hole
marked L1 on the switch. Screw drivers were used to make these connections firm.

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The earth wire was connected to the earthing point in the MK box.

Using screw drivers and screws, the switch was fixed on the wall.

Figure 25 Showing a Three gang switch completely wired

3.4.2 INSTALLATION OF SOCKETS

Procedure

Wires from the junction box to the MK box were stripped to a reasonable length using a wire
stripper or pliers.

The live (phase), neutral and earth wires were fixed in the points marked L, N, E respectively
on the socket.

3.4.3 INSTALLATION OF METERS

3.4.3.1 MOUNTING
Types of Mounting
Energy meters can be mounted in two ways

Using standard 35mm DIN rail

DIN RAIL MOUNTING

Attach mounting clips to the underside of the energy meter by sliding them into the slots from
the inside

Snap the clips onto the DIN rail

To prevent horizontal shifting across the DIN rail, we use two avo2 end stop clips

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SCREW MOUNTING

Attach the mounting clips to the underside of the energy meter by sliding them into the slots
from the outside

The screw holes must be exposed on the outside of the housing

Use tree screws to mount the energy meter to the inside of the enclosure

3.4.3.2 IDENTIFYING SUBMETER REQUIREMENTS

Once the technician has designed the system, they identify the requirements that will impact
sub meter selection

There are a few factors to consider:

The Utility: Each utility requires different types of sub meter

The environment: Outdoor meters need to be able to handle tougher conditions than indoor
meters

Meter size: The meter needs to align with size of the plumbing it will be installed on

Fixture unit demand: The amount of demand you’re asking of your lines. This will also affect
the meter size

PROCEDURE
With the circuit breakers switched off we located and recorded the CT number on the back of
the meter

Each sub metered room needed its own circuit connected from a separate circuit breaker on
the main distribution board

The sub meter was protected with an RCD and overload protection

We connected the live in and live out and neutral in and neutral out in their respective
positions

We made sure that connections are secure and replaced the anti-tamper cover

We secured the cover with a unique seal

The main purpose of sub meter installation is to regulate power supply to the room’s sub
distribution. The sub distribution board powers the circuit in the apartment

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 Figure 26 Showing Installed meters on the Sub Distribution Board
3.4.3.3 BENEFITS OF SUBMETERING
Accurate billing based on usage; with sub metering the landlords are able to bill back utilities
to their residents based on their actual usage

Better cost recovery and return on investments

Better system design

Lower installation costs

3.4.3.4 CONCLUSION ABOUT SUB-METERING

Planning out your new sub metering system from the start sets up an accurate utility billing
and full cost recovery for the life time of the building

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY AND PROCEDURES

4.1.1OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE

The purpose of this policy is to ensure that procedures are in place to identify and manage
health, safety and environmental issues specifically related to the demolition and renovation
of minor projects.

The responsibilities of contractors are to ensure that construction strategies are in place that
will minimize inconvenience, unnecessary disruption of work and unexpected costs

This policy applies to work performed in existing buildings, new constructions in existing
buildings or new constructions attached to existing buildings

4.1.2 EHS PROCEDURES TAKEN AT THE SITE

Since the contractor is supposed to take all the practical measure to prevent fire outbreak, fire
alarm systems were installed in the building by the public were placed

Proper arrangements were made to avoid disruption of work by nuisance alarms

The contractor roped off the areas of construction and signs to restrict access

(Enviromental Health and Safety Policy and Procedure#20)

4.2 SKILLS ACQUIRED

I learnt

 How to use different kinds of tools used in electrical wiring and electrical Engineering
in general.

 The important steps taken during maintenance and troubleshooting of circuits
 Wiring the distribution board using the circuit breakers
 Formation of circuits, drawing wires
 The risk management skills
 How to work with live circuits

I gained interpersonal skills

I improved on my communication skills

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 OBSERVATIONS AND CHALLENGES

 Inadequate material on site hindered continuity of work
 Securing internship placements was difficult
 Site accidents like ladder sliding
 Small working environment
 Loss of personal tools
 High expenses in transport since site were far from the places of residence

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
TO THE UNIVERSITY
To encourage students to fully and uninterruptedly dedicate themselves to IT, I would like to
suggest that industrial training should take place for a minimum of two months during the
semester holiday breaks
As preparation for industrial training, I also advise the university to go on the ground and
assist the students in obtaining internship placements by forming alliances with various
engineering firms
TO SPAN CONTRACTORS LIMITED
I would advise SPAN CONTRACTORS LIMITED to keep hiring interns from a variety of
academic backgrounds so that their business can continue to flourish as a result of the
knowledge that they impart to the young brains of the interns

5.3 CONCLUSION
A crucial component of an engineer’s professional development and career growth is
industrial training. IT has helped me in my quest to become an electrical engineer during the
4 weeks I had
The industrial training provided a platform for comparison and reverse engineering to
illustrate a point, which helped me to clear up a lot of doubts and ambiguities I had
concerning house hold and industrial installations
I have gained greater expertise in performing home and industrial installations.
Industrial training has taught me the true meaning of work which is practical work with a
flexible future

29
 REFERENCES
i. BASIC ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS2008New York
ii. BASIC ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS2008New york
iii. Britanicca
iv. Britannica
v. britannicaBitannica
vi. Classfication of Electrical wires
vii. definition of industrial training
viii. Electrical Installation Notes1994UKConstruction Industry Training Board
ix. Electrical Installation Notes1994uk
x. Electrical Installation Notes1994UK
xi. Enviromental Health and Safety Policy and Procedure#20ehs20-contractors-minor3
xii. images
xiii. 2019Reasoned documentIndia
xiv. scienceDirect
xv. System of Electrical Wiring
xvi. The Spruce
xvii. UBTEBIndustrial training

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