Syllabus

Cambridge International AS & A Level

Thinking Skills 9694
For examination in June and November 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Version 2
Why choose Cambridge?

Cambridge International prepares school students for life, helping them develop an informed curiosity and a lasting
passion for learning. We are part of the University of Cambridge.

Our Cambridge Pathway gives students a clear path for educational success from age 5 to 19. Schools can shape
the curriculum around how they want students to learn – with a wide range of subjects and flexible ways to offer
them. It helps students discover new abilities and a wider world, and gives them the skills they need for life, so they
can achieve at school, university and work.

Our programmes and qualifications set the global standard for international education. They are created by subject
experts, rooted in academic rigour and reflect the latest educational research. They provide a strong platform for
students to progress from one stage to the next, and are well supported by teaching and learning resources.

We review all our syllabuses regularly, so they reflect the latest research evidence and professional teaching
practice – and take account of the different national contexts in which they are taught.

We consult with teachers to help us design each syllabus around the needs of their learners. Consulting with
leading universities has helped us make sure our syllabuses encourage students to master the key concepts in the
subject and develop the skills necessary for success in higher education.

Our mission is to provide educational benefit through provision of international programmes and qualifications for
school education and to be the world leader in this field. Together with schools, we develop Cambridge learners
who are confident, responsible, reflective, innovative and engaged – equipped for success in the modern world.

Every year, nearly a million Cambridge students from 10 000 schools in 160 countries prepare for their future with
the Cambridge Pathway.

‘We think the Cambridge curriculum is superb preparation for university.’

Christoph Guttentag, Dean of Undergraduate Admissions, Duke University, USA

Quality management
Cambridge International is committed to providing exceptional quality. In line with this commitment, our
quality management system for the provision of international qualifications and education programmes for
students aged 5 to 19 is independently certified as meeting the internationally recognised standard,
ISO 9001:2015. Learn more at www.cambridgeinternational.org/ISO9001

Copyright © UCLES September 2020

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of
the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
UCLES retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use. However, we cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for
internal use within a centre.
Contents

1  Why choose this syllabus? ................................................................................................................2

2  Syllabus overview ...............................................................................................................................5

Aims 5
Content overview 6
Assessment overview 7
Assessment objectives 8

3  Subject content ....................................................................................................................................9

Problem Solving 9
Critical Thinking 12

4  Details of the assessment ...............................................................................................................17

Calculators 17
Language 17
Stimulus Material 17
Paper 1 – Problem Solving 17
Paper 2 – Critical Thinking 18
Paper 3 – Problem Analysis and Solution 18
Paper 4 – Applied Reasoning 19
Command words 20

5  What else you need to know ..........................................................................................................21

Before you start 21
Making entries 22
After the exam 23
How students, teachers and higher education can use the grades 24
Changes to this syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025 25

Important: Changes to this syllabus

The latest syllabus is version 2, published October 2022. For information about changes to this syllabus go to
page 25.
Any textbooks endorsed to support the syllabus for examination from 2020 are still suitable for use with this
syllabus.
Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

1  Why choose this syllabus?

Key benefits
The best motivation for a student is a real passion for the subject
they’re learning. By offering students a variety of Cambridge
International AS & A Levels, you can give them the greatest chance
of finding the path of education they most want to follow. With
over 50 subjects to choose from, students can select the ones
they love and that they’re best at, which helps motivate them
throughout their studies.

Following a Cambridge International AS & A Level programme

helps students develop abilities which universities value highly,
including:
• a deep understanding of their subjects
• higher order thinking skills – analysis, critical thinking,
problem solving
• presenting ordered and coherent arguments
• independent learning and research.

Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills develops a set of transferable skills. These include
critical thinking, reasoning and problem solving. Learners can apply these skills across a wide range of subjects
and complex real world issues. These transferable skills equip students well for progression to higher education
or directly into employment.

Our approach in Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills encourages learners to be:

confident, using intellectual tools to analyse unfamiliar problems

responsible, independently evaluating arguments and possible solutions to problems, and justifying their reasoning

reflective, carefully considering various possible perspectives of an argument, and the diverse ways that a problem
may be solved

innovative, formulating further arguments based on unfamiliar source materials and devising problem-solving
strategies

engaged, using strategies and techniques for managing unfamiliar information and contextualised problems.

‘Cambridge students develop a deep understanding of subjects and independent thinking skills.’
Tony Hines, Principal, Rockledge High School, USA

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Why choose this syllabus?

International recognition and acceptance

Our expertise in curriculum, teaching and learning, and assessment is the basis for the recognition of our
programmes and qualifications around the world. Every year thousands of students with Cambridge International
AS & A Levels gain places at leading universities worldwide. Our programmes and qualifications are valued by top
universities around the world including those in the UK, US (including Ivy League universities), Europe, Australia,
Canada and New Zealand.

UK NARIC, the national agency in the UK for the recognition and comparison of international qualifications and
skills, has carried out an independent benchmarking study of Cambridge International AS & A Level and found it to
be comparable to the standard of AS & A Level in the UK. This means students can be confident that their Cambridge
International AS & A Level qualifications are accepted as equivalent, grade for grade, to UK AS & A Levels by leading
universities worldwide.

Cambridge International AS Level Thinking Skills makes up the first half of the Cambridge International A Level
course in Thinking Skills and provides a foundation for the study of Thinking Skills at Cambridge International
A Level.

Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills helps to provide transferable skills which support further
subject specific study. It is suitable for candidates intending to enter employment or further study, or as a part of a
course of general education.

For more information about the relationship between the Cambridge International AS Level and Cambridge
International A Level see the ‘Assessment overview’ section of the Syllabus overview.

We recommend learners check the Cambridge recognition database and university websites to find the most
up-to-date entry requirements for courses they wish to study.

Learn more at www.cambridgeinternational.org/recognition

‘The depth of knowledge displayed by the best A Level students makes them prime targets for
America’s Ivy League universities’
Yale University, USA

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Why choose this syllabus?

Supporting teachers
We provide a wide range of resources, detailed guidance and innovative training and professional development so
that you can give your students the best possible preparation for Cambridge International AS & A Level. To find out
which resources are available for each syllabus go to our School Support Hub.

The School Support Hub is our secure online site for Cambridge teachers where you can find the resources you need
to deliver our programmes. You can also keep up to date with your subject and the global Cambridge community
through our online discussion forums.

Find out more at www.cambridgeinternational.org/support

Planning and preparation Teaching and assessment

•  Next step guides •  Endorsed resources
•  Schemes of work •  Online forums
•  Specimen papers •  Support for coursework and speaking tests
• Syllabuses
•  Teacher guides Support
for Cambridge
International
Learning and revision AS & A Level  Results
•  Example candidate responses •  Candidate Results Service
•  Learner guides •  Principal examiner reports for teachers
•  Past papers and mark schemes •  Results Analysis
•  Specimen paper answers

Sign up for email notifications about changes to syllabuses, including new and revised products and services at
www.cambridgeinternational.org/syllabusupdates

Professional development
We support teachers through:
• Introductory Training – face-to-face or online
• Extension Training – face-to-face or online
• Enrichment Professional Development – face-to-face or online
Find out more at www.cambridgeinternational.org/events

• Cambridge Professional Development Qualifications

Find out more at www.cambridgeinternational.org/profdev

Supporting exams officers

We provide comprehensive support and guidance for all Cambridge exams officers. Find out more at:
www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

2  Syllabus overview

Aims
The aims describe the purposes of a course based on this syllabus.

The aims are to enable students to develop:

• a facility for independent thinking in the real world
• the ability to organise and evaluate different types of information
• the ability to create strategies for solving unfamiliar problems
• the ability to present logical, ordered and coherent arguments
• a facility for making well-reasoned judgements and decisions
• a transferable set of critical thinking, reasoning and problem-solving skills which are essential for success in
higher education and employment.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is an education organisation and politically neutral.

The contents of this syllabus, examination papers and associated materials do not endorse any political
view. We endeavour to treat all aspects of the exam process neutrally.

‘Cambridge International AS & A Levels prepare students well for university because they’ve
learnt to go into a subject in considerable depth. There’s that ability to really understand the
depth and richness and the detail of a subject. It’s a wonderful preparation for what they are
going to face at university.’
US Higher Education Advisory Council

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Syllabus overview

Content overview
The Thinking Skills subject content is divided into two parts, Problem Solving and Critical Thinking. The subject
content is the same for AS & A Level. The difference between AS Level and A Level is determined by the demand of
the assessment tasks.

Problem Solving
The Problem Solving content is presented in four areas:
• Organise information
• Process information
• Analyse data
• Consider wider problems.

Problem Solving is about making use of the information available to deduce further information, draw conclusions
and make choices and decisions. Very often problems will involve numerical information, but problem solving is
not a test of mathematics. Only basic numeracy is expected, although these numeracy skills are a vital part of
the toolkit for solving many problems. Confidence in working with numerical information and performing mental
arithmetic is therefore important for developing efficient problem-solving skills, but the focus of the syllabus is to
develop the problem-solving skills themselves.

Students are expected to have basic numeracy skills, including understanding of percentages, ratio and proportion.
They should also understand the simple statistical measures of mean, median and mode, and be able to represent
the chances of something happening in precise numerical terms (i.e. as a fraction, decimal or percentage). Simple
algebraic skills can be a very powerful tool for problem solving, particularly for more complex problems. These
skills include the ability to represent and manipulate information, and relationships between pieces of information,
concisely and efficiently. However, these algebraic skills will never be assessed directly; the focus of the syllabus is
on developing the student’s ability to make valid problem-solving insights and deductions, whether they make use
of these tools or not.

Critical Thinking
The Critical Thinking content is presented in four areas:
• Evaluate and use evidence
• Analyse reasoning
• Evaluate reasoning
• Construct reasoning.

Critical Thinking is about judging the value or usefulness of evidence, and understanding how sound arguments are
constructed. Students will encounter a broad variety of topics, often reflecting real-world situations or subjects
of debate. Although a student’s own thinking about a topic sometimes makes a valuable contribution to their
critical thinking – for example, when constructing an argument – knowledge of the topics themselves will never be
assessed directly.

As in the real world, some topics may be controversial, and students may have pre-existing feelings about them.
However, the focus of the syllabus is on the student’s ability to demonstrate the critical thinking skills, and not on
whether one point of view is morally superior to another. Students should develop the skills to accurately judge
evidence and argument by the relevant criteria, draw logical conclusions and suggest plausible explanations, and
construct persuasive arguments with clear structure that make valid use of the evidence available.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Syllabus overview

Assessment overview
Paper 1 Paper 3

Problem Solving 1 hour 30 minutes Problem Analysis and Solution 2 hours

50 marks 50 marks
Compulsory questions based on a variety of Four compulsory questions, each based on a
scenarios. scenario.
Assesses Problem Solving subject content. Assesses Problem Solving subject content.
Externally assessed Externally assessed
50% of the AS Level 25% of the A Level
25% of the A Level

Paper 2 Paper 4

Critical Thinking 1 hour 45 minutes Applied Reasoning 1 hour 45 minutes

50 marks 50 marks
Five compulsory questions based on multiple Four compulsory questions based on multiple
sources of evidence. documents.
Assesses Critical Thinking subject content. Assesses Critical Thinking subject content.
Externally assessed Externally assessed
50% of the AS Level 25% of the A Level
25% of the A Level

There are three routes for Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills:
Route Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4

1 AS Level only
(Candidates take all AS components  
in the same series)

2 A Level (staged over two years)

Year 1 AS Level  

Year 2 Complete the A Level  

3 A Level
(Candidates take all components in    
the same examination series)

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Syllabus overview

Assessment objectives
The assessment objectives (AOs) are:
AO1
Understand information and the relationships between different pieces of information.

AO2
Evaluate or process information in order to draw conclusions

AO3
Suggest explanations, construct reasoned arguments and devise methods for solving problems.

Weighting for assessment objectives

The approximate weightings allocated to each of the assessment objectives (AOs) are summarised below.

Assessment objectives as an approximate percentage of each component

Assessment objective Weighting in components %
Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4
AO1 30 30 20 20
AO2 40 40 40 40
AO3 30 30 40 40

Assessment objectives as an approximate percentage of each qualification

Assessment objective Weighting in AS Level % Weighting in A Level %

AO1 30 25
AO2 40 40
AO3 30 35

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

3  Subject content

This syllabus gives you the flexibility to design a course that will interest, challenge and engage your learners.
Where appropriate you are responsible for selecting resources and examples to support your learners’ study. These
should be appropriate for the learners’ age, cultural background and learning context as well as complying with
your school policies and local legal requirements.

Candidates for both AS Level and A Level should study all the Problem Solving and Critical Thinking subject
content.

Problem Solving
Candidates are expected to use these skills in Paper 1 Problem Solving and Paper 3 Problem Analysis and Solution.

1 Organise information
1.1 Understand information in the various forms in which it is presented
Candidates should be able to:
• Understand information presented as text, tables
and diagrams
• Extract the information that is relevant to the
problem to be solved
• Extract data from related data sets that can be
combined in the solution of a problem

1.2 Understand the logical relationships between pieces of information

Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Understand descriptions of simple models • Simple models may be described as:
– instructions for calculations based on
the value of some parameter, such as the
distance to be travelled. The calculation to be
performed may vary when the value of the
parameter moves past a threshold value.
– rules that should be followed, such as the
ways in which traffic moves through a
junction.
• Identify necessary and sufficient conditions
• Given a summary of some processed data,
deduce some information about the original data

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

2 Process information
2.1 Perform appropriate operations with information
Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Use one or more items of information The operations may involve performing some
appropriately to solve a given problem calculations. The operations to be performed may be
obvious, such as when calculating the total price of a
basket of shopping from the individual prices, or may
need to be deduced, such as when working out the
amount of time that needs to be allowed for a set of
events to take place.
• Apply a model to a given situation Models may take a variety of forms, including
calculations to be made based on a set of input data
and simulations of events taking place over a period
of time.

2.2 Identify cases that satisfy given criteria

Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Search through all possible solutions to a There may be only one possible solution that satisfies
problem to identify those which satisfy given all the criteria or there may be a set that needs to be
criteria listed. In some cases it may be required to know the
number of solutions that satisfy the criteria.
• Identify criteria that have not been met in a In problems that have been defined with a set of
proposed solution criteria, possible solutions need to be checked against
each of the criteria to confirm that they are all met.

2.3 Make appropriate deductions

Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Draw conclusions based on the information Use pieces of information and the relationships
available that exist between them to determine new pieces
of information. This could involve considering rules
about the way in which numbers can be placed within
a specified pattern or taking some examples of a
given situation and working out a further case.
Given a situation with a range of options available,
consider the consequences of the different actions
that could be taken and deduce which one gives the
best outcomes.
Given a set of numerical information, make
inferences about the reasons why the data follows
particular patterns.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

3 Analyse data
3.1 Transform data
Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Recognise alternative representations of a set of Identify equivalent representations of data such as
information a pie chart that represents the same data as a bar
chart.
Identify relationships between features of an object,
such as identical shapes in opposite corners of a tile
so that copies of the same object can be identified
after rotations or other transformations.
• Identify features of a model based on different For example, from a graph representing a model,
types of representation interpret the gradient appropriately in the context of
the model.

3.2 Explain trends in data

Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Suggest possible explanations for trends in a set Including explanations for changes in the trend that
of data occur at a particular point.
• Fit a model to the information available Given the structure of a model, deduce the values
for one or more of the parameters so that the model
fits the information that is available. For example,
in a situation where the prices for a number of taxi
journeys are available this could involve deducing the
price charged per kilometre travelled.

4 Consider wider problems

4.1 Identify the impact of a change to a problem
Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Consider the implications of a change to the Having solved a problem such as setting the
scenario in which a problem is set timings at which a series of performances might
take place, consider whether changes that could
affect attendance such as a road closure increasing
travelling times might require an adjustment to the
solution found.

4.2 Develop a model

Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Identify features of the situation being modelled Given a model and some information that does not
which need to be included follow the model precisely, identify features that
should be included in the model to give a better
representation.
• Adjust a model to incorporate additional features Having identified features that need to be included
within a model, consider the different ways in which
these features could be incorporated into the model
and assess them against the information that is
available.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

Critical Thinking
Candidates are expected to use these skills in Paper 2 Critical Thinking and Paper 4 Applied Reasoning.

5 Evaluate and use evidence

5.1 Evaluate evidence
Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Assess credibility of evidence
– Reliability The credibility of evidence is affected by the
reliability of its source:
– reputation
– ability to see (hear, etc.)
– vested interest (e.g. to lie, to exaggerate, to
select evidence)
– expertise
– neutrality/bias (may refer to selection of
evidence).
– Plausibility The intrinsic likelihood of the content of a claim to be
true, irrespective of the reliability of its source.
– Corroboration and consistency Two pieces of evidence may:
– corroborate one another (in which case each
makes the other more likely to be true)
– be consistent with one another (in which case
they can both be true)
– be inconsistent with one another (in which case
they cannot both be true).
• Assess representativeness of evidence
– Number Samples are by definition smaller than the
population, but some samples are too small to be the
basis for a valid conclusion.
– Selectivity The method of selection may influence results: for
example, if the sample is self-selected, it is likely to
consist only of those who feel relatively strongly
about the subject; if the selection is random, it
may be unintentionally limited, e.g. to people who
are available during the working day, or who have
internet access; if participants are paid, they may be
inclined to give the answers they think the researcher
wants.
– Representativeness compared to the claim Representativeness could be affected if the sample
being made shares a characteristic which does not apply to other
members of the population and if that characteristic
could plausibly influence the results, e.g. gender, age,
occupation.
– Assess presentation of data Various aspects of the mode of presentation may
misrepresent the statistics, e.g. the range of values
on the y-axis of a graph, irregular intervals on x- or
y-axes, relative size of symbols.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

5.2 Use evidence

Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Assess explanation for evidence An explanation may be weak if it fails to account for
the whole of the evidence it purports to explain, if
it relies on speculative additional information or an
unstated assumption, or if other explanations are at
least equally plausible.
• Assess inference from evidence For example, identify factors which weaken the
support the evidence gives to a stated claim, judge to
what extent further evidence succeeds in responding
to a claim.
• Suggest explanation for evidence For example, motives, basis for correlation.
• Suggest inference from evidence Suggesting an inference may be expressed in terms
of drawing a conclusion, relevance, significance or
usefulness.
• Form a judgement based on multiple sources Involves evaluating several sources, drawing
inferences from them, and using the inferences to
form a judgement.

6 Analyse reasoning
6.1 Analyse the structure of arguments
Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Recognise an argument An argument as distinct from an explanation,
information, opinion.
• Identify key elements of an argument and explain Key elements:
their function – main conclusion
– intermediate conclusion
– reason
– counter-assertion
– counter-argument
– example
– evidence.
• Identify unstated assumption in an argument A step in the reasoning which is required in order
for the conclusion to be validly drawn, but is
not stated explicitly. Authors sometimes make
such assumptions when they consider part of the
support for their conclusion to be obvious, trivial or
uncontroversial. Alternatively, they may not realise
that there is a gap in their reasoning, or they may
be trying to conceal a significant weakness in the
reasoning by failing to make it explicit.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

7 Evaluate reasoning
7.1 Identify flaws in reasoning and assess their impact on the strength of the reasoning
Candidates should be able to recognise and assess Guidance
the impact of:
• Equivocation Concealing a step in reasoning by tacitly shifting from
one meaning of a word or expression to another.
• Conflation Concealing a step in reasoning by treating two words
or expressions as if they were interchangeable even
though their meanings are different.
• Circular argument Relying on a claim in order to prove it.
• Begging the question Focusing an argument on an uncontroversial aspect
of an issue while stipulating or assuming the key
point.
• Invalid deduction Affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent.
• Causal flaw Claiming that just because one event or phenomenon
follows another (post hoc) or is accompanied by
another (cum hoc) it must be caused by the other.
• Rash generalisation Basing a generalisation on inadequate evidence.
• Sweeping generalisation Not allowing for exceptions to a generalisation.
• Restriction of options (false dichotomy) Denying the possibility of moderate opinions or
actions in order to claim that anyone who rejects one
extreme must accept its opposite.
• Confusion of necessary and sufficient conditions Interpreting a necessary condition as if it were
sufficient or a sufficient condition as if it were
necessary.
• Slippery slope argument Opposing an apparently moderate proposal by
alleging that it will inevitably lead to disastrous
consequences.
• Personal attack (ad hominem) Criticising opponents personally instead of
responding to their arguments.
• Counter-attack (tu quoque) Rejecting criticisms on the grounds that opponents
or other people are guilty of the same or equally
objectionable conduct.
• Straw man argument Misrepresenting opponents’ arguments in order to
respond to them more easily.
Note: Candidates are not required to know the Latin
technical terms included here, but they are likely to
encounter them in textbooks and other sources.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

7.2 Identify weaknesses in reasoning and assess their impact on the strength of reasoning
Candidates should be able to recognise and assess Guidance
the impact of:
• Support It is a weakness if reasoning supports only part of the
conclusion which is drawn from it. It is a weakness if a
moderate claim or intermediate conclusion is used to
support a conclusion which would follow only from a
stronger version of the claim.
• Consistency It is a weakness if one part of the reasoning
contradicts, or is inconsistent with, another part.
• Reliance The fact that a reader (e.g. a candidate) disagrees
with a claim or a conclusion does not constitute
a weakness in reasoning. However, reliance on an
unsupported claim, stipulative definition or unstated
assumption which is questionable does constitute a
weakness, because it means that anyone who rejects
the claim, definition or assumption can reasonably
also reject the conclusion.
• Appeal Arguments frequently make appeals, e.g. to
authority, popularity, emotion, tradition or novelty.
If such an appeal is relevant and proportionate, it
does not constitute a weakness in reasoning. But an
appeal which is irrelevant or disproportionate does
constitute a weakness in reasoning.
• Analogy Arguments often make use of analogies. Even
imperfect analogies can strengthen an argument,
but a wild analogy which lacks significant points of
similarity constitutes a weakness in reasoning.
• Responding to counter It is not a weakness for an argument to be one-sided.
Someone defending one point of view is under no
obligation to show balance. But it is a weakness if the
proponent fails to foresee and respond to an obvious
objection to a claim or line of reasoning.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Subject content

8 Construct reasoning
8.1 Construct persuasive arguments
Candidates should be able to: Guidance
• Articulate a conclusion
• Provide reasons in support of a conclusion
• Develop strands of reasoning
• Structure reasoning by the use of intermediate
conclusions
• Strengthen reasoning by the use of appropriate Appropriate elements:
elements – counter-assertion/argument with response
– example
– evidence
– analogy
– hypothetical reasoning.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

4  Details of the assessment

Calculators
Calculators are allowed in all the papers. They are essential for Paper 3 and useful for Paper 1.

Language
Much of Thinking Skills involves considering logical relationships and implications. In Problem Solving, candidates
need to accurately identify the constraints and requirements of the logical ‘space’ the problem is set in. In Critical
Thinking, candidates need to judge whether a claim does or does not follow from the evidence, and whether a chain
of reasoning does or does not support a conclusion.

An important focus of the syllabus is to prepare candidates to apply their thinking skills to many different aspects
of study, work and life. Therefore the stimulus material will often reflect what they will encounter in the real world,
where the language used is not always simple. The language used will aim not to be more complicated than is
necessary in key parts of the information.

Because of these key features of the subject, candidates will need to have a relatively strong grasp of English in
order to apply their thinking skills to scenarios in an English language medium.

Stimulus Material
The papers will contain stimulus material from a variety of sources, representing a variety of perspectives.
Any opinions expressed within such material are not necessarily those of Cambridge Assessment International
Education.

Paper 1 – Problem Solving

Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes, 50 marks

In Paper 1, the information presented in each scenario is usually quite limited. The Problem Solving skills are tested
more often in isolation than on Paper 3. The problems are shorter, less complex and less difficult.

There will be a variety of Problem Solving scenarios testing various skills. Some will be simple scenarios with just
one question. Others may involve two or more part-questions, exploring different aspects of a scenario or breaking
a more complex problem down into smaller steps. The problems will generally increase in difficulty through the
paper.

Credit will often be awarded for correct steps towards a solution, even if the final answer is not correct. Credit
might not be awarded if working or an explanation needed to support an answer is not shown (for example, where
the answer is either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’). Candidates should ensure that they lay their working out clearly, so that the
elements of their working can be easily identified. This will help them both to organise information and so solve
the problems more efficiently and successfully, and to gain the full credit they deserve for their Problem Solving
attainment.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Details of the assessment

Paper 2 – Critical Thinking

Written paper, 1 hour 45 minutes, 50 marks

In Paper 2, the Critical Thinking skills are tested more often in isolation than on Paper 4. The tasks are shorter
and more targeted at particular skills or pieces of evidence. It is generally easier to apply the skills to the stimulus
material.

Section A focuses mostly on evaluating and using evidence. There are several Sources of evidence based around a
common topic. The information is usually mostly in textual form, but there may also be other forms such as graphs,
diagrams, tables, pictures or numerical information. Question 1 has a number of short part-questions exploring
various aspects of the evidence presented in the sources. Question 2 requires the candidates to write a short
argument, with a focus on using and evaluating the evidence from the Sources.

Section B focuses mostly on reasoning and argument. There will be a passage of around 400 words, presenting
an argument. Question 3 will usually focus on analysing the structure of the reasoning in the argument, while
Question 4 will usually focus on evaluating the strength of the reasoning. Each will have a number of short
part-questions. Question 5 will require the candidates to write a short argument, in which the focus will be on
structuring the reasoning.

Paper 3 – Problem Analysis and Solution

Written paper, 2 hours, 50 marks

In Paper 3, the information presented in each scenario is often more detailed. The Problem Solving skills are tested
more often in combination than on Paper 1. The problems are longer, more complex and more difficult.

There are four questions presenting more extensive problems to be solved. A variety of skills are tested in each
question, and skills often need to be combined to find solutions. Often the problems develop towards a more
refined solution, such that the insights gained in the earlier parts are built upon and combined to provide solutions
to the later parts. The problems generally increase in difficulty through the paper.

Credit will often be awarded for correct steps towards a solution, even if the final answer is not correct. Credit
might not be awarded if working or an explanation needed to support an answer is not shown (for example, where
the answer is either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’). Candidates should ensure that they lay their working out clearly, so that the
elements of their working can be easily identified. This will help them both to organise information and so solve
the problems more efficiently and successfully, and to gain the full credit they deserve for their Problem Solving
attainment.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Details of the assessment

Paper 4 – Applied Reasoning

Written paper, 1 hour 45 minutes, 50 marks

In Paper 4, the Critical Thinking skills are tested more often in combination than on Paper 2. Some tasks are longer
and refer to a broader range of the stimulus material. It is generally more difficult to apply the skills to the stimulus
material.

The paper presents a number of Documents, usually five, containing information and arguments around a common
topic. The Documents are usually mostly in textual form, but there may also be other forms such as graphs,
diagrams, tables, pictures or numerical information.

Question 1 tests the candidates’ ability to analyse the structure of the reasoning in one of the Documents, while
Question 2 focuses on evaluating the strength of the reasoning in one of the Documents. Question 3 requires the
candidates to evaluate specific pieces of evidence (often statistical in nature) from the Documents. In Question 4,
candidates are required to construct a substantial reasoned argument. The question targets their ability to combine
their Critical Thinking skills in order to present a persuasive case. They must demonstrate the ability to structure
their arguments effectively and make critical use of the evidence from the Documents in support of their position.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  Details of the assessment

Command words
The table below includes command words used in the assessment for this syllabus. The use of the command word
will relate to the subject context.

Command word What it means

Analyse* examine in detail to show meaning, identify elements and the relationship between
them
Assess make an informed judgement
Calculate work out from given facts, figures or information
Compare identify/comment on similarities and/or differences
Evaluate judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
Explain set out purposes or reasons / make the relationships between things evident / provide
why and/or how and support with relevant evidence
Give produce an answer from a given source or recall/memory
Identify name/select/recognise
Justify support a case with evidence/argument
Predict suggest what may happen based on available information
State express in clear terms
Suggest apply knowledge and understanding to situations where there are a range of valid
responses in order to make proposals

* In Paper 2 and Paper 4, ‘analyse’ requires candidates to identify key elements of an argument.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

5  What else you need to know

This section is an overview of other information you need to know about this syllabus. It will help to share the
administrative information with your exams officer so they know when you will need their support. Find more
information about our administrative processes at www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide

Before you start

Previous study
We do not expect learners starting this course to have previously studied Thinking Skills.

We recommend that learners starting this course should have previously completed a course in English equivalent
to Cambridge IGCSE™ or Cambridge O Level First Language English.

Thinking Skills also requires some facility with Mathematics, and we recommend that learners should have
previously completed a course in Mathematics equivalent to Cambridge IGCSE or Cambridge O Level.

Guided learning hours

We design Cambridge International AS & A Level syllabuses based on learners having about 180 guided
learning hours for each Cambridge International AS Level and about 360 guided learning hours for a Cambridge
International A Level. The number of hours a learner needs to achieve the qualification may vary according to local
practice and their previous experience of the subject.

Availability and timetables

All Cambridge schools are allocated to one of six administrative zones. Each zone has a specific timetable.

You can view the timetable for your administrative zone at www.cambridgeinternational.org/timetables

You can enter candidates in the June and November exam series.

Private candidates can enter for this syllabus.

Combining with other syllabuses

Candidates can take this syllabus alongside other Cambridge International syllabuses in a single exam series. The
only exceptions are:
• syllabuses with the same title at the same level.

Group awards: Cambridge AICE

Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) is a group award for Cambridge International
AS & A Level. It allows schools to offer a broad and balanced curriculum by recognising the achievements of
learners who pass examinations in a range of different subjects.

Learn more about Cambridge AICE at www.cambridgeinternational.org/aice

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  What else you need to know

Making entries
Exams officers are responsible for submitting entries to Cambridge International. We encourage them to work
closely with you to make sure they enter the right number of candidates for the right combination of syllabus
components. Entry option codes and instructions for submitting entries are in the Cambridge Guide to Making
Entries. Your exams officer has a copy of this guide.

Exam administration
To keep our exams secure, we produce question papers for different areas of the world, known as 'administrative
zones'. We allocate all Cambridge schools to one administrative zone determined by their location. Each zone has
a specific timetable. Some of our syllabuses offer candidates different assessment options. An entry option code
is used to identify the components the candidate will take relevant to the administrative zone and the available
assessment options.

Support for exams officers

We know how important exams officers are to the successful running of exams. We provide them with the support
they need to make your entries on time. Your exams officer will find this support, and guidance for all other phases
of the Cambridge Exams Cycle, at www.cambridgeinternational.org/examsofficers

Retakes and carry forward

Candidates can retake Cambridge International AS Level and Cambridge International A Level as many times as
they want to. Information on retake entries is at www.cambridgeinternational.org/entries. To confirm what entry
options are available for this syllabus, refer to the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries for the relevant series.

Candidates can carry forward the result of their Cambridge International AS Level assessment from one series to
complete the Cambridge International A Level in a following series, subject to the rules and time limits described in
the Cambridge Handbook.

Regulations for carrying forward entries for staged assessment (Cambridge International AS & A Level) [and
internally assessed marks] can be found in the Cambridge Handbook for the relevant year of assessment at
www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide

Equality and inclusion

We have taken great care to avoid bias of any kind in the preparation of this syllabus and related assessment
materials. In our effort to comply with the UK Equality Act (2010) we have taken all reasonable steps to avoid any
direct and indirect discrimination.

The standard assessment arrangements may present barriers for candidates with impairments. Where a candidate
is eligible, we may be able to make arrangements to enable that candidate to access assessments and receive
recognition of their attainment. We do not agree access arrangements if they give candidates an unfair advantage
over others or if they compromise the standards being assessed.

Information on access arrangements is in the Cambridge Handbook at www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide

Language
This syllabus and the related assessment materials are available in English only.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  What else you need to know

After the exam

Grading and reporting
Grades A*, A, B, C, D or E indicate the standard a candidate achieved at Cambridge International A Level. A* is the
highest and E is the lowest grade.

Grades a, b, c, d or e indicate the standard a candidate achieved at Cambridge International AS Level. ‘a’ is the
highest and ‘e’ is the lowest grade.

‘Ungraded’ means that the candidate’s performance did not meet the standard required for the lowest grade
(E or e). ‘Ungraded’ is reported on the statement of results but not on the certificate. In specific circumstances
your candidates may see one of the following letters on their statement of results:
• Q (PENDING)
• X (NO RESULT).

These letters do not appear on the certificate.

If a candidate takes a Cambridge International A Level and fails to achieve grade E or higher, a Cambridge
International AS Level grade will be awarded if both of the following apply:
• the components taken for the Cambridge International A Level by the candidate in that series included all the
components making up a Cambridge International AS Level
• the candidate’s performance on the AS Level components was sufficient to merit the award of a Cambridge
International AS Level grade.

‘Cambridge International A Levels are the ‘gold standard’ qualification. They are based on
rigorous, academic syllabuses that are accessible to students from a wide range of abilities yet
have the capacity to stretch our most able.’
Mark Vella, Director of Studies, Auckland Grammar School, New Zealand

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  What else you need to know

How students, teachers and higher education can use the grades
Cambridge International A Level
Assessment at Cambridge International A Level has two purposes:
• to measure learning and achievement
The assessment:
– confirms achievement and performance in relation to the knowledge, understanding and skills specified in
the syllabus.

• to show likely future success

The outcomes:
– help predict which students are well prepared for a particular course or career and/or which students are
more likely to be successful
– help students choose the most suitable course or career.

Cambridge International AS Level

Assessment at Cambridge International AS Level has two purposes:
• to measure learning and achievement
The assessment:
– confirms achievement and performance in relation to the knowledge, understanding and skills specified in
the syllabus.

• to show likely future success

The outcomes:
– help predict which students are well prepared for a particular course or career and/or which students are
more likely to be successful
– help students choose the most suitable course or career
– help decide whether students part way through a Cambridge International A Level course are making
enough progress to continue
– guide teaching and learning in the next stages of the Cambridge International A Level course.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Thinking Skills 9694 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.  What else you need to know

Changes to this syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025

This syllabus has been updated. This is version 2, published October 2022.

You are strongly advised to read the whole syllabus before planning your teaching programme.

Changes to version 2, published October 2022

Changes to syllabus • Information on stimulus material has been added to page 17.
content

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‘While studying Cambridge IGCSE and Cambridge International A Levels, students broaden their horizons
through a global perspective and develop a lasting passion for learning.’
Zhai Xiaoning, Deputy Principal, The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China

Cambridge Assessment International Education

The Triangle Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, CB2 8EA, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558
Email: info@cambridgeinternational.org www.cambridgeinternational.org

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