Scribd
Upload
140 views75 pages

In Flight Instruction

Instruction manual

Uploaded by

adnrew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
140 views75 pages

In Flight Instruction

Instruction manual

Uploaded by

adnrew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 75
9 a In-Flight Instruction In-Flight Reference For Instructors and Instructor Candidates qj VUVUULLUS VU) PVOUMUVUVUVULELLDEDLEULLDELLU Introduction —<$<——<$ Identify and explain components of the aircraft + Demonstrate procedures for pre-flight inspection *y Do not expect the student to perform a complete pre- flight inspection immediately Student practice 2. PASSENGER BRIEFING > Demonstrate a passenger briefing Student practice 3. CHECKLIST + Demonstrate the proper use of the checklist Student practice VUPPPEDVLULDELOLULULUYY YY ~~- Exercise 3 Ancillary Controls 1. RUN-UP > Choose a suitable area for a run-up > Use of carburetor heat control and how to test during the run-up > Use of mixture control and how to test during the run-up Student practice 2. IN CRUISE FLIGHT > Effects of carburetor heat — when and how to use > Mixture control use for POH performance charts > Mixture control use during flight training and as per company standard operating procedures Student practice 3. CABIN HEAT AND VENTILATION > Location of controls and vents ‘> Correct operation of heat and vents ++ Carbon monoxide detection and prevention Student practice Exercise 4 Taxiing - SAFETY > Where to place hands and feet on controls + Look out and know where you are going prior to taxiing the aircraft . STARTING > Release brakes > Add power > Reduce power > Test brakes by stopping the aircraft > Add power and continue . WHILE TAXIING > How to follow the taxi line > How to turn + Speed control — power then brakes — “fast walk” > If aircraft control is in doubt then STOP! > Position of ailerons and elevators (wind direction) +» Instrument check — left and right . STOPPING + Close throttle > Keep nose wheel straight > Apply brakes smoothly to a complete stop + Power — 1000 RPM once stopped ;. PARKING AND SECURING > Proper use of parking brake *> Use of chocks and tie-downs + Use of control locks, pitot covers and cowl plugs Student practice on all of the above items Exercise 5 Attitudes and Movements 1. SAFETY > LOOKOUT (Scanning technique) > Transfer of controls (| have control, YOU have control) rk BRUISE ATTITIUDE Power setting (For Cruise) This is the reference datum for all other attitudes Point out the horizon Position of the aircraft's nose relative to the horizon (use fingers above dash) ‘> Position of wing tips in relation to the horizon 2 ee 3. PITCH > LOOKOUT > From cruise show the pitching movement > Explain control column & control surface movement ‘> Demonstrate how to achieve and maintain - Gentle nose-up - Medium nose-up - Steep nose-up (maximum normal) Student practice > LOOKOUT + Demonstrate how to achieve and maintain: - Gentle nose-down - Medium nose-down - Steep nose-down (maximum normal) Student practice +> Explain instrument indications 4, BANK *> Explain lookout procedures prior to banking (LOOKING, CLEAR, TURNING) > From cruise show the rolling movement > Explain control column & control surface movement > Demonstrate how to achieve and maintain: - Gentle (15°) bank - Medium (30° maximum normal) bank Student practice > Explain instrument indications 5. PITCH AND BANK COMBINATIONS + LOOKOUT ‘> Establish the aircraft in a nose-up or nose-down attitude then demonstrate how to bank the aircraft Student practice > Establish the aircraft in a bank left or right attitude then demonstrate how to change the pitch attitude Student practice > Explain instrument indications 6. YAW CONTROL >» Fly directly towards a prominent landmark (ROAD) +> Demonstrate the movement > How to control yaw Student practice > Give practical examples — from bank and pitch attitudes — power changes and turbulence > Have the student recognize and control yaw from the above examples Student practice +> Explain instrument indications + Cabin - passenger briefing & shut down Student practice Exercise 6 Straight and Level 1. SCANNING + LOOKOUT (Review the correct method to scan for traffic) 2. STRAIGHT FLIGHT Establish straight & level flight Show how to maintain straight flight Link to cruise attitude and point out references Point out cruise power RPM and cruise KIAS Demonstrate how and why to keep wings level Show need to control yaw - if not aircraft will roll Student practice > Explain instrument indications i ar tae 3. LEVEL FLIGHT ++ Establish straight & level flight > Show how to maintain level > Show how to use elevator trim > Normal cruise RPM and cruise KIAS Student practice ‘+ Selected lower than normal cruise speeds > Decrease in Power + Gentle Nose Up Attitude = slow cruise > Attitude + Power = Performance > Control yaw or aircraft will roll Student practice > Selected higher then normal cruise speeds > Increase in Power + Gentle Nose Down attitude = fast cruise > Attitude + Power = Performance CORVLPOVDELLELELELLULVULEV VU UYU Ue Yes > Control yaw or aircraft will roll Student practice + Explain instrument indications . COMPASS +> Demonstrate how to set HI every 15 minutes in both smooth and turbulent air > Why in straight and level only: - ANDS on east and west headings - Accelerate = North, Decelerate = South - Turning error (north = lag, south = lead) Student practice VEEL DDD DDD UUV UU UU YY YY © Exercise 7 Climbing 41. ENTRY Cockpit checks Lookout APT — Attitude, Power and Trim Control yaw or roll will occur Attitude determines airspeed, Point out Horizon Reference ae “> Every 500 lower nose to look for traffic ¥4¥4¥¥ 2. LEVEL OFF ‘> Lead level off by 10% of VSI > APT — Attitude, Power and Trim Student practice ‘> Explain instrument indications e . SELECTED CLIMB SPEEDS > Link the following speeds to pitch attitudes > Normal Climb > Enroute Climb KIAS > Best Rate (Vy) KIAS. + Best Angle (Vx) KIAS. Student practice > Explain instrument indications 4. FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMB > Demonstrate: - Flaps, Carburetor heat 5, BALKED APPROACH + Teach after descent lesson > Full power, carburetor heat off, __—=s«KIAS. and. flaps up in stages, (per POH) then resume desired climb airspeed, CONTROL YAW Exercise 8 Descending 1. POWER OFF ‘> Cockpit checks > Lookout + PAT — Power, Attitude and Trim (Use the cruise attitude to obtain KIAS Glide) Control yaw Every 500’ warm engine Explain how to judge glide and how airspeed affects range ¥¥¥ 2. LEVEL OFF > Lead level off by 10% of VSI > PAT — Power, Attitude and Trim Student practice 3. FLAPS ++ Point out flap operating range (speed check call) > Use of flaps during a power off entry > Use of flaps during level off Student practice +> Explain instrument indications 3. POWER ON > Enroute descent at___ KIAS (100 RPM = 100 FPM on VSI) + Approach descent — RPM, __° flap & KIAS > Demonstrate the effects of power on a descent + Demonstrate how to establish a stabilized approach Student practice 4. DESCENDING OVER AN OBSTACLE > KIAS and ° flap as Per POH ‘+ Demonstrate how to establish a stabilized approach Student practice Exercise 9 Gentle and Medium Turns 1. SAFETY + Lookout (LOOKING, CLEAR, TURNING) ‘> Body posture during turns 2. ADVERSE YAW > Fly towards a landmark > . Point out yaw direction - show how to control 3. GENTLE TURNS (0° to 15° bank) > Lookout > Control inputs for entry and recovery > Point out Horizon and Wing Angle > Roll out on geographic point Student practice + Roll out on headings (lead roll out by % bank angle) Student practice > Explain instrument indications 4, MEDIUM TURNS (15° to 30°) ‘+ Same procedure as gentle but precise pitch and yaw control required + Point out Horizon and Wing Angle Student practice > Explain instrument indications 5. CLIMBING TURNS > Tendency to over bank (15° maximum bank) ‘> Point out Horizon and Wing Angle > Yaw control Student practice > Explain instrument indications 6. DESCENDING TURNS > Tendency to under bank (30° maximum bank) > Point out Horizon and Wing Angle Student practice > Explain instrument indications Exercise 9 Steep Turn 1, SAFETY > Lookout (LOOKING, CLEAR, TURNING) > Spiral dive prevention 2. ENTRY & RECOVERY + Roll into a 45° bank > Control adverse yaw +> Apply sufficient elevator control back pressure) + Roll wings level and return to normal cruise after a 90° heading change + Control adverse yaw > Release elevator control back pressure to stay level Student practice VEVEUU LUD LUDEDUDDLEDDULDULDOUVLUULVUUYU YU s 3. MAINTAINING ALTITUDE & BANK ANGLE ‘> Find the point where the horizon intersects with the engine cowling > Maintain altitude and bank angle ‘> Maintain aircraft coordination + Complete 180° and 360° turns Student practice 4, MAINTANING AIRSPEED & USING A LANDMARK + Complete 360° turn beginning and finishing at appropriate landmark > Apply power during entry through 30° of bank > Lead roll out > Reduce power during recovery through 30° of bank Student practice > Explain instrument indications Exercise 9 Practical Steep Turns 1. MINIMUM RADIUS > The lower the airspeed and steeper the bank the smaller the radius > ___ "flap (FULL) > __~ KIAS (GLIDE) > 4 bank > Full throttle Student practice 2, COLLISION AVOIDANCE ‘> Close throttle + 45° bank to the right > Full throttle Student practice 3. STEEP DESCENDING TURN > Power idle > ° flap (FULL) > Airspeed KIAS (GLIDE) > Trim >» 45° bank Student practice Exercise 10 Range and Endurance Prior to departure determine maximum range and endurance using the POH current atmospheric conditions. 1, MAXIMUM RANGE (POH performance charts) > Start at normal cruise -_2s0u RPM @ 4)2_KIAS + Set powerlairspeed from POH > Lean mixture as per POH > Airspeed adjustments for head and tail winds Student practice + Explain instrument indications 2. MAXIMUM ENDURANCE (POH performance charts) > Start at normal cruise — RPM @ KIAS > Set power/airspeed from POH > Lean mixture Student practice > Explain instrument indications 3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD > Start at normal cruise — RPM @ KIAS + Reduce power in 100 RPM increments and maintain altitude + Note airspeed and power setting for every 100 RPM increment + RPM prior to largest airspeed change for 100 RPM = Range + Minimum power to maintain altitude = Endurance > Point out reduced control response at endurance > Lean mixture > Control yaw Student practice Explain instrument indications > Attitude + Power = Performance > Trim Student practice Exercise 11 Slow Flight It is extremely important that maximum endurance is reviewed prior to starting this lesson 1, HASEL CHECK 2. ENTRY Start at maximum endurance Review reduced control response at endurance Set slow flight attitude & apply required power to maintain altitude + Control yaw & maintain a good lookout > Note reduced control response — all surfaces ¥¥¥ 3. RECOVERY > Full power & lower nose > Control yaw and maintain altitude > Return to cruise Student practice VUUIUVUUUU UU UU UYU UU UU UV VU UY wre 4. FLAPS > Entry —extend 20° below ___KIAS. (flap extension speed) > Better visibility & engine cooling > Lower stall speed *> Recovery — Flaps up in stages prior to ___KIAS. (flap extension Max speed) Student practice . CLIMBS AND DESCENTS > Power controls Altitude (Climb or Descent) ‘> Attitude Controls Airspeed Attitude + Power = Performance > Yaw control Student practice . TURNS (maximum 15° bank Private) + Add power to maintain altitude in level turns > Climbing/descending turns Student practice Exercise 12 Stall —_—_—____ Prior to starting this exercise maximum endurance, slow flight and the control responses during slow flight must be reviewed. 1. HASEL CHECK 2. POWER OFF ENTRY > Start at maximum endurance + Close throttle > Apply elevator back pressure to maintain altitude > Control yaw and keep ailerons neutral ‘> Point out visual indications and sounds of the stall 3. POWER OFF RECOVERY > Lower nose just enough to break stall > Control yaw > Establish a power off descent at KIAS (GLIDE SPEED) > Recover from power off descent Student practice 4. POWER ON RECOVERY "> Lower nose just enough to break stall > Control yaw > Apply full power > Stop the descent > Return to desired flight condition Student practice > Explain instrument indications PUPP VALVARDUOO OO OOVYVVVYVYVVVVYVYYYYY”, Exercise 12 Advanced Stall - POWER ON ENTRY + 1500 RPM (or as desired) > Gently pitch nose up + Control Yaw ‘> Point out approaching stall indications “> Recover on 1* indication of stall (prevent spin) a FEARS EXTENDED ON ENTRY Extend 30° below___KIAS (flap extension speed) > Maintain altitude > Point out approaching stall indications + Recover on 1* indication of stall (prevent spin) ‘> Flaps up in stages on recovery . DEPARTURE STALL + Medium to high power settings +> With and without flaps (overshoot — 30° flaps) ‘> Climbing, descending and level > Straight, gentle, medium and unco-ordinated turns . ARRIVAL STALL > Low to medium power settings > With and without flaps > Level and descending > Straight flight, gentle to steep co-ordinated turns > Unco-ordinated turns — skidding/slipping turns . ACCELERATED STALL Low to high power settings With and without flaps Straight flight, gentle to steep co-ordinated turns Level, recovering from a dive or a stall Student practice on all the above stalls Vist + ee SS Sve vevwe se vs vvveuvvuvuvuvvuvvvvvvvvv””* » Exercise 13 Spin —____—_—_—_— Prior to teaching the fully developed spin the instructor should demonstrate the incipient stage and recovery first. 1. HASEL CHECK 2. ENTRY (left and right) > 4. Enter a power off stall At Airspeed just above stall apply full elevator back pressure Apply full rudder in the direction of desired spin Ailerons neutral Hold these inputs v. ++ . RECOVERY (1/2 to 1 revolution) + Throttle idle ‘> Ailerons neutral + Full opposite rudder at same time Control column gently forward to break stall (relieve pressure) > Hold these inputs until rotation stops > Neutralize rudder > Recover from the dive + Return to desired flight condition Student practice SENARIO ENTRY + Demonstrate the spin from various flight conditions such as climbing, descending, turns, cross control during low speed turns, steep climbing turns and sudden pitch changes at low airspeeds Student practice YK HY UUPVPVPVVVVVVUVVVUVUVUYVYUYY 5. INSTRUMENTS > Explain instrument indications for spin entry and recovery > Airspeed, turn coordinator and altimeter > Aland HI unreliable Exercise 14 Spiral 1. HASEL CHECK 2. ENTRY (instructor only) + Poor steep turn technique (power on) + Poor spin entry/recovery (power off) +> Distraction (head down looking at map) 3. RECOVERY, + Close throttle + Flaps fully retracted (If extended) > Pick a landmark and level the wings by pivoting the nose of the aircraft about the landmark + Ease out of the dive by placing nose of aircraft just above horizon Student practice 4, IMPROPER SPIRAL RECOVERY + Pitching up before the wings are level > To correct this pick a landmark and level the wings by pivoting the nose of the aircraft about the landmark 5. INSTRUMENTS + Point out Airspeed Limitations 8 SU & x WE Ve eeLEVeVEUULELULDELDULLLLULLLUULL' 4. Nn Exercise 15 Slipping SAFETY + Complete pre-landing checks > Select a safe recovery altitude > Lookout . SIDE-SLIP Used for cross-wind landings Fly along a road with a cross-wind Enter an approach descent Demonstrate how to crab into wind to eliminate drift Enter the side-slip to eliminate drift Longitudinal axis aligned with road with rudder Enough aileron to prevent turn Control airspeed with attitude Recover — neutralize aileron and rudder Student practice + Explain instrument indications (airspeed error) ¥¥¥¥EHHH4 - FORWARD SLIP Used to lose extra altitude while on an approach Fly into wind along a road Enter a power-off descent Enter the forward slip into the wind Longitudinal axis at an angle to flight path More bank & rudder = greater rate of descent Control airspeed with attitude Recover — neutralize aileron and rudder Student practice > Explain instrument indications (airspeed error) ¥¥44444¥ DUVUVODVVULUL YUU DV VU VY UY ~~ - 5. ARRIVAL 2 > Plan the circuit joining procedure based on ATC, MF or ATF > Plan the descent (don't descend too low until you have the field in sight) > Close the flight plan when on the ground Student practice . LOST PROCEDURES + Circle of uncertainty > Navigate ground to map > Climb ‘> Fly to a major landmark > Use navigation aids > Communicate for assistance > DF steer > Radar assistance Student practice A: 4. Exercise 23 Diversion PLANNING Circle the point from where you are starting from and the point where you are going to Draw a track line Divide the track in half or into quarters depending on the length of the line Estimate the heading Estimate the distance Estimate the time (2/3 of the distance = time) with a 90 knot groundspeed Check Fuel, Check MEA Student practice + +44 ¥4 . SET HEADING POINT > Fly over the set heading point with the aircraft trimmed, HI set and the mixture leaned > Time — note + Turn — flight planned heading + Track — check visually + ETA -—check point + ETA — destination > Contact FSS if required Student practice . CHECK POINT + Use the check point to revise ETA + Determine if you are on track Student practice SAFETY + Monitor appropriate frequencies + Hold planned heading > Navigate from map to ground Student practice Exercise 24 Full Panel — Part 1 Ie CRUISE: ATTITUDE ‘> Establish normal cruise configuration > Set the attitude indicator ‘+ Compare the similarity between the Al and visual references > Point out the constant indications on the performance instruments Student practice 2. PITCH ‘> Point out scale on Al for nose-up attitude + Normal nose-up — gentle, medium and steep > Point out the similarity between Al and visual references > Point out performance instruments and how they compare to cruise + Show the relationship between pitch changes and the performance instruments > Point out lag or reversals on instruments Student practice > Point out scale on Al for nose-down attitude »> Normal nose-down - gentle, medium and steep "> Complete the nose - down demonstration Student practice 3. ROLL Point out scale on Al Bank left and right — gentle and medium Point out the similarity between Al and visual references Show how the Al gives direct indication of bank Point out turn indications on HI and TC Point out relationship between bank angle and rate of heading change Show how yaw affects the TC Point out co-ordinated flight when ball centred Emphasize that turn needle can be used on the TC as an indirect indication of bank when the ball is centred Student practice ee ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ 4. YAW + Compare visual indications of yawing movement to instrument indications ‘> Point out that TC gives indirect indication of yaw > Demonstrate adverse yaw and how to control it Student practice 5. STRAIGHT FLIGHT > Compare visual indications of straight flight to instrument indications > Point out the scanning technique + Emphasize that the wings must be level and the aircraft co-ordinated to keep straight > Make small bank corrections to maintain heading Student practice 6. SIPAlGH AND LEVEL FLIGHT > Compare visual indications of straight and level flight to instrument indications > Point out the scanning technique ‘> Emphasize that the wings must be level and the aircraft co-ordinated to keep straight while maintaining the proper pitch attitude to maintain altitude + Make small bank corrections to maintain heading and pitch changes to maintain altitude ‘> Trim the aircraft as required Student practice Exercise 24 Full Panel — Part 2 1. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT AT VARIOUS AIRSPEEDS > Rule of thumb - 100 RPM = 5 KIAS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: + How to increase airspeed using rule of thumb > Control yaw *> Adjust pitch to maintain altitude and trim Student practice > While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate how to decrease airspeed Student practice 2. CONSTANT AIRPSEED CLIMBS, While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: Cockpit checks APT Attitude — set the desired climb attitude Power — advance power Trim Make small pitch corrections to maintain desired airspeed Control yaw and maintain heading tudent practice ¥ ¥¥44¥4¥4 a 3. LEVELLING OFF > Rule of thumb — lead level off by 10% of VSI While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: > Attitude — set the cruise attitude > Power — set cruise power > Trim ‘+ Frequently cross check altimeter and adjust pitch to maintain airspeed > Control yaw and maintain heading Student practice 4. CONSTANT RATE CLIMBS AT A SPECIFIED AIRSPEED > Rule of thumb — increase of 100 RPM or a decrease airspeed of 5 KIAS = 100 FPM rate of climb While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: Cockpit checks Climbing at a predetermined rate and airspeed by adjusting attitude and airspeed Maintain selected airspeed until VSI stabilizes Cross check ASI with Al to determine need for adjusting attitude Cross check VSI with Al to determine need for adjusting power ¥ ¥¥ ¥¥ . CONSTANT AIRPSEED DESCENTS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: Cockpit checks PAT Power — reduce power Attitude — set descent attitude Trim Make small pitch corrections to maintain desired airspeed > Control yaw and maintain heading Student practice ¥¥444¥ . LEVELLING OFF + Rule of thumb — lead level off by 10% of VSI While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate > PAT > Power — advance power + Attitude — set cruise attitude > Trim , Frequently cross check altimeter and adjust pitch to maintain airspeed . CONSTANT RATE DESCENTS AT A SPECIFIED AIRSPEED > Rule of thumb — decrease of 100 RPM or a increase airspeed of 5 KIAS = 100 FPM rate of descent While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: ‘+ Cockpit checks > Descending at a predetermined rate and airspeed by adjusting attitude and power + Maintain selected airspeed until VSI stabilizes + Cross check ASI with Al to determine need for adjusting attitude > Cross check VSI with Al to determine need for adjusting power > Attitude + Power = Performance > Trim Student practice . GENTLE AND MEDIUM LEVEL TURNS *> Rule of thumb — lead recovery by 1/2 bank angle > Review scan technique for entering, maintaining and recovering from a turn While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: ‘> Initiate gentle turn > Maintain turn with bank and control yaw with rudder > Point out instrument indications + Show pitch attitude required for level turn + Show relationship between bank angle and rate of turn + Show recovery and return to cruise Student practice . RATE ONE TURNS *> Rule of thumb - 15% TAS = bank angle for turn > Use TIC or T&B for rate one +» Review scan technique for entering, maintaining and recovering from a turn While the student is using instrument reference: > Calibrate the TC or T&B > Maintain turn with bank and control yaw + Recover from turn and control yaw Student practice 10. TURNS TO SELECTED HEADINGS > Rule of thumb - lead heading by 1/2 bank angle ‘> Review scan technique for entering, maintaining and recovering from a turn While the student is using instrument reference: > Initiate turn > Maintain turn with bank and control adverse yaw + When approaching desired heading scan HI more frequently and lead roll out using rule of thumb Student practice 1 - CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNS > Review scan technique for entering, maintaining and recovering from a turn While the student is using instrument reference: + Establish climb or descent > Once establish commence turn *> Point out the need to determine what to recover from first — climb/descent or turn Student practice Exercise 24 Partial Panel 1, MAGNETIC COMPASS > Demonstrate the following: > Northerly turning error > Southerly turning error + Acceleration and deceleration error on east and west headings (ANDS) > Have the student practice reading the magnetic compass Student practice 2. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: Straight and level flight Keep ball centred (co-ordinated) and wings level Maintain heading using the compass How to correct for heading deviations Control inputs and scan technique required to maintain straight and level flight > How to correct for altitude deviations Student practice > Straight and level flight at various airspeeds Student practice Te & 3. 5. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMB While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: Gently raise nose until airspeed begins to decrease Apply climb power and keep straight with rudder Trim as required Use small pitch adjustments for airspeed corrections Frequently scan TC to check for straight flight and wings level Refer to compass to confirm correct heading and refer to ALT and VS! to verify climb performance ¥ ¥ ¥¥44 , LEVEL OFF FROM A CLIMB. While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: + When approaching desired altitude, frequently scan ALT Rule of thumb — lead level off by 10% of VSI Monitor ALT and VSI for pitch information while accelerating to cruise speed Trim as required Refer to compass to confirm correct heading being maintained Student practice e+e CONSTANT RATE CLIMB AT A GIVEN AIRSPEED While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: + Using rule of thumb — 100 RPM/5 KIAS = 100 FPM 6, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: > Set power and keep straight with rudder When airspeed is at desired airspeed pitch down Trim as required Frequently scan ASI for pitch attitude and make small corrections to maintain airspeed Frequently scan TC and magnetic compass to keep straight + Refer to ALT and VSI to confirm descent performance Student practice > > > > 7, LEVEL OFF FROM A DESCENT While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: + When approaching desired altitude, frequently scan ALT *> Rule of thumb — lead level off by 10% of VSI > Monitor ALT and VSI for pitch information while setting cruise power and control yaw > Trim as required ‘> Refer to compass to confirm correct heading being maintained Student practice 8. CONSTANT RATE DESCENTS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: + Using rule of thumb - 100 RPM = 100 FPM 9. STANDARD RATE TURNS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: > Using rule of thumb - 15% of TAS = bank angle for fate one turn Calibrate the TC or T&B using the rule of thumb Ensure the aircraft is trimmed for level flight Using co-ordinated aileron and rudder, roll the aircraft in the desired direction until the turn needle indicates rate one turn > Maintain required angle of bank with ailerons > Use co-ordinated aileron and rudder to recover ‘> Refer to the compass to maintain desired heading Student practice ¥¥¥ 10. CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: > Establish a climb using partial panel + Ensure aircraft is correctly trimmed > Enter a rate one turn while climbing + Return to straight and level flight Student practice While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: ++ Establish a descent using partial panel > Ensure aircraft is correctly trimmed > Enter a rate one turn while descending + Return to straight and level flight Student practice 11. TIMED TURNS While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: > + > > > > + Calculate the number of seconds to turn using 3° per second or 2 minutes for 360° Start timing when control pressure is applied Emphasize using correct scanning technique Stop turn by applying control pressure when calculated time has elapsed Refer to magnetic compass to determine if aircraft ‘on correct heading Make heading corrections if necessary, use half fate one turns for small corrections Take a second reading to confirm correct heading Student practice While the student is using instrument reference demonstrate the scanning technique and demonstrate: > Start with simple calculations then progressively make the calculations more difficult as the student progresses Student practice Exercise 24 Unusual Attitudes Student practice on recovery only, instructor will enter. 1. Hose Low + Reduce power to prevent excessive airspeed and loss of altitude + Use TC and level wings using co-ordinated aileron and rudder pressure > Apply elevator pressure to correct pitch attitude to level flight ++ When airspeed stops increasing and starts decreasing and ALT is steady aircraft is level + Return to straight and level Student practice 2. NOSE HIGH + Apply power and forward elevator pressure to correct pitch attitude to prevent stall + Scan TC and level wings using co-ordinated aileron and rudder pressure > Select a safe altitude after recovery > Ina spin, turn needle gives reliable indication of spin direction but ball gives no reliable information +} Return to straight and level Student practice 3, PRACTICAL EXAMPLES + Demonstrate combination of nose high/low and bank left/right +> Post take-off checks >> Post take-off checks »+ No turns until at a safe altitude Student practice Exercise 24 Radio Navigation - VOR 1. TESTING > VOT -TO > South & FROM > North + 4° > VOR check point sign — + 4° > Dual VOR check ~ + 4° > Airborne VOR check — + 6° Student practice 2: POSITON FIX > Tune and identify > Centre CDI with a FROM indication read radial at the top of indicator > Aircraft is located on that radial > Use a second VOR to determine exact position > Aircraft is located where the two radials intersect Student practice 3. TRACKING > Tune and identify > Demonstrate how to fly TO and FROM VOR > Demonstrate station passage > Use bracketing technique to stay on radial during a cross-wind situation Student practice 3. eR CegTING A PREDETERMINED TRACK > Tune and identify ‘> Maintain centre line tracking by turning slightly into wind Set OBS to desired radial if tracking FROM and reciprocal radial if tracking TO Note CDI - RALS right-add left-subtract 90° No turns until at a safe altitude Student practice + y¥ Exercise 24 Radio Navigation - ADF » TESTING > Tune and test ADF receiver and use TEST feature if available Student practice . POSITON FIX > Tune and identify > BTS = RB + MH and BFS = BTS - 180 > Aircraft is located on the BFS ‘> Use a second NDB to determine exact position > Aircraft is located where the two BFS intersect Student practice |. TRACKING + Tune and identify ‘+ Demonstrate how to home to the station + Demonstrate how to fly from an NDB + Demonstrate station passage > Use bracketing technique to maintain track when experiencing a cross-wind situation Student practice . INTERCEPTING A PREDETERMINED TRACK + Tune and identify + Fly desired bearing > Fly the heading determined from the previous step until the CDI starts to move then turn to the heading required to fly along the radial Student practice + Note where the bearing indicator is — RALS right- add left-subtract 90° > Fly the heading determined from the previous step until the indicator is 90° then fly the desired heading to track to or from the NDB Student practice Exercise 25 Night Flying 1. GROUND OPERATIONS > Demonstrate a pre-flight inspection and point out the aircraft lighting system > Review how to complete a run-up and explain the use of cockpit lighting, use of flashlight, use of a written checklist and importance of monitoring generator/alternator output > Point out the possibility of creeping ahead at night if brakes are not securely applied + Point out airport lighting +> Review taxiing procedures with and without taxi light/landing light and explain how to judge taxi speed at night + Demonstrate correct operation of taxi or landing, anti-collision and navigation lights on the ground Student practice 2. TAKE-OFF > Review normal and cross-wind take-off procedures and applicable emergency procedures > Demonstrate the take-off with and without landing light and stress the importance of maintaining a positive rate of climb after take-off with ALT/VSI > Point out black hole illusion 3. giRcury PROCEDURES 5. > Conduct a brief familiarization flight in the area before starting circuits > Demonstrate varied approach and runway lighting Conditions at both controlled and uncontrolled airports > Demonstrate emergency procedures in the circuit + Demonstrate the use of the heading indicator to help fly an accurate circuit and compensate for drift + Demonstrate how to use the ARCAL lighting system Student practice . APPROACH AND LANDING + Demonstrate: + Approaches and landings at night, gradually introducing variations such as cross-wind, different runways, landing light off, VASIS/PAPI lights off and different runway light intensities Straight-in approaches Simulated systems failures, such as loss of cockpit instrument lights, landing lights or radio failure The use of power on the flare Overshoots Point out any illusions that may be experienced on approach and landing at night Student practice > + + PILOT NAVIGATION > Review day navigation procedures Exercise 26 Seaplanes For the Seaplane Rating, refer to the “Instructor Guide — Seaplane Rating” (TP12668E) Exercise 27 Skiplanes For the Skiplane Rating, refer to the “Flight Instructor Guide — Seaplane Rating Section” (TP 975E) Exercise 28 Type Conversion ee > Acquaint the student fully with the essential differences or additional items which must be inspected during the external line check of the aircraft +> Supervise starting, warm-up, run-up and pre-take- off checks (ensure checklist is used by student) > After take-off, allow sufficient time in level flight to allow the student to become familiar with the flight characteristics before commencing any serious instruction + When the student is at ease with the aircraft in all normal flight manoeuvres, stalls, steep turns, etc., return to the circuit for take-off and landing practice > After sufficient competency is demonstrated by the student, assign practice as required + Supervise aircraft shut-down and parking as necessary Exercise 29 Emergency Procedures All emergency and systems failure procedures applicable to the Aeroplane type are to be taught in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook Discuss emergencies with the student, using scenarios to help visualize what can happen With the student in the aeroplane, go through the procedures, calling each item out loud and touching or moving the various controls Question the student on memory items where/when applicable The student must know where to locate all other emergency checklist items SLIPPING TURN + Used to lose extra altitude while in a descending turn ‘> Enter a power-off descent + Simulate turning final approach along a road > Enter the slipping turn + More bank & rudder = greater rate of descent > Control airspeed with attitude Recover — neutralize aileron and rudder Student practice + Explain instrument indications (airspeed error) + |. INSTRUMENT ERRORS + Airspeed error — left = under read, right = over read > Emphasize the need to judge airspeed by comparing the aircraft's pitch attitude with the ASI > Control airspeed with pitch PEOVER LEE EEE CELGOVOWU DOWNY Ar 4. Exercise 16 Normal Take-Off PRE-TAKE-OFF > Pre-take-off checks complete + Stop before runway slightly facing the approaching traffic to check for traffic before entering the runway > Passenger Safety Review > Pick GO NO GO Point > ATC clearance or traffic advisory Student practice . ON RUNWAY Enter runway Align aircraft with centre line Runway checks Hold control column back slightly from neutral Keep straight with rudder on centre line Keep heels on the floor to avoid using brakes (after lift-off check the main wheels for rotation to determine if brakes were applied during take-off) Student practice 444444 . ROTATION > At KIAS (Vr as per POH) apply enough back pressure to place the nose of the aircraft to the horizon > Control yaw + Do not force aircraft off runway + Accelerate aircraft to Vy and maintain attitude Student practice CLIMB OUT + Control yaw > VW + Maintain centre line tracking, Post take-off checks Exercise 16 Cross-Wind Take-Off 1, PRE-TAKE-OFF 4. > > Pre-take-off checks complete + Stop before runway slightly facing the approaching traffic to check for traffic before entering the runway > Passenger Safety Review >» Pick GO NO GO Point > ATC clearance or traffic advisory . ON RUNWAY > Enter runway > Align aircraft with centre line + Runway checks »> Look at the windsock at place the ailerons into wind *> Hold control column back slightly from neutral > Keep straight with rudder on centre line > As the ailerons become effective reduce the amount of deflection to maintain wings level . ROTATION > With enough aileron deflection into wind rotate the aircraft at a higher than normal speed > Maintain positive back pressure to prevent the aircraft from settling back on the runway > Control yaw > Accelerate aircraft to Vy and maintain attitude CLIMB OUT +> Control yaw > Vy 3s Maintain centre line tracking by turning slightly into wind Post take-off checks al + Exercise 16 Short Field Take-Off b PRE TAKE-OFF. Pre-take-off checks complete (extend flaps as per POH) Stop before runway slightly facing the approaching traffic to check for traffic before entering the runway Passenger Safety Review Pick GO NO GO Point ATC clearance or traffic advisory ¥¥¥ ¥ ON RUNWAY > Enter runway using as much runway as possible > Align aircraft with centre line + Runway checks & apply full power against brakes > Hold control column back slightly from neutral > Keep straight with rudder on centre line ROTATION ‘+ At Vr KIAS apply enough back pressure to place the nose of the aircraft to the horizon + Control yaw >} Accelerate aircraft to Vy using ground effect or pitch for KIAS (Obstacle Clearance Airspeed) until clear of the obstacle . CLIMB OUT > Control yaw > Vy or Obstacle clearance speed + Maintain centre line > Fly the heading determined from the previous step until the CDI starts to move then turn to the heading required to fly along the radial Student practice nN ‘> Post take-off checks (retract flaps at safe speed and altitude) > No turns until at a safe altitude Student practice Exercise 16 Soft Field Take-Off . PRE-TAKE-OFF > Pre-take-off checks complete (Extend flaps as per POH) Passenger Safety Review Pick GO NO GO Point ATC clearance or traffic advisory You may have to complete this while taxiing to avoid stopping ¥¥¥¥ . ON RUNWAY > Enter runway using as much runway as possible Align aircraft with centre line Complete the runway check while rolling Hold control column full back and apply full power At the first indication of the aircraft pitching up reduce enough control column pressure to keep the nose of the aircraft to the end of the runway > Keep straight with rudder on centre line ¥¥¥¥ . ROTATION > The aircraft will rotate on its own if you keep the nose of the aircraft at the end of the runway > Control yaw > After lift off accelerate in ground effect to Vy or pitch for___KIAS until clear of the obstacle . CLIMB OUT +> Control yaw ALDLLEDULLLLULDULULLLLLULLULULUULD 2 6 + Post take-off checks (retract flaps at safe speed and altitude) ‘> No turns until at a safe altitude Student practice Exercise 16 Problems During Take-Off 1. WHEELBARROW + Too much weight on the nose wheel > Apply back pressure to the control column > Prevent this by keeping the control column slightly back from neutral during the take-off run 2, NOSEWHEEL SHIMMY + Loud noise and shaking aircraft during take-off run > Apply back pressure to the control column or abort take-off if the shimmy is really bad > Prevent this by keeping the control column slightly back from neutral during the take-off run > Could be caused by a inoperative shimmy dampener 3. ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKE-OFF RUN Throttle — IDLE Brakes - APPLY Wing Flaps - RETRACT Mixture - IDLE CUT-OFF Ignition Switch - OFF Master Switch -- OFF ett ee? 4. ENCING) FAILURE JUST AFTER TAKE-OFF > Airspeed -- KIAS (Glide Speed) Pick a field to land straight ahead Mixture -- IDLE CUT-OFF Fuel Shutoff Valve -- OFF Ignition Switch -- OFF Wing Flaps -- AS REQUIRED Master Switch -- OFF ¥¥¥44¥44¥ Exercise 17 Circuit — Controlled 1. UPWIND > Complete post take-off checks ‘> Track out from centre line > Prior to turning select a landmark 2. CROSS-WIND '> Lookout and make a co-ordinated gentle turn to the selected landmark (If Climbing Maximum 15° bank) Track 90° to the runway Check aircraft spacing Level off at circuit altitude Set the power and trim the aircraft Prior to turning select a landmark OWNWIND. Lookout and make a co-ordinated turn to the selected landmark Track parallel to the runway Check aircraft spacing Maintain proper distance from runway using the aid of the wing strut (~2/3 up the wing strut) e ¥¥¥ ¥9 Feyee > Maintain altitude and airspeed + Complete pre landing checks +> Complete Passenger Safety Review > Make the radio call abeam the threshold with your intentions (full stop, touch and go, etc.) > Prior to turning select a landmark 4. BASE > Lookout and make a coordinated turn to the selected landmark Track 90° to the runway Check aircraft spacing Lead the turn to final +++ Exercise 17 Circuit — Uncontrolled 1. UPWIND > Departures ~ Must reach circuit altitude before turning but if you are turning back towards the airport you must be 500’ above circuit altitude > Cannot join here 2. CROSS-WIND > Cannot join here 3. DOWNWIND > ATF —must join straight in or mid downwind only from the upwind side > MF - Can join straight in, 45° or mid downwind only from the upwind side Must join at circuit altitude Must make a radio call joining downwind Must make a radio call turning final +e 4. BASE > Can only join here if at an MF if it is safe to do so > Must make a radio call turning final 5. FINAL > Can only join here if at an MF if it is safe to do so ‘+ Must make a radio call turning final Exercise 17 Circuit — Problems 1, SPECIAL VFR > Can only request it at a control zone , or controlled airspace and the visibility must be 1 mile or greater ‘> No other aircraft in the control zone at the time of the request 2. COMMUNICATION FAILURE > Fly a normal circuit but maintain a good lookout > On final look for a light signal from the control tower 3. RUNWAY CHANGE > Have an airport diagram near by for reference > Look at the numbers on the runway for assistance > Ask the controller for assistance 4, ENGINE FAILURE > Be prepared at anytime for an engine failure > Control the aircraft + Carburetor heat ON + Trim for KIAS (Glide Speed) +> Look for a suitable runway or landing surface +» Only conduct cause check if time permits > Contact ATC FFP HPVYeyYUVVVUVUVVUUUUUUUUUUUY See Exercise 18 Normal Landing 1. INITIAL APPROACH + Once established on base leg: + Power RPM (approach power) > Flaps ° (approach flap) S KIAS (as recommend in POH) Student practice N . FINAL APPROACH At 500’ AGL Select touchdown point Attitude + Power = Performance Attitude controls airspeed Power controls rate of descent Judging the approach Maintain centre line Use of flaps as required Student practice FEES TY e . FLARE > Once making the runway is assured ‘> Close the throttle ‘> Continue with the descent >» When ~15' above the runway level off +> Look at the end of the runway or 2/3 down if long runway) + Once a sink occurs place the nose of the aircraft to the end of the runway and maintain that attitude > Hold-off attitude = rotation attitude Student practice 4. TOUCHDOWN > On centre line and maintain centre line +> Main wheels first then gently lower the nose ‘> Use brakes only when necessary Student practice 5. POST-LANDING PROCEDURES > When ata taxi speed exit the runway + Complete the post-landing checks when clear of the runway > Obtain taxi clearance/make radio call to traffic Student practice 5. TOUCH AND GO PROCEDURES (not recommended prior to solo) > Ensure sufficient runway remains: > Flaps up > Carburetor heat off > Trim set for take-off > Full Power > Control Yaw + Conduct a take-off Student practice Exercise 18 Cross-Wind Landing 15 FINAL APPROACH > Select touchdown point Check the wind sock or obtain a wind check Maintain centre line initially by use of crab At 200-300' AGL establish a slip to maintain centre line and keep the longitudinal axis aligned with centre line ¥¥¥¥ 2. FLARE > Similar to normal but maintain the slip until touchdown + As airspeed decreases more control inputs will be required to maintain the slip 3. TOUCHDOWN > Upwind wheel first and then the downwind wheel will follow > Maintain centre line +> As airspeed decreases apply aileron controls into wind to prevent the upwind wing from lifting Student practice LOLELELDLLDLLLLLELLLLELLLELLULUDLUD o 06 Exercise 18 Short Field Landing 1. FINAL APPROACH > Plan the approach slightly lower than a normal approach and maintain centre line ° Flaps (as per POH) > KIAS (as per POH) > select the touchdown point 2. FLARE + Once making the touchdown point is assured: > Close the throttle > Establish the hold-off attitude 3. TOUCHDOWN + Touchdown firmly on the main wheels > Maintain centre line * Once all wheels are on the runway retract flaps , apply sufficient brake pressure and apply back pressure to the elevator control while braking Student practice 4. WITH AN OBSTACLE > Select a touchdown point about 1/3 from the threshold (or distance that will clear obstacle on approach) »} Establish a constant power on approach to the selected touchdown point + Cross reference altimeter with visual clues to avoid collision with the obstacle Student practice Exercise 18 Soft Field Landing 4. FINAL APPROACH > Select touchdown point > Plan the approach slightly lower than a normal approach and maintain centre line ° Flaps (As per the POH) > KIAS (As per the POH) . FLARE > Once making the runway is assured: > Set the power to RPM which controls descent rate of approximately 200 FPM ‘> Establish the hold-off attitude > Add power to reduce sink rate if required - TOUCHDOWN + Touchdown on the main wheels with power on > Maintain centre line "> Close the throttle after touchdown > Iflanding in heavy grass or snow may have to add power to ease pressure on nose wheel > Maintain full elevator control back pressure Student practice . WITH AN OBSTACLE > Select a touchdown point about 1/3 to % from the threshold + Establish a constant power on approach to the selected touchdown point + Cross reference altimeter with visual clues to avoid collision with the obstacle Student practice Exercise 18 Problems During Landing Ensure the student understands that the first option in an un-stabilized approach or landing is to OVERSHOOT 1, WHEELBARROW > Too much weight on the nose wheel ‘> Apply back pressure to the control column > Prevent this by keeping the control column slightly back from neutral after touchdown 2. SEE SHIMMY Loud noise and shaking aircraft during take-off run Apply back pressure to the control column Prevent this by keeping the control column slightly back from neutral after touchdown Could be caused by a inoperative shimmy dampener try + 3. BOUNCE > Immediately after bounce occurs conduct balked approach procedures 4. BALLOON OR HIGH FLARE +» Establish a level attitude + Once the sink starts to occur set the hold-off attitude until touchdown +> Power may be used to slow the rate of sink > Conduct a balked approach if too high ¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥ Exercise 19 First Solo Ensure all pre-solo exercises are complete and that the student is safe for solo The student must have all required documents The pilot training record solo page must be completed (supervisor approval is required for all class IV instructors) Secure seat belt in empty seat and ensure that both doors are properly closed Advise tower if applicable Send student solo Congratulate after successful solo n o S Exercise 20 Illusions Created By Drift ee PREPARATION + Find a suitable area to complete this exercise ‘+ Complete and maintain a good lookout ‘+ Configure the aircraft for Approach Flap and Airspeed ‘+ Demonstrate how to determine wind and drift by flying along a road + Show how to track a road by using a crab Student practice . SPEED ILLUSIONS > Tum into wind and show reduced groundspeed illusion — don’t add power (point out KIAS) + Turn down wind and show increased groundspeed — don't reduce power (point out KIAS) Student practice . TURNING ILLUSIONS > Turn into wind and show skid illusion - don't apply outside rudder pedal pressure (point out TC) + Turn down wind and show siip illusion - don't apply inside rudder pedal pressure (point out TC) Student practice . 360° MANOEUVRE + Fly an accurate 360° circle with in a selected area or about a landmark by adjusting bank angle Student practice . “S” TURNS ++ Complete “S” turns along a road with a cross-wind and show how to vary bank angle to obtain an acceptable radius of turn Student practice LLDELLLE DDL DUDULLULULLELEUD oo 4 Exercise 2] Precautionary Landing at an Unfamiliar Aerodrome SS Keep this exercise simple for the student because it is not very different from normal circuits; also link this exercise to illusions created by drift. 1. CIRCUIT JOINING > Join the circuit based on ATF or MF “+ When joining the circuit look at the field and determine if it is suitable to continue Student practice ye LOW INSPECTION > When on base select Flap and Airspeed as Per POH or Approach Flap and Airspeed When on final maintain a safe altitude that will allow you to inspect the field Fly to the right of the field so you can have a good look at the surface Ensure that the power and trim are set correctly When the inspection is complete conduct a balked approach and make your decision Student practice - 7 is > 3. LANDING > Continue in the circuit if you determine that the field is suitable + Complete an approach and landing based on the surface of the field Student practice ’ Exercise 21 Precautionary Landing on a Unprepared Surface Keep this exercise simple for the student because it is not very different from normal circuits; also link this exercise to illusions created by drift. ie n CIRCUIT JOINING > Join the circuit based on where the wind is and where you are positioned from the field + When joining the circuit look at the field and determine if it is suitable to continue Student practice . HIGH INSPECTION ((f time and weather permit) ‘+ When on base select Flap and Airspeed as Per POH, or Approach Flap and Airspeed +> When on final maintain 1000’ AGL and inspect the field > Fly to the right of the field so you can have a good look at the surface > Ensure that the power and trim are set correctly > Complete the HOWLS check: - Houses - Obstacles - Wind - Length - Surface > When the inspection is complete clean up the aircraft, or maintain configuration based on situation Student practice VULULLL eee VUVUU WU LOLLY LELLLLLLLLLD 3. LOW INSPECTION > When on base select Flap and Airspeed as per POH, or Approach Flap and Airspeed *> When on final maintain a safe altitude that will allow you to inspect the field > Fly to the right of the field so you can have a good look at the surface + Ensure that the power and trim are set correctly ‘+ Complete the HOWLS check again > When the inspection is complete conduct a balked approach and make your decision Student practice 4. LANDING > Continue in the circuit and make a PAN PAN if you determine that the field is suitable + Brief your passengers +) Complete cockpit checks ‘+ Complete an approach and landing based on the surface of the field Student practice VV VE YYYUYUVYUNYUYUVYUYUVYUUYUYVYUVUYUVUVUUVVUVVVVYY Exercise 22 Forced Landing Initial Procedures 1. INITIAL PREPARATION > Start at an altitude of 3000" AGL from cruise flight > Ensure the area is suitable for this exercise + Select a suitable field based on wind, length, surface and obstacles “+ Show how to determine Field elevation *> Imagine a circuit pattern around the field *> Select appropriate Key Point (where base turn will be) > Select desired Altitude to Arrive at Key point (1000- 1200 feet AGL) > Simulate engine failure (warm engine every 500’) 2. AIRCRAFT CONTROL + Establish best glide KIAS > Carburetor heat on > Trim Student practice 3. PLANNING THE APPROACH > Judge the progress to the key position > Adjust the approach to arrive at Key Point at desired altitude > Compensate for strong winds > As you descend beware of illusions created by drift Student practice N 4. Exercise 22 Forced Landing Final Procedures . KEY POINT > Once at the key point you should be 1000-1200 feet AGL > If you are lower tighten the circuit and don't use flaps until you know you are going to make the field > Ifyou are too high extend the circuit, use flaps and/or enter a forward slip . APPROACH > Continue in the circuit at your best glide speed > Only lower flaps once you know you will make the field > Ifyou have a strong headwind on final, add 10% of your best glide speed to your approach speed ‘> Aim to touchdown 1/3 down the field to avoid obstacles Student practice . TOUCHDOWN + Unlatch the doors prior to touchdown > Land slightly tail low > Follow the procedures outlined in the POH COCKPIT CHECKS Once student can successfully make the field add the required cockpit checks and radio calls when at high altitude +> Only complete checks if time permits + Cause check — complete + Call-MAYDAY Exercise 22 Forced Landing Other Procedures 1. LOW ALTITUDES + Ifyou are at a lower altitude you must be closer to your key point compared to when you are at 3000’ AGL + You may have to select a field straight ahead 2. 360° MANOEUVRE > Arrive over your touchdown point at 2 x your rate of descent + 200' (If your Aircraft has a 600 FPM therefore you start the 360° at 1400’ AGL) > Complete a left 360° turn back your touchdown point using landmarks to help maintain a 360° pattern 3. 180° ACCURACY LANDING + Engine Failure in the circuit; ideally initiated abeam the threshold in downwind. If unable due to traffic maintain circuit altitude until student decides when to safely initiate engine failure Establish KIAS (Glide Speed) Select touchdown point One engine warming allowed above 500 feet AGL ¥¥¥ Exercise 23 Pilot Navigation 1, COCKPIT ORGANIZATION > Show the student how to fold the map and organize the cockpit prior to start-up Student practice 2. DEPARTURE > Note the time > Open flight plan > Complete the preplanned departure procedure > Update the flight log Student practice 3. CHECKS > Fly over the set heading point with the aircraft trimmed, HI set and the mixture leaned Time — note Turn — flight planned heading Track — check visually ETA — check point ETA - destination Student practice ¥¥¥¥ 4, ENROUTE > Instructor Demo First Leg, then Assist Student > Hold the planned heading +> Navigate map to ground *+ Manage check points (check track, heading & ETA) + Monitor proper frequencies (126.7 & MF/ATF,) > Get weather updates + Position reports > > DOLLLLLLLLLULLL LLL LLL ULULE ooo — Every 15 minutes — cockpit checks and reset HI Bs Maintain a effective lookout — ) Student practice ee y Exercise 30 Radio Communication Refer to the Industry Canada “Study Guide for the Radiotelephone Operator's Restricted Certificate — Aeronautical” (RIC-21) PRE-FLIGHT AND POST-FLIGHT BRIEFING ———_—_—_—S—O PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING + What are we going to do? + How are we going to do it? > Current Weather, aerodrome conditions and NOTAM's > Where the exercise will be conducted + Take-off time, duration of flight and landing time > Review relevant airmanship points and safety considerations ‘> Question the student to determine knowledge for lesson + Call attention to “Pilot Decision Making” for the expected flight 2. POST-FLIGHT BRIEFING > Help the student assess their own performance > Strengths ++ Weaknesses (maximum of 3) — try to choose a weakness that will solve the most problems if corrected Suggestions for improvement Answer any questions Assign study subjects and reading material ¥¥¥ IN-FLIGHT INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES —_—_—_—_—_—_— ——____— 4, CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT ‘> There should never be any doubt as to who has control of the aircraft when using the “I have control, you have control” statements. > As pilot-in-command YOU have the final authority. > When the student has control, you must NOT “ride” the controls. 2. IN-FLIGHT TEACHING > When teaching a new exercise, first give an explanation of the main points then give a perfect demonstration. > When teaching a complex manoeuvre, after the perfect demonstration, demonstrate a small portion of the manoeuvre giving a brief explanation before, during or after the demonstration. Have your student attempt this small portion. Continue breaking down the complex manoeuvre until the students has successfully completed all parts. Then have the student practice the complete manoeuvre. > Watch closely for major errors when the student is practicing a manoeuvre for the first time. Once the student becomes proficient with the manoeuvre, watch for small errors. +> At the end of a flight conclude the lesson with a perfect demonstration of the manoeuvre(s) to be learned on the next lesson. This will help your student fully understand the information in the Flight Training Manual when completing their home study,

You might also like