DAM WATER SENSOR

ABSTRACT

The Dam Water Raising Sensor is intended to help the dam Authorities to identify
when the water level reaches the peak point inside the dam by sending an alert
message via a sensor which will be placed inside the peak point dam. When water
touches the sensor, the sensor will immediately send alert notification and it will let
the dam authorities to identify the problem and they will start to release the water in a
slow flow rate and this could avoid the place from being flooded.
CONTENT PAGE

CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3-4
1.2 BACKGROUND RESEARCH 5-6
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 6-7
1.4 OBJECTIVE 7
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7
1.6 PROJECT SCOPE 8
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY 9
1.8 SIGNIFICIANCE OF PROJECT 9
1.9 CONCLUSION 10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW 11-14
2.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH 15-20
2.3 SUMMARY 25

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 26-27
3.2 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 28-41
3.3 CONCLUSION 41

2|Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) is a set of rapidly evolving and converging
technologies, which can bring sizeable consequences toward the economy, lifestyle, health,
education, labour markets, and skills development. The changes in the workforce setting of
IR 4.0 have driven the need to obtain new skills that are aligned with the advancement of
modern technology. IR 4.0 technology is getting more powerful every day, rapidly changing
the way people do things either in daily life or at the workplace especially in civil. For
example, in transportation engineering, the technology has been implemented for Building
Information Modelling (BIM) software onto a user’s view of the real world, which creates a
composite or augmented view. For road development, the government has come out with the
idea to come out with IR 4.0 and digital road map in this mid-September (Alaloul et al. 2018,
2020). This would outline phase two of the National Digital Infrastructure Plan (JENDELA)
action plan and prepare the nation for 5G technology. On top of mastering essential
knowledge and skills in their chosen disciplines, the technologies should be creative and
critical thinkers. They must also be able to evolve and change to fit the needs and demands
of industry trends. In the future, it would no longer just be about solving problems for
components instead, the focus will be on intersectionality, by way of overview and
connecting systems through cloud technology. The transformation of industries related to
production or manufacturing is known as Industry 4.0. It commonly uses the fourth industrial
revolution interchangeably in Industry 4.0. It also represents a new stage in the organization
and regulation of the industrial value chain.

Industry 4.0 formed by Cyber-physical systems such as intelligent machines. For these,
modern control systems are used that have pre-programmed custom embedded software
systems. That get rid of an internet address. That can be used via the Internet of Things
(IoT). The benefit of utilizing this way is that means of production and products get
networked. This means that they can now “communicate” which invents new ways of value
creation, real-time optimization, and production. Systems such as Cyber-physical ones help
create new capabilities that are necessary for smart factories. We know that some capabilities
are the same thanks to the Industrial Internet of Things such as tracking. People have defined
Industry 4.0 as “a name for the current trend of automation and data exchange in
manufacturing technology and products using the Internet of Things, Cyber-physical

3|Page
systems, cognitive computing, and cloud computing.” A vision that was fired from a plan to
further improve the German Industry of manufacturing. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is
characterized by more automation as compared to the previous Industrial Revolution,
Conversion from manual central Industrial control systems to using smart products, The
connection between the digital and physical world through the new and improved
(manufactured by Industrial IoT) Cyber-physical systems, Customization of products and
control systems and closed-loop data models. The end objective is to activate autonomous
decision-making processes and real-time processes. They are to enable live connected value
creation networks through vertical and horizontal integration and the involvement of
stakeholders. Industry 4.0 programs often include small-scale early-stage ventures. In reality,
in the Third and even Second Revolution, technologies/goals the majority of digitization and
digitalization efforts started taking place. Essentially, Industry 4.0 technology enables
existing data and abundant external data sources to , including connected asset data, to
achieve multi-level performance, to automate existing production processes, produce end-to-
end information streams through the value chain, and develop new services and business
models. In order to understand industry 4.0, the entire supply chain must show, which
includes the manufacturers, the origin of the products and components required for different
styles of intelligent manufacturing, the digital end-to-end distribution chain and, irrespective
of the number of intermediary acts and players, the ultimate destination of all
manufacturing/production.

4|Page
1.2 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is
collected in any area. It usually happens due to heavy rainfall. In Malaysia, I think most of
the people today are no longer surprised with news about floods. Since the last decade, our
country has suffered many events of flood. The geographical location of Malaysia makes it
experience two monsoon seasons, the South-West Monsoon and North-East Monsoon. This
monsoon season brings more rain resulting in regular floods every year. The geographical
location of Malaysia makes it experience two monsoon seasons, the South-West Monsoon
and North-East Monsoon. This monsoon season brings more rain resulting in regular floods
every year. Another reason for floods is to be said when the dam breaks down. Knowing this
raises questions in our minds. What have the authorities done to prevent the flood? Were the
floods unavoidable? Do we have a proper flood mitigation system? Who is to be blame when
the floods occur? Well, we could not blame anyone as it is a natural disaster. Although we
cannot change the natural causes of the flood, we should do everything that we can to control
the man-made causes. How is it possible? Yes, it is possible! The responsibility to take the
steps to control flood goes to the civil engineering department mainly, followed by the
mechatronics and information technology department to innovate using programing systems.
As we all know, most of the time flood occurs due to dam breakdown because of excess
water storage in it and the overflow of dam water.

This dam water raising sensor works by detecting water from the two metal prongs at
the bottom of the sensor. If these two metal prongs get wet, an alarm signal will be sent to
the control panel through transmission of an alert to their mobile phones. This will
immediately alert the dam supervising employees over there and could start to release the
water little by little before it reaches the danger zone inside the dam. This could prevent the
dam from breaking down and collapsing which leads to flood. As well as the name itself, this
project does use sensor as the main role in order to be functional.  

The water sensor is an electronic device that is designed to detect the presence of
water for purposes such as to provide an alert in time to allow the prevention of water
leakage. A common design is a small cable or device that lies flat on a floor and relies on the
electrical conductivity of water to decrease the resistance across two contacts. The device
then sounds an audible alarm together with providing onward signalling in the presence of
5|Page
enough water to bridge the contacts. These are useful in a normally occupied area near any
infrastructure that has the potential to leak water, such as HVAC, water pipes, drain pipes,
vending machines, dehumidifiers or water tanks and when placed in locations where water
should not be present or a leak. When Wi-Fi is enabled, the sensor can send out a
notification to the homeowner through a smartphone app. If the homeowner will be out
of town, family members, friends or other caretakers can be designated to receive
notification of a leak, so they can act quickly to help prevent further damage. Some
water-sensor systems can be programmed to shut off the water to the house to help
prevent a small leak from becoming a large one. If your home is heated by an older
steam-heating system, or if it’s protected by an automatic fire sprinkler system, check
with a qualified professional before installing sensor-activated water shut-off devices.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Dam is known for its beneficial to human as water storage, hydro-electricity supply,
and flood mitigation. However, dam also poses a significant threat to human lives and high
economic losses as a cascading impact from natural hazards, e.g., earthquake landslide, and
extreme climate, e.g., intense and prolonged rainfall. As stated in the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 for strengthening disaster risk governance, it is essential
to gather effort from various stakeholders associated to dam safety. The top main factors
attributes to dam-related disaster include heavy rainfall downpour, collected sediments
resulted from a la glide that may reduce the reservoir capacity, storm and strong winds,
mechanical and instrumentation failure and human-made damage. Saluja (2018) identified
the cause of earthen dams’ failure can be due to hydraulic problem, seepage, and mismatch
during design-build and construction. The vegetation of trees at the earthen dam may also
damage the dam's structure. Another contributing factor can be described as:

 wave erosion; an erosion by the storage water that reduces the thickness and strength
of the embankment,
 top erosion; misdirected spillway outlet discharge causing the downstream toe eroded
and gullying erosion at the embankment slope caused by rainfall or anthropogenic
activities.

6|Page
 The Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO) suggested that an extreme
weather event contributes to the highest factor of dam failures in the United States
Approximately 34% of the dam failure cases are due to overtopping caused by debris
obstruction and impurities while seepage or piping erosion contributes to 20% of the major
root cause.

Most residents near dam areas are not aware of the rapid occurrence of floods such as
flash floods in the area where they live or the area where they are because the flood alarm
does not work properly or the alarm sound is not that reachable to all the residents nearby.
The dam gets easily broken or cracked when excess water is stored inside it and causes flash
floods in many areas.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

1. To design a sensor and place it into a dam prototype which will be built from
referring to the Sultan Abu Bakar hydro-electric dam in Cameron Highlands, Pahang.

2. To develop a sensor networking device for sensing water level by the transmission
units using programing systems.

3. To monitor the detection of the rising of water level in dam & send alert in case of
danger in the form of text message.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What is Dam Water Raising Sensor?
2. What is the function of Dam Water Raising Sensor?
3. Why does the project use sensor?
4. How does the water sensor work?
5. Where should water sensor be placed at?
6. What is dam?
7. How much will it cost to create this project?

7|Page
1.6 PROJECT SCOPE

The specification for the dam’s detail will be the focus on guidelines from the Public
Work Department (PWD) and Federal Department of Town. In this AR project, students will
use the element of measurement and explanation about the dam construction. It will have the
calculation on many different types of the dam. All the element that provided, will be shown
in the three dimensions (3D). The geometric design of dam is the branch of civil engineering
concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the dam according to standards
and constraints. Geometric dam design can be broken into some main parts. Combined, they
provide a three-dimensional layout for a dam.

Augmented Reality Apps are software applications that merge the digital visual content
into the user’s real-world environment. In this research, students will use Vuforia to
complete the AR development and Google Sketch-up is a 3D modelling computer program
for a wide range of drawing applications. The program includes drawing layout
functionality, allows surface rendering in variable styles, supports third-party “plug-in”
programs hosted on a site called extension warehouse to provide other capabilities (e.g., near
photo-realistic rendering) and enables placement of its models. The AR application will be
validated among public at where the survey will be taken from 20 people randomly.

This project will provide a safe environment for the residents who are living near the
Sultan Abu Bakar hydro-electric dam. The project will be created by building a sensor which
can alert when the water level raises and reaches the maximum point so that this will make
the dam authorities identify the raising of water level and to take quick action.

8|Page
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The residents who are living at the area of Bertam Valley, Ringlet, Pahang will be
targeted for the scope of study because they are in a high risk of becoming victim if any flood
occurs due to the dam failure as there was a large scale of destruction of flood had occurred
on October 23, 2013 because of the water level reaches the peak and the dam almost
collapsed. This urged the dam officers to release the water immediately in a high rate and
causes damage to the properties, assets and had claimed the lives of four people. Hence, the
scope of the study mainly focus to provide a safe environment for the residents who are living
near the Sultan Abu Bakar hydro-electric dam. A sensor will be developed and placed inside
the dam at where, when the water level reaches the maximum point, the sensor will get wet
and immediately the alarm will starts to give warning sign to people near the dam. This will
ensure the residents near dam identify the raising of water level and to take quick action.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Water sensors are installed in data centres to mitigate all potential hazards and
consequences of water leakage. By receiving notification of water leaks at an early stage,
corrective actions can be made before problems beyond repair happen. Hence, this is
important for critical-mission infrastructure such as data centres to save their businesses. The
simplest things could be the cause of a major water leak in the data centres Water pipes can
burst. Cooling systems and air-conditioning units may leak from a bad condensate pump,
ruptured supply lines, and blocked drains. Sprinkler systems can break and malfunction.
Drainage can overflow causing a flood. The weather may also impact the groundwater.
Moisture can build up on surfaces of the equipment. Can you imagine these? Well, these are
just some. Even greater catastrophes may happen when these problems are left unnoticed
over an extended period.

The presence of water cannot be discovered easily. An example is the flooding under
raised floorings which cannot be seen as a false ceiling concealed piping above it. Water
leaks are only detected when administrators see the water patches. By this time, significant
damage may have occurred already. A water sensor will provide you with information to cut
the downtime needed in identifying the location of the leak. In this sense, the administrators
can still have enough time to take measures and stop the leakage.

9|Page
1.9 CONCLUSION

A dam failure is simply an uncontrolled release of water from a reservoir through

a dam as a result of structural failures or deficiencies in the dam. Dam failures can range from
fairly minor to catastrophic, and can possibly harm human life and property downstream from
the failure. Dam failures can be extremely harmful, especially because dams are considered
"installations containing dangerous forces" under International Humanitarian law. This is
because of the immense destruction that can occur with a dam breach. Throughout history, a
large number of dam failures have caused immense property damage when floodwaters
destroy infrastructure. In addition, ecosystems and habitats are destroyed as a result of waters
flooding them. Along with this, dam failures over the years have taken thousands of lives.
The older that dams get, the more potential exists for catastrophic dam failures.

There are four major causes of dam failures, they include:

 Overtopping: These failures occur as a result of poor spillway design, leading to a

reservoir filling too high with water, especially in times of heavy rainfall. Other
causes of this type of failure include settling of the crest of the dam or spillway
blockage.
 Foundation defects: These failures occur as a result of settling in the foundation of
the dam, instability of slopes surrounding the dam, uplift pressures,
and seepage around the foundation. All of these failures result in structural
instability and potential dam failure.
 Piping and seepage failures: These failures occur as a result of internal erosion
caused by seepage and erosion along hydraulic structures such as the spillways.
As well, erosion as a result of animal burrows and cracks in the dam structure
contribute to these failures.
 Conduit and valve failure: These failures occur as a result of problems with values
and conduits.

Other dam failures arise as a result of other miscellaneous causes. Many dam failures are also
secondary results of other natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, extreme storms,
or heavy snow-melt. Other causes include equipment malfunction, structural damage, and
sabotage.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.10INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a thorough summary of prior research on a particular subject. A

literature review examines academic papers, books, and other materials that are pertinent to a
certain field of study. This past study should be enumerated, described, summarised,
objectively evaluated, and clarified in the review. The literature review recognises the efforts
of earlier researchers, assuring the reader that your research is well-thought-out. By
acknowledging a prior work in the subject of study, it is expected that the author has read,
evaluated, and absorbed that work into the current work. Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) in
construction, Internet of Things (IoT) in construction, and Argument Reality (AR) in
construction are all topics covered in a literature review.

The strategy of component-industrialization, construction-breakdown, design-identical,

construction-assembled, and operation-data technique to optimise the life cycle value is the
future of construction industry development. To highlight genuine needs in the CI in terms of
its progression towards the IR 4.0 level, based on the most recent research. It is demonstrated
that interdisciplinary approaches are not studied in order to develop particular rules,
processes, techniques, and know-how for implementing IR 4.0 concepts in the CI. To achieve
sustainable development, IR 4.0 principles should be merged with construction production,
and unique skills should be used to the intellectual engineering of contemporary construction,
enhancing the degree of integration.

11 | P a g e
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

Dams serve many purposes for humans. They used to retain water for hydroelectric
power generation, to provide a water supply for irrigation and domestic purposes and to
prevent flooding. There are 72 dams in Malaysia and most of them are old structures. The
oldest dam in Malaysia is the Bukit Merah Dam which has a storage capacity of 92.8Mcm at
RL 9.10m and which was built in 1906. There are rising issues on dam safety and how well
dams are functioning in Malaysia. Malaysia has not had the experience of any dam failure.
However, as the dams are getting older, there are chances that the condition of our dams will
become worse. We need to take notice of the conditions of these dams from the safety point
of view before they become a disaster for everyone. Based on a study, there are a few issues
and problems related to dam safety and sustainable dam management system in Malaysia.
Issues such as old dam structures, climate change, land use, interference at dam water
catchment areas all need to be taken into consideration when determining dam safety and the
sustainability of dam management system in the country.

In Malaysia, the tragedy in Bertam Valley, Cameron Highlands in 2013 was an eye-
opener for Malaysian people on the safety of dams in Malaysia. A heavy downpour had
caused the water in the Sultan Abu Bakar Dam in Ringlet to overflow thus flooding the
village located downstream. The control gate was opened to avoid the damage to the dam
due to high pressure from the excessive amount of water. However, residents downstream
were not evacuated before the release of the water. Local authorities and the dam operators
need to improve their Emergency Response Plan (ERP) especially when there is a need for
evacuation. There should be a guideline to buffer the distance between the location of the
dam constructed and the location of nearby residential areas downstream.

As we all know, most of the time flood occurs due to dam breakdown because of
excess water storage in it and the overflow of dam water. Flood is one of the most dangerous
natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is collected in any area. It usually happens
due to heavy rainfall. In Malaysia, I think most of the people today are no longer surprised
with news about floods. Since the last decade, our country has suffered many events of
flood. The geographical location of Malaysia makes it experience two monsoon seasons, the
South-West Monsoon and North-East Monsoon. This monsoon season brings more rain
resulting in regular floods every year.

12 | P a g e
 Another reason for floods is to be said when the dam breaks down. Knowing this
raises questions in our minds. What have the authorities done to prevent the flood? Were the
floods unavoidable? Do we have a proper flood mitigation system? Who is to be blame when
the floods occur? Well, we could not blame anyone as it is a natural disaster. Although we
cannot change the natural causes of the flood, we should do everything that we can to control
the man-made causes. How is it possible? Yes it is possible!

The responsibility to take the steps to control flood goes to the civil engineering
department mainly, followed by the mechatronics and information technology department to
innovate using programming systems.

13 | P a g e
2.1.2 Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the construction field

Construction is a wide flat industry, supporting all other industries significantly, where value
formation practically
happens in the sense of facilities or assets development. Construction personnel allocates
only around 30% of their
functioning time to their main task. The residual 70% is occupied by consecutive errands,
moving ingredients, arranging
up, reorganizing the building site and observing resources and equipment. The construction
industry is on the border of
an innovative industrial era [1, 2]. A significant change occurs in the construction industry
with the appearance of the
fourth industrial revolution or IR 4.0 which will convert the construction industry in the
direction of further digitally
developed trades. The notion of creating a “digital twin” of a building or a piece of infra
structure is central to enables
accurate, well-informed decisions to be made throughout the project lifecycle. IR 4.0 is still
in its very early stages and
the construction sector still lags significantly behind other industries in terms of the
automation of processes and the
level of digitalization [3, 4]. Consequently, efficiency has decayed during the previous
years, or else in some
circumstances, even dropped. The future of construction industry will get production schemes
with further intelligent
via apply of digital schemes. In the meantime, there will be further knowledge-oriented
projects and thoughtful species
projects that will significantly enhance construction industry effectiveness and affordability
[5, 6].
Digitalization of suitable data, a fast answer for solving the problem and cooperative working
context in the projects
scheme design, building/construction and operation, utilization of resources and enhance
quality and safety. This will
revolutionize not only how physical structures are designed, built and maintained, b ut also
how they are subsequently
used [2, 7, 8]. Take into consideration the quick advent of “augmented reality, drones, 3D
scanning and printing,
Building Information Modelling (BIM), autonomous equipment and advanced building
materials” altogether have
nowadays touched market ripeness. During the first three industrial revolutions, mechanical,
electrical and information
technology had produced, which were intended for enhancing the productivity of business
procedures [9]. The initial
industrial revolution enhanced productivity via the use of hydropower, better applying of
steam power and
improvement of machine tools; the second industrial revolution introduced electricity and
bulk production; the third
industrial revolution more enhanced automation by means of electro nics and information
technology. Currently the
fourth industrial revolution is coming into view that is directed by Cyber Physics System
(CPS) approach to

14 | P a g e
amalgamate the physical world with the information era for future industrial improvement [4,
10].
It is conceivable to designate three future-related themes linked to IR 4.0 for instance: a
transaction with complexity,
capability for novelty and elasticity. Furthermore, it is probable to originate six design
concepts from its ingredient:
“interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation,
and modularity”.
Interoperability guarantees the linking and communication amongst physical ingredient,
individuals, and smart units,
while virtualization is understood as the simulated duplicate of physical items. Because of the
decentralization and real
Construction is a wide flat industry, supporting all other industries significantly, where value
formation practically
happens in the sense of facilities or assets development. Construction personnel allocates
only around 30% of their
functioning time to their main task. The residual 70% is occupied by consecutive errands,
moving ingredients, arranging
up, reorganizing the building site and observing resources and equipment. The construction
industry is on the border of
an innovative industrial era [1, 2]. A significant change occurs in the construction industry
with the appearance of the
fourth industrial revolution or IR 4.0 which will convert the construction industry in the
direction of further digitally
developed trades. The notion of creating a “digital twin” of a building or a piece of infra
structure is central to enables
accurate, well-informed decisions to be made throughout the project lifecycle. IR 4.0 is still
in its very early stages and
the construction sector still lags significantly behind other industries in terms of the
automation of processes and the
level of digitalization [3, 4]. Consequently, efficiency has decayed during the previous
years, or else in some
circumstances, even dropped. The future of construction industry will get production schemes
with further intelligent
via apply of digital schemes. In the meantime, there will be further knowledge-oriented
projects and thoughtful species
projects that will significantly enhance construction industry effectiveness and affordability
[5, 6].
Digitalization of suitable data, a fast answer for solving the problem and cooperative working
context in the projects
scheme design, building/construction and operation, utilization of resources and enhance
quality and safety. This will
revolutionize not only how physical structures are designed, built and maintained, b ut also
how they are subsequently
used [2, 7, 8]. Take into consideration the quick advent of “augmented reality, drones, 3D
scanning and printing,
Building Information Modelling (BIM), autonomous equipment and advanced building
materials” altogether have
nowadays touched market ripeness. During the first three industrial revolutions, mechanical,
electrical and information

15 | P a g e
technology had produced, which were intended for enhancing the productivity of business
procedures [9]. The initial
industrial revolution enhanced productivity via the use of hydropower, better applying of
steam power and
improvement of machine tools; the second industrial revolution introduced electricity and
bulk production; the third
industrial revolution more enhanced automation by means of electro nics and information
technology. Currently the
fourth industrial revolution is coming into view that is directed by Cyber Physics System
(CPS) approach to
amalgamate the physical world with the information era for future industrial improvement [4,
10].
It is conceivable to designate three future-related themes linked to IR 4.0 for instance: a
transaction with complexity,
capability for novelty and elasticity. Furthermore, it is probable to originate six design
concepts from its ingredient:
“interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation,
and modularity”.
Interoperability guarantees the linking and communication amongst physical ingredient,
individuals, and smart units,
while virtualization is understood as the simulated duplicate of physical items. Because of the
decentralization and real
Construction is a wide flat industry, supporting all other industries significantly, where value
formation practically
happens in the sense of facilities or assets development. Construction personnel allocates
only around 30% of their
functioning time to their main task. The residual 70% is occupied by consecutive errands,
moving ingredients, arranging
up, reorganizing the building site and observing resources and equipment. The construction
industry is on the border of
an innovative industrial era [1, 2]. A significant change occurs in the construction industry
with the appearance of the
fourth industrial revolution or IR 4.0 which will convert the construction industry in the
direction of further digitally
developed trades. The notion of creating a “digital twin” of a building or a piece of infra
structure is central to enables
accurate, well-informed decisions to be made throughout the project lifecycle. IR 4.0 is still
in its very early stages and
the construction sector still lags significantly behind other industries in terms of the
automation of processes and the
level of digitalization [3, 4]. Consequently, efficiency has decayed during the previous
years, or else in some
circumstances, even dropped. The future of construction industry will get production schemes
with further intelligent
via apply of digital schemes. In the meantime, there will be further knowledge-oriented
projects and thoughtful species
projects that will significantly enhance construction industry effectiveness and affordability
[5, 6].
Digitalization of suitable data, a fast answer for solving the problem and cooperative working
context in the projects

16 | P a g e
scheme design, building/construction and operation, utilization of resources and enhance
quality and safety. This will
revolutionize not only how physical structures are designed, built and maintained, b ut also
how they are subsequently
used [2, 7, 8]. Take into consideration the quick advent of “augmented reality, drones, 3D
scanning and printing,
Building Information Modelling (BIM), autonomous equipment and advanced building
materials” altogether have
nowadays touched market ripeness. During the first three industrial revolutions, mechanical,
electrical and information
technology had produced, which were intended for enhancing the productivity of business
procedures [9]. The initial
industrial revolution enhanced productivity via the use of hydropower, better applying of
steam power and
improvement of machine tools; the second industrial revolution introduced electricity and
bulk production; the third
industrial revolution more enhanced automation by means of electro nics and information
technology. Currently the
fourth industrial revolution is coming into view that is directed by Cyber Physics System
(CPS) approach to
amalgamate the physical world with the information era for future industrial improvement [4,
10].
It is conceivable to designate three future-related themes linked to IR 4.0 for instance: a
transaction with complexity,
capability for novelty and elasticity. Furthermore, it is probable to originate six design
concepts from its ingredient:
“interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation,
and modularity”.
Interoperability guarantees the linking and communication amongst physical ingredient,
individuals, and smart units,
while virtualization is understood as the simulated duplicate of physical items. Because of the
decentralization and real
Construction is a wide flat industry, supporting all other industries significantly, where value
formation practically
happens in the sense of facilities or assets development. Construction personnel allocates
only around 30% of their
functioning time to their main task. The residual 70% is occupied by consecutive errands,
moving ingredients, arranging
up, reorganizing the building site and observing resources and equipment. The construction
industry is on the border of
an innovative industrial era [1, 2]. A significant change occurs in the construction industry
with the appearance of the
fourth industrial revolution or IR 4.0 which will convert the construction industry in the
direction of further digitally
developed trades. The notion of creating a “digital twin” of a building or a piece of infra
structure is central to enables
accurate, well-informed decisions to be made throughout the project lifecycle. IR 4.0 is still
in its very early stages and
the construction sector still lags significantly behind other industries in terms of the
automation of processes and the

17 | P a g e
level of digitalization [3, 4]. Consequently, efficiency has decayed during the previous
years, or else in some
circumstances, even dropped. The future of construction industry will get production schemes
with further intelligent
via apply of digital schemes. In the meantime, there will be further knowledge-oriented
projects and thoughtful species
projects that will significantly enhance construction industry effectiveness and affordability
[5, 6].
Digitalization of suitable data, a fast answer for solving the problem and cooperative working
context in the projects
scheme design, building/construction and operation, utilization of resources and enhance
quality and safety. This will
revolutionize not only how physical structures are designed, built and maintained, b ut also
how they are subsequently
used [2, 7, 8]. Take into consideration the quick advent of “augmented reality, drones, 3D
scanning and printing,
Building Information Modelling (BIM), autonomous equipment and advanced building
materials” altogether have
nowadays touched market ripeness. During the first three industrial revolutions, mechanical,
electrical and information
technology had produced, which were intended for enhancing the productivity of business
procedures [9]. The initial
industrial revolution enhanced productivity via the use of hydropower, better applying of
steam power and
improvement of machine tools; the second industrial revolution introduced electricity and
bulk production; the third
industrial revolution more enhanced automation by means of electro nics and information
technology. Currently the
fourth industrial revolution is coming into view that is directed by Cyber Physics System
(CPS) approach to
amalgamate the physical world with the information era for future industrial improvement [4,
10].
It is conceivable to designate three future-related themes linked to IR 4.0 for instance: a
transaction with complexity,
capability for novelty and elasticity. Furthermore, it is probable to originate six design
concepts from its ingredient:
“interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation,
and modularity”.
Interoperability guarantees the linking and communication amongst physical ingredient,
individuals, and smart units,
while virtualization is understood as the simulated duplicate of physical items. Because of the
decentralization and real
Construction is a wide flat industry, supporting all other industries significantly, where value
formation practically
happens in the sense of facilities or assets development. Construction personnel allocates
only around 30% of their
functioning time to their main task. The residual 70% is occupied by consecutive errands,
moving ingredients, arranging
up, reorganizing the building site and observing resources and equipment. The construction
industry is on the border of

18 | P a g e
an innovative industrial era [1, 2]. A significant change occurs in the construction industry
with the appearance of the
fourth industrial revolution or IR 4.0 which will convert the construction industry in the
direction of further digitally
developed trades. The notion of creating a “digital twin” of a building or a piece of infra
structure is central to enables
accurate, well-informed decisions to be made throughout the project lifecycle. IR 4.0 is still
in its very early stages and
the construction sector still lags significantly behind other industries in terms of the
automation of processes and the
level of digitalization [3, 4]. Consequently, efficiency has decayed during the previous
years, or else in some
circumstances, even dropped. The future of construction industry will get production schemes
with further intelligent
via apply of digital schemes. In the meantime, there will be further knowledge-oriented
projects and thoughtful species
projects that will significantly enhance construction industry effectiveness and affordability
[5, 6].
Digitalization of suitable data, a fast answer for solving the problem and cooperative working
context in the projects
scheme design, building/construction and operation, utilization of resources and enhance
quality and safety. This will
revolutionize not only how physical structures are designed, built and maintained, b ut also
how they are subsequently
used [2, 7, 8]. Take into consideration the quick advent of “augmented reality, drones, 3D
scanning and printing,
Building Information Modelling (BIM), autonomous equipment and advanced building
materials” altogether have
nowadays touched market ripeness. During the first three industrial revolutions, mechanical,
electrical and information
technology had produced, which were intended for enhancing the productivity of business
procedures [9]. The initial
industrial revolution enhanced productivity via the use of hydropower, better applying of
steam power and
improvement of machine tools; the second industrial revolution introduced electricity and
bulk production; the third
industrial revolution more enhanced automation by means of electro nics and information
technology. Currently the
fourth industrial revolution is coming into view that is directed by Cyber Physics System
(CPS) approach to
amalgamate the physical world with the information era for future industrial improvement [4,
10].
It is conceivable to designate three future-related themes linked to IR 4.0 for instance: a
transaction with complexity,
capability for novelty and elasticity. Furthermore, it is probable to originate six design
concepts from its ingredient:
“interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation,
and modularity”.
Interoperability guarantees the linking and communication amongst physical ingredient,
individuals, and smart units,

19 | P a g e
while virtualization is understood as the simulated duplicate of physical items. Because of the
decentralization and real
The majority of IR 4.0 projects are in their early stages and have a restricted reach. In
actuality, the vast majority of digitization and digitalization initiatives occur in the
framework of third and even second industrial revolution technology goals. A detailed study
is undertaken to identify the key issues that are preventing the introduction of IR 4.0-related
technologies in the construction sector, as well as the long-term potential. After that, the
acquired data was examined using a questionnaire survey. The social and technological
elements, according to this study, are the most important determinants of effective
implementation. Despite the indicated crucial factor, all of the contributing elements had a
substantial impact on the effective implementation.

2.1.3 Industrial Revolution in civil engineering infrastructures

The technologies that enable IR 4.0 use existing data and sample new data sources, such
as data from connected assets, to improve efficiency on various levels, modify existing
construction processes, establish end-to-end information streams across the value chain, and
build new infrastructures. Technology is always developing, resulting in fast advancements
in industrial performance. Previously, the globe was overly reliant on people during the first
industrial revolution, to the point that it generated immigration issues in some nations, such
as Malaysia. The concepts of digitization and digitalization are presently gaining traction in
various industries, including the construction sector, and they might be a new way to
improve job quality while also reducing construction costs and time. The disruption of
digital technology brought on by rapid digitalization has prompted changes in industrial
business processes

20 | P a g e
Construction is a wide flat industry,
supporting all other industries significantly,
where value formation practically
happens in the sense of facilities or assets
development. Construction personnel
allocates only around 30% of their
functioning time to their main task. The
residual 70% is occupied by consecutive
errands, moving ingredients, arranging
up, reorganizing the building site and
observing resources and equipment. The
construction industry is on the border of
an innovative industrial era [1, 2]. A
significant change occurs in the construction
industry with the appearance of the
fourth industrial revolution or IR 4.0 which
will convert the construction industry in the
direction of further digitally
developed trades. The notion of creating a
“digital twin” of a building or a piece of infra
structure is central to enables
accurate, well-informed decisions to be made
throughout the project lifecycle. IR 4.0 is
still in its very early stages and
21 | P a g e
the construction sector still lags significantly
behind other industries in terms of the
automation of processes and the
level of digitalization [3, 4]. Consequently,
efficiency has decayed during the previous
years, or else in some
circumstances, even dropped. The future of
construction industry will get production
schemes with further intelligent
via apply of digital schemes. In the
meantime, there will be further knowledge-
oriented projects and thoughtful species
projects that will significantly enhance
construction industry effectiveness and
affordability [5, 6].
Digitalization of suitable data, a fast answer
for solving the problem and cooperative
working context in the projects
scheme design, building/construction and
operation, utilization of resources and
enhance quality and safety. This will
revolutionize not only how physical
structures are designed, built and maintained,
b ut also how they are subsequently
22 | P a g e
used [2, 7, 8]. Take into consideration the
quick advent of “augmented reality, drones,
3D scanning and printing,
Building Information Modelling (BIM),
autonomous equipment and advanced
building materials” altogether have
nowadays touched market ripeness. During
the first three industrial revolutions,
mechanical, electrical and information
technology had produced, which were
intended for enhancing the productivity of
business procedures [9]. The initial
industrial revolution enhanced productivity
via the use of hydropower, better applying of
steam power and
improvement of machine tools; the second
industrial revolution introduced electricity
and bulk production; the third
industrial revolution more enhanced
automation by means of electro nics and
information technology. Currently the
fourth industrial revolution is coming into
view that is directed by Cyber Physics
System (CPS) approach to
23 | P a g e
amalgamate the physical world with the
information era for future industrial
improvement [4, 10].
It is conceivable to designate three future-
related themes linked to IR 4.0 for instance: a
transaction with complexity,
capability for novelty and elasticity.
Furthermore, it is probable to originate six
design concepts from its ingredient:
“interoperability, virtualization,
decentralization, real-time capability, service
orientation, and modularity”.
Interoperability guarantees the linking and
communication amongst physical ingredient,
individuals, and smart units,
while virtualization is understood as the
simulated duplicate of physical items.
Because of the decentralization and real
2.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Every problem must have a solution. From time immemorial, humans have done research
and solutions to make life easier and safer. There are many previous studies in detecting the
occurrence of flood that exist in this world :

2.2.1 Ultrasonic Water Level Sensor for Dam Level Monitoring

One of the best ways to avoid flood disaster is to use ultrasonic water level sensor to monitor
the change of dam level. In fact, the throw in type level sensor can also monitor the level of a

24 | P a g e
dam, because it cannot collect large data and "respond" to changes in the level timely due to
its design structure and traditional measurement principles. Therefore, wireless liquid level
solution has gradually become a dam level sensor. Its wide application has made a significant
contribution to the prevention of floods and droughts, greatly reducing the damage of natural
disasters, and thus improving economic development. More and more water workers are
beginning to pay attention to remote tamping and remote level monitoring. The ultrasonic
water level sensor not only provides effective protection for dam level monitoring, but also
provides technical support for environmental monitoring. As is known to all, the reservoir
has the function of flood control and ensuring the balance of water resources. Once a flood
disaster occurs, not only will the local economy suffer losses, but more importantly, it will
destroy the ecological environment and have a devastating impact on the soil and farmland.
In order to avoid natural disasters, water conservancy workers usually use ultrasonic water
level sensors to monitor the dam level and understand the water level changes in advance so
that they can make timely judgments and give solutions to avoid major natural disasters.
Secondly, the use of ultrasonic water level sensors to monitor the dam level has the
following reasons: First, reduce the labor intensity and improve work efficiency. Second,
intuitive readings to understand water level changes in real time. Third, remote water level
monitoring, knowing the flood information in advance. The above advantages are not
achievable with input sensors. This is why I recommend an ultrasonic water level sensor to
monitor the dam level.

The ultrasonic water level sensor is also insufficient because it is designed based on
ultrasonic wave and wireless liquid level monitoring, and the price is relatively expensive.
Secondly, because the ultrasonic wave needs to complete data acquisition and execute
control commands through the computer, the operator needs skilled computer operation and
professional sensor knowledge. But I believe that with the increasing popularity of ultrasonic
water level sensors, it can be used for a variety of water (liquid) position monitoring at a
cost-effective price.

2.2.2 Water Level Monitor, Control and Alerting System Using GSM In
Dams and Irrigation System based on Season
This project is designed for developing a system that effectively and securely manages dam
shutters. A system comprising of a PIC Microcontroller, water-level sensor and GSM based
circuitry, is physically installed on the dam. The system sends an SMS notification to the
25 | P a g e
control room when it finds the water-level rising above the threshold level. When the
authorized personnel from control room, receives and responds to the message. The system
sends alerts as SMS broadcast, and opens the shutter. Another useful functionality
implemented in the system is the periodic opening and closing of the tunnel pathways using a
solenoid valve, to facilitate sufficient water-flow for irrigation. The temperature sensor is
used in the system, if it finds the atmospheric temperature to be higher than usual; it
increases the duration of opening the solenoid valve so as to ensure sufficient water-flow
during harsh climates.
BLOCK DIAGRAM :

DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1 Water Level Sensor

Float-type sensors can be designed so that a shield protects the float itself from
turbulence and wave motion. Float sensors operate well in a wide variety of liquids,
including corrosives. It senses the water at different levels in the dam and sends the
information to the microcontroller. According to the measured information the Dam Shutter
will opened or closed and passes the status to the control room.

26 | P a g e
 Figure 1.2 Temperature Sensor

The temperature sensor used to measure the atmospheric temperature for the irrigation. The
LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
degree C at room temperature and degree C over a full -55 to +150øC temperature range.
Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35's low output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout
or control circuitry especially easy.

Figure 1.3 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) Module

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system
that is widely used in all parts of the world. A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem
which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just
like a mobile phone.GSM modem must support an “extended Features of SIM300 GSM
Module
 Designed for global market, SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM engine
 Works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS 1900 MHz.
 This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem
In this project the GSM modem is used to send the message about the status of the dam level
and also send message to turn on the motor for opening and closing of the dam shutter. It
alert the people living nearby the dam by sending SMS about the overflow of the dam to
save them.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM :-

27 | P a g e
In DAM section the very important block is PIC Micro Controller. It gets the signal
from various sensors and performs the control actions. Various level sensors are fixed in the
dam to find the water level. First sensor is fixed at the lowest bottom of the dam. In the dam
another sensor is placed at middle position above the bottom. Here the sensor finds the
water level is appropriate then water will be given to irrigation purposes. In this project for
different level of water the height is not fixed. Because in different seasons the expected
water to be stored is different and the levels adjusted as per requirements. Finally the sensor
is placed at the top of the dam to find the flood conditions. If this level is reached we have to
take some remedial measure to evaporate the water and also an alerting message will be sent
to control room that dam is reaching flood level. From various levels the signal is given to
micro controller built in A/D converter and it converts the signal into digital data by
programming the different levels details are displayed on LCD and also same information
passed to Control room through GSM modem.

Next sensor used in the block diagram is temperature sensor. The purpose of this sensor is
mainly for irrigation and used to measure the atmospheric temperature. If the atmospheric
temperature is high the fields may get dry. It needs water to increase the yields. The
microcontroller checks the threshold value of the temperature sensor and compares the level
in the DAM using water level sensor. If enough water is available in the DAM and field is at
dry condition due to high atmospheric temperature, it releases the water from the DAM for
irrigation. If the atmospheric temperature is low due to rainy season, the microcontroller
cannot drive the motor to open the shutter of DAM to irrigation because the fields have
sufficient moisture content. GSM module is used for sending status of the DAM levels to
the control room. When water reaches the first sensor it sensed by it and displayed. When
reaches the other level provides the signals to the microcontroller and opens the dam gate
partially as soon as reaches the final level gives the signals to the microcontroller and turned
ON the motor which is opens the gate fully also it alerts the people by SMS.

2.2.3 Water Level Monitoring and Dam Gate Control over IOT
Water level in a dam needs to be maintained effectively to avoid complications. This is
generally performed manually which requires full time supervision by more number of
operators. Moreover, the quantity of water released is hardly ever correct resulting in

28 | P a g e
wastage of water & it is impossible for a man to precisely control the gates without the
knowledge of exact water level and water inflow rate.
This system consists of a level sensor connected through raspberry pi. The water level will
be analyzed using these sensors and updated in the web server using IOT module connected
to the raspberry pi. Authorities can view this information using internet from any place and
also they can make a decision to control the dam gate to avoid further complications.

The main objective of this project is to develop a mechatronics based system. This system
will detect the level of water and estimate the water inflow rate in a dam and thereby control
the movement of gates using IOT in a real-time basis. It offers more flexibility over existing
systems. Also the purpose of our project is to monitor the water level in dam using the
advanced concept of IOT employing Raspberry pi. The Internet of Things (IOT) is a system
in which real time things are interconnected to web. This system can also be used to sense
the earthquake vibrations and explosive detection and as alert system.

We are using Raspberry Pi which is a fully featured micro-computer implemented onto a

small circuit board. It by default supporting python as the educational language along with
embedded C. Here we have installed updated version of operating system i.e. Raspbian-pixel
and done programming in embedded C.

2.2.4 Augmented Reality in Construction field

Augmented Reality (AR), a cutting-edge technology for superimposing information on the
real environment, has just lately begun to have an impact on people's lives. AR applications
are maturing and becoming more diverse. Users with internet connectivity may access
information from practically anywhere using cloud computing settings. As a result, cloud
computing expands the range of applications in which AR may be used. Another aspect that
will contribute to more AR adoption is the shrinking, more powerful, and less costly nature of
mobile devices.

AR technologies, which provide tremendous immersion and rich interaction, have piqued the
interest of educational academics and practitioners. Current learning theories and models, on
the other hand, either primarily emphasis technological views or place a greater emphasis on
pedagogy. The AR model considers the influence of several aspects such as educational
settings, roles and scenarios, and output requirements, all of which are integrated to inform

29 | P a g e
the design and implementation of AR education applications. The utilization of natural
interaction not only makes learning more exciting and engaging, but it also increases
knowledge development in practice.

2.2.5 Types of Augmented Reality Software

A lot of software has been developing to create the augmented reality as the following:

a. AutoCAD

Figure 2.19 : AutoCAD

Computer-Aided Design(CAD) or Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD)

can be defined as using computer systems to assist in the creation, modification,
analysis, or optimization of a design. (Narayan, 2008)
CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the
quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and create a
database for manufacturing. (Narayan, 2008)
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including
automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural
design, prosthetics, and many more. (Pottmann, and et al., 2007)

Four AutoCAD products for AEC :

 AutoCAD: the original version of AutoCAD. This version can use

architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, city planners, and
other professionals.

30 | P a g e
  AutoCAD Architecture: a version of Autodesk’s flagship product,
AutoCAD, with tools and functions specially suited to architecture work.
This software supports dynamic elements (wall, door, windows, and other
architectural elements) and automatically updating Spaces and Areas for
calculations of sqft.
 AutoCAD LT: the lower-cost version of AutoCAD, with reduced
capabilities (No 3D, No Network Licensing, No management tools, and
more).
 AutoCAD 360: an account-based mobile and web application enabling
registered users to view, edit, and share AutoCAD files via a mobile device
and web using a limited AutoCAD feature set and using cloud-stored
drawing files.

b. Unity

Figure 2.20 : Unity

Unity is a cross-platform game engine that was first launched in 2005 by Unity
Technologies. Unity focuses on the creation of both 2D and 3D games as well as
interactive content. Unity currently supports over 20 distinct target platforms for
deployment, with the PC, Android, and iOS systems being the most popular.

Unity has a comprehensive toolset for planning and developing games, including
interfaces for graphics, audio, and level-building tools, reducing the need for third
party software.

In this series, we will be :

 Learning how to use the various fundamentals of Unity

31 | P a g e
 Understanding how everything works in the engine

 Understanding the basic concepts of game design

 Creating and building actual sample games

 Learning how to deploy our projects to the market

c. SketchUp

Figure 2.21 : SketchUp

SketchUp Pro Desktop, a 3D modelling computer programme for a wide range of
drawing and design applications, including architectural, interior design, industrial
and product design, landscape architecture, civil and mechanical engineering,
theatre, film, and video game development, is part of a subscription product suite
called SketchUp.
Trimble Inc. owns the programme, which is presently offered as a web-based
application called SketchUp Free[4] as well as three premium memberships called
SketchUp Shop, SketchUp Pro, and SketchUp Studio, each with more features.

d. Vuforia

32 | P a g e
 Figure 2.22 : Vuforia
Vuforia Engine is an Augmented Reality (AR) software development kit (SDK).
Advanced computer vision technology may be simply added to any programme,
allowing it to recognize pictures and objects as well as interact with real-world
locations. Developers may use this picture registration capabilities to position and
orient virtual items like 3D models and other media in respect to the actual
environment. When viewed through the camera of a mobile device, there are 15
things. The virtual object then follows the image's location and orientation in real
time so that the viewer's viewpoint on the object matches the target's perspective.
As a result, the virtual item appears to be a part of the real-world scene.

2.3 SUMMARY

This chapter describes the project design as well as the pilot study related to our project
which is the dam water sensor which will be carried out in future for implementation. The
chapter also describes the literature study and links the IR 4.0 in development, IoT and AR.
On the implementation of the project, we had described the research framework commenting
on the preliminary study. Furthermore, the design, how to produce it and the required
software has been specified in this proposal. In addition, it is also written in detailed about
the research methods of the dam water sensor project.

33 | P a g e
3.0 Methodology

3.1 Chapter Introduction

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a
branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical
model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques. According to Valunaite
Oleskeviciene & Sliogeriene (2020), methodology is presented briefly, noting the general
move from rigorous quantitative methodologies to qualitative approaches, allowing the
voices of the research participants to be obtained. Quantitative is to quantify data and
generalize result from a sample to the population of interest. Sometimes followed by
qualitative research which is used to explore some findings further. Qualitative is to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons and motivations and to uncover prevalent trends in
though and opinion (de Leeuw, 2018). This study focused on quantitative method to gain the
result. Students will used quantitative method to gain sample from students of Ungku Omar
Polytechnic (PUO) and will using google form to collect the data. The Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences (SPSS) software will be use to validate the data. For the experts like
lecturers and engineers, students also will be using the quantitative method and will validate
the data by using Microsoft Excel. Methodology is understood as the set of norms and actions
designed to describe a problem. In general, methodology is a part of scientific research. In
this sense, the scientist starts from a hypothesis as a possible explanation of a problem and
tries to find a law that explains it. Between the hypothesis and the final resolution, the
scientist must follow a path, that is, a research method. Thus, the study of methods is known
as methodology. In other words, the methodology responds to the “how” of a study or
research.

34 | P a g e
Methodology: Project Introduction

This research paper explains the failures on dam in water level conditions and a suitable
sensor to detect the water level rising. So, our group were researched to browse and gain
more knowledge about this problem to identify a high-tech device that could detect and
transmit the water level of the Dam.
We found through our research, the Dam water level rising which cause breakage of the Dam
and could cause overflow of the barriers. These results led our group research to conclude
that should be part of strategic planning for economic and social needs (such as energy, food,
and flood and drought protection). Alternatives such as demand management, green
infrastructure, and importing and trading energy or food can reduce the need to build new
dams.

35 | P a g e
3.2 Research Framework

36 | P a g e
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38 | P a g e
3.2.1 Stage 1: Preliminaries (Procedure to Build the Project)

The project that we are going to build is a dam prototype and a sensor will be developed.

Dam Prototype: Firstly, a sketching was done on how the dam prototype should look like.
Then, started to buy the items that will be used to build the main prototype of the dam. After
buying all the items to build the prototype, a calculation was made on how to build the
prototype. The calculations were made to ensure all the things to build this prototype is in a
proper way. After doing all the calculations, the polystyrene board was cut with the size of
20cm,24cm,28cm,32cm,34cm and 36cm respectively. After that, the foam board was
arranged in stair case method and glue it. Later, the top layer of polystyrene box was cut and
merged it with another polystyrene box with glue at where it acts as the dam which holds the
water. After making the main parts of prototype, the prototype was modified by scraping the
polystyrene into a better shape to let the water flow in a nice motion. Then, two boxes were
merged of polystyrene container which acts as the dam which holds the water together with
the poly foam board which acts as the runoff pathway. The water flowing pathway was fully
closed to complete the prototype of dam and to avoid water from flowing in wrong direction
and after completing the dam prototype almost 75%, silicone was applied around the
prototype to prevent water leakage and we poke wooden sticks at the dam prototype to make
it stick strongly at where in another word, the wooden stick act as reinforcement. Lastly, the
prototype was being painted and decorated for presentation.

39 | P a g e
40 | P a g e
Sensor: Firstly, a sketching was done on how the sensor networking device should look like.
Then, started to buy the items that will be used to build the sensor that will be placed inside
the dam. Started to build the sensor together with Arduino to enable it detects the water and
notify when the water level reaches at the maximum point.

41 | P a g e
3.2.2 Stage 2: Materials and Equipment

Materials Project Cost

1) Polystyrene Box

RM21.00

2) Poly-foam Board

RM27.00

3) Polystyrene cutter

RM9.90

42 | P a g e
4) Polystyrene glue

RM19.50

5) Silicone Sealant

RM17.80

8) Caulking Gun

RM6.90

43 | P a g e
9) PVC Ball Valve

RM2.30

10) PVC Elbow

RM1.60

11) PVC Pipe

RM2.40

12) PVC Cutter

44 | P a g e
 RM15.00

13) Decoration Items

RM 20.00

14) Sensors

RM 111.00

15) Paint Spray

RM 17.00

45 | P a g e
3.2.3 Stage 3: Testing and Analysis

Based on our prototype of our dam, we are going to run some tests which ensures the
effective and workability of our prototype. First and foremost, the strength of the dam
structure will be tested. Then, the water sensor which was going to be placed inside the dam
will be tested. We also going to run some tests to identify on how quickly the water sensor
can detect the water level and how effective the water sensor is.

Test Run
Water level indicator sensor

Before beginning any work on your appliance, look up the manufacturer and model for a
manual and parts breakdown. Also, check if you have a warranty on the machine—most
appliance repairs should be done by qualified, trained professionals, and your warranty may
offer a hotline to call for cost-free service. Even if you don't have a warranty, consider hiring
a professional to avoid causing any costly damage to your machine yourself.

How Water Level Sensor Works to detect Dam water Level?

The working of the water level sensor is straightforward. The series of exposed parallel
conductors, together acts as a variable resistor (just like a potentiometer) whose resistance
varies according to the water level. The change in resistance corresponds to the distance from
the top of the sensor to the surface of the water.

46 | P a g e
The resistance is inversely proportional to the height of the water based in the Dam water
level.
The more water the sensor is immersed in, results in better conductivity and will result in a
lower resistance.
The less water the sensor is immersed in, results in poor conductivity and will result in a
higher resistance.
The sensor produces an output voltage according to the resistance, which by measuring we
can determine the water level.

S (Signal) pin is an analog output that will be connected to one of the analog inputs on your
Arduino.
+ (VCC) pin supplies power for the sensor. It is recommended to power the sensor with
between 3.3V – 5V. Please note that the analog output will vary depending on what voltage is
provided for the sensor.
– (GND) is a ground connection.

Data Analysis

Calibration for dam water level indicator

47 | P a g e
To get accurate readings out of your water level sensor, it is recommended that first calibrate
it for the water that you plan to monitor. As you know pure water is not conductive. It’s the
minerals and impurities in water that makes it conductive. So, the sensor may be sensitive
depending on the type of water you use.

For example, using the same circuit above, you’ll see the close to the following values in the
serial monitor when the senor is dry (0) and when it is partially submerged in the water
(~420) and when it is completely submerged (~520).

48 | P a g e
3.3 Conclusion
Based on our methodology, it will go into greater detail about the project's development from
beginning to end. Based on project, there are stages that we perform in our project.
The three stages of our project are:
Stage 1: Preliminaries (Procedure to Build the Project)
Stage 2: Materials and Equipment
Stage 3: Testing and Analysis.
This project is performed with suitable references and guidance. There are lot of researches
and findings going on about our project. So, there are variables resources and information
gathered for our project.

3.3.1 Expected Results

• The dam water sensor will give a warning alert when the water level raises and makes
the two metal prongs get wet and an alarm signal will be sent through the
transmission and send a notification.

• This could help us to start release the water before it reaches the maximum level
inside the dam.

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 CHAPTER 4

EXPECTED RESULT

4.1 INTRODUCTION

After all the data and information obtained from the previous chapter, some tests were
performed to see the effective and workability of our prototype. The results obtained
in this chapter are the results obtained from questionnaires and experiments that have
been carried out in the study area. The data resulting from the experiment is analysed
in more detail to draw conclusions based on the objectives of the study that have been
stated.

Our project has been built and the Base of our project is made of polystyrene runoff
pathway for water run-off , merged polystyrene box which acts as the dam that holds
the water and sensor which detect the rising of water level.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide more information about the test's overall
flow in attaining its objectives from the beginning to end. The techniques employed
rely on the results of the test that was conducted.

4.2 CONCEPT AND IMPLIMENTATIONS

The concept of the dam water raising sensor is to detect the rising of water level and
send alert notification in the form of text message in case the water touches the
sensor. We merged the polystyrene box which acts as the dam that holds the water
together with runoff pathway to allow the water to flow and after that we placed the
sensor at the edge of the polystyrene box because after that overflow/breakdown
might occur. Then, we raised the water level until it touches the sensor to see the
efficiency of the sensor.

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4.3 ACTUAL GANTT CHART

Activities Semester 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Literature review
Material Purchasing
Product Development
Data Collection
Progress Presentation Preparation
Data Analysis
Product Modification
Writing Full Report
Presentation

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4.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Tested the water collecting

box for water leakage

(Water did not leaked).

Tested the water run-off pathway for

water leakage

(Water did not leaked).

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 Without the presence of water

(Value = 0, Water Level: Empty)

With a little presence of water

(Value = >1 & <249 , Water

Level: Low)

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 With medium presence of water

(Value = >250 & <349 ,

Water Level: Medium)

With high presence of water

(Value = >350 , Water

Level: High)

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IOT Enabled System: App (Smart Life)

App before the water touches the sensor.

App after the water touches the sensor.

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 Public Survey (Questionnaire)

After the test run was done and video was uploaded in you tube
(https://youtu.be/IgzAdOUfvyw), we took a survey from public to identify whether they
would encourage to implement our project in real life or not.

Questions:

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Responses:

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4.5 SUMMARY
The result and analysis that we obtained from the test run has been displayed together with
the response from the public regarding the project of Dam Water Raising Sensor.

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
Based on the outcomes of the experiment and analysis that was done. It is possible to draw
the conclusion that this study's goals can all be realised. As a conclusion, the objective of ‘To
design a sensor’, ‘To develop a sensor’ and ‘To monitor the detection of the rising of
water level in dam & send alert message’ has been successfully achieved at where the sensor
that we designed and built sent the alert notification as soon as the dam water touches the
water sensor. Hence the project is recorded to be success.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The dam water raising sensor had attained all the objectives according to the data, but there
are some suggestions that can be used in further research to get better results.
Recommendation:
1. Use a sensor which is much more efficient and can send the alert message quickly as
soon as the water is detected.
2. Use an auto opening at the water collecting area rather than opening it manually to
create a systematic environment.
3. The success of the product must be measured when it rains in order to obtain more
precise findings.

5.3 Obstacles during Project

1) The first problem that we faced during the process of our project is when buying the
items. At first we were thinking on building the dam prototype by using cement and
reinforcements, but after the discussions with our group mates, we came out with an idea
to build the prototype with Styrofoam polystyrene because the work will be complicated
and the project will be very heavy if we build the prototype with cement and
reinforcements.
2) The second problem that we faced during the process of our project is when cutting the
items. We used the polyfoam cutter to cut the polystyrene but still the polystyrene did not
cut in a smooth form and it was not in align. This made our work to be a little
complicated at where after we complete the prototype, we need to use sand paper to make
it smooth.
3) The third problem that we faced during the process of our project is when sticking the
items. The polystyrene box and the board did not sticked strongly and we detected water
leakage. Hence, we applied silicone around the empty space to prevent water from
leaking.

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References

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