2021 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE 2021)

Battery Management System in Electric Vehicle

Ananthraj C R Arnab Ghosh, Senior Member, IEEE
Electrical Engineering Department, Electrical Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology
Rourkela, India Rourkela, India
2021 4th Biennial International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE) | 978-1-7281-9061-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICNTE51185.2021.9487762

rajuananthraj@gmail.com aghosh.ee@gmail.com

Abstract—Battery storage forms the most important part of

any electric vehicle (EV) as it store the necessary energy for the
operation of EV. So, in order to extract the maximum output of
a battery and to ensure its safe operation it is necessary that a
efficient battery management system exist i the same. It monitors
the parameters, determine SOC, and provide necessary services
to ensure safe operation of battery. Hence BMS form a important
part of any electric vehicle and so, more and more research
are still being conducted in the field to develop more competent
Battery Management System.
Index Terms—SOC(State of Charge), EV (Electric Vehicle),
BMS (Battery Management System)

I. I NTRODUCTION
Electric vehicles are the future of transport. The growing
market of EV (Electric Vehicles) and declining petroleum
fuels makes it a necessity to develop more efficient EVs.
Batteries form the primary storage device in an EV[4], [5],
[7]. A Battery management system forms a very important Fig. 1. Block diagram of a Battery Management System
part of any EV [1], [2], [3], [6]. It comprises of various
electrical and electronic circuits (including various converter
and inverter circuits) programmed to monitor and extract the data. Measured values are then converted to digital signals
maximum output from a battery system [11], [12], [13], [14]. for processing. The cost of employing sensors at a cell level
The performance of the battery is dependent on the chemical is high but, it is advantageous as it can provide cell balancing
reactions. As chemicals degrade so does the performance of at the lowest level.
battery. And so it is necessary to constantly monitor these
aspects of a battery. SOC forms an important prospect of any B. Battery algorithm block
battery to ensure the safe charge and discharge of any battery.
SOC is defined as the current capacity of a battery expressed in Its primary function is to calculate SOC (State of Charge)
terms of its rated capacity[8], [9]. BMS forms a separate entity and SOH (State of Health) using the data from measurement
with hardware and software and it is not incorporated to the block. State of charge(SOC) of a battery is the current capacity
charger[15], [16], [17]. The sensors in BMS monitor the cell of a battery expressed in terms of its total rated capacity [8],
conditions and these in turn are used to calculate the SOC and [9].SOC acts as a fuel gauge as it can be used to determine
perform various actions[18], [19], [20]. Since battery forms the the remaining distance that can be covered by EV. SOC
most important of them all proper modelling of battery storage also varies with temperature and charge and discharge cycles.
is also important. So the algorithm used should also take these factors into
consideration. SOC estimation also helps to avoid the risk of
II. B LOCK D IAGRAM OF BATTERY M ANAGEMENT overcharge and undercharge. Cells may get overcharged due
S YSTEM (BMS) to charge dumping caused by regenerative braking. In such
Battery Management system may vary according to the cases BMS should monitor and control this to prevent damage
system employed and algorithms used [3], [4]. A basic BMS to the battery. A common method of SOC calculation is direct
system is given below. measurement, i.e., by measuring open circuit voltage (OCV)
and deducing SOC from pre-stored discharge characteristics.
A. Measurement Block But this method does not consider the temperature effect into
The main function is to capture cell voltages, currents, consideration. So it is important to employ a method which
temperatures and ambient temperature and other necessary take into consideration of these effects.

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 2021 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE 2021)

C. Capability estimation block B. Lead-Acid battery

This block determines the maximum charge and discharge Negative electrode formed of metal lead , positive electrode
current at any instance from the SOC and SOH values. The of lead oxide and separators used to obstruct flow of ions
output is then provided to the ECU(Electronic Control Unit). between plates increase internal resistance.An advantage of
Thus the BMS is able to control the charging and discharging this battery is that it can operate over a wide temperature range.
of the battery and take other measurements for the protection Other advantage include easy installation.Mainly find its use
of the battery as well. in hospital equipment, wheel chair etc.
C. Nickel-Cadmium battery
D. Cell equalization block Positive electrode is nickel hydroxide(NiOOH) ,negative
electrode is metallic cadmium and the electrolyte being potas-
All cells are not ideal and hence characteristics of cells will
sium hydroxide(KOH) Specific energy is 40-60 Wh/kg. They
have variations in them. So even when charging the level at
can supply extremely high currents and can be charged rapidly.
which they are charged may vary from cell to cell. The main
They offer a long life thereby ensure a high degree of
function of this module is to balance the cell voltages/SOC
economy. The main applications include radios, bio-medical
so that the system is not damaged. It compares different
equipments, professional video cameras and power tools. An
cell voltages/SOC and find the differences .If it appear to
added disadvantage of this battery is the presence of toxic
be more than a pre-set threshold value, then the charging
metals making it environment unfriendly.
is halted and cells are equalized either by cell dissipative
equalization or active equalization. In dissipative equalization D. Nickel Metal Hydride battery
the cells with higher SOC are discharged until their values are Chemical reaction at positive electrode is same as that of
equal. In active cell balancing the cells are charged through nickel-cadmium cell because both use nickel oxide-hydroxide.
a separate charger or from the high voltage cells to make But the negative electrode use a hydrogen absorbing alloy
them equal. Active balancing provide a superior solution but instead of cadmium. NiMH batteries have a higher energy
is cost inhibiting. In this technique, if a cell is in under-voltage density per volume and weight when compared to that of NiCd
condition the other cells are used to charge this cell by using battery.It contains no toxic metal which add to the advantage
an algorithm so that energy wastage is reduced which occur of such batteries. The main applications are mobile batteries
in dissipative cell equalisation. and laptops.
The most apt battery to be used in Electric Vehicle, based
E. Thermal management block on research is Lithium-ion battery justified by the following
features.
It monitor the cell temperatures so that the cells are not
• Good autonomy -This batteries seem to double the au-
damaged in operation[1]. The output is given to a cooling sys-
tonomy of electric vehicle.
tem and heating system and which collectively work towards
• Longer lifespan -They offer more life cycles when com-
maintaining the temperature at safe operation limits. It also
pared to other batteries, means they last long than other
sends a control signal to the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in
types of battery.
case of abnormal temperature rise as it can lead to permanent
• Compact and increased load capacity -They are much
damage to batteries and also can harm the user.
lighter when compared to equivalent batteries. So vehicles
have a greater effective capacity and vehicle weight is
III. BATTERY USED IN EV S decreased and increase in overall effective capacity.
Most common type of batteries used are Nickel- IV. I SSUES AND C HALLENGES OF L I-I ON B ATTERY
Cadmium,Lead-acid, Nickel-Metal-Hydride and Lithium-ion Li-ion batteries have many advantages but added to those
[4]. Comparison in battery dynamics and other characteristics these cells face some challenges as well. These challenges
are essential to understand which type of battery is suitable faced by Li-Ion batteries include the protection circuitry
for a system. employed, cost of the battery, memory effect of partially
discharged cells, environment impact and recycling.
A. Li-Ion battery A. Temperature
Negative electrode (cathode) of this type of cell is formed Chemical reactions produce heat in batteries. Unusual tem-
by lithiated metal oxide, composed of copper collectors on the perature rise or drop damage the chemical property of cells
face of which is deposited, the active material, anode is made and can lead to explosion in worst cases. A effective temper-
of graphitic carbon with a layered structure, a polyethylene ature mechanism is hence mandatory. Higher temperatures of
separator avoid the contact with positive electrode consisting batteries can cause abnormal behavior and lower temperature
of aluminium current collector coated material active lithium can affect the charging and discharging currents of the battery,
insertion . The nominal voltage is 3.7V and specific energy is which can also affect the power handling ability of the battery,
80 Wh/kg. Common applications are in phones and laptops. cause due to the decreased rate of chemical reaction.

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 2021 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE 2021)

B. Memory Effect series connections Capacitance value is changed. And to

Memory effect arises when battery is partially discharged increase capacitance we need to connect more capacitors
and repeatedly charged in an irregular manner for many charge in parallel but the voltage will remain same in this case
and discharge cycles. Thus, the battery will be able to hold limited to that of a single capacitor.
less charge in them. This can occur in EVs due to the braking 2) Maximum Current Drawn:
operation. The battery is charged partially when breaking and This parameter of EDLC is clearly superior than other
suddenly discharged when the car accelerates. This partial storage devices as it can reach a range of 103A unlike
charge and discharge cycles can lead to memory effect in other conventional storage devices which can reach up
battery storage system in EVs. to only 102A.
3) Self Discharge Current:
C. Cost Self discharge current of EDLC depend on mainly tem-
Cost of lithium was high and thus the batteries were also perature. At low temperatures the self discharge current
costly. But the increased application, rising demand and large is very low for an EDLC. But at temperatures greater
scale production lead to the decreased price. The price of Li- than 80 ºC the leakage current is high enough that
ion battery pack comprises to 25%- 30% of the price of an after 48 hours half of the load will be lost. This makes
electric car, which clearly shows why this cost has to come EDLC less suitable to be used independently but at high
down even more. temperatures they can be used along with other storage
devices that can perform better at those temperatures.
D. Recycling
B. Conclusions
The Li-ion batteries are a promising solution to the future
The research in this field of supercapacitors can be sum-
transportation. But a negative impact of the same is the
marised by the following conclusions:
presence of lethal substance , if thrown away cause personal
end environmental damage. A solution to this problem is by 1) Capacity does vary much with temperature but not
recycling used batteries and reducing the impact on environ- significantly. So the effect of temperature is minimal on
ment. capacity.
2) There exist a relation between the temperature and
V. SUPER -C APACITORS : AN ALTERNATE E LECTRICAL series resistance of supercapacitor. As temperature is
S TORAGE increased the resistance is also found to increase at
Li-ion batteries lose their efficiency after some years and higher temperatures.
some of the materials used are hazardous and even banned in 3) The most challenging factor inhibiting further research
some countries. The supercapacitors (Electrochemical Double in this field is the task of identifying a suitable equiv-
Layer Capacitors-ELDC) [5] provide a promising alternative alent circuit, The lack of references on electrochemical
to the conventional batteries. A supercapacitor operation is supercapacitors, especially for high capacitance values,
similar to any conventional capacitor. The difference between pose a challenge.
a capacitor and a supercapacitor is in the charge accumulation 4) The super capacitor is a viable solution to be used in a
mode. In supercapacitors the charge accumulates at the inter- hybrid system
face between conductor surface and electrolyte solution but 5) The super capacitor used for short-term storage of de-
in classical capacitors the charge is accumulated on the two celeration energy on a vehicle that is later transferred
armatures. to traction engine power by commutated power has the
Advantage of supercapacitors: advantage of reducing the wear of the battery by very
• Absence of polluting materials.
large number of charge cycles, as well as full recovery
• Able to store electrical charge in large quantities.
of energy produced by electric motor at braking.
• The lifespan of EDLCs are very long(¿106 ). The internal
6) In hybrid electrical vehicles high braking charge is
resistance is a very small value and thus they allow required. In such cases supercapacitor/battery hybrid
charging and discharging in large values of currents can be used because batteries alone cannot store large
(hundreds of ampere) amount of energies in short time.
• Decrease in weight of the system. VI. L I-I ON B ATTERY M ODEL
A. Parameters of Electro-Chemical Double Layer Capacitor The Equivalent circuit model[10] shown in fig.2 is used
1) Maximum Breakthrough Voltage: to model the battery in simulink. The proposed model is
This voltage is relatively small in an EDLC(2.5V). This different from conventional equivalent circuit models. Unlike
low value posses a problem when there is a need to in conventional models the Rd is modelled as a non-linear
work at high voltages. EV require these to work at resistance which depends on SOC of the battery. The con-
voltages of 14V and so. and hence we have to use cept of non-linear transfer resistance is used to improve the
series and parallel combination of the capacitors which performance of the conventional model. Conventional models
result in effective change in capacitance values. For use constant RC networks. These RC networks work only

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 2021 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE 2021)

for certain voltages and temperatures and is a drawback of

conventional models. Thus the concept of non-linear
resistance increase the accuracy of this model. Temperature
and self- discharge effects are neglected for simplicity. At the
same time, in order to improve the battery model, the
relaxation effect can be modelled by adding a second parallel
RC network in series with existing one.

Fig. 3. Parameter Extraction Circuit for Li-Ion Battery

The parameter extraction from simulink model was also used

to realize some of the lookup table values. The value of model
parameters can be extracted from voltage response curve of
Fig. 2. Equivalent Battery Circuit Model
Li-ion battery. The instantaneous voltage drop (∆V) when the
battery start to discharge is observed and a voltage rise when
OCV is the open circuit voltage of the system. Ri is the it stops discharging. The voltage response shows the existence
internal resistance Rd and Cd are the RC parallel circuit used of the internal resistance, Ri using equation
to describe the transient response characteristic of the battery. ∆V
Ri = (2)
Rd is the transfer resistance and Cd is the double layer ∆I
capacitance. Value of usable capacity of battery can vary with battery
A. Parameter extraction from Battery current. A 1-D lookup table is used to determine the value
Parameter extraction is an important part in battery mod- of usable capacity from current value.
elling. This helps to identify the characteristic of the battery Continuous discharge test (CDT) is method which is used to
employed. The parameter extracted is used to form the lookup identify the rate capacity effect of battery. The usable capacity
tables for the simulink model so that the model formed is is found to be lower than the actual capacity. After extraction
close to a real physical battery. Varying SOC and current is of parameters a Simulink model of battery is designed with
used to extract how the battery is behaving at each condition. SOC calculation circuit.
Parameter extraction is achieved using constant discharge VII. M ATLAB -S IMULINK MODEL OF L I-I ON BATTERY
test and current pulse test. In current pulse test, battery is
discharged with a constant current for a certain period so
that SOC drops to predicted level. Relationship between OCV
and SOC can be obtained from the voltage response. OCV
is the terminal voltage of the battery when the battery is
in equilibrium state, i.e, no chemical reaction in the battery.
The OCV(SOC)-SOC relationship is profiled and plotted. The
function of OCV(SOC) also can be obtained by using a
polynomial trend line which fit the OCV(SOC)-SOC curve.
Also the OCV(SOC)-SOC curve can be fit by a 5th order
polynomial equation which fit the OCV(SOC)-SOC curve[17].
The function of OCV(SOC) is written as:
Fig. 4. Simulink Model of Li-Ion Battery
OCV = (3.82 × 10−10)(SOC)5 − (1.21 × 10−7)(SOC)4
+(1.51×10−5)(SOC)3−(9.3×10−4)(SOC)2+0.0295(SOC) With reference to the equivalent circuit in fig.2 a simulation
model was developed in simulink as shown in fig.5. The model
+ 2.85 (1)
comprises of 4 subsystems. Model consists of 4 subsystems.
OCV(Open Circuit Voltage) subsystem, R0 subsystem, RC1
Fig.3 shows the simulation circuit of the experiment used to subsystem, RC2 subsystem. OCV subsystem is made of an
extract the parameters of battery model. A controlled current dependent voltage source whose value is affected by SOC
source, which is controlled by a pulse generator will discharge of the battery. R0 is the internal resistance of the battery
the battery with 1C for 180 sec and then rest for 3420 sec. employed by a variable resistance , value dependent on SOC

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 2021 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE 2021)

and current discharged. SOC calculation block is also included The internal resistance cause a voltage drop in batter which
in the OCV subsystem. Columb counting method of SOC is realized in simulation using the R0 subsystem. The depen-
estimation is used in this model. The following equation gives dency of R0 on SOC and current is also employed. A variable
how it is realized: resistor is used to transfer physical signal of resistance internal
value.
I
SOC = SOC0 + ∫ dt (3)
CC C. Transient Response

The non-linear relation between SOC and OCV is realized

by a polynomial equation which fits the polynomial curve.
Value of R0 is dependent on SOC and current. The transient
response is realized using two RC models, RC1 and RC2.
RC1 is constructed with short time constant response and RC2
with long time constant response. The two RC time constant
provide a better trade off between accuracy and complexity as
it keeps error within 1 mV. R0 subsystem calculate the drop
caused by internal resistance. RC1 and RC2 represent transient Fig. 7. RC1 Subsystem
response. The value of R and C is affected by current and SOC
which is employed by a 2D lookup table for each.

A. SOC Calculation
SOC is the available capacity in battery and expressed by
percentage of its usable capacity. That is one of the important
parameter of a battery that should be determined for any
BMS. SOC can be calculated accurately using the columb
Fig. 8. RC2 Subsystem

The transient response is employed by two RC networks.

RC1 is constructed with a short time constant and RC2 is
employed with a long time constant.(fig.8 and fig.9 respec-
tively) Look up tables are employed for both sub systems
based on experimental data result and the more accurate values
are extracted.
VIII. M ODEL VALIDATION
So far the model of a Li-Ion battery cell has been devel-
oped. The measurement block and SOC estimation block has
been established with this model. The SOC calculation block
Fig. 5. SOC Calculation Block employs the columb counting method. Continuous discharge
test and current pulse test are applied for checking the char-
counting method. The equation for the same is given in(3). The acteristic of the battery to the physical battery system. In this
range of SOC varies from 0%(no charge) to 100%(full charge) paper, CDT for 4.5A (0.25C), 9A (0.5C) and 18A (1C) are
according to this equation. The variation in usable capacity conducted to identify the rate capacity effect of battery. The
with battery current is employed using a 1D lookup table. results of the tests are given below.

B. R0 Subsystem

Fig. 6. R0 Subsystem Fig. 9. SOC vs Terminal Voltage

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 2021 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE 2021)

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