DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK
SEMESTER MARCH - JULY 2023
COURSE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV
COURSE CODE DQS252
SEMESTER 4
DATE OF WEEK 7
SUBMISSION
LECTURER DR.NURHAFIZAH BINTI YUSOP
GROUP MEMBERS AINA NASUHA BINTI NAZARUDIN ((2021619214)
AINAA MAISARAH BINTI KARIP (2021616596)
AINA WAFIYAA BINTI ABDUL WAHAB (2021894242)
NURIN FARAH ALIA BINTI MOHD RIZA (2021861142)
NURASYIQIN BINTI AHMAD SUKAMTO (2021631178)
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
BIL PARTICULARS PAGE
PART A
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBSERVATION RESULTS WITH PICTURES
3 BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE VIDEOS.
4 CONCLUSION.
5 REFERENCES
PART B
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBSERVATION RESULTS WITH HAND SKETCHES
3 BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE VIDEOS.
4 CONCLUSION.
5 REFERENCES
2
PART A
3
1. INTRODUCTION
Displacement piles cause soil to be displaced when the pile shaft is installed, typically by
driving, jacking, or vibrating. Examples of displacement piles used frequently in Malaysia include
steel sheet piles, prestressed spun piles, timber piles, and steel H/pipe piles. It typically causes
some vibration, noise, and ground movement, especially when installed with impact hammers.
Jacking can avoid these issues, but it has drawbacks like limited penetration depth, relatively
slower process, and requires heavy machinery.
One of the most frequently used building materials for earth-retaining walls is a steel sheet pile.
Depending on the demands of the project, these earth-retaining structures might be permanent
or only temporary. The steel sheet piles may need to be permanently installed for projects like
ports and bridges in order to prevent the backfill soil from collapsing during the design life of the
structure. Steel sheet piles are slender structural members with a range of lengths and cross
sections that are joined by interlocks at each end of the panel to form a continuous wall. In an
earth-retaining structure, sheet piles are typically installed for excavation protection as well as
slope protection.
Sheet pile walls are used in marine structures like jetties and quay walls to hold backfill soil
used to raise the finished floor level of the docking areas. For these kinds of projects, sheet
piles also aid in slowing down groundwater seepage that occurs quickly. Steel sheet piles are
typically installed for falsework or temporary excavation protection purposes in the majority of
engineering projects. They include building tunnels and basements. A braced cut or excavation
is created by installing sheet piles along with other elements like walers and struts.
In order to prevent the structures above the soil that the sheet pile wall retains from collapsing,
sheet pile walls may also be installed as a permanent earth-retaining structure, such as a
continuous wall. Building floodwalls is another instance of a permanent application of steel
sheet pile walls. In these situations, a cantilever sheet pile wall is frequently required for
retained soil heights of no more than 6 meters, and an anchored sheet pile wall for retained soil
heights greater than 6 meters.
4
2. OBSERVATION RESULTS WITH PICTURES
Figure 1 & 2 : A guide frame is placed on the ground to set the position of the sheet pile wall
and the piling rig lifts up to drive the pile into the ground.
Figure 3 & 4 : The sheet pile is driven by the piling rig into the ground and the second
sheet pile interlocks with the first sheet pile.
Figure 5 : The extension sheet piles are
required if the first set of sheet piles
installed are not long enough to reach the
required depth in the ground. The ends of
the second sheet pile need to be welded to
the one driven earlier and combined length
into the ground.
5
3. BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE VIDEOS
The research may reveal useful information, such as The fundamental advantage of
steel sheet piles is its adaptability to several engineering applications.For retaining wall
applications where the concrete must cure for several days before the next pouring
process, sheet steel piles are likely to be installed in less time than reinforced
concrete.Compared to reinforced concrete, sheet piles are easier to move around and
transport . Moreover, It provides extreme resistance to driving stresses.
In addition, problems related to the degradation of material quality during transit to the
project site are maintained to a minimum, which is not the case with concrete.The
sustainability of steel sheet piles is enhanced by the fact that they may be recycled after
serving as short-term excavation protection structures. Steel sheet piling techniques
have also been shown useful in permanent structures subjected to a wide range of
loads. This is because it can withstand considerable bending pressures without
breaking. Furthermore It has long-life above or below water with minor protection.
Lastly, the material's durability increases and the design life of the structure is increased
when sheet steel piles are installed with corrosion protection, such as cathodic protection
systems.Steel is particularly prone to corrosion in coastal environments due to the
presence of salty seawater.They are also easy to customize pile length by welding or
bolting
6
4. CONCLUSIONS
To sum up, one of the displacement pile types that can be used is steel piles. One advantage of
using steel piles is that they have a high bearing capacity and can cut through boulders or stiff,
unyielding layers. Sheet piles may be driven into any type of soil, excluding rock. As stated
before, while selecting an installation method and pile driving machinery, the entire system must
be taken into account.
However, there are also major cons to use of steel piles, such as the increased danger of
damage from corrosion and electrolysis. If the bearing stratum cannot create a significant
amount of pile capacity, steel piles are also rather expensive. Additionally, more knowledge
regarding displacement piles and steel piles was learned via viewing YouTube videos and going
through the entire report-writing process.
7
PART B
8
1. INTRODUCTION
A creative technique for constructing retaining walls is using secant pile wall and secant pile
wall uses overlapping (secant) piles to create structural or cutoff barriers and provide the
necessary water tightness. If more lateral support is required, anchors may be used to supply it.
The design may use steel bars or beams for reinforcement. When there is a possibility of
blockages or when space is at its smallest in urban basement projects, secant walls are often
used as an alternative to diaphragm walls. They can be flexible than diaphragm walls and
enable a more compact operation than the machinery needed to support bentonite holding and
circulation systems.
With the exception of the fact that they are built with two adjacent piles, male and female piles
connect into one another, secant piles are similar to contiguous bored piles.The male piles are
reinforced meanwhile the female piles are not. They tend to be used in areas with high water
tables or unsuitable ground conditions. They are made up of a number of linking drilled
shafts.Alternating primary unreinforced piles and secondary reinforced piles are used to build
secant piled walls, with the secondary pile partially cutting through the main pile on either side to
create a secant.The range of ground conditions, challenges, and wall thicknesses that can be
overcome has expanded as a result of the development of strong, high torque drilling
equipment. As a result, we can construct secant barriers in even the most difficult urban setting.
The primary pile secanted by the secondary piles provide a close structure. Cement, bentonite,
or flimsy concrete are used to build the main unreinforced piles. Rebar cages, I-beams, W or H
beams are then used to place the secondary reinforced piles.
Secant piled walls can be:
● Hard/Soft’ which incorporates a bentonite/cement slurry in the primary piles
● Hard/Firm’ which incorporates high reinforcement/low strength concrete in the primary
piles.
● Hard/Hard’ which incorporates a full strength structural concrete in the primary piles.
9
2. OBSERVATION RESULTS WITH HAND SKETCHES
STEP 1: CONSTRUCT A GUIDE WALL
- The process starts with the construction of a guide wall to set out the position of secant
pile wall. Next used to shape the inner curved face of the guide wall with the
reinforcement in place. Concrete is poured around the forms to complete this stage.
STEP 2: INSTALLATION OF STEEL CASING
- The vibro-hammer drives a casing into the ground, leaving about 1 metre length of the
casing protruding from the ground.n
STEP 3: AUGERING OF PRIMARY BOREHOLES
- When the guide wall is strong enough the primary or female piles are constructed. The
auger, a drilling tool, cuts and removes the soil within the casing to form a primary
borehole. The soil surrounding the borehole is supported by the casing. If the casing is
10
not long enough to reach the required depth in the ground, bentonite slurry is used to
support the soil below the casing.
STEP 4: CONCRETING OF PRIMARY BOREHOLES
- Concrete is poured into the borehole to form the primary bored pile.
STEP 5: AUGERING OF SECONDARY BOREHOLES
- After the casings of the two primary bored piles are extracted by the vibro-hammer, the
auger cuts and removes the soil in between the two primary bored piles to form a
secondary borehole. The secondary borehole intersects with the adjacent primary bored
piles
STEP 6: INSTALLATION OF STEEL CAGE
- The crane lifts up the steel cage and places it within the secondary borehole.
STEP 7: REPETITION OF PROCESS
- Steps 2 – 6 are repeated till the entire length of the secant pile wall construction is
completed.
11
3. BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE VIDEOS
By building intersecting reinforced concrete piles, secant pile walls are created. The secant
piles are built by augering or drilling under mud, and they are reinforced with either steel rebar
or steel beams. When the secondary (male) piles are strong enough, they are built in between
the primary (female) piles, which are installed initially. The average pile overlap is around 3
inches (8 cm). Because the piles are built flush to one another, there is no pile overlap in a
tangent pile wall.
This secant pile operates using a vibratory hammer, where piles are pushed into the earth to
form the foundations for various types of constructions, including bridges, buildings, roads, ports
for ships, walls, and railways. Instead of using a large weight to push piles into the earth like
traditional pile drivers do, vibratory hammers use vibrations to drive piles far more swiftly and
eliminate old heaps from the ground. These secant piles also can be installed in areas with
cobbles or boulders. It somehow became a big advantage compared to other methods.
Vibratory hammers operate on the idea of reducing ground friction of vibration and altering the
structure of the ground. The hydraulic clamp of the vibratory piling machine transmits vertical
vibrations to the pile. As a result, vibration is transmitted to the ground, which reduces friction
between the pile and the ground and makes it possible to drive or pull the pile with minimum
effort. The pile is pushed into the ground by the vibrator's weight and centrifugal force.
Next, they are a fairly simple construction as it requires less time than pile walls constructed
in a trench. Through the use of rotating counterweights, vibro-hammers generate vibrations that
force a pile to "cut" into the ground underneath. This vibro-hammer works more like an electric
knife cutting through meat than a traditional pile driver, which works like a hammer and a nail .
The high speed vibration causes the soil to give way, allowing the pile to slip easily into the
ground. A 100-foot pile can be constructed in as little as 10 minutes with a vibratory hammer,
whereas it could take up to an hour using a standard pile driver.
Finally, compared to the conventional pile wall construction approach, it is a quieter process.
They are an excellent option for use in suburban or metropolitan areas where there are noise
limitations because of construction projects. Additionally, during the construction phase, the
vibro-hammer method for installing secant piles may be conveniently delivered or transferred.
12
Additionally, this vibro-hammer is lightweight and quiet. It is more environmentally friendly and
can be used underwater. Vibro-hammers are smaller and more user-friendly than conventional
pile drivers, and they can be employed close to residential areas without causing noise
complaints.
13
4. CONCLUSION
In urban settings with restricted site conditions, secant piles offer a number of benefits that
make them an attractive option. This architectural plan makes the most efficient use of the
available land, lessens the disturbance caused by building to the surrounding neighborhood,
and can accommodate a wide variety of soil types.
Next, the coordination and close collaboration of the engineering team, the architect, and the
construction team are essential to the success of the secant pile implementation. In order to
construct structural or cutoff walls and obtain the required level of water tightness, a secant pile
wall can be constructed out of overlapping piles that are called secant piles. Reinforcement may
be accomplished with steel beams or bars, and anchors may be utilized to provide additional
lateral support if required.
In addition, the construction of secant pile walls involves the intersection of reinforced concrete
piles. Digging down into the muck and then reinforcing the wall with steel rebar or steel beams
is how secant pile walls are constructed. After the primary secant piles have been installed and
have had sufficient time to harden, the construction of the secondary reinforced secant piles can
begin in the spaces in between the primary piles.
14
5. REFERENCES
PART A
constructionor. (n.d.). Sheet Piles: Types, Uses, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Constructionor.Com. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from
https://constructionor.com/sheet-piles/
esc group. (2022, January 11). Everything You Need to Know About Steel Sheet Piling. ESC
Group. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from
https://www.escglobalgroup.com/post/everything-you-need-to-know-about-steel-sheet-pil
ing
PART B
Anre A. (2022, March 6). Secant Piles Walls | Construction & Benefits. PRODYOGI. Retrieved
May 11, 2023, from
https://www.prodyogi.com/2022/03/secant-piles-working-features.html
Bachy Soletanche. (n.d.). Secant Piled Wall | Secant Pile. Bachy Soletanche. Retrieved May 11,
2023, from https://www.bacsol.co.uk/solution/secant-piled-wall/
Bachy Soletanche. (2023). Secant Piled Wall | Secant Pile. Bachy Soletanche. Retrieved May
11, 2023, from https://www.bacsol.co.uk/solution/secant-piled-wall/
Bala Blog. (2022, February 23). (￣￣;). YouTube. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from
https://www.bala.com/blog/secant-pile-construction-and-design
Deep Excavation. (n.d.). Secant and Tangent Pile Walls. DeepExcavation. Retrieved May 11,
2023, from
https://www.deepexcavation.com/en/resources/retaining-systems/secant-pile-walls
15
Eiffel Trading. (n.d.). What is a Vibratory Hammer? | Eiffel Trading. Retrieved May 11, 2023,
from https://www.eiffeltrading.com/blog/post/what-is-a-vibratory-hammer
HDP Consult. (2021, August 4). 11 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Secant Pile Walls |
Applications And Uses of Secant Pile Walls (2023). HPD Consult. Retrieved May 11,
2023, from
https://www.hpdconsult.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-secant-pile-walls/
Keller UK. (2023). Secant pile walls. Keller UK. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from
https://www.keller.co.uk/expertise/techniques/secant-pile-walls
16
17
