UNIT 6

Slaughtered means to kill in big numbers.

Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.

People should pretect stray animals

Stray animals should be protected.

Someone should prohibit/ban cruel sports such as bull fighting.

Cruel sports such as bull fihting should be prohibited/banned.

1. Texting while driving should be made illegal.

2. A new high-tech building might be built next year.

3. Endangered species have to be protected.

4. All the animals at the zoo might be moved to a new location.

5. All the litter in the park could be cleaned up.

6. The families who lost their home should be helped.

1. Should all students be told about the rules for the rest?

2. Could elephants be hunted if they weren’t endangered?

3. Do children have to be taught to treat animals humanely?

4. Could their hotel reservations be made tomorrow?

5. Does his car have to be cleaned before the event?

6. Should that class be canceled immediately?

1. Why do animals have to be hunted for food?

2. How long can a baby lion be kept as a pet?

3. How can elephants be trained to help people?

4. When does everyone have to be reminded about the Humane Society dinner?

5. Who should be called to take care of our mouse problem?

6. Which puppy might be adopted first?

1. People shouldn’t be allowed to hunt elephants.

2. New medicines might be discovered through animal research.

3. Monkeys shouldn’t be kept as pets.

4. A lot could be done to improve conditions for cattle on factory farms.

5. The treatment of research animals must be improved.

6. Can’t zoos be used for performing scientific research to protect animals?

7. Why do chickens have to be raised in such crowded conditions?

I think the use of animals for this kind of experiments should be done, but I think they can do it in a
more humane way. Because I have heard in many documentaries, that scientists practice with these
animals more than twice a day, so I think they torture them inhumanely. I think they should let them
rest after a practice, until they recover their energy and be sure that they are well.

On the other hand, I believe that animals should only be used for experiments that are really important
for the survival of humanity, not for things that do not save lives, like the whole cosmetology industry.
Although, on the positive side, I saw more social movements against these practices, which is putting
pressure on companies, especially cosmetology companies, to stop these inhumane practices.
I think dogs and cats are really good pets, because they used to be really playful, affectionate, gentle,
loyal and protective even if sometimes they used to be destructive like puppies, filthy like cats or
aggressive, but it think it depends on the breed and how we educate them. In addition, I believe fish are
really good pets too, but only if you don’t want playful or lovely pets like the other ones, they are very
quiet.

I think that snakes and other savage animals are really bad pets, because even humans are
domesticating them I still think that they have that savage instinct, so they can be really high strung,
costly, high maintenance, aggressive and destructive. So if you are looking for a family pet, I don’t
recommend this kind of animals.

I think dogs and cats are very good pets, because they are usually very playful, loving, gentle, loyal and
protective although sometimes they tend to be destructive like puppies, filthy like cats or aggressive, but
I think it depends on the breed and how we educate them but always showing them who is in charge
but treating them nice. Also, I think fish are also very good pets, but only if you don't want playful or
lovely pets like the others, as they are very quiet and have a low maintenance cost.

I think snakes and other wild animals are really bad pets, because even if humans are domesticating
some of them I still think they have that wild instinct, so they can be really n, expensive, high
maintenance, aggressive and destructive. So if you are looking for a family pet, I don't recommend this
kind of animals. But if you are a person who likes a challenge, then you should consider it.

Giant Pandas are native to the mountain forests of southwest China, the giant panda is one of the most
beloved animals in the world. They are identified by their distinctive black and white coloring.

But nowadays, there are only around 2060 pandas living in the wild, another fact is that pandas
reproduce so infrequently, it is very difficult for their population to recover from such a low point.
One the main reasons that panda populations have declined is habitat destruction. As the human
population in China continues to grow, pandas’ habitat gets taken over by development, pushing them
into smaller and less livable areas. Habitat destruction also leads to food shortages. Pandas feed on
several varieties of bamboo that bloom at different times of the year. If one type of bamboo is
destroyed by development, it can leave the pandas with nothing to eat during the time it normally
blooms, increasing the risk of starvation.

This affects us because every time a species becomes extinct it leads to the ecosystem imbalance in
which it lived, either by the death of other organisms that maintained connections with the extinct ones
or, on the contrary, by the overpopulation of other species.

To combat this issue, the Chinese government has actively worked to restore and protect bamboo
habitat, and these measures have shown positive results. Wildlife reserves have been set up in parts of
China to make sure the pandas have a home, and care is taken to make sure they survive in the wild.
Researchers continue to study how pandas breed in an effort to increase the population. We can also
help by donating or adopting a panda through the World Wildlife Fund or other organizations.

Shrinking is the opposite to expant

Slaughtered kill in big numbers.

1. Hunting of passenger pigeons become a large scale commercial enterprise, their food and habitat
shrined because of farming and construction, they were simply killed for sport and female passenger
pigeons lauded only one egg per year. So the conservation effort arrive late, so that why it failed.

2. They did it just for sport and because they were considered an obstacle to growing crops and raising
cattle.
I agree that species extinction is happening at such as fast rate we’d be foolish not to act quickly, not
only to protect them, also to protect the whole ecosystem we live in, because those animals are really
important for the ecosystem and could really affect us if they disappeared.

In addition, if these animals extinctic, new discoveries couldn’t be possible without them, because a lot
of medicines and other discoveries need animals to experiment, even if this is sometimes cruel, I guess
it’s okay if they don’t torture them instead, giving them a good habit, food and treatment would be fine.

That why we should be more conscious about this theme, because millions of species have already
become extinct with no significant impact, which, for sure, we’ll notice in a long or short term; and
instead of doing this a lot if people and specially, industries, worry about how conservation can limit
lands available, which I consider has nonsense considering the current planet situation.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Someone has been murdered in my neighborhood (Passive voice)

I saw someone hiding behind a tree (Active voice)

The museum pays good salaries (Active voice)

Gina will be sent to jail (passive)

EXAM PRACTICE

People should restrict bird hunting during winter migration

Bird hunting should be restricted during winter migration

Bird hunting during winter migration should be restricted

Someone may pass a new law to protect bufeos and other endangered species soon.

A new law to protect bufeos and other endangered species may be passed soon.

Builders have to deliver a solid plan to justify this change.

A solid plan to justify this change has to be delivered.

Many people relate the similarity of humans with chimpanzees. Anyway, I think that we do share many
characteristics, but I also think that there are other animals with which, although we don't share very
similar physical characteristics, we do share certain behavior, as is the case of dogs or cats.

If we focus about behavior, these animals can feel love and return it, they can feel sad, which they can
even show, they can even have depression. On the other hand, they can feel jealous, just like humans,
with those we love. Furthermore, and something that strikes me very much, is that they can understand
our language, that is to say they are intelligent enough to understand us and even memorize.

For example, the other day I was watching videos of families that bought their dogs a kind of table with
buttons that had audios about things that the dog might need, and even the pet of this family got to
memorize it and to know what he was going to get with each button. I was quite surprised by the
intelligence that these animals can have, and like us, they can develop more and more.

UNIT 7
Endorse > is recommend something
1. Tell you what 6. There are no two ways about it

2. We’ll call it even 7. Don’t fall for that

3. You’re comparing apples and oranges 8. That’s just wishful thinking

4. That’s debatable 9. I owe you one

5. I could kick myself

1. It’s about an offer about a good method to learn Spanish fast, but Aldo arrived late to get offer
because he realized that the offer ended yesterday.

2. She thinks that there isn’t a miracle method, what makes people learn a language is study, practice
and hard work.

3. I think he hates to study grammar or the traditional method, especially in the Spanish case because
that language has a lot of basic times tenses.
I browse when I go out with my friends and we want just to pass the time looking around.

I go bargain hunting on weekends, when I have time and go out with my sister and mom to have good
afternoon, and of course when I want to save money.

I do window shopping when I’m walking in the street without any hurry.

I do comparison shopping when I’m in local markets, supermarkets, malls, when I’m shopping online, so
I guess every time I want to buy something.
1c 2b 3d 4a

I would like to be called with my second name

What annoys Susan is being forced to sing for protestation about she doesn’t know.

I don’t enjoy being visited by people who I don’t wait for.

I prefer to be happy to study what I like even if I don't earn a lot.

I hope to be recognized for my effort at work this year.

What bothers Susan is being forced to sign up for protests she doesn't know about.

I don't like being visited by people I don't expect.

I would like to be called by my middle name

I appreciate being considered in a conversation.

I hate lying to my parents (active gerund)

I hate being lied to (by my parents). (Passive gerund)

I remember eating silpancho for the first time (active gerund)

I remember being eaten by silpancho for the first time.

The cake was eaten last night.

I enjoy being played the piano ☹

I enjoy playing the piano 😊

I’m excited about getting my new apartment.

I’m excited about traveling with my family to Chile this winter vacation.

She’s worried about getting bad marks this semester.

I’m responsible for taking care of my little sister this weekend.

I’m interested in starting my own online business this year.

I’m accused of lying about fake sign.

I’m capable of being the best student at my school this year

I’m tired of studying until late every day.

I’m not accustomed to cooking every day.

I’m committed to exercising more this month

I’m opposed to experimenting with animals.

I’m used to playing soccer with my family every weekend.

I usually complain about not having enough time to relax.

I dream about having enough money to not worry when I get older.

I always talk about putting discipline into what you do will make you succeed.

I was thinking about traveling to Europe next year.

I apologized for being rude with her yesterday.

I made an excuse for arriving late to class this morning.

I have a good reason for being mad right now.

I believe in putting efford every day and not trusting in luck.

I participated in spelling competitions in elementary school.

I succeeded
1. I think people enjoy being informed about new products.

True, but I don’t want to be treated as if I don’t know anything. Advertisers sometimes make me feel
that way.

2. I don’t like being showed pictures of suffering animals in ads for animal charities.

I agree. I’m happy to be asked to contribute just based on the facts.

3. This midnight sale is going to be great. Don’t you love being given a chance to get everything at half-
price?

Actually, I’m annoyed at being forced to wait in line all day and evening just to get in.

4. When I read and ad in a magazine, I would like to be told the whole truth, not half-truths.

I know how you feel. I expected being treated with respect.

5. Companies want their products to be advertised on Tv during prime time.

Maybe that’s why advertisers complain about being charged so much for every minute they buy.

Gambling: Play with money.

Thus: consequence
1. If you don’t control drug abuse, that problem could easily become an addiction.

2. After a lot of hard work, I was finally able to get my anxiety under control.

3. It's important to maintain a healthy diet and exercise regularly to keep your cholesterol levels under
control and prevent a high blood pressure.

4. Smoking can be hard to kick, but it's worth it for the improved health in long terms.

5. My friend is a shopaholic and can't resist buying something every time she goes to the mall.

6. Chronic stress can have negative effects on both your physical and mental health.

7. After saving up for months, she decided to splurge on a luxurious vacation to Europe.

8. He tends to go overboard when he is planning parties

9. During the job interview, she was asked a difficult question but she answered on the spot.

1. It makes physical effect of a high when dopamine and endorphins are related like in the other
addictions, and that makes a sensation shopping hard to resist.

2. Because they used to lie about what they are addicted about, like shopaholics hiding their purchases.

3. It can become chronic, buy several items and spent a lot as consequence, even going into debt,
leaving aside their responsibilities and depriving others of money.

4. Splurge and pick up an impulsive item they might not need.

5.
1d 2f 3h
4g 6c 8b

5e 7a

1. endorse 3. imply

2. prove 4. promote

AD 1

3,1

Bad breath, morning mouth. You’ll lost your job. 90% dentist surveyed said the use of NMM 5

AD 2

6 AND 7

Feelings and positive meanings, James Bond

AD 3

5, 8

Sympathy with her effort. Elegance, beauty and glace. Leading questioning.
Healthy drink made of Isaño which is an Andean root

ISAFRESH

Social Ad

A person who is taking care of its health, but he wants to buy a typical drink while he’s in the street, but
he can’t because he thinks he is going to feel guilty after that. So then appears Marcelo Martins
promoting our drink saying that it’s healthy, he always drinks it because it’s good to prevent cancer and
it has a lot of vitamins and he can drink it without that guilty feeling. Adding at the end that 90% of
people used to drink artificial drinks and that’s why there are a lot of sick persons, but you can’t make
the difference.

 6 Associate positive qualities with a product

 7 promote testimonials
 1 Provide facts and figures
1. Adam Sandals movies always crack me up.

2. Dimash music always blow me away

3. The official song from Stairs to heaven choke me up.

4. When the bus is full of people and doesn’t stop specially if I’m in a hurry, it usually get on my nerves.

1. I don’t recall being sent any information

2. They want to be given more time for the project

3. She arranged to be taken to the airport.

4. I was disappointed to be told the news.

5. He risked being fired from his job.

6. We were delighted to be invited to the wedding.

1.

2. Yes, I have. When I was a teenager, I used to shopped things that I didn’t need or liked a lot, just to
have it or because it was popular at the moment.

3. I can’t resist to

1. endorsed

2. promoting

3. prove, implies
GRAMMAR BOSTER

Subject Verb Object How? Where? When?

Susan bought a new printer at Infobest (transitive)

Juan lives in Tarija (Intransitive)

Katy loves being in other countries (transitive) 😊😊😊

Being in other countries is loved by Katy 😊

Katy loves to be in other countries 😊😊😊

To be in other countries is loved by Katy 😊

Katy loves Julio

Julio is loved by Katy

Katy loves kissing Julio

Kissing Julio is loved by Katty.

When the direct object are two verbs, there aren’t a passive voice
Both being and to be are verb’s direct objects.

1. Ivan hates being given fake products / Being given fake products is hated by Ivan

2. Olivia dislikes being forced to watch ads / Being forced to watch ads is disliked by Olivia

3. John agreed to pay for dinner / To pay for dinner was agreed by John

4. Hilda seeks to receive a raise / To receive a raise is sought by Hilda

5. Pamela avoids leaving her sister alone / Leaving her sister alone is avoided by Pamela

Animals should be protected.

A cure for cancer might be found in the next 20 years.

Homeless people’s lives can be improved.

Politicians blindly shouldn’t be trusted.

Cruel traditions like bullfighting shouldn’t be preserved.

I don’t like being called late at night

Mario hates being asked when he will get married

Monica resents not being told the truth

Internet suffers don’t enjoy being forced to deal with endless pop-up ads.

I expect to be treated well.

Looking for Air conditioner
Kitchen Stove

Broken Gorgeous

Cheap Expensive

Children Go in

Something

Don’t need

1. Dangerously 6. extremely

2. Fortunately 7. beautifully

3. easily 8. accidentally

4. nervously 9. mysteriously

5. Sadly
Flat adverbs: fast, late

Late adverb

Lately adjetive:

1. When the game was over, he quickly left the court.

4. They noisily washed the dishes after dinner.

6. They quietly enteres the roo, and sat in the corner.

1. I quietly watched the snale until it moved.

WRITING OBJETIVES

My favorite city in Bolivia is Tarija and I can explain why. First, it is the city where I was born, so it is
always very familiar to me. Second, its weather is very nice, once it snowed and the city looked
beautiful. Third, there are many good places to go out with the family, especially on the outskirts of the
city. Fourth, I have many friends there, so every time I go I have fun with them. Last but not least, its
people are very friendly, so they make you feel comfortable and welcome.

In order to plan my day, I will follow a couple of steps. First, I will start the day with a cup of coffee to
wake up my senses. Then, I'll take a shower and get dressed for university. After that, I'll have breakfast,
usually a bowl of cereal or toast with jam. Once ready, I'll grab my bag and go out to catch the bus. After
that, I will spend the next six hours at the university, working in groups and completing tasks. Finally,
once the day is over, I'll take the bus back home, have dinner, take my English classes and relax for a
while before going to bed.

I didn’t study yesterday. Therefore, I got the worst grade in my class.

On Sunday I went to bed late, so I woke up late on Monday and missed my first-class exam.
Since I started learning how to drive, I can borrow my mom’s car to practice out of the city.

Because I chose a new study method, I can sleep more and get better grades.

I enjoy hiking because it allows me to explore and stay active. In addition, it also helps me clear my mind
and reduce stress. Furthermore, hiking gives me the opportunity to disconnect from technology and
immerse myself in nature.

I love traveling to new places, learning about different cultures and trying new foods. Also, it helps me to
get out of the routine.

I love to do extreme sports when I have free time, while my sister prefers quite activities.

She prefers to save money and only spent in what is necessary, whereas her friend often wastes money
on unnecessary things.

I love to do extreme sports when I have free time, while my sister prefers quiet activities.

She prefers to save money and spend it only on necessities, while her friend tends to waste it
unnecessarily.
My sister loves to splurge her money buying clothes, although she often complains because she doesn't
have enough money at the end of the month.

Although my sister often complains because she doesn't have enough money at the end of the month,
she loves to splurge her money buying clothes.

I really want to go on vacation this summer. However, I'm not sure if I'll be able to take time off from
work.

FINAL EXAM

If you're looking for some great bargains in Cochabamba, Bolivia, there are plenty of options available to
you. One of the best places to start is the local markets, which offer a wide variety of products at very
affordable prices.

One of the most popular markets in Cochabamba is the Feria de la Cancha, located in the heart of the
city. Here you'll find everything from fresh produce and meats to clothing and electronics. Prices here
are generally quite competitive, and you'll often find vendors willing to negotiate on prices.

Another great market to check out is the Feria de la Pampa, located in the southern part of the city.
Here you'll find a wide range of products, including clothing, crafts, and household goods. The prices
here are generally quite reasonable, and you'll often find some great deals if you're willing to shop
around.

If you're looking for specific products, there are also some great places to check out. For example, if
you're in the market for electronics or computer equipment, you might want to check out the stores on
Calle España. Here you'll find a variety of shops offering everything from laptops and cell phones to
printers and accessories. Prices here can vary depending on the store, so be sure to shop around to get
the best deal.

Similarly, if you're in the market for clothing, there are a number of great stores to check out. The street
markets on Calle La Paz are a great place to start, where you'll find a wide range of clothing at very
affordable prices. If you're looking for more high-end stores, you might want to check out the shopping
malls, such as the Plaza de las Banderas or the Cristal Plaza. While prices here can be a bit higher than at
the markets, you'll often find a better selection and higher quality products.

In terms of places to avoid, it's generally best to stay away from the more touristy areas, as prices here
are often inflated. For example, the artisan market near the Cristo de la Concordia statue is a popular
spot for tourists, but you'll generally find better deals if you shop at the local markets instead.

Overall, if you're looking for bargains in Cochabamba, Bolivia, there are plenty of great options to
choose from. Just be sure to shop around and compare prices to ensure that you're getting the best deal
possible.

WRITING
The advertising spiral is a model that explains how ad content changes as a product goes through
different stages in the marketplace. For example, when a new product is introduced, ads focus on
introducing it to the public and convincing them to try it. As the product becomes better known and
competition increases, ads shift to highlighting the product's unique features and benefits to distinguish
it from similar products. Finally, in the later stages of the spiral, when the product has become
established, ads focus on maintaining brand awareness and loyalty. In the case of companies selling
smartphones, ads have moved from showing the audience how the product works, to emphasizing the
features of the phone, to simply showing people using the phone, as the product has become more
familiar and the market has become more crowded. Ultimately, maintaining customer loyalty is crucial
at the end of the advertising spiral, as companies compete to retain customers who are familiar with
their product, as well as with competing products.

The advertising spiral is a model that explains how the content of advertisements changes as a product
goes through different stages in the market. For instance, when a new product is introduced,
advertisements focus on introducing the product to the public and convincing them to try it. As the
product becomes more familiar and competition increases, advertisements shift to highlighting the
product's unique features and benefits to distinguish it from similar products. Finally, in the later stages
of the spiral, when the product has become well-established, advertisements focus on maintaining
brand awareness and loyalty. For companies selling smart phones, advertisements have evolved from
showing the public how the product works, to emphasizing the phone's features, to simply showing
people using the phone, as the product has become more familiar and the market has become more
crowded. Ultimately, maintaining customer loyalty is crucial at the end of the advertising spiral, as
companies compete to retain customers who are familiar with their product as well as with competing
products.

The advertising spiral is a model that explains how advertisement content changes as a product goes
through different stages in the marketplace. For example, when a new product is introduced,
advertisements focus on introducing it to the public and convincing them to try it. As the product
becomes more familiar and competition increases, advertisements shift to highlighting the product's
unique features and benefits to distinguish it from other similar products. Finally, in the later stages of
the spiral, when the product has become well-established, advertisements focus on maintaining brand
awareness and loyalty. In the case of companies selling smartphones, advertisements have moved from
showing the public how the product works, to emphasizing the features of the phone, to simply showing
people using the phone, as the product has become more familiar and the market has become more
crowded. At the end of the advertising spiral, maintaining customer loyalty is crucial, as companies
compete to retain customers who are familiar with their product, as well as with competing products.