VYDEHI SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE

ACADEMIC YEAR (2022-23)

STUDY MATERIAL
ANNUAL EXAMINATION
CLASS VII

ENGLISH
I. NOTEBOOK WORK:

UNIT 5 SECTION I: YOUNG SHERLOCK HOLMES

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

This section is an interesting story written by Chris Columbus and Peter Lerangis about Sherlock Holmes.
Sherlock Holmes was one of the most interesting detective fictional characters created by Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle. The story highlights an episode to show how keen, clear and logical Sherlock Holmes is in observing
and finding out things. This story shows what the famous detective was like when he was a young boy.

KEY WORDS:
1. mastered: learnt completely.
2. custard tarts: small, sweet cakes.
3. callus: an area of thick hard skin.
4. encyclopedia: a book, often in many volumes, containing articles on various topics, often arranged in
alphabetical order, dealing either with the whole range of human knowledge or with one subject.

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:
1. Holmes was throwing away the violin because he could not master it in three days. This might suggest that
he was

Ans: impatient

2. How did Sherlock Holmes find out

(a) The name of the newcomer?

Ans: He had read the name tag, ‘J. Watson’ on his mattress, and selected the most common name starting with
the alphabet ‘J’.

(b) Where the boy came from?

Ans: The styles of the boy’s shoes were only seen in the North of England so, from this, he guessed that the
boy had come from the North of England.

(c) What was his father’s profession?

Ans: The boy was carrying ‘The Hunter Encyclopedia of Disease’, a handbook available only to physicians.
So Holmes deduced that as he was too young to have attended medical school himself, it must have been given
to him by an adult who was close to him, who must have been his father, a doctor.

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(d) What the boy did in his leisure time?

Ans: The middle finger of the boy’s left hand had a callus, which was a sign of a writer. So, he deduced that
the boy spent his leisure time in writing.

(e) That the boy was fond of custard tarts?

Ans: The stain of yellow custard on the boy’s collar and his round appearance both led Holmes to conclude
that the boy was fond of eating custard tarts.

3. Which of Holmes’ guesses was wrong? Was his guess terribly wrong?

Ans: Holmes made a mistake in calling him James instead of John. No, he was not terribly wrong in his guess.

4. Holmes refers to Watson as fat and round. This shows that he is not very careful with his manners. Another
thing which suggests the same is:

Ans: He does not introduce himself to Watson when the two meet.

5. Which words do you think Watson would have used to describe Holmes after their first meeting? Why?

Ans: The words are-

rude—because he called him fat

observant—because he could tell so much just from the observations that he had made

clever and intelligent—because he was so accurate in his deductions

impatient—he was throwing away his violin because he had not been able to learn to play it after only three
days.

UNIT 5 SECTION II: SPYING HIGH

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

This section is an interesting story written by Lewy Olfson. This is a spy fiction. A spy is a person employed
by a government or an organization to secretly obtain information about enemies or competitors. This present
spy fiction is about the hilarious misadventures of the ‘not-so-secret’ agents.

KEY WORDS:

1. blotter pad: a piece of blotting paper used to absorb excess ink, to protect a desktop.
2. Excellency: a title of honour given to certain high officials; here, it refers to the King.
3. critical: serious or dangerous.
4. counted her calories: was very careful with her diet.
5. on the eve of: the day before the event.
6. go down the drain: to get into deep trouble.
7. liberty: freedom.
8. to flee: to run away from trouble.
9. retainer: (here) a servant who has been with the same family for a long time.
10. plugged pfennig: (here) life not worth even a penny.
11. sentiment: (here) feelings of tenderness, sadness.
12. eavesdrops: listens secretly to somebody talking.
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13. overrun: filled with.
14. H.Q: abbreviation or Head Quarters.
15. slinks: move smoothly and quietly with gliding steps, in a stealthy manner.
16. cloak-and-dagger type: (here) concerned with, or characteristic of spying or mystery, especially in the
context of a play.
17. E.S.P: extra sensory perception. It means the ability to know things without using the senses of sight,
hearing, etc., for example, to know what people are thinking.
18. dummy: fake, not the original.
19. rummaging: moving things around carelessly while searching for something.
20. startled: surprised.
21. menacingly: threateningly.
22. congenial: like-minded.
23. nostalgically: with a feeling of sadness mixed with pleasure and affection when one thinks of happy times
in the past.
24. Alma Mater: (here) the song of the university, school, or college that somebody went to.
25. Mata Hari: She was a famous Dutch dancer and a spy for Germany during the First World War, who was
executed by France.

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. When the play opens, who is the Prime Minister talking to and in what context?

Ans: The Prime Minister is talking to the King about the revolt of the soldiers, the militia and the sailors.

2. The Prime Minister says, ‘If she is eating bread and honey, it’s a sure sign she’s given up hope.’ Now
answer these questions with reference to the context given above.

a. What does ‘hope’ refer to here?

Ans: The word ‘hope’ refers to the situation getting better in the country.

b. Why does the Prime Minister think the Queen eating bread and honey is a sure sign that she has given up
hope?

Ans: The Prime Minister thinks the Queen eating bread and honey is a sure sign that she has given up hope
because she always counted her calories.

c. Can you recall the nursery rhyme from where these lines are taken?

Ans: The nursery rhyme from where these lines are taken is Sing a Song of Sixpence.

3. Pick words/ phrases that suggest that Glocca- Mauretania is under threat and the monarchy is in danger of
being overthrown.

Ans: Words are ‘We are on the eve of revolution and our beloved country, Glocca- Mauretania is going down
the drain.’

4. Is the Prime Minister going to fly or flee? How do you know?

Ans: The Prime Minister is going to flee. He has asked his servant to get his trunk for packing as the boat
leaves in twenty minutes.

5. Why is the Prime Minister so cautious about hiding the envelope containing the secret documents without
being noticed? Is he successful in hiding it?
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Ans: The Prime Minister is so cautious about hiding the envelope containing the secret documents without
being noticed as he has a feeling that the place is overflowing with spies. No, he is not successful in hiding it.

6. Fritz is described as a trusty old family retainer. Is he worthy of this description? Why? Why not?

Ans: No, he is not worthy of the description as he is a spy, looking for the secret documents.

7. The housekeeper is referred to as Mrs. Glockenspiel. Who really is this person?

Ans: This person is also a spy.

8. Who is the third spy? Where was he hiding?

Ans: The third spy is Agent B-8-W. He was hiding in the huge trunk.

9. ‘Ah, everything is just as I left it.’ Answer the questions that follow.

a. Who says this?

Ans: The Prime Minister says this.

b. What does ‘it’ refer to here?

Ans: The ‘it’ refers to the secret documents.

c. Does the ‘it’ change places? If yes, explain what happens?

Ans: The Prime Minister hides the secret documents under desk blotter, Fritz takes and hides it under the rug,
the housekeeper sees edge of envelope sticking out from rug, takes it and hides it under sofa cushion and lastly
Agent B-8-W takes envelope from sofa, puts it under blotter on desk.

d. How does ‘it’ come back to where it was first left?

Ans: The secret documents come back to where it was first left as all the spies try to hide it to a new place.

10. The Prime Minister has a feeling that his house is overrun by spies. Is he right?

Ans: Yes, the Prime Minister is right.

11. We know that there are three spies in the house, who are old friends. Describe them. Mention

a. their original names

Ans: Charlie Culpepper, Mervyn Mickle and Herbie Haliburton

b. where they met

Ans: Spy Master’s University

c. the agency they work for

Ans: H.Q. Central Operations and Operations Scheduling.

d. the mode of communication they use

Ans: Two-way wristwatch, walkie- talkie and shoe radio

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e. their disguises

Ans: Charlie Culpepper as a housekeeper, Mervyn Mickle as a retainer and Herbie Haliburton as Agent B-8-
W.

12. How can you tell that the three spies did not know that the Prime Minister was none other than the Dean
of S.M.U?

Ans: We can tell that the three spies did not know that the Prime Minister was none other than the Dean of
S.M.U as Fritz asked what a dignified man like the Prime Minister would have in common with those friends
of his.

UNIT 6 SECTION I: CHARLIE’S MOTHER

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Charlie Chaplin’s comic films continue to have enormous appeal all over the world. Very few people, though,
know about the huge contribution made by Charlie’s mother to her son’s growth and his first appearance on
stage. This present chapter deals with an episode of the contribution of Charlie’s mother.

KEY WORDS:

1. basic needs: (here) food, shelter and clothing.

2. catcalls: unpleasant noises or shouts to show disapproval of somebody who is performing in public.
3. the wings: the area at either side of the stage that cannot be seen by the audience.
4. bleak: bare and empty.
5. workhouse: (in Britain in the past) a building where very poor people were sent to live ad given work to do.
6. fatigue: great tiredness.
7. gay: (old fashioned) brightly coloured.

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. Hannah Chaplin lived for her sons and did everything she could to keep them happy. Do you agree? Give
at least two examples from the passage in support of your answer.

Ans: Yes, we agree that Hannah Chaplin lived for her two sons and did everything she could to keep them
happy. For example,

a. There wasn’t enough money for even their food, shelter and clothing. Hannah knew she would have to earn
some money for her kids. it was a difficult time for Hannah and her sons.

b. Whenever they got some money, Hannah would take them to the beach, and treat them to cakes and ice
creams.

2. Hannah was afraid to perform at the music halls because

Ans: the audience was known to be insensitive and rowdy.

3. In what way did Hannah’s ‘worst fear comes true’ one evening on the stage?

Ans: Hannah’s worst fear come true one evening on the stage as she faced the crowd, her voice failed because
of unpleasant noises and whistling of unruly crowds gathered there.

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4. whose idea was it to make Charlie take his mother’s place on stage? How did this idea change Charlie’s
and his mother’s life?

Ans: It was stage manager’s idea to make Charlie take his mother’s place on stage. When Charlie started to
sing a well-known song, a shower of money poured on to stage. Charlie danced and did several imitations.
There was laughter, cheers and a tremendous applause and this was the Charlie’s first appearance on the stage
and his mother last.

5. How did Hannah manage to ‘bring some magic’ into the lives of Charlie and Sydney? What does this tell
you about her?

Ans: Little Charlie and his brother lived with his mother in a small shabby room. But Hannah managed to
bring some magic into their surroundings. She would sing and dance for her sons and tell them wonderful
stories. This tells us that she lived for her sons and did everything she could to keep them happy.

6. while working with the William Jackson’s Lancashire lads Charlie found that

Ans: The life of an entertainer is actually very difficult.

7. Which of the Hannah’s qualities do you think Charlie inherited?

Ans: Hannah’s acting skills made a great impression on Charlie. When he became a famous actor, he often
said that it was his mother’s skills that helped him in his career as an entertainer.

8. Look at the underlined words which character(s) in the passage do they refer to?

Ans: a. There just wasn’t enough money for even their most basic needs-

Characters- Hannah Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin and Sydney.

b. I remember standing in the wings when mother’s voice cracked

Ans: Charlie Chaplin.

c. And in the confusion, I remember him leading me by the hand

Ans: The stage manager.

d.’ She has gone mad’ the children in the neighbourhood shouted,

Ans: Hannah Chaplin.

UNIT 6 - SECTION II: ABOUT FAMOUS MOTHERS

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:
With their words, actions and unconditional love, mothers have a profound influence on their children. Our
mothers give us life, nurture us and support us as we grow from babies to adults. They teach us, take care of
us and give us advice. This chapter is about few of the mothers who showed all the above-mentioned qualities.

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

R.K. Narayan’s Mother:

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1. The family had a retinue of servants, including a cook. However, the writer’s mother had a hectic life. How
did she keep herself busy?

Ans. The writer’s mother had a hectic life. His family had a retinue of servants including a cook but she had
her hands full managing the household. She did some cooking at times like baking shortcakes and butter
biscuits, making toothpowder and a new kind of fuel for the boiler and making papas at home in summer.

2. Most mothers would not like to have their children around them when they are working. The author’s
mother was different. Pick the sentence from the text that suggests this.

Ans: Most mothers would not like to have their children around them when they are working. But the author’s
mother was different. The sentence from the text that suggests this statement is:

“We children would hop around and try to help her. She never said it was a bother but let us do what we
liked.”

3.’How hideous they looked! But in those days they were in fashion’.

a. What looked ‘hideous’

Ans. Dress up Bits of cloth, mirrors, beads and sequins on Litho prints.

b. What was in fashion in those days?

Ans. Litho prints.

4. The writer’s mother was good at both indoor and outdoor games. What sports did she play? How did the
children feel when she joined them in a game?

Ans: The writer’s mother was good at both indoor and outdoor games. She played tennis, badminton, golf,
chess, and carom and card games. The children loved it when she joined them in game.

5. The writer’s mother did not attend school or college, but was a voracious reader. She knew both Tamil and
Sanskrit literature. She knew English literature too how did she manage this?

Ans: The writer’s mother did not attend school or college, but was a voracious reader. She knew both Tamil
and Sanskrit literature. She knew English literature too as she kept up with English writing through
translations.

6. What was her children’s role in keeping her updated on current happenings?

Ans: Her children would read to her and tell her everything they found in books and magazines as they played
a major role in keeping her updated on current happenings.

7. ‘Just thinking about those times makes me happy’

a) What does ‘those times’ refer to?

Ans: Those times refer to ‘Childhood’ of writer.

b) What did they do at those times?

Ans: At night she would come up to lie down on bed. Then all of them would gather around her. They would
chat, crack jokes, tell stories and ask for advice.
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8. The writer’s mother was far ahead of her time. Pick up some instances from the text to support this
statement.

Ans: Some instances are once she followed a magazine recipe and made toothpowder and also, she made a
new kind of fuel for the boiler, a copper vessel with a water heating system attached to it.

Vijay Amritraj’s Mother – Maggie Amritraj:

1. What sport did Vijay Amritraj play?

Ans: Vijay Amritraj is among the greatest tennis players.

2. Why does he say that ‘…robust health is not a pre-requisite for success’?

Ans: This is a simple message to the parents of sick and weak kids. He wants to tell them that good health was
not one of the things he was blessed with as a child, but he had something that was more important, that was
good and strong parents.

3.’We already had a potential star in the family.’

a. who was the ‘potential star’?

Ans: His older brother Anand.

b. How was he different from his brother?

Ans: Anand was strong, alert, in perfect physical shape and as a student he was brilliant.

4. Amritraj’s parents spent all their spare time and money for the welfare of their children. True or false?

Ans: True.

5. Vijay’s mother was not sure about her decision to enroll her children into tennis coaching. But Dr Ranjan’s
remark was a turning point. What did he say that made them even more determined about their decision?

Ans: The Vijay’s mother was not sure about her decision to enroll her children into tennis coaching. But Dr
Ranjan’s remark was a turning point because he said to her that Millions of boys come out of college every
year in India but there is only one Krishnan. This made them even more determined about their decision.

6. ‘Nothing ventured nothing gained’. This means

Ans: if you do not try/attempt doing something you will never achieve anything

7. Ramanathan Krishnan and Ramesh Krishnan were the father and son who were famous in the world tennis
circuit. Amritraj’s family was the next best thing that happened to the country. Do you agree? Provide reasons
for your answer.

Ans: Yes, I agree. Vijay Amritraj and his brothers, Anand Amritraj and Ashok Amritraj, were among the first
Indians to play in top-flight international tour tennis.

8. Who are the people in Vijay’ career who believed in his potential to become the National Champion?

Ans: The people in Vijay’ career who believed in his potential to become the National Champion are his
mother, Maggie Amritraj and his coach , Rama Rao.

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9. Of the three brothers, Vijay was the prime candidate for failure. But he was successful too.

a. What helped him become healthy?

Ans: Goat’s milk

b. Who had a major role to play in his success?

Ans: His mother, Maggie Amritraj had a major role to play in his success.

10. ‘The idea of becoming rich by playing tennis was never a consideration’ says Vijay, but it did eventually
pay off. Pick a sentence from the previous paragraph that shows that it did pay off.

Ans: A sentence from the previous paragraph that shows that it did payoff is ‘All their spare time and all their
money went on our welfare and paying for the tennis lesson that, in our case, proved to be the best investment
any family could have made’.

Sarah Bush Johnston, Stepmother of Abraham Lincoln:

1. Fill in the gap with information from the story on Abraham Lincoln.

a. Lincoln’s biological mother was named – Nancy Hanks Lincoln

b. His father was named – Thomas Lincoln

2. How did Sarah react to her husband’ son when she came to live with them after their marriage?

Ans: Sarah Lincoln dressed Abraham up so that he ‘looked more human’ and brought a woman’s touch to
their sparse cabin.

3. ‘She very quickly turned things around’

a. Who is the writer referring to in this line?

Ans: The writer is referring to Sarah Bush Johnston.

b. What do these lines reveal about the person?

Ans: These lines reveal that she is a practical and determined lady.

4. Do you think Nancy and Sarah were keen to educate Lincoln? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Yes, Nancy and Sarah were keen to educate Lincoln. Nancy Lincoln impressed the importance of
learning and reading on her young boy as they moved about the Kentucky and Indiana frontier. Sarah had an
appreciation for the value of an education and quenched her stepson’s thirst for knowledge by providing him
with books to read.

5. Sarah and her stepson shared a very close and loving relationship. Pick out two instances from the lesson
that reveal this.

Ans: Two instances from the lesson that reveal Sarah and her stepson very close and loving relationship are
she treated Lincoln as if he was her flesh and blood by offering love, kindness and encouragement. He returned
the affection, calling her ‘Mother’.

6. Why was Sarah so heartbroken at the death of her stepson in 1861?

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Ans: Sarah was so heartbroken at the death of her stepson in 1861 because she had never wanted him to run
for president, fearful that something would happen to him.

7. Though Sarah was Abraham Lincoln’s stepmother, she was more than a mother to him. Do you agree with
this statement? Give reasons.

Ans: Yes, I agree with this statement. Sarah recognized a boy of tremendous talent and saw the diamond when
virtually everyone else around this gangly, awkward boy saw the rough. That’s what mothers do.

Shabnam Singh, Mother of Yuvraj Singh:

1. What were the ‘right notes’ on which the year started for Yuvraj Singh?

Ans: The ‘right notes ‘on which the year started for Yuvraj Singh were not only did India win the World Cup
after 28 years but he was also declared Man of the Tournament.

2. How did Yuvraj derive courage and strength from his mother during his struggle with cancer?

Ans: Yuvraj underlined the role of his mother in making him strong. He said that any mother would be
devastated to learn that her son had cancer but she was stronger than him.

3. What makes Shabnam say, ‘I was stunned and in denial’?

Ans: Shabnam said she was stunned an in denial for a long time because of conflicting medical reports.

4. Why did the family decide to go to the US?

Ans: The family decided to go to the US as the people were friendly and the doctors supportive.

5. ‘I was going through the motions of the day like a zombie.’

a. What, in your opinion, is a ‘zombie’?

Ans: A ‘zombie’ is someone who does not seem to know or care about what is happening around them and
moves very slowly, especially because they are very upset or tired.

b. Why does Shabnam compare herself to one?

Ans: Shabnam compares herself to one as she didn’t want to be the least bit emotional but be strong for Yuvi.

6. Who is Lance Armstrong? How did he influence Yuvraj?

Ans: Lance Armstrong is a cycling legend. Armstrong, like Yuvraj, was diagnosed with cancer but not only
did he bounce back, he also returned to his sport bigger and better than ever.

7. Who does Yuvraj refer to as his other mother? What quality of hers did he admire so much?

Ans: Yuvraj refers to the lady who used to plant flowers as his other mother. He admired her positive attitude
to life.

8. Why does the writer say that Yuvraj is neither an ‘average cricketer’ nor ‘an ordinary fighter’?

Ans: The writer says that Yuvraj is neither an ‘average cricketer’ nor ‘an ordinary fighter’ because he was
declared Man of the Tournament in the 2011 World Cup and he has also conquered cancer, and believes the
awareness generated by his battle will help a lot of people.
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 LONG READING

GREAT EXPECTATIONS

a. In Chapters 1 to 5 of Great Expectations, how does Dickens build a connection between Pip and Magwitch?

Ans. Both Pip and Magwitch are frightened, desperate people who engage in illegal activities. Magwitch is a
frightened escaped convict, desperate for food and freedom. Pip states, "His eyes looked so awfully hungry
too, that when I handed him the file and he laid it down on the grass, it occurred to me he would have tried to
eat it, if he had not seen my bundle." Because he is a convict, Magwitch has been found guilty of breaking the
law. Also, when he fights with the other convict, Magwitch seems intent on killing him. Pip is scared about
being killed by Magwitch's companion and, as a result, becomes desperate enough to steal food and a file,
which binds him to Magwitch through the illegality of the actions. In addition, after Magwitch is captured, he
and Pip share a silent communication, suggesting an intuitive bond between them.

b. In Chapter 16 of Great Expectations, how does Dickens use situational irony to enhance the theme of
redemption?

Ans. Situational irony happens in a story when an event has unexpected results. Such a situation happens with
the attack on Mrs. Joe. The assault leaves Mrs. Joe mentally impaired. However, it also has an unexpected,
ironic results. Mrs. Joe becomes a kinder, more patient woman after she is hit on the head. Pip states, "Her
temper was greatly improved, and she was patient." Indeed Mrs. Joe changes for the better to such an extent
that she treats Orlick kindly. This change is a type of redemption for Mrs. Joe for the years and years of
torment she gave to Joe and Pip. Even though Mrs. Joe becomes kinder, this change is too late for Pip,
however. The effect of her constant belittling of Pip has caused him to suffer from inferiority. As a result, Pip
constantly needs to convince Estella that he is worthy enough to love. Mrs. Joe's redemption, therefore, has
the unexpected result of having no benefit for Pip.

CREATIVE WRITING
STORY WRITING
Story writing is an art. A short story is meant to be read in a single sitting and therefore it should be as direct
and brief as possible. Title is the most important one which attracts the readers. Central idea or main belief
presented by a story writing is called theme. It is skeleton or frame of your short story that is decorated by
plot, setting, conflict and characters. The five key elements of a Story Writing are as follows-
1. Character
2. Setting
3. Plot
4. Conflict
5. Theme
Stories can be of number of types. For examples developing a story with the help of clue words, picture
narration, the beginning will be given, and you have to finish the story adding colours to your imagination and
creativity.

EXAMPLES:

QUESTION 1: STORY WITH CLUE WORDS:

CLUE WORDS: Young Alyosha….. weak and thin……. father placed him with a merchant……..did
everything as required……… never set eyes on his wages…….. his father grabbed all his wages…….. Cook
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Ustinia watched him…….. took interest in him…….. she was ready to marry Alyosha ……. But the master
and his wife didn’t want married servants………… Alyosha’s father forbade him…….. Alyosha
consented……… one day fell from the roof ……. priest was called………. Alyosha thanked Ustinia for being
kind to him……. died.

TITLE: ALYOSHA

Alyosha was tiny, thin fellow with ears like wings and a huge nose. At twelve he began to plough and drive
the cart. He was weak but cheerful. His father placed him with a merchant. He did everything quickly and
readily. He forgot nothing and found time for everything. He would get up before daybreak, chop the wood,
sweep the yard, feed cows and horses and cooked. Alyosha never set eyes on his wages. His father used to
take his wages from the merchant leaving nothing for him. Towards the end of the second year the most
startling thing happened to him. He felt for the first time in his life that he too was important for some
human being. The cook Ustinia would sit watching him and it worried Alyosha. He feared that it might
interfere with his work. She told him all about her life. She was ready to marry him. Alyosha’s father came
to the merchant to collect his son’s wages. He came to know from the merchant’s wife that Alyosha wanted
to marry Ustinia. Both the merchant and his wife told him that they didn’t want and approve of married
servants. They would not keep them in the house. His father told Alyosha that he couldn’t marry Ustinia.
Alyosha consented. From that day Alyosha went to his work as usual. One day he fell down from the roof
and hurt himself. He was taken to the lodge, and the doctor examined him. He was about to die. A priest was
called. “Are you going to die?” asked Ustinia. “Of course, I am.” He thanked Ustinia for being so good to
him. They were lucky that they didn’t marry. He lay in wonderment, then stretched himself and died.

MORAL: BE KIND TO ONE ANOTHER

QUESTION 2:

PICTURE COMPOSITION:

TITLE: “KEHAR – THE TIGER”

STORY: It was late afternoon, and the tiger was just back from a hunt. He had a hunt down zebra and
satisfied his hunger after three days. The hunt was quite a chase as the zebra was quite clever and the tiger
nearly lost him thrice. Having worked hard for the day, all that the tiger wanted to do was take rest, unable
to walk anymore in the afternoon heat. This is why he returned to his usual home. He wanted to sleep
without being disturbed. So, he went to the nearby river, drank some water, and began to search for a tree to
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sleep on. Finally, he found a bare tree with strong branches. He climbed the tree, curled up on the tree and
fell into a slumber.

MORAL: HARD WORK ALWAYS PAYS OFF

QUESTION 3: DEVELOPING A STORY WHEN THE BEGINNING IS GIVEN:

TITLE

Complete the story in 150-200 words which begins as the following: “I opened my eyes and had no
idea where I was…”

SPEECH WRITING

Speech Writing Format – In order to write a perfect speech, we must be well acquainted with the topic and
must possess a wide range of vocabulary, a thorough knowledge of the subject, some research, and excellent
organizational skills. Here are the ideal format and tips to help you write your perfect speech.
A perfect speech must consist of: -
1. HEADING– The heading should be catchy and in not more than 5-6 words. You can go as creative as
you want with this one.
2. OPENING LINE- This includes salutations, introduction, and the topic.
Speech writing Example – Respected Principal, teachers, and my dear friends! Today, I (the name is given
in the question) stand before you all to speak on the topic “(given in the question)”.
OR you could start with a quote related to the topic and then go with the salutations and introduction.
3. BODY- It is the main part of your writing piece.
a. It is always prescribed that you begin with a short introduction on the topic, it’s meant to be precise.
b. Then you need to explain the current situation, the problems (if any), and whether after any corrective
actions, betterment in the situation has been observed or not.
c. It may include advantages/ disadvantages depending upon the topic in question.
d. It is important you follow a sequence. It is possible that you have too many points or very few points.
When you have a lot of varied points, it is better you choose a few best ones and write a line on each. In case
you have very few already, explain them in at least two lines each.
e. Strictly follow the prescribed word limit in a limited time frame.
f. MOST IMPORTANT- Always begin with your strongest point. You can accommodate the weaker ones
in between and end with another strong point.
g. Feel free to give your personal opinion in one or two lines.
h. It is very important that you do not deviate from the topic.

13
4. SOLUTION/CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH- Now, it is to be remembered that wherever you elaborate
a problem, you always have to mention the steps being taken to improvise the situation and suggest a few
solutions as well.

1. As Mukul / Mahima of Alps Public School, write a speech to be delivered in school assembly
highlighting the importance of cleanliness suggesting that the state of cleanliness reflects the character
of its citizens. (150-200 words)

IMPORTANCE OF CLEANLINESS:

In the words of the great John Wesley, “Cleanliness is next to godliness”

Good Morning respected principal, teachers, and my dear friends. Today, I, Mukul/Mahima, stand before
you all, to highlight the importance of cleanliness.

Cleanliness is the state or quality of being clean or being kept clean. It is essential for everyone to learn about
cleanliness, hygiene, sanitation and the various diseases that are caused due to poor hygienic conditions. It is
crucial for physical well-being and maintaining a healthy environment at home and at school. An unclean
environment is an invitation for a lot of mosquitoes to breed in and spread deadly diseases. On the other hand,
not maintaining personal hygiene leads to a lot of skin problems and decreased immunity.

The habits learnt at a young age get embedded into one’s personality. Even if we inculcate certain habits like
washing hands before and after meals, regular brushing and bathing from a young age, we are not bothered
about keeping public places clean. For this, on 2nd October, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister launched a
nation-wide cleanliness campaign, “Swachh Bharat” to provide sanitation facilities to every family, including
toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and safe and adequate drinking water
supply. Teachers and students of schools are joining this ‘Clean India Campaign’ very actively with great
fervour and joy.

Good health will ensure a healthy mind, which will lead to increased overall productivity resulting in higher
standards of living, thus developing the economy. It will boost India’s international image. Thus, a clean
environment is a green environment with less people falling ill. Cleanliness, hence, is defined to be the emblem
of purity of mind.

Thank you.

2. You are Ali/Alia, Head girl / Head boy of your school. You are deeply disturbed by the rising cases
of aggressive behaviour of students in your school. You decide to speak during the morning assembly
about it. Write a speech on ‘Indiscipline in Schools’. (150 – 200 words)

INDISCIPLINE IN SCHOOLS:

It has been reported that number of fights and cases of bullying has gone up tremendously in the last few
months in our school.
Good morning to one and all present here. Today, I, Ali/Alia, your head boy/girl stand before you to throw
light upon the grave issue of “Increasing Indiscipline in Schools”.

It has been brought into lime light that disobedience of teachers, bullying, fights with peers, truancy and insults
is becoming a common trend. Not only this, there have been complaints of parents witnessing a shift in their
children’s attitude. This is resulting in a lot of children getting hurt emotionally, mentally and physically. The
impact this attitude is having on kids at early age is disastrous and irreversible.

14
Not to forget the damage that has been done to the school property. Stealing chalks, scribbling on desks, walls
and washroom doors, destroying CCTV cameras and the list goes on. By doing this, we are only letting us
deprive ourselves of the amenities being provided to us.

After a lot of meetings, lack of proper guidance, excessive use of social media and peer pressure have been
observed to be the root causes of the problem. The counsel is taking steps to improve the situation. Life skill
classes are being made mandatory for everyone. Teachings will include counselling, motivation and
inculcating friendly values. Seminars for parents and students will be regularly organised. A counsellor to help
you all share your feelings, grudges and sharing your personal problem is being made available. We are doing
everything we can and expect the same from you.

So, let’s join our hands together and build an environment where we encourage, motivate, help and be kind to
each other for we are good and civilised beings capable of a lot of love.

Thank you.

GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

1. There are two different ways in which we can report the words of a speaker:

(a) Direct Speech or Direct Narration.

(b) Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration.

Direct Speech contains the actual words of the speaker whereas the Indirect Speech gives the substance of
the speaker’s actual words and not the exact words spoken by him or her.

In the direct speech:

1. The Reported Speech is put within Reported (Inverted) Commas.
2. The Reported Speech and the Reporting Verb are separated by a Comma.
3. The first word of the Reported Speech begins with a capital letter.

15
16
17
Change of place and time:
Now -- then
Here -- there
Ago -- before
Thus -- so
Today -- that day
Tomorrow -- the next day
This -- that
Yesterday -- the day before
These -- those
Hither-- thither
Come -- go
Hence -- thence
Next week/month -- following week/month

MODALS

Definition of Modals
Basically, modals are auxiliary verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verb.
e.g.
a. He can do this work.
b. She may pass the exam.
c. They would appear in the party.
In the above sentences, the bold words are modals. They express the mode of action of the main verbs in the
sentence.

Uses of Modals
The usage of these modals is as given below:
CAN
‘Can’ is used in the following ways
a. To express ability or power.

i. He can read this language.

ii. He can lift this heavy box.
b. To express permission.
i. You can eat this chocolate.
ii. She can never enter this house.
COULD
‘Could’ is used in the following ways,
a. To show power or ability in past.
i. She could dance well in youth
18
 ii. We could complete this task.
b. To show possibility in past.
i. She could buy a pen if she had money.
ii. Ramu could play cricket if there had been no rain.
c. To make a polite request.
i. Could you help me now?
ii. Could they spare that meat?
d. To show condition.

i. If we had got up earlier, we could have completed this.

ii. We could have seen the match if there had been electricity supply. (Condition)
MAY
‘May’ is used in the following ways
a. To express permission, possibility.
i. May I go there? (Permission)
ii. It may rain heavily. (Possibility)
b. To express wish, prayer.
i. May you live long! (Wish)
ii. May God bless you with fortune! (Prayer)
c. To express purpose.
i. She works that she may prosper.
ii. We study that we may pass in the exam.
MIGHT
‘Might’ is used in the following ways
a. To show permission, possibility in the past.
i. The leader told us that we might spend this amount. (Permission)
ii. I might be sent to the hostel. (Possibility)
b. To express purpose in the past.
i. He wore a scarf that he might not burn his skin.
ii. We rushed that we might not miss our train.
c. To make a request.
i. If possible, you might bring me a glass of water.
ii. Condition allowing, they might be seeking a favour from me.
d. To make suggestion or criticism.
19
 i. They might look for other venues. (Suggestion)
ii. She might have picked other issues. (Criticism)
WOULD
‘Would’ is used in the following ways
a. To show past habit and unreal condition.
i. He would rise at 5 O’ Clock. (Past habit)
ii. What would you like to have? Tea or coffee.
b. To make a polite request.
i. Would you lend me your pen?
ii. Would you give me your scooter?
SHOULD OR OUGHT TO
‘Should’ is used in the following ways
a. To express duty and obligation.
i. The police should protect us. (Duty)
ii. You should respect your parents. (Obligation)
b. To show advice, suggestion.
i. They should follow the rules. (Suggestion)
ii. You should take medicine. (Advice)
c. To express imagination.
i. Should you lose your money, go to ATM.
ii. Should you forget password, retry then.
d. To express probability, polite command.
i. She should be in the library. (Probability)
ii. You should play the game fairly. (Polite command)
MUST
‘Must’ is used in the following ways
a. To show prohibition, compulsion.
i. You must not touch this.
ii. She must feel sorry for you.
b. To show necessity or obligation.
i. Team must win the game.
ii. You must pay your bill on time.
c. To show the strong advice.

20
 i. Police must take care of emotions of the criminals.
ii. Leaders must promise what is viable to them.
SHALL/WILL
‘Shall’ and ‘Will’ are used in the following ways
a. Shall 1st person subject-I, We
b. Will 2nd and 3rd person subject – You, he, she, it, they.
But, to show the emphasis, it can be interchanged with each other.
Therefore, when one needs to show determination then the usage with the auxiliary would be
c. Will 1st person subject-I, we
d. Shall 2nd and 3rd person subject – You, he, she, it, , they.

e.g.
i. I shall go. (Simple future)
ii. I will go. (Determination))
iii. She will win. (Simple future)
iv. She shall win. (Emphasized act)
NEED
‘Need’ is used in the following ways
a. To express prohibition.
i. She need not use that computer.
ii. They need not manipulate the files.
b. To express doubt.
i. Need I go there.
ii. Need we plan in advance.
DARE
a. To express a negation with interrogation.
i. How dare you touch my pen?
ii. She dare not play tennis with me.
USED TO
a. To express a past habit.
i. She used to go to perform in movies or a drama.
ii. I used to play cricket in 2005.
b. To express a habit of present that has its roots in the past.
i. My grandfather is not used to sweets.
ii. I am used to a life full of struggle.
21
 DETERMINERS
Definition: A Determiner is a word that decides or limits or determines something about the noun or pronoun
that follows. Determiners are used before nouns, so they are like adjectives. There are different types of
determiners. Determiners – A, An, The (Articles), Possessive Determiners, Demonstrative Determiners and
Quantitative Determiners.

Indefinite Determiners
A, AN
A and An are called the Indefinite Determiners because they do not point out any particular person, animal
or thing e.g.

a. I met girl in the school.

b. She gave me a mango and an apple.

The Selection Between a And an

(i) We use a before a word that begins with a consonant sound; as, a book, a pen, a boy etc.
(ii) Some words begin with vowels; but they are pronounced with a consonant sound.
So, we use “a” before them as, a union, a European, etc.

(iii) An is used before nouns beginning with a vowel sound; as, an ass, an elephant, etc.
(iv) An is used before words beginning with a silent ‘h’ as, an honest, an hour, etc.
(v) An is used before a noun starting with a, consonant but with a vowel sound; as, an M.A., an M.L.A., etc.

Use of Indefinite Determiner

A or An is used
a. In the numerical sense of one as, He has an elephant.
b. In a general sense to represent the whole class; as, A pupil should be attentive in the class.
c. Before a Proper Noun to make it Common Noun as, Here is Shakespeare.
d. With only a little, a little, a few as, I have a few friends in this city.
e. In certain phrases as, a lot of, a number of, etc.
Definite Determiner
The
‘The’ is called the definite determiner because it shows some particular person or thing as,

The doctor who treated you, is now in England.

Use of Definite Determiner – The
(i) We use the definite determiner – the
When we speak of a particular person, animal or thing as, This is the girl whom we met yesterday.
(ii) When a single noun represents a whole class; as, The cow is a faithful animal.
(iii) Before the superlative degree as, Khushi is the most intelligent girl in the class.
(iv) Before nouns which are the only ones of their kind; as, The sun, the moon, the earth etc.
But : It is wrong to use the before God.
(v) With the name of directions; as, The north, the south etc.

22
Definite Determiner- the- is used:
(i) With Nationalities:
The Ganga, the Yamuna, the Thames,
(iii) Before the names of mountain ranges and valleys; as,
(a) The Himalayas, the Alps, the Indies, the Rockeys etc.
Demonstratives
The demonstrative determiners in the English language are this, that, these, those.
The demonstrative determiner ‘That’ (Plural- Those) is used to avoid repetition of a preceding noun. The
rule can be understood with the help of the following example sentences -
My shorts are better than those of my brother.
Our defense academies are better than those of Afghanistan.
The demonstrative determiner ‘This (Plural- These)’ is used to refer to a person/ persons or thing/ things
near to the speaker. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example sentences -
This is the best coffee I have had.
These magazines are very good.
Possessives
The possessive determiners in the English language are my, your, our, his, her, its, their. These are used to
show or determine the ownership of a certain thing.
Few examples of Possessive determiners are as follows -
1) This is my bike.
2) It is their house.
Indefinite Adjectives
An indefinite adjective is an adjective used to describe a noun in a non-specific sense. The most common
indefinite adjectives are any, each, few, many, much, most, several, and some.
Here are some easy examples of indefinite adjectives:
I liked most people at the party.
Some mice have chewed the cables.
There are several reasons for my resignation.
Each team will receive a 2-minute warning before the start.

More About Determiners

SOME
It is usually used in affirmative sentences before plural nouns or before uncountable nouns when a certain
quantity or number is meant; as,
I bought some apples.
I met him some years ago.
MUCH and MANY
a. Much refers to quantity or amount and is singular. It is used with uncountable nouns; as,

There is not much truth in what she says.

b. Many refers to number. It is used with countable nouns; as,

How many women were present at the concert?

FEW A FEW THE FEW
Few men try to know Only a few persons in our village are The few birds that were there in the tree,
themselves. literate. flew away.
Little A Little The Little

23
There is little water in the She has a little knowledge about
He lost the little money he had.
jug. music.
Each Every
Each line has ten trees. Every boy must take part in the sport.
Each boy of the class was given sweets. India expects every man to do his duty.

II. WORKSHEET:

UNIT 5 SECTION I: YOUNG SHERLOCK HOLMES

Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “I should have mastered it by now......”

i) Name the writers. Chris Columbus and Peter Lerangis

ii) Who is the ‘I’ referred to here?

iii) What does the word ‘mastered’ mean in the lesson?

b. “The middle finger of your hand has a callus......”

i) Who is the speaker speaking to?

ii) Who is the speaker?

iii) What does the word ‘callus’ mean in the lesson?

UNIT 5 SECTION II: SPYING HIGH

Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “Look! Hidden among the books! The real secret documents!”

i) Name the writer. Lewy Olfson

ii) Who is the speaker of the above line?

iii) Where were the words ‘The real secret documents’ written?

b. “Ring for the housekeeper. I have some instructions for her.”

i) Who is the speaker speaking to?

ii) Who is the speaker?

iii) Describe the housekeeper in a sentence.

UNIT 6 SECTION I: CHARLIE’S MOTHER

a. “Halfway through, a shower of money poured on to the stage….”

24
 i. Who showered the money on to the stage?

ii. What does the word ‘poured’ mean in the lesson?

b. “That night was my first appearance on the stage and Mother’s last…”

i. What was his mother’s name?

ii. What does the word ‘appearance’ mean in the lesson?

c. “To bring some magic into their bleak surroundings.”

i. What does the word ‘bleak’ mean in the lesson?

ii. Whose bleak surroundings is referred to here?

UNIT 6 - SECTION II: ABOUT FAMOUS MOTHERS

1. Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “It had a woman decked out in gold lace sari and gaudy jewellery.”

i) Where was the above-mentioned woman seen?

ii) What is the meaning of ‘decked out’?

iii) Write the meaning of ‘gaudy’?

b. “I was stunned and in denial.”

i) Who is the ‘I’ mentioned in the above line?

ii) Why was she stunned?

iii) Write the meaning of the word ‘denial’ in the above line.

CREATIVE WRITING
STORY WRITING
a. Write the story with the hints given below:
_______ small boy eager to show __________ wit. One morning _______ decided to play a trick on the barber
_________ went __________ sat in the chair __________ barber asked johnny said _______ shave my
bearded _______ saw through the game surely do _________ a piece of cloth around _________ applied soap
got busy __________ other work. Johnny waited _________ difficult, _________ shouted at _________
barber smiled _________ replied waiting for bearded to grow.

b. Ultimately, he won it as he was determined to accomplish his mission. The closing of a story is given
above. You can start your own story but you can’t change the end. Write the story in 150-200 words.

SPEECH WRITING

a. Prepare a speech in about 100 words, encouraging your schoolmates to follow certain rules when they go
for excursions so as to keep our picnic spots clean and attractive. You can take the help of the hints given
below.
25
use of bags to dispose of wrappers—leave no waste—use public dustbins—avoid carrying disposables etc.

b. You have to make a speech in your class about the precautions and measures to be taken against malaria.
Write the speech in not more than 100 words. You may take help of the ideas given below:

Prevention is better than cure—cleanliness—in and outside the house—no water logging—mosquito—DDT
spray—full sleeves—full pants—covers

REPORTED SPEECH
Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech:

1. He said, "I like this song."

2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
3. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
8. "I never make mistakes," he said.
9. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
10. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.

Change the following sentences from indirect to direct speech:

1. She told her mother that she was going to the market.
2. His friends told me that they would go home the following Sunday.
3. The teacher told Mark he had been very regular in his work.
4. Marc told me that he had finished his work.
5. The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.
6. He said that she was not going home that day.
7. He asked me if I had brought the pens.
8. The boy asked me if that was the place we had visited before.
9. The judge told the witness to tell the truth.
10. The prisoner begged the judge to forgive him.

MODALS
Fill in the blanks with ‘Would’ or ‘Should’:
1.You _____ send the reply tomorrow.
2. _____ you please lend me your bicycle?
3.You _____ do as he says.
4. _____ you like another cup of tea?
5.She said she _____ carry my books.
6.He _____ meet me at 9 O’ clock in the morning.
7.You _____ wash your clothes.
8.They _____ arrive here any time.
9.We _____ respect our elders.
10. _____ you mind helping me?
DETERMINERS

Fill in the blanks with the suitable determiners given in the brackets:
1. He is ………… (my, its) brother.
2. The dog is wagging ………. (Its, our) tail.
26
 3. I have lost ………. (My, its) pen.
4. ……… (Its, Our) house is made of white marble.
5. Mohan is talking to …………. (His, its) sister rudely.
6. …………. (Its, Their) attempt proved to be an exercise in futility.
7. All the students returned to ………. (Our, their) respective houses.
8. Mohan has injured ………. (His, her) leg while playing hockey.
9. The child is playing with ……………. (Our, its) doll.
10. We are responsible for ………. (Our, its) deeds.
III. HOMEWORK:

UNIT 5 SECTION I: YOUNG SHERLOCK HOLMES

1.Watson feels that Holmes is rude because Holmes makes some personal remarks about his habits and his
appearance. Nobody likes to be mocked at or to be made fun of. In your opinion, what is considered as rude
behaviour? Give two examples of rude behaviour from your experience and mention how the people
concerned should have behaved instead.

UNIT 5 SECTION II: SPYING HIGH

1.Who is your favourite character in this play? Give reasons for your answer.
2. All the four characters in the play are good-natured, happy and considerate. Pick instances from the play to
substantiate this. What lessons do you learn from their life?

UNIT 6 SECTION I: CHARLIE’S MOTHER

1. Charlie, in his very first performance on stage, showed signs of an extraordinary comedian. What were
those qualities?

UNIT 6 - SECTION II: ABOUT FAMOUS MOTHERS

1. Make a pamphlet of (at least) about any four mothers other than mentioned in the chapter ‘About Famous
Mothers’
STORY WRITING

a. Write the story with the hints given below:

Old peasant all his sons lazy………….. peasant dying ……………..called all his sons ……..told them of a
treasure………. hidden in the fields………… to find it they must dig for it………..then died………… sons
dug every bit of the land no treasure showed the …….corn a very fine crop………. sons learnt the
lesson……….. what?

SPEECH WRITING

a. The recent rise in incidents of violent behaviour of students is a matter of concern for all. The problem can
be curbed if students learn how to manage anger. Write a speech on the topic in 150-200 words to be
delivered in the school morning assembly.

DETERMINERS
a. Insert a, an or the.
Once there was (1) ……. mouse. The mouse was always afraid of (2) ……… cat. A magician took pity on
(3) ……… mouse. He turned it into (4) ……… cat. Now (5) ……… cat was afraid of dogs. So, (6) ………
magician turned (7) ……… cat into (8) ……….. dog and finally into (9) …….. tiger. (10) …… tiger began

27
to fear hunters in (11) ……. forest. Then (12) ……… magician said, “Be (13) ………. mouse again. You
are no better than (14) …… mouse at heart”.

REPORTED SPEECH

a. You have been away for a while. On coming back you meet Mohan. He asks you many questions.

Now tell another friend what Mohan asked you. Use indirect speech. The first one is being given as an
example.
1. Mohan asked me how I was.
2. He asked me ………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………..
4. …………………………………………………..
5. …………………………………………………..
6. …………………………………………………..
7. …………………………………………………..
8. …………………………………………………..
9. ……………………………………………………

MODALS

a. Fill in the blanks using must, mustn’t, don’t have to, should, shouldn’t, might, can, can’t.

1. You really _________ go to the Louvre if you’re in Paris. It’s wonderful.

2. You _________ come to the party if you don’t feel well.
3. I don’t know where Kelly is. She _________ be at the sister’s house.
4. You have passed all your tests. You _________ be very pleased with yourself.
5. You _________ smoke in your car, especially if there are children sitting in the back.
6. You _________ work this evening. I can do the tasks for you.
7. John doesn’t need a calculator. He _________ do sums in his head.
8. Passengers _________ open the door when the train is moving.
9. It _________ rain today. It’s getting cloudy already.
10. I _________ pay for the tickets because I got them from Sam for free.

28
 MATHEMATICS
Chapter 4 - SIMPLE EQUATIONS

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Variables and Expressions

Variable is a quantity that can take any value, its value is not fixed. It is a symbol for a number whose value
is unknown yet.
Expressions are formed by performing operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division on the variables.
Example: 6x – 3 is an expression in variable x.

Algebraic Equation

An equation is a condition on a variable such that two expressions in the variable should have equal
value.
Example: 8x−8=16 is an equation.
The value of the variable in an equation for which the equation is satisfied is called the solution of the
equation.
Example: The solution for the equation 2x−3=5 is x=4.

More about Equations

Mathematical Operations on Expressions

• Addition of variables: (3x+4z)+(5y+6)

• Subtraction of variables: (4x−7y)−(6y+5)
• Multiplication of variables: (5xy+6)×7x
• Division of variables: (8xz+5z)/(5x-6y)

Solving an Equation

Solving an equation involves performing the same operations on the expressions on either side of the “=”
sign so that the value of the variable is found without disturbing the balance.
Example : Solve 2x+4=10
Consider 2x+4=10
⇒2x+4−4=10−4 [Subtracting 4 from both LHS and RHS] ⇒2x=6
⇒2x/2=6/2 [Dividing both LHS and RHS by 2] ⇒x=3

Methods of Solving an Equation

Method 1: performing the same operations on the expressions on either side of the “=” sign so that the
value of the variable is found without disturbing the balance.
Operations involve Adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing on both sides.

29
Example: x+2=6
Subtract 2 from LHS and RHS
⇒ LHS: x+2−2=x
⇒ RHS: 6−2=4
But LHS = RHS
⇒x=4
Method 2: Transposing
It involves moving the terms to one side of the equation to find out the value of the variable.
When terms move from one side to another, they change their sign.
Example: x+2=6
Transpose (+2) from LHS to RHS
⇒x=6−2
⇒x=4

Applying Equations

Forming Equation from Solution

Given a solution, many equations can be constructed.

Example: Given solution: x = 3
Multiply both sides by 4,
⇒ 4x=4×3
Add -5 to both sides,
⇒ 4x−5=12−5
⇒ 4x−5=7
Similarly, more equations can be constructed.

Applications (Word problem)

Example: Ram’s father is 3 times as old as his son Ram. After 15 years, he will be twice the age of his son.
Form an equation and solve it.
Solution: Let Ram’s age be x.
⇒ His father’s age is 3x.
After 15 years:
3x+15=2(x+15)
On solving,
3x+15=2x+30
3x−2x=30−15
x=15
∴ Ram’s age is 15 and his dad’s age is 45.

Exercise 4(A)

Question 1: Complete the following table.

S.No Equation Value Is the equation Satisfied
a. X+3=0 X= ‒3 Yes
b. X‒4=0 X=3 No
c. X+5=7 X=2
d. X+5=7 X=‒2
e. 2x+4=10 X=2
30
 f. 2x+4=10 X=3
g. 2x-5=7 X=1
h. 2x-5=7 X=6
i. 3x‒1=5 X=1
j. 3x‒1=5 X=0

Solution:

a) 3+3=0(yes)
b) 3‒4=‒1(No)
c) 2+5=7(yes)
d) ‒2+5=7⇨3≠7(No)
e) 2 ×2+4=10 ⇨8≠10(No)
f) 2×3+4=10⇨10=10(yes)
g) 2×1 ‒5 =7⇨‒ 3 ≠7(No)
h) 2x6-5=7⇨7= 7(Yes)
i) 3x1- 1 =5 ⇨2≠5 (No)
j) 3 x 0 -1 = 5⇨ -1≠5 (No)
Question 2: Check whether the value given in the bracket is solution or not.
(a)2x+4=15 (x=2)
(b) 7x+15= 45 (x=5)
(c) 7x+2=23 (x=3)
4𝑥
(d) 5 +2=6 (x=5)
(e) 4p -5 =16 (p=7)
(f) 4p-5= 23 (p=7)
g) 2x +5 =15 (x=5)
(h) 3x-4 =16 (x=2)
2𝑥
(i) 5 +4 =10 (x=5)
Solution:
(a) (x=2) hence 2 x 2+4 =15
⇨ 8 ≠15 (No)
(b) (x=5) hence 7 x 5+ 15 = 45
⇨ 35+15 = 45
⇨50 ≠ 45 (No)
(c) (x=3 ) hence 7 x 3 +2=23
⇨ 23 =23 (Yes)
4×5
(d) (x=5) hence 5 + 2=6
⇨ 6=6(Yes)
(e) (p= 7) hence 4p-5 = 16
4x 7-5 = 16
28-5 = 16
23 ≠16 (No)
(f) (p=7) hence 4p-5 = 23
4x7-5 = 23
28-5 =23
23= 23 (Yes)
(g)(x=5) hence 2x+5 = 15
2x 5+5 = 15
31
 10+5 =15
15 =15 (Yes)
(h) (x= 2) hence 3 x 2-4 =16
6-4 =16
2 ≠ 16 (No)
2𝑥
(i) (x=5) hence 5 +4 =10
2×5
+4 =10
5
2+4 =10
6≠10(No)
Question 3: Write the mathematical expression for the following statement.
(a) The sum of twice x and 4 is 24.
(b) 3 subtracted from 4x is 9.
(c)The number z divided by 7 gives 63.
(d) 4 taken away from one-fourth of p gives 10.
(e)If we add 6 to 6 times y we get 42.
(f) If we take 7 from 4 times y we get 21.
(g)2x subtracted from 44 gives 10.
(h) 7 added to 4 times z gives 37.

Solution:

(a) 2x+4 =24 (b) 4x-3 = 9

𝑧 1
(c)7 =63 (c)4 P-4 =10
(e) 6+6y = 42 (f) 4y-7= 21
(g) 44-2x= 10 (h) 7+ 4z = 37

Question 4: Write the statement for the following:

(a ) 2p+5= 15
(b)m-10 = 50
(c)2m-10= 40
(d) 3z= 21
𝑥
(e) 7 =4
3𝑦
(f) 4 =21
(g ) 4p-6=24
𝑝
(h) 2+2=8
Solution:
(a) S added to twice p gives 15.
(b) 10 subtracted from m gives 50.
(c) 10 subtracted from twice m gives 40.
(d) Thrice of z is 21.
(e) Quotient of x by 7 is 4 or x divided by 7 gives 4.
(f)Thrice of a number y divided by 4 gives 21.
(g) Six subtracted from 4 times p is 24.
(h) 2 added to half of p gives 8.
Question 5: Set up an equation tor the following cases:
(a) Total number ot students in a school is 656.The number of girls is 86 more than the number
Of bovs. (Take number ot boys as x)
(b)Renu is 26 year vounger than her mother. Her mother is 52 vears old. (Take Renu's age as y)
(c) Sum of two numbers is 85. The greater number is 13 more than the smaller.
32
(Take smaller number as a)
(d) Ram is 10 year more than twice the age of Rahim. Ram's age is 56 year
(Take Rahim's age as z)
(e) Perimeter of a rectangle is 20 m. Its length is 2 m greater than its breadth. (Take breadth as y)
(f)Laxmi's father is 40 years old. He is 4 years older than three times laxmi's age
(Take Laxmi's age as n year)
(g) Irfan has 27 marbles. His marbles are 7 more than five times Parmit has.
(Take number of marbles of Parmit as z)
(h) The teacher tells the class that highest marks obtained by a student in the class is twice the
lowest marks plus 7. The highest score 17. (Take lowest marks as a)
(i)One number exceeds the other by 9 and their sum is 49. (Take one number as x)

Solution:

(a) Total students = 656

Let no. of boys = x

Then no of girls = x +86
Hence x +x+86= 656
2x+86= 656
(b) Let Renu's age be =y
Mother's age = 52 years
Hence y + 26 =52
(c) Let smaller number be a
Then greater number = a+ 13
Sum of two numbers = 85
a+a+ 13 = 85 or 2a+13=85
(d) Let Rahim's age be z
Then Ram's age = 2z + 10
Ram's age = 56
.' ∴ 2z+ 10 =56
(e) Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (L +B) = 20
Let breadth be = y
Then length = y+2
∴20 =2 (y+2+y) ⇨ 20=2 (2y+2)
(f)Let Laxmi's age ben years
Laxmi's father's age = 40 years
3n +4 40
(g) Irfan has marbles =27
Let number of Parmit's marble= z
. ∴5z+7=27
(h) Highest score =17
Let lowest score be =a
∴2a+7= 17
(i) Sum of two numbers= 49
Let one number be x
Then other number = x +9
∴ x + x +9 =49
2x+9 =49

Exercise 4(B)

Question 1:First give step you will use to separate variable and then solve the equations.
a)x+2=4 b)x+5=7
33
c)2x-3=5 d)y+5=27
e)y-7=0 f)z+5=5
g)s-7=7 h)z-5=+5
i)3l=57 j)2x=36
k)y+5=4

Solution:

a)x+2=4

Subtract 2 from both sides,

⇨x+2-2=4-2

x=2
(b) x+5 =7

Subtract 5 from both sides,

x+5-5 = 7 -5.

x=2
(c) 2x- 3 = 5
Add 3 to both sides
2x- 3+3 =5+3 =2x= 8
Now divide both sides by 2,
2𝑥 8
⇨ 2 =4 ⇨x=4
(d) y+5=27
Subtract 5 from both sides
y+5-5=27-5
y=22
y-7= 0
e)Adding 7 to both sides
y-7+7=0+7
y=7
z+5 =5
f)Subtract 5 from both sides
z+5-5=5-5
z=0
g) S-7= 7
Adding 7 to both sides
s-7+7=7+7
S=14
(h)z-5=5
Adding 5 to both sides
Z-5+5=5+5
Z=10
i)3l= 57
Dividing both sides by
3𝑙 57
=3
3
l=19
34
j)2x=36
Adding 5 to both sides by 2
2𝑥 36
=
2 2
x= 18
(k) y+5=4
Subtract 5 from both sides
y+5-5=4-5

y =-1
Question 2:First give step you will use to separate the variable and then solve the equation.
a)3x=45 b)5m+7=17
𝟏𝟎𝒑 𝒙
c) =20 d) 𝟓 =-3
𝟑
𝟏 𝟒
e)x+ 𝟑 = 𝟑 f)10p=500
g)20p+5=45 h)4s=-20
i)2p+8=0 j)2q+6=2
k)3s=0 l)2q+6=15
m)3s+15=-3 n)25+q=20
o)-4+s=7
Solution:
(a) 3x = 45;
Divide both sides by 3
3𝑥 45
=
3 3
⇨X= 15
(b) 5m +7= 17
Subtract 7 from both sides
5m+7-7 =17-7 ⇨5m= 10
Divide both sides by 5
5𝑚 10
=5
5
M= 2
10𝑝
(c) 3 =20
Multiply both sides by 5
10𝑝
×3= 20 ×3 ⇨10p = 60
3

Divide both sides by 10

10𝑝 60
= ⇨p=6
3 10
𝑥
(d) 5=-3
Multiply both sides by 5
𝑥
×5=-3 x 5⇨x=-15
5
1 4
(e) x+3 =3

1
Subtract 3 from both sides
1 1 4 1
X+3‒3 =3 ‒3
f)10p =500
Divide both sides by 10
35
10p 500
= 10
10
p=50
(g)20p+5=45
Subtract 5 from both sidas
20p +5-5=45-5
20p=40
Divide both sides by 20
20𝑝 40
=
20 20
p=2
4s=-20
(h)Divide both sides by 4
4𝑠 20
=‒ 4
4
S=-5
i)2p +8=0
Subtract 8 from both sides
2p +8-8=0-8
2p=-8
Divide both sides by 2
2𝑝 −8
=
2 2
p=-4
j)2q +6= 2
Subtract 6 from both sides
24 +6-6=2-6
2q=-4
Divide both sides by 2
2𝑞 −4
=
2 2
q=-2
k)3s= 0
Divide both sides by 3
3𝑠 0
=
3 3
S=0
l) 2q +6 =15
Subtract 6 from both sides
2q +6-6= 15-6
2q=9
Divide both sides by 2
2𝑞 9
=
2 2
9 1
q=2 =42
(m) 3s+15 =-3
Subtract 15 from both sides
3s+15 15=-3-15
3s=-18
Divide both sides by 3
3𝑠 −18
= 3
3
s= - 6
(n) 25+q =20
Subtract 25 from both sides
25 +q-25= 20 ‒25
q=-5
36
(o) - 4+s=7
Subtract 4 to both sides, -4+s+ 4 =7+4
S=11
Question 3: Solve the following:
a)4m+5=17 b)2x-5=4x+5
c)7x-5=-5 d)2y-5=+7
e)5-2y=7 f)17-4y=-7
g)22-3s=1z

Solution:

Exercise 4(C)

Question 1:Solve the following equations.

𝟐𝒙 𝟓 𝒂
a) + =4 b) +4=3
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
c)5t+25=10 d)7x-6=5x-2
𝟏
e)2x- 𝟑 =2-x f)8x-3=9+4x

37
 𝟏𝟗 𝟒𝒙
g)8m+ 𝟐 =16 h) 𝟑 =7-x
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙+𝟐 𝟑𝒙−𝟐
i) +5= + j) =
𝟔 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓
𝟐(𝐭+𝟑) 𝟑𝒕−𝟖
k)5(2x-3)-3(3x-7)=5 l) =
𝟑 𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟕
m) 𝟑x= 𝟖 x+ 𝟏𝟐 n)28=4+3(t+5)

Solution:

f) 8x-3 =9+4x
8x-4x=9+3
4x-12
X=12÷4=3⇨x=3

38
39
40
Question 2: Solve the following equations for x
𝟏 𝟏
a)2x- 𝟑 = 𝟑+x b)3(x-5)=24
c)-4(x-2)=9 d)0=12+3(m-5)
e)4=5(p-5) f)34-5(p+1)=4
g)4(5x+2)=28 h)4(2x-3)+5(3x-4)=14

Solution:

41
 Exercise 4(D)

Question 1: Set up equations and then solve them to find the unknown numbers in the following
cases:
(a) Find a number which when added to its halfgives 42.
b) Add 7 to 6 times a number, you get 73.
(c) One sixth of a number minus 5 gives 31.
(d) Seven taken away from twice a number is 27.
(e) Tushar subtracted thrice the number of story books he has from 100, he finds that the number is 34.
f)A number multiplied by 4 gives 64.
(g) Sum of two consecutive numbers is 45.
(h) One number exceeds the other by 9 and their sum is 81.
i) A number when multiplied by 4 is 33 more than itself.
j) Father is three times son's age and the sum of their ages is 100. Find son's age.

Solution:

42
43
Question 2: Solve the following:
(a) Perimeter of a rectangle is 96 m. Its length is 3 times its width. Find its length and breadth.
b) Perimeter of a rectangular plot is 860 m. Its length is 4 more than its breadth. Find its length
and breadth.
(c) In an isosceles triangle, the base angles are equal, the vertex angle is 50°. What arc the
base angles?
(d) Divide 64 into two parts such that one partis 3 times the other.
(e) In a cricket match, Rajat scored thrice as many run as Devansh. Together they fell short of 8
runs of a triple century. Find their scores.
(f) Five added to one third of a number gives twice the number. Find the number.
(g)A number when multiplied by 6 is increased by 45. Find the number.
(h)During Van-Mahotsav Class VII A and VII B planted trees in their school premises. Section
A planted 5 more than thrice the number of trees planted by section B. Together they
planted 221 trees. Find the trees planted by section A.
(i) A man is 4-times as old as her daughter. After 16-years, he will be twice as old as her daughter find
daughter's age.
j) Rajat says that he has 7 marbles more than five times the marbles Rohan has. Rajat has 37
marbles. How many marbles does Rohan have?

Solution:

44
WORKSHEET:
1. Solve the following equations:
3(y – 2) = 2(y – 1) – 3
2. If one-third of a number exceeds its one-fourth by 1, find the number.
3. Seven times a number is 12 less than thirteen times the same number. Find the number.
4. The sum of three consecutive multiples of 2 is 18. Find the numbers.

45
ANSWERS:

1.y = 1

2.x=12

3. x = 2

4.4,6,8

HOMEWORK:

1. Check whether the value given in the brackets is a solution to the given equation or not:

(a) n + 5 = 19 (n = 1) (b) 7n + 5 = 19 (n = − 2)

(c) 7n + 5 = 19 (n = 2) (d) 4p − 3 = 13 (p = 1)

2. Write equations for the following statements:

(i) The sum of numbers x and 4 is 9.

(ii) 2 subtracted from y is 8.

(iii) The number b divided by 5 gives 6.

(iv) One-fourth of a number x minus 4 gives 4.

(v)If you take away 6 from 6 times y, you get 60.

CH-9- ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

INTRODUCTION

We have already come across simple algebraic expressions like x + 3, y – 5, 4x + 5, 10y – 5 and so
on. We have seen how these expressions are useful in formulating puzzles and problems. Now in this
chapter, you will know how algebraic expressions are formed, how they can be combined, how we can find
their values and how they can be used.

HOW ARE EXPRESSIONS FORMED

A variable can take various values. Its value is not fixed. On the other hand, a constant has a fixed
value. Examples of constants are: 4, 100, –17, etc. We combine variables and constants to make algebraic
expressions. For this, we use the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Ex: x2, 2y2, 3x2 – 5, xy, 4xy + 7

46
TERMS OF AN EXPRESSION

Expressions have parts which are formed separately and then added. Such parts of an expression
which are formed separately first and then added are known as terms.

For example:

The terms 4x and 5 are added to form the expression (4x + 5).

The terms 4x and (–3xy) are added to give the expression (4x – 3xy).

FACTORS OF A TERM

A term is a product of its factors. The term –3xy is a product of the factors –3, x and y.

COEFFICIENTS

The numerical factor of a term is called the numerical coefficient or simply the coefficient of the
term. For example, 5 is the numerical coefficient of the term 5xy.

Sometimes, the word ‘coefficient’ is used in a more general way. Thus, we say that in the
term 5xy, 5 is the coefficient of xy, x is the coefficient of 5y and y is the coefficient of 5x.

LIKE AND UNLIKE TERMS

When terms have the same algebraic factors, they are like terms. When terms have different
algebraic factors, they are unlike terms.

For example, in the expression 2xy – 3x + 5xy + 4x, the terms 2xy and 5xy are like terms,

-3x and 4x are also like terms. But 2xy and 4x are unlike terms.

MONOMIALS, BINOMIALS, TRINOMIALS AND POLYNOMIALS

An expression with only one term is called a monomial; for example, 7xy, – 5m, 3z2, 4 etc.

An expression which contains two unlike terms is called a binomial; for example, x + y, m – 5, mn + 4m

An expression which contains three terms is called a trinomial; for example, the expressions x + y + 7,

ab + a +b

47
In general, an expression with one or more terms is called a polynomial.

Thus, a monomial, a binomial and a trinomial are all polynomials.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

The sum of two or more like terms is a like term with a numerical coefficient equal to the sum of the
numerical coefficients of all the like terms. Similarly, the difference between two like terms is a like term
with a numerical coefficient equal to the difference between the numerical coefficients of the two

like terms.

Note, unlike terms cannot be added or subtracted the way like terms are added or subtracted.

For example: Subtract 24ab – 10b – 18a from 30ab + 12b + 14a.

30ab + 12b + 14a – (24ab – 10b – 18a) = 30ab + 12b + 14a – 24ab + 10b + 18a

= 30ab – 24ab + 12b + 10b + 14a + 18a

= 6ab + 22b + 32a

Alternatively, we write the expressions one below the other with the like terms appearing exactly below like
terms as:

FINDING THE VALUE OF AN EXPRESSION

We know that the value of an algebraic expression depends on the values of the variables
forming the expression. There are a number of situations in which we need to find the value of an
expression, such as when we wish to check whether a particular value of a variable satisfies a given equation
or not.

Ex: If x=2, x+4 will become 2+ 4 =6

USING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS – FORMULAS AND RULES

Area formulas

Area of Square = s2 s- length of side

48
 Area of rectangle = lxb, l- length, b-breadth

Area of triangle = ½ bh, l- length, b-breadth.

Rules for patterns

Number patterns- Ex- 3, 6, 9, 12, ..., Rule is 3n, ...

Geometric patterns- Ex- The number of diagonals we can draw from one vertex of a polygon of n sides is

(n – 3).

Exercise 9(A)

Question 1: Get the algebraic expression in the following cases using variables, constants and
arithmetic operations.
(a) 7 times a number added to its square.
(b) Product of two numbers added to their difference.
(c) Sum of two numbers added to their product.
(d) Sum of a number and 6 times the other number.
(e) Thrice of a number added to another number.Sum of 6 and product of two numbers.
(f)Product of number with 3 more than an another number.
(h) Subtract the product of a number and 5 from 7.

Solution:

49
 (h) Let x be the number.
7 – 5x is the equation.

Question 2: Convert the following word problem into algebraic expression.

(a) If Sakshi has 3x pencil and 4y pen. Find total number of objects with her.
(b) Weigtht of an apple is 29 gm and that of a mango is 35 gm. Find the total weight of x
apples and y mangoes.
(c) Sudha scored x marks more than her English marks in Maths. If she scored 42 marks in
English. Find her marks in Maths.
(d) Ravina's father is 4 more than twice Ravina's age. If Ravina is y years old. Find her father age.
Solution:

Question 3: Identify the terms and their factors in the following using tree diagrams.
a)x2-y b)2x2y+zx
c)-x2+2xyz d)2y2x+7z
2
e)-4xy+7y f)25x2y+7yx2
g)-24xy+4y2z h)-4+5x+4x2

Solution:

50
Question 4: Identify the monomial binomial and trinomial from the following algebraic expressions:
a)4xy2+2xy b)-4xyz
c)2+3y d)4x2y+56x
e)-6 f)-2x2yz
2
g)-4x+7y +4y

Solution:

Question 5: Identify the numerical coefficients of terms (other than constants) in the following
expressions.
a)4-4y2 b)-4xyz+4x2-7
c)-7xy2+4xy-6 d)1.2a+2.4a2b
e)2(l+b+b) f)2.15r2x+4yr
g)14y2z+7 h)-p2q+14pqr
Solution:

51
Question 6: identify the terms containing x and also find the coefficient of x.
a)4y2x+7xy b)-x2y+7x
c)4yz+zx2+5xy d)1+x+x2y
e)12xy2+25xy f) x+3y+4z
g)4yz+2x h)-4xz+5

Solution:

Question 7: Identify the term containing y and write the coefficient of y.

a)-12xy2+4xy b)-5xy+4y2
c)-13yz+15y2z d)-15x2y2+14xyz
e)-250x+450y2 f)190yx2+250y2x2
Solution:

52
Question 8: Identify the like terms.
a)2xy,-4x2y,-3yx,7yx2
b)5x2yz,-4yzx2,7zyx2,2x2y and 4xy2
𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒
c) 𝟓ab 2 c, 𝟕ab2 , 𝟑 acb 2 and a2 b
𝟓
d)-7xy,+4yz,3xy and 7zx
Solution:

Question 9: Write the coefficient of

a)x in 4x2y b)x2 in 4x2y
c)y in 5x2y2 d)z in 4zy2
e)xy in x2y2 f) y2 in 5x y2z
g)xz in 4xyz h)x3 in x3+1
i)y2 in 4y2+1
Solution:

53
Question 10: Find the like term from the following algebraic expressions:

Solution:

Exercise 11(B)

Question 1: Add the following:

54
Solution:

Question 2: Match the following:

55
Solution:

Question 3: Subtract:

Solution:

Question 4: What should be added to 4x2 - 5xy + 7 to get -3x2+ 4xy - 5?

. Solution:

56
Question 5: What should be subtracted from 6xy - 5y2+ 4x2 to get 7x2-4y-7xy?
Solution:

Question 6: What should be added to 2x3-y3 +3y-3 to get x3+y+2y + 1?

Solution:

Question 7: What should be subtracted from x3 - 1 to get 2x3-2y2-1?

Solution:

Question 8. From the sum of 4x2- 3xy+7x and 5x2 + 7xy- 5x subtract 4xy -7x2.
Solution:

57
Question 9: How much is 5a-3b +2c smaller than 2a + 4b-c?
Solution:

Question 10:How much is x2+3x + y greater than 2x2 -y ?

Solution:

Question 11: From the sum of 3x-y+11 and -y -11, subtract 3x-y-11.
Solution:

Question 12: From the sum of 4 + 3x and 5-4x+ 2.x2, subtract the sum of 3x2-5x and-x2 + 2x+ 5.
Solution:

Question 13: From the sum of x2 +3y2-6xy, 2x2 -y2 +8xy +y+8 and x2-4xy subtract the sum of -3x2
+4y2+3 and 4y2-5.
Solution:

58
Question 14: From the sum of 3x2- 4x +2 and -5x2+8x-7 subtract -6x2+7x-5.
Solution:

Question 15: How much does x2-xy +4b2 exceed -2x2-7xy + 5b2?
Solution:

Exercise 11(c)

Question 1: If x=-2, find the value of:

Solution:

59
Question 2: If p= +2, find the value of:

Solution:

60
Question 3: If a =+1 and b=-2, find the value of:

Solution:

Question 4: If x=-5 find the value of the expression:

Solution:

61
Question 5: Simplify and find value:

Solution:

Question 6:

Solution:

Question 7: What should be the value of a if the value of 3x2 +5x+ a is -2 for x =-2?
Solution:

Question 8: What should be the value of b if the value of 5x -2x2+b is -3 when x=-1?
Solution:

62
 Question 9: Simplify the expression and find its value when x=-3 and y=+5: 2(x2 +2xy) +5-xy +y2.
Solution:

Exercise 11(D)

Question 1:Observe the pattern of the digits made from line segments of equal length. You must have
seen such segmented digits on the display of electronic watches or calculators.

Find the number of segments required for making a) 6th such digits (i) 10th such digit

Find number of segments required for making i)7th such digit (ii) 9th such digit.

Find the number of digits required for making i) 6th digit (i) 8tth digits.
Solution:

63
Question2: Use the given algebraic expression to complete the table of number pattern.

Solution:

WORKSHEET:
Subtract -x2 +6xy from 8x 2 -4xy+12
1.
2.
From the sum of 8a-5b+3 and 6a+3b+5,subtract the difference of 2a-3b+8 and a+2b+6.
Find the value of 3p 2 +4q 2 -5 when p=3 and q=-2
3.
4.
Identify monomials and binomials in the following:
4xy,xy+4x.
5. What should be the value of p,3m2+m+p=12 when m=0
HOMEWORK:
1.What should be taken away from 3x2+2y2-5xy-25 to get -x2-y2+2xy+10
2.Find the value of equation 3x2-4x+8 when x=8.

64
Answers:
1.9x2+10xy+12
2.13a+3b+6
3.38
4. Monomials: -a+8,p2
Binomials:4xy,xy+4x
5.12
CH-14-PRACTICAL GEOMETRY

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Method of construction of a line parallel to a given line, using only a sheet of paper

1. Take a piece of paper.

2. Fold it in half and unfold the line l. Mark a point A on paper outside l.
3. Fold the paper perpendicular to the line such that this perpendicular passes through A. Name the
perpendicular AN.
4. Make a fold perpendicular to AN through point A. Name the new perpendicular line as m.
5. Now, l || m.

Steps of construction of a line parallel to a given line

1. Take a line l and a point A outside l.

2. Take any point B on l and join it to A.

3. With B as the centre and a convenient radius, cut an arc on l at C and BA at D.

65
 4. With A as the centre and same radius as in Step 3, cut an arc EF to cut AB at G.

5. Measure the arc length CD by placing pointed tip of the compass at C and pencil tip opening at D.
6. With this opening, keep G as centre and draw an arc to cut arc EF at H

7. Join AH to draw a line m

∠ABC and ∠BAH are alternate interior angles. Therefore, m || l

Let’s Build Triangles

Classification of triangles based on sides and angles

Triangles can be classified based on their:

1. SIDES:
o Equilateral triangle: All three sides are equal in measure.
o Isosceles triangle: Two sides have equal measure.
o Scalene triangle: All three sides have different measures.
2. ANGLES:
o Acute triangle: All angles measure less than 900.
o Obtuse triangle: One angle is greater than 900.
o Right triangle: One angle is 900.

Important properties of triangles

1. The exterior angle is equal to the sum of interior opposite angles.

66
 2. The sum of all interior angles is 180°
3. Sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater than the length of the third side.
4. Pythagoras theorem: In any right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides.

Triangles can be constructed if any of the following measurements are given

1. Three sides.
2. Two sides and an angle between them.
3. Two angles and a side between them.
4. The hypotenuse and a leg in case of a right-angled triangle.

Construction of a triangle with SSS criterion.

o Construct a triangle ABC, given that AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 5 cm and AC = 6 cm.

Steps:
1. Make a rough sketch for your reference
2. Draw a line segment BC = 5 cm

3. With B as centre, draw an arc of radius 4.5 cm

67
 4. With C as centre, draw an arc of radius 6 cm and cut the previous arc

5. Mark the point of intersection of arcs as A. Join AB and AC. ΔABC is now ready

o Note: SSS congruency rule:- If three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding
three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent
• Construction of a triangle with SAS criterion
o Construct ΔPQR with QR = 7.5 cm, PQ = 5 cm and ∠Q = 600.
Steps:
1. Make a rough sketch for your reference
2. Draw a line segment QR = 7.5 cm

3. At Q, draw QX making 600 with QR

68
 4. With Q as centre, draw an arc of radius 5 cm. It cuts QX at P.

5. Join PR. ΔPQR is now ready

• Construction of a triangle with ASA criterion

o Construct ΔXYZ with ∠X = 300, ∠Y = 1000 and XY = 5.8 cm.
Steps:
1. Make a rough sketch for your reference
2. Draw XY = 5.8cm

3. At X, draw a ray XP making an angle of 300 with AB.

4. At Y, draw a ray YQ making an angle of 1000 with XY.

5. The point of intersection of the two rays is Z.

69
 6. ΔXYZ is now completed

• Construction of a triangle with RHS criterion

o Construct ΔLMN, where ∠M = 900, MN = 8cm and LN = 10 cm.
Steps:
1. Make a rough sketch for your reference
2. Draw MN = 8 cm

3. At M, draw MX ⊥ MN.

4. With N as centre, draw an arc of radius 10 cm to cut MX at L

5. Join LN.
6. ΔLMN is now completed

70
Basics of Practical Geometry

Introduction to Constructions of basic figures

Basic constructions:
– To draw a line segment of given length
– a line perpendicular to a given line segment
– an angle
– an angle bisector
– a circle

• In geometry, you have already studied basic constructions.

• To recap, some of them are:
o Drawing a line segment of given length
o Drawing a line perpendicular to a given line segment.
o Angles
o Angle bisectors
o Circles
• Tools used for simple constructions are ruler, protractor and a compass.

Exercise 14(A)

Question 1: Draw a line say AB, take a point C outside it. Through C, draw a line parallel to
AB. Using ruler and compass.
Solution:

Question 2:Draw a line parallel to a given line l at a distance of

a)4cm b)6cm c)6.5cm
Solution:

Question 3: Draw a line parallel to the given lines through the point not lying on it

71
Solution:

Question 4: Draw a line AB || CD. Using ruler and compass.

Solution:

Question 5: Draw an ∠BAC of measure 60◦.Take AB=5cm and AC=6cm. Through C draw a
line parallel to AB and through B draw a line parallel to AC, intersecting other B draw a line
parallel to AC, intersecting each other at D. Measure BD and CD.
Solution:

72
 Exercise 14(B)

Question 1: Construct a triangle XYZ in which XY=4.5cm,YZ=5cm and ZX=6cm

Solution:

Question 2: Can you construct triangle with the following measures given :
a)AB=4cm,BC=5cm,AC=9cm
b)AB=5cm,BC=5cm,AC=6cm
c) AB=5cm,BC=2cm,AC=2cm
d)PQ=6cm,QR=6cm,PR=4cm
Solution:

73
Question 3: Construct an equilateral triangle of side 6cm.Measure its three angles. Are they
equal? What other name can you give to this triangle.

Solution:

Question 4: Draw ∆PQR with PQ=5cm,QR=4.5cm and PR=5cm.What type of triangle is this.
Solution:

Question 5: Construct a ∆ABC such that AB=2.5cm,BC=6cm and AC=6.5cm.Measure ∠B=?

Can you verify Pythagoras theorem for this triangle.
Solution:

74
 Exercise 14(C)

Question 1: Construct ∆PQR such that PQ=5cm,QR=3cm and ∠95◦

Solution:

Question 2: Construct an isosceles triangle in which lengths of its equal sides are 6.5cm and
between them is 110◦.
Solution:

Question 3: Construct a triangle PQR with PQ=7.5cm,QR=5cm and ∠Q=60◦

Solution:

Question 4: Construct a∆PQR with PQ=4cm,PR=4.6cm and ∠P=75◦

Solution:

75
Question 5: Construct a triangle ABC with BC=AB=4.5cm and ∠B=60◦.Measure ∠A, ∠Cand
AC.
Solution:

Question 6: Construct ∆ABC with AB=4cm ∠A=60◦ and AC=4cm.Measure ∠B and ∠C. What
type of triangle is it?
Solution:

Exercise 14(D)
Question 1: Construct a AABC given ∠A = 60°, ∠B = 30° and AB= 5.8 cm.
Solution:

Question 2: Construct ∆XYZ with YZ= 3.8 cm, ∠Y= 60° and ∠Z= 30°. Measure ZX. What type of
triangle is this?
Solution:

76
Question 3: Construct ∆POR if PQ = 5 cm, ZQ = 105° and ∠R=40º (Hint: use angle sum property of
a triangle )
Solution:

Question 4: can you construct ∆DEF such that EF= 7.2 cm ∠E = 110° and ∠F= 80°? Give reason to
support your answer.
Solution:

Question 5: Construct a triangle ABC in which ∠B = ∠C = 60° and AB = 5.5 cm.? Can you find AC?
Name the triangle according to its sides.
Solution:

77
Question 6: Construct a triangle XYZ with XY = 8 cm, ∠X = 60° and ∠Y= 80°.Measure XZ and YZ.
Are they equal? Classify the triangle according to its sides.
Solution:

Exercise 14(E)

Question 1: Construct the right angle ∆PQR where ∠Q = 90°, QR = 8 cm, PR = 10 cm.
Solution:

Question 2: Construct a right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 6 cm long and one of the legs is 4
cm long.
Solution:

78
Question 3: Construct an isosceles right angle ∆ABC in which ZC = 90° and AC = 6 cm.
Solution:

Question 4: Construct a right angled triangle in which sides containing the right angles are 3 cm and
4 cm. Measure the hypotenuse.
Solution:

Question 5: Draw a right angled triangle having hypotenuse of length 6.4 cm and one of the acute
angle as 40º
Solution:

79
WORKSHEET:
1. Draw a ΔPQR, in which QR = 3.5 cm, ∠Q = 40°, ∠R = 60°.
2. Construct a ΔPQR in which ∠P = 60° and ∠Q = 30°, QR = 4.8 cm.
3. Draw an isosceles right-angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 5.8 cm.

Answers:
1.

2.

3.

CH-13-CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Congruent Figures

• Congruent figures are exactly equal in size and shape.

Congruent Triangles

• If all the sides and angles of a triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of another
triangle, then both triangles are said to be congruent.
80
 Here, △ABC≅△DEF

Criteria for Congruency

SSS Criteria for Congruency

• If under a given correspondence, the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three corresponding
sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

SAS Criteria for Congruency

• If under a correspondence, two sides and the angle included between them of a triangle are equal to
two corresponding sides and the angle included between them of another triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.

ASA Criteria for Congruency

81
 • If under a correspondence, two angles and the included side of a triangle are equal to two
corresponding angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

AAS Criteria for Congruency

AAS Rule: Triangles are congruent if two pairs of corresponding angles and a pair of opposite sides are
equal in both triangles.

Why SSA and AAA congruency rules are not valid?

• Two triangles with equal corresponding angles need not be congruent. In such a correspondence, one
of them can be an enlarged copy of the other. Therefore AAA congruency is not valid.

• If two triangles have two congruent sides and a congruent non included angle, then triangles are not
necessarily congruent. Therefore, SSA congruency is not valid.

82
RHS Criteria for Congruency

• If under a correspondence, the hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled triangle are respectively
equal to the hypotenuse and one side of another right-angled triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.

Exercise 13(A)

Question 1:Without drawing the triangle write all six pair of corresponding sides and angle in the
following congruent triangles :

a)∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 b) ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ≅ ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁 c) ) ∆𝐵𝐶𝐴 ≅ ∆𝑀𝑁𝑂 d) ) ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ≅ ∆𝑌𝑋𝑍

Solution:

83
Question 2:Statevthe condition under which the following two figures will be congruent:

a)Two line segments b) Two angles

c)Two squares d)Two rectangles

e)Two circles.

Solution:

Question 3: If for ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ,the correspondence BCA<->QRP is a congruence, which of the
following are true:

a)∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝑄 b) )∠𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐶 c) )∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑃𝑄

d)𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑃
e)𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝑃
d) 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅

Solution:

Question 4: Let the correspondence YZX↔ 𝑅𝐴𝑃 be true.Then fill in the blanks to make each
statement correct:

a) ∠𝑌 ≅ ___________ b) ̅̅̅̅
𝑋𝑍 ≅ ___________

c) ∠𝑋 ≅___________ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ___________

d) 𝑋𝑌

e) ̅̅̅̅
𝑍𝑌 ≅___________ f) ∠𝑍 ≅ ___________

84
Solution:

Question 5: Write the corresponding sides and the corresponding angles for the correspondence of a)
XPQ ↔ YZR b) ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD.

Solution:

85
Question 6: In the following pairs of triangles, the lengths of the sides are indicated along sides. By
applying SSS congruence criteria determine which are congruent. Also write the result in symbolic form.

Solution:

Hence, two sides of ∆DCB, but the third side AB≠DC.Hence the triangle are not congruent.

86
c)

Question 7: ∆ABC ≅ ∆YRT which part of ABC is congruent to

̅̅̅̅
a) 𝑌𝑅 b) ∠𝑇 ̅̅̅̅
c) 𝑌𝑇

d) ∠Y e) ∠𝑅 ̅̅̅̅
f) 𝑅𝑇

Solution:

Question 8: PQ=RS and PS=RQ

a)Is ∆PQR = ∆RSP?

b)Which congruence condition you have used?

c)Write the fact used which is not given in the question.

87
Solution:

Question 9: PQR is an isosceles triangle with PQ=PR, S is the midpoint of base QR.

a) Is ∆PQS = ∆PRS

b) State three pairs of matching parts you have used to arrive at your conclusion.

(c) Also mention

Solution:

Question 10: If three sides of one triangle are equal to three corresponding sides of another triangle. What
will you say about the three angles of both the triangles? Are they equal?

Solution: Yes, they are equal because the corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal.

Exercise 13(B)

Question 1:Express the congruence of the given pairs of triangles (if it exists). Also write them in symbolic
from if it exists. (Note – Draw rough figures for better understanding)

a) ∆ABC ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 3.5cm ̅̅̅̅ =4.0cm ∠𝐵 =60°
𝐵𝐶

∆PQR ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = 3.5cm ̅̅̅̅ =4cm
𝑅𝑄 ∠𝑄 =60°

b) ∆XYZ XY = 4.8cm XZ=6.8cm ∠𝑌=90°

∆DEF FE= 6.8cm FD =4.8cm ∠𝐷 =90°

Solution:

88
But they are not congruent as angles is not included between the equal sides.

Question 2: In the figure AB=AD and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶= ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 find the third pair of corresponding parts to make

∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC by SAS congruent condition.

Solution:

89
Question 3: In each of the following pair of triangle state in symbolic form which pair of triangle is
congruent. Solution:

Move in same direction i.e., from R to S and then to T similarly from A to B and then to C.

BA=SR (Given)
CB=TS (Given)

∠B = ∠S (90° each)

∆ABC =∆RST (By SAS cong. cond.)

c)BD = CD = 3 cm (Given)

AD = AD(Common)

∠ADE=∠ADC (90º each)

∆ADB=∆ADC (By SAS congruence condition)

90
d)

TU = RS= 5 cm
(Given)
∠UTR =∠SRT=30°
TR= TR (Common)
∆UTR =∆SRT (By SAS congruence condition)

Question 4: In the adjacent figure AB=RS,BQ=RP and ∠R=∠B prove that ∆ABP≅ ∆SRQ

Solution:

AB = RS (Given)
∠R= ∠B(Given)
BQ =PR (Given)...)
BQ+QP=RP + PQ
{Adding PQ to both sides of (i)}
∴BP = RQ
∴∆ABP ≅∆SRQ (By SAS congruence condition)

Question 5: In a APQR altitude PS bisects the side PR, prove ,that ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Solution:
PS is altitude
∠PSQ =∠ PSR=90º
Also PS bisects QR
∴QS =SR
and PS =PS (Common)
∴∆PSQ =∆PSR (by SAS)
PQ =PR
(By c.p.c.t. i.e., Correspondence parts of congruence
triangles)

∴∆PQR is an isosceles ∆.

91
 Exercise 13(C)

Question 1: Write the side included between the angles M and N of ∆MNP.

Solution: MN

Question 2: Measure of some parts in the following figures are indicated. By applying, ASA
congruence rule, state which pair of triangles are congruent.In case of congruence.Write the result
in symbolic form.

Solution:

∵∠A = ∠Q= 50º

92
and ∠B = ∠R= 60°

and AB = QR = 3.5 cm
∴∆ABC =∆QRP (By ASA congruence condition)

But the sides included between the angles are not given so not congruent.

93
Question 3: Given below are measurements of some parts of two triangles are congruent by ASA
congruence rule. In case they are congruent, write them in symbolic form.
a) ∠D = 60° ∠F= 80° DF=5cm
∠Q = 60° ∠R = 40° QP = 5cm.
b) ∠E = 40° ∠F= 60° EF=5cm
∠P = 40° ∠R = 30° QP = 5cm.
c) ∠D = 60° ∠F= 80° DF=6cm
∠Q = 60° ∠R = 80° QP = 6cm.
Solution:

94
 Not congruent as two angles of triangles are not congruent.

Hence triangles are not congruent.

Question 4: In AABC, ∠B = ∠C show that AABC:AACB (E

ASA congruence rule).
Solution:
∠B=∠C (Given)
∠C=∠B (Given)
and BC=CB (common)
∆ABC≅ ∆ACB (By ASA congruence condition)

Question 5: Two triangles ABC and DEF are such that AC =DF= 4 cm ∠A = 30°, ∠B = 90°, ∠F = 60° and
∠E = 90° as shown.

a)Is ∆ABC = ∆DEF?

b) If so, state the three pairs of matching parts.

c) Is it true that AB = DE?

95
Solution:

Question 6:
a) Is AZYX ZPQP
b) If yes, write three pairs ot matching parts you
have uscd to arrive at the conclusion.
c) Is XY=QP?Why?

Solution:
a) In ∆ZYX and ∆ZPQ
XZ = ZQ (Given)
∠XZY = ∠QZP (Vertically opposite angles)
∠X= 180°-(110°+45°)
=180º-155°= 25º
i.e., ∠X=∠Q
∴ ∆ZYX=∆ZPQ (By ASA congruence condition)
Yes
b)XZ = ZQ (Given)
∠XZY = ∠QZP (Vertically opposite angles)
∠X = ∠Q = 25°
c) Yes. XY = QP

96
(By corresponding parts of congruent triangles are always equal)
Question 7: If ∆ABC = ∆XYZ
∠A = 110º and ∠C = 35° find rest of the four angles of the congruent triangles.

Solution:

Question 8: In ∆ABC, AD is the angles bisector of ∠A such

that AD is perpendicular to BC. Prove that ∆ABC
is an isosceles ∆.

Solution: AD bisects ∠A
∠BAD = ∠CAD
∠ADC = ∠ADB=90°
(as AD is perpendicular to BC)
∴AD = AD (Common)
∆ADB ≅∆ADC (By ASA congruence cond.)
AB = AC (By c.p.c.t.)
AABC is an isosceles A.

Exercise 13(D)

Question1:∠B=∠X=90° and side BC=side XZ. What additional information is required to make ∆ABC =
∆XYZ, by RHS congruent condition.

Solution: ∠B=∠X=90°

97
 BC= XZ
One angle and one side are given equal to make them congruent by RHS cong.condition,hypotenuse of
∆ABC should be equal to hypotenuse of ∆XYZ.
∴ AC=YZ
Question2: State which pair of triangles are congruent by RHS congruence condition. If congruent
write the triangle in symbolic form.
c)

b)

Solution:

98
 In ∆PQR and ∆XZY
∠P = ∠X = 90°
RQ= YZ = 6.5 cm (Hypotenuse)
PR = XY = 2.5 cm
∆PQR ≅ ∆XZY (By RHS cong. cond.)

AD =AD (Common)
∠ADB ≅∠ADC =90º
AB = AC= 6.5 cm (Hypotenuse)
∆ABD ≅∆ ACD (By RHS cong. cond.)

PQ = DR = 2 cm
∠P = ∠D = 90°
RQ = QR =3.5 cm (Hypotenuse)
∴ By RHS cong. condition,
∆PQR≅ ∆DRQ
Question3: In ∆ABC, altitude are drawn from the vertices B and C on AC and AB respectively such
that BL=CM. Prove that ∆BCM≅ ∆CBL.

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Solution:

In ∆CBL and ∆BCM

BL = CM (Given)
∠CLB = ∠BMC =90°
BC= CB (Common hypotenuse)
∆BCM ≅ ∆CBL (By RHS congruence condition
Question4: ABC is a triangle with D as mid point of AB.DE is perpendicular to AC and DF ⊥
BC.Also DE=DF.Prove that ∆ABC is an isosceles ∆.
Solution:
In ∆BED and ∆CFD
∠E = ∠F = 90°
BD= CD
(As D is mid-point of BC)
Also DE= DF (Given)
ABED ACFD B C ZB = LC
(By c.p.c.t)
AB= AC
(Sides opposite to equal angles are equal)
VIII.WORKSHEET:
1. In the given congruent triangles under ASA, find the value of x and y, ΔPQR = ΔSTU.

2. In the given figure, AP = BQ, PR = QS. Show that ΔAPS = ΔBQR

100
 3. Write the rule of congruence in the following pairs of congruent triangles.

HOMEWORK:
1. In the given figure, PQ || RS and PQ = RS. Prove that ΔPUQ = ΔSUR.

2.In the given figure, state whether ΔABC = ΔEOD or not. If yes, state the criterion of congruence.

ANSWERS:

1. X=30º ; Y=90º

2. ΔAPS = ΔBQR (by SAS rule)

3.i) ΔABC = ΔSTU (By SAS rule)

ii) ΔPQR = ΔMNL (By RHS rule)

101
 SCIENCE

CHAPTER 11 – TRANSPORTATION AND EXCRETION

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Why plants and animals need a transportation system?

We know that all living organisms like plants and animals need food, oxygen and water so that they can
survive. These elements need to be delivered to their body parts so that they can function properly. Hence,
all living organisms need a transport system in their bodies.

Human Circulatory System:

Figure: Human circulatory system

The circulatory system is a transport system of the human body which consists of a network that supplies food,
water, oxygen and other substances throughout the body.
The main parts of the circulatory system are:

Blood

Blood Vessels

Heart

Blood - Blood is a red colour fluid that flows in our body through the blood vessels.

Functions of blood:

1. The blood acts as the medium of transportation of essential substances throughout our bodies such as
oxygen and nutrients. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of the body.
2. The blood also carries waste material to the kidneys which then filters the blood. The small intestine digests
the food and absorbs its nutrients. These nutrients are provided to all the parts of the body through blood.
3. The blood also protects the body from losing blood by forming a blood clot at the place of injury.
4. The blood contains a special substance that helps in regulating the temperature of the body.
102
Components of blood:
Blood can perform several functions because of different substances present in it.
Blood plasma - The liquid substance present in the blood is called blood plasma. Almost 55% of the blood is
blood plasma. The plasma facilitates the transportation of different substances throughout the body. The blood
plasma is made up of water, salt, fats, proteins and sugar.
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)- They are present in ample amount in the blood (40% to 45%). They are red
in colour because they contain a special pigment called haemoglobin. The oxygen we take in binds itself with
the haemoglobin and hence reaches every cell of the body through the blood.
White blood cells (Leukocytes)-They are present in fewer amounts (almost 1%) but perform a vital function
in the body. These cells fight against the germs present in the body.
Blood platelets-These are the cells that help in the formation of a blood clot and prevent the blood from
flowing out of the body due to an injury.

Figure: Components of blood

Blood Vessels:

Our body contains tube-like structures called the blood vessels that help in the transportation of blood
throughout our body. Our body contains two types of blood vessels based on the function that they perform:

Arteries Veins

These blood vessels carry blood from the These blood vessels carry blood that is
heart that contains oxygen into different rich in Carbon dioxide from the body
parts of the body. organs to the heart.

Arteries have thick walls as the blood Veins do not have thick walls as the blood
pressure is quite high in these blood pressure is quite low in them.
vessels.

They are narrow so that the blood can flow They are slightly wider than the arteries.
quickly through them.

They do not contain valves as the blood in They contain valves that prevent blood

103
 arteries always flows in the right direction from flowing in opposite direction.
due to the pumping of the heart.

Other than arteries and veins we also have some other kind of blood vessels in our body

Capillaries:

Small blood vessels are called capillaries. On reaching tissues, the arteries divide themselves into extremely
thin tubes called capillaries which then deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues in the body. Then these
capillaries take up the deoxygenated blood from the tissues and join up to the veins.

Pulmonary Artery:

The pulmonary artery is a special blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. It takes blood that contains
less oxygen (deoxygenated blood) from the heart to the lungs. Hence, it is unlike all other arteries that carry
oxygen-rich blood.

Pulmonary Vein:

The Pulmonary vein is a special blood vessel that connects the lungs and the heart. It carries oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs to the heart. Hence, it is unlike all other veins that carry oxygen-less blood.

Figure: Schematic diagram of circulation

Pulse

We know that the heart pumps the blood in the arteries. This continuous pumping of blood in the arteries
results in their rhythmic throbbing which is called Pulse.

Pulse rate

Pulse rate is defined as the number of pulse beats per minute. The normal pulse rate of human beings is 70 to
80 beats per minute.

104
 Figure: Checking the pulse rate

The Heart:

1. The heart is an organ present in our body that pumps the blood in the blood vessels.
2. It is located in the chest cavity.
3. Its lower part is a little tilted towards the left.
4. The heart is divided into four chambers which prevents the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with carbon
dioxide-rich blood.
5. The upper two chambers are called atria and lower two chambers are called ventricles
6. The Atria and Ventricles both are individually divided within themselves into two chambers with the help
of valves.
7. From the left ventricle, the biggest artery of our body called aorta begins.
8. The right Atrium of the body receives deoxygenated blood from the body through a vein called Vena cava.
Vena cava is the largest vein of our body.

Figure: Human heart

105
 Figure: Flow of blood through human heart

Heartbeat

1. The muscles of the heart relax and contract continuously as it pumps the blood in the arteries. This
rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is called a heartbeat.
2. The stethoscope is an instrument that is used to listen to the Heartbeat of a person. It amplifies the
Heartbeat so that the doctors can monitor it and find out about the patient's condition.
3. It contains two earpieces, a tube that connects them to a chest piece comprising of a sensitive diaphragm.

Figure: Stethoscope

Do all animals possess a circulatory system?

No, animals like Hydra and Sponges do not possess a circulatory system. These animals live in water and
hence get food and oxygen from the water as it enters their bodies. As the water comes out of their bodies, it
takes away the carbon dioxide and waste materials out of it.

Excretion in Animals:

The cells in animals release some waste products as they perform different functions. These waste products
are toxic and hence they must be removed from the bodies of the living organisms. The process of removal of
waste products produced in the cells of the living organisms is called Excretion.

The Excretory System in Human Beings

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 Figure: Human excretory system

The excretory system is a system of organs in living organisms that undergo excretion. The excretory system
consists of different organs:

Kidneys – there are two organs called Kidneys present in our body. These Kidneys contain blood capillaries
that filter out the unwanted substances from the blood in the form of urine.
Urinary bladder – The urine produced by the Kidneys is stored in a bladder called urinary bladder.
Ureters – There are two tube-like structures which connect the Kidneys and the urinary bladder together
called ureters. They allow passage of urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Urethra – There is a muscular tube through which the urine moves out of the body.

Different organisms excrete different wastes:

The major excretory product in humans is urea. The urine consists of toxic wastes (2.5%), urea (2.5%) and
water (95%).
The way in which waste chemicals are removed from the body of the animal depends on the availability of
water. Fishes and aquatic animals excrete ammonia in the water.
Birds, Snakes and lizards excrete semi-solid, white coloured uric acid.

Dialysis – Sometimes people use artificial Kidneys, that is, they get the blood purified artificially periodically.
It is called dialysis. They have to do so in a case of Kidney failure in which the Kidneys of a person are unable
to perform their function due to an infection or an injury.

How is sweat useful to us?

Sweat contains water and some salts and hence help in getting rid of toxic wastes from the body. Also, as the
sweat evaporates from our skin, it takes up our body heat and this makes us feel cool, especially during the
summer days.

Transportation in Plants

Transportation of Water and Minerals- The roots of the plants absorb the essential minerals and water from
the soil. The roots have hair like structures present on them. These hairs increase the surface area of the roots
and hence allow more amount of absorption.

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 Figure: Absorption by roots

From the roots, the water and minerals are transported to other parts of the plant through special kind of tissues
called vascular tissues. There are two vascular tissues present in the plants:
Xylem – It is a vascular tissue that is responsible for transporting nutrients and water in the plants. The root
cells absorb water and minerals and transport it to xylem. Xylem carries it to other parts unidirectional without
usage of energy.
Phloem – It is a vascular tissue that transports the food produced by the leaves (source) to all parts of the
plant. This flow is bidirectional and utilizes energy. This is known as translocation.

Figure: Transportation by xylem and phloem

Transpiration:

Sometimes not all the water that plants absorb is used by them. Hence they need to get rid of the excess water
in them.
This loss of water in plants takes place through the process of transpiration in which the water evaporates in
the atmosphere through the stomata present on the leaves.
Stomata are tiny pores present on the leaves that allow the movement of gases and water through them.

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Transpiration results in absorption of water: As the water from the leaves evaporates, it generates a suction
pull in the plants that bring the water from the roots upwards.
Transpiration helps in cooling down the plants: As the water evaporates, it utilizes the heat of the pant and
results in cooling of the internal temperature of the plant.

Figure: transpiration

ASSESSMENT ZONE
A. Choose the correct answer.
1.Which of the following is the process of removal of metabolic waste in human being?
a. Transpiration b. Wilting
c. Excretion d. Dialysis
Ans: c. Excretion
2.Which of the following blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?
a. Pulmory artery b. Pulmonary vein
c. Aorta d. Both (b) and (c)
Ans: a. Pulmory artery
3.Which of the following connect the arteries and veins?
a. Septum b. capillaries
c. Nephrons d. Sieve tubes
Ans: b. capillaries
4.Which of the following blood cells help us to fight diseases?
a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells
c. Platelets d. None of these
Ans: b. White blood cells
5. Which organism excrete urea as the major nitrogenous waste?
a. Ammonotelic b. Uricotelic
c. Ureotelic d. None of these
Ans: c. Ureotelic
B. Fill in the blanks:
1………… are a pair of tube-like structure that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Ans: Ureters
2. Phloem tubes are also known as…...
Ans: sieve tubes
3. The filtration units of kidney are also known as…
Ans: nephron
4……...is formed with the combination of haemoglobin and oxygen.
Ans: Oxyhaemoglobin
5……... has the series of valves which prevent the back flow of deoxygenated blood.
Ans: Ventricles
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C.State TRUE or FALSE
1.Root hair increase the surface area of absorption
Ans: True
2. White blood cells are colourless cells
Ans: True
3.A highly diluted urine is indication of diabetes mellitus
Ans: True
4.Birds excrete urea as the main excretory waste
Ans: False
5.Arties have thick -elastic walls
Ans: True

D. Match the following:

1.Exhalation a. Auricles and ventricles
2.Translocation of waste b. Uric acid
3.Nitrogenous waste c. Stethoscope
4.Valves d.𝐶𝑂2
Answers:1-d, 2-e, 3-b, 4-a, 5-c

E. Name the following

1. It is the biggest blood vessel in our body
Ans: Aorta
2. It is the muscular wall which separates the chambers of the heart
Ans: Septum
3.It is the process in which carbon dioxide and excess water are expelled through the lungs.
Ans: Exhalation
4. It is the process through which single-cell organisms excrete waste
Ans: Diffusion
5.It is the large elastic muscular bag-like organ
Ans: Urinary bladder

F. Give reasons for the following question

1. Transportation of substance in living organisms

Ans: In human beings, a transport system is needed to carry materials such as carbon dioxide,
oxygen and nutrients to the different parts of the body.

2.The heart gives away impure blood through the artery

Ans: The reason is that the impure blood is pumped away from heart so that it goes to lungs for
purification/oxygenation and then it comes again and then pumped to the rest of the body.

3.Arteries have thick elastic walls.

Ans: Arteries the highest blood pressure, so they have thick elastic walls to withstand the high
pressures.
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 4.We feel cool in summers while sweating.

Ans: Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to the latent heat of
evaporation of water. It absorbs the excess heat from our body and evaporates thus we feel cool

5. If plants do not get enough water, they droop and wilt.

Ans: When plants are not watered properly, they wilt. This is because of something called turgor,
which is water pressure inside the cells that make up the plant’s skeleton. The water keeps plants
fresh and turgid. When a plant does not get enough water, it wilts and droops due to loss of turgidity
by decrease in the amount of water in plant cells/ parts.

G. Answer the following question in brief

1. What are the functions of white blood cells and platelets present in the blood?

Answer:

Functions of White Blood Cells (WBCs):

• WBC helps our body to fight diseases and infection.

• Some white blood cells can eat up the germs such as bacteria, that cause diseases.

Functions of Platelets:

• Their main function is to help in blood clotting.

2.What is the difference between heartbeat and a pulse?

Answer:

• The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is known as heartbeat.

• Pulse is the mechanical process of blood flow through the capillaries caused by the
contractions of the heart per minute.
3.In what way does transpiration helps in ascent of sap?

Answer: Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which pulls
water from the xylem cells of roots. Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward
movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.

4.Why is sweating important for human body?

Answer:

Sweating plays an important health role because it helps maintain body temperature by cooling us
down. When we’re hot and we sweat, that moisture evaporates and cools us off a bit.

5. How do aquatic organism and single -cell organisms excrete their waste?

Answer:
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 The waste of aquatic organisms is mainly in the form of ammonia. Single-cell organisms such as
Amoeba, which are aquatic in nature, excrete waste by the simple process of diffusion. In fishes, the
excretion takes place through gills and kidneys.

H. Answer the following questions in detail.

1.What is blood? What are the functions of blood in the body?

Answer:

▪ Blood is a red-coloured liquid which circulates throughout in our body.

▪ There are two main components of blood—the fluid component called blood plasma and the
solid component called blood corpuscles or blood cells.
▪ Blood plasma is a colourless liquid consisting 90% of water. The remaining 10% consists of
minerals, dissolved food, waste products and some proteins.
▪ There are three types of blood cells—Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs) and
platelets.
The following functions are performed by the blood.

• It transports digested food from the small intestine to the different parts of the body.

• It transports waste products to the kidneys for their removal.

• It transports oxygen to the different cells of body.

• It carries carbon dioxide from the cells of the body to the lungs.

• It helps in regulating body temperature.

• It protects body from infection.

2. What is vascular system? Explain the difference between the tissues of vascular system.

Answer:

▪ The plant vascular system is a network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs
and transports water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds, and molecules throughout the
plant body.
▪ The vascular system consists of two tissues—xylem and phloem.
▪ Xylem is the tissue which carries minerals and water from roots to the other parts of the
plant. This process is called ascent of sap.
▪ Phloem or sieve tubes forms long tubes for transportation of food from leaves to the other
parts of the plant by a process called translocation.
3.What is dialysis? How is diabetes mellitus different from diabetes insipidus?

Answer:

▪ Artificial process of removing nitrogenous waste from the blood, which is done when both
the kidneys fail to function properly. This process is called Dialysis.
▪ Diabetes mellitus is different from diabetes insipidus. While diabetes mellitus is a
consequence of failure of body to maintain sugar level in blood, diabetes insipidus is a condition in
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 which the body frequently loses large amount of water through urine due to its inability to absorb
sufficient water by the kidneys.
4.Draw the neat labelled diagram of a human heart and explain its function.

Ans:

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. This system has three main
functions:

• Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of
metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).

• Protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the
blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins. Clotting mechanisms are also present
that protect the body from blood loss after injuries.

• Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells.

5.How is transpiration useful in the plants?

Answer:

Transpiration serves three essential roles:

1. Movement of water and nutrients – Moves minerals up from the root (in the xylem) and sugars
(products of photosynthesis) throughout the plant (in the phloem).
2. Cooling – 80% of the cooling effect of a shade tree is from the evaporative cooling effects of
transpiration.
3. Turgor pressure – Water maintains the turgor pressure in cells.
6.Draw the diagram of human excretory system. Explain the function of different organs of human excretory
system.

Answer: Functioning of different organs of the human excretory system

▪ Kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs. Each kidney consists of a large number of coiled
tubes called nephrons. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They help in forming urine
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▪ Ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
▪ Urinary bladder helps in storing liquid waste in the form of urine temporarily.
▪ Urethra is connected to the urinary bladder on one side. On the other side, it opens outside
through a small opening, which helps in passing out urine.
▪ Nephrons are the filtering units of the urinary system, which filter out excess salts, urea and water
from the blood. When the blood passes through the kidney, that is through the nephrons, it get
cleaned and is transported back to other parts of the body. Glucose, amino acids and salts are
reabsorbed in the kidney

7.What are blood vessels? How are arteries, veins, and capillaries different from each other?

Answer: The blood in our body flows through vessels or tubes called blood vessels. All the blood
vessels are connected to the heart. There are three kinds of blood vessels present in our circulatory
system—arteries, veins and capillaries.

8. You have studied in the chapter that due to certain abnormal conditions; the kidney can fail. Is it possible
for a person to survive with one kidney? How can such people be cured?

Answer: A single kidney with only 75 percent of its functional capacity can sustain life very well. If
only one kidney is present, that kidney can adjust to filter as much as two kidneys would normally. In
such a situation, the nephrons compensate individually by increasing in size to handle the extra load.
This happens with no adverse effects, even over years. Life is incompatible with a lack of kidney
function though haemodialysis can act as a substitute.

WORKSHEET

Q1. The blood vessel which carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
a. Pulmonary vein
b. Vena cava
c. Pulmonary artery
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 d. Aorta
Q2. What is the excretory product in fishes?
a. Ammonia
b. Uric acid
c. Urea
d. None of these
Q3. The component of blood which makes antibodies
a. RBC
b. WBC
c. Platelets
d. Plasma
Q4. Which tissue is described in the information given below?
(i) only shows unidirectional movement

(ii) transport water

(iii) vascular tissue in plants

a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Phloem
d. Xylem
Q5. How can a person having kidney failure survive?

Q6. Write the difference between arteries and veins

Q7. Which process is shown in the given picture? Explain.

WORKSHEET ANSWERS

1. Pulmonary artery
2. Ammonia
3. WBC
4. Xylem
5. A person having kidney failure can survive on dialysis. In dialysis the blood is filtered periodically by
an artificial kidney.

6.

Arteries Veins

These blood vessels carry blood from These blood vessels carry blood that is
the heart that contains oxygen into rich in Carbon dioxide from the body
different parts of the body. organs to the heart.

Arteries have thick walls as the blood Veins do not have thick walls as the

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 pressure is quite high in these blood blood pressure is quite low in them.
vessels.

They are narrow so that the blood can They are slightly wider than the
flow quickly through them. arteries.

They do not contain valves as the blood They contain valves that prevent blood
in arteries always flows in the right from flowing in opposite direction.
direction due to the pumping of the
heart.

7. This picture shows the transportation of water (absorption of water) through the cells. This figure
shows that there will be an increase in the level of sugar solution in the potato piece. This increase in
the level of sugar solution rises due to water that passes through the wall of potato and goes inside it. In
the same way water reaches xylem vessels of the root from the soil.

HOMEWORK

1) Draw a diagram of human heart and explain its function.

2) Name the following:
a) An organ of the body from which blood freshly enriched with oxygen goes into the heart.
b) An animal which excretes a semi-solid white coloured compound uric acid.

CHAPTER 14: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ITS EFFECTS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Introduction

The most convenient source of energy is electricity. Electricity has a very important role because it is used
to run many electrical appliances like an electric bulb, television, a stereo system, refrigerator, washing
machine, computers, etc., and we cannot think our life without making use of electricity.

Electricity is produced at power stations from where it is brought to our homes through the thin wire and
electric poles networks or underground cables (or wires). Here, we can define the electric current as of the
flow of electricity through a conductor (wires, cables).

Actually, in everyday life, the word electricity and electric current are used in the same sense. There is
another source of electricity, i.e., electric cell or battery. Now, in order to obtain electricity from a cell or
battery, we have to connect it into a circuit. So, let us study about the electric circuit.

An electric current is a flow of electric charge.

⚫ This electric charge is carried by moving electrons (charge carriers) in a wire.
⚫ Electric current is measured as rate of flow of charge.
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⚫ The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the Ampere (A).
⚫ Electric current is measured using a device called an Ammeter.
⚫ Electric current is denoted by symbol I.
⚫ In past, it was considered that the current is the flow of protons from positive battery terminal to
negative battery terminal through the circuit.
⚫ Later it was discovered that the current is the flow of electrons from negative battery terminal to
positive battery terminal through the circuit.
⚫ As a convention, current is still considered to flow from positive terminal to negative

SI stands for “The International System of Units” (abbreviated from French: System international unities)

Applications of Electric Current or Electricity

o Electrical Appliances like Refrigerator, fan, TV, bulb, tube light etc.
o Cells, Batteries used in camera, remotes, mobiles, etc.
o Electronic components like computer chips.
o Electromagnets, Electro chemistry etc.

Hazards of Electric current

⚫ Touching open wire carrying electricity or touching a plug with switch on results in flow of electric
charge through human body called as Electric shock. This could result in pain, temporary or
permanent burns, cardiac arrest, death etc.
⚫ Lightning from sky may also cause similar effects as an Electric shock.
⚫ Prolonged exposure to electromagnetic waves (mobile signal, Wi-Fi) affects human nervous system.

117
Cells Vs. Batteries

Common Electric Components Symbols

118
Electric Circuit

An electric circuit is a path in which electrons (or current) flow.

⚫ If the circuit is incomplete or broken, the current doesn’t flow. This type of circuit is called an Open
Circuit.
⚫ If the circuit is complete, the current flows. This type of circuit is called a Closed Circuit.
⚫ If the circuit contains some material which does not allow current to flow through it, in that case too,
even if the circuit is complete, the current doesn’t flow. These materials are called non-conductors.
⚫ A circuit usually contains a Power Source, which is the source of electrons and a Load, which is the
electrical appliance, like a bulb, needing electricity to run.
⚫ A switch or key in the circuit is used to make or break the circuit to start or stop current flow.
⚫ An electric circuit is represented by a Circuit Diagram.
⚫ Circuit Diagram is a pictorial representation of a circuit with electrical symbols for its corresponding
parts.

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Heating Effects of Current
When electric current is passed through a conductor, it generates heat due to the resistance it offers to the
current flow.
⚫ Appliances which require heating effect have conductors or the heating elements.
⚫ Heating elements have high melting point so that they do not get damaged due to the heat generated.
⚫ These elements have also low tendency to react with oxygen to avoid catching fire.
⚫ The amount of heat generated in a wire depends upon
⚫ Material of the wire
⚫ Length of the wire
⚫ Thickness of the wire

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Applications of Heating effect of Current

Electrical Fuse and Circuit Breakers

A Fuse or a Circuit Breaker is a device which protects appliances from over current or overload.
⚫ In the circuit, it is placed after the power source and before the appliance.
⚫ It has a wire of low resistance and low melting point.
⚫ In case of excessive current, the wire of the fuse melts resulting in breaking of the circuit. Thus, no
current flows through the main appliance, protecting it from damage and possible fire.
⚫ Some of the causes of excessive current are
⚫ Short Circuit: can occur due to direct touching of two wires, water seepage inside and electric circuit
etc
⚫ Overload: Connection of many devices into single socket.
⚫ Excessive current generated from power source.
⚫ Every Fuse is labelled with the maximum rating (current and voltage it can withstand before breaking).
So, appropriate fuse should be used according to the appliance/circuit requirements.
⚫ Using a lower capacity fuse will result in frequent breaking of circuit. On the other hand, using a higher
capacity fuse may not break in slightly excessive current and the appliance may damage.
⚫ An MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) is a switching device which automatically turns off when
current exceeds a safe limit.
⚫ The automatic shutting off is called tripping or trip.
⚫ MCB does not contain any wire but uses heating effect of current to break the circuit.
⚫ In case of overload or over current, a fuse gets burnt and needs to be replaced whereas a circuit breaker
can be reset (like a normal switch) to resume normal operation.

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Magnetic Effects of Current
When an electric current passes through a wire, it behaves like a magnet. This magnetic effect of electric
current is known as electromagnetic effect.
⚫ Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered magnetic effect of current in 1820.
⚫ A compass is a watch like instrument which shows direction using the magnetic field produced inside
the earth.
⚫ The compass needle is a tiny magnet which always point in North-South
⚫ If a compass is brought near a magnet or a circuit carrying current, the needle gets deflected due
to magnetic field produced by both of them.
⚫ If the direction of current is reversed, the magnetic field also gets reversed.

Oersted Experiment

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Electromagnet

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current.

⚫ The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.

⚫ Electromagnets usually consist of a large number of closely spaced turns of wire or coil that create
the magnetic field.
⚫ The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or material such as
iron.
⚫ Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field
is controllable (switching on/off electric current).
⚫ Disadvantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that it needs continuous supply.
⚫ Examples of Electromagnets used in day to day life are: Induction plate, electric bell, hard disk drives,
Loudspeakers, Motors.

Electric Bell

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⚫ Initially electric bell is at Situation 1 when no current is flowing.
⚫ When switch is pressed and current starts flowing, the electromagnet starts attracting iron bar (denoted
by red arrow in Situation – 2).
⚫ This results in hammer hitting gong producing sound and breaking of circuit (denoted by black arrow)
⚫ When circuit breaks, current stops flowing and the bell goes to Position – 1 as the electromagnet loses
its magnetism.
⚫ Again, at Position – 1, since the switch is pressed, the process repeats.
⚫ Thus, charging and discharging of electromagnet results in hammer hitting the gong and producing
sound.
ASSESSMENT ZONE

A. Choose the correct answer

1.Full form of MCB is …………...

a. miniature circuit breaker b. most circuit breaker

c. maximum current breaker d. none of these

Ans: a. miniature circuit breaker

2.The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by……….

a. increasing the number of turns of conducting wires

b. decreasing the strength of the current

c. decreasing the number of turns of conducting wires

d. both (a) and (b)

Ans: a. increasing the number of turns of conducting wires

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3.What is the shape of the magnet used in an electric bell?

a. Cylindrical b. Bar

c.horseshoe d. Square

Ans: c. horseshoe

4.Which component of the circuit converts chemical energy into electrical energy?

a. electric cell b. electric bell

c.Connecting wire d. Electric switch

Ans: a. electric cell

5.Which of the following appliances does not use heating effect of current?

a. Electric heater b. Electric bell

c. Electric geyser d. Electric bulb

Ans: b. Electric bell

B. Fill in the blanks

1.The ……... works on the principle of heating effect of current

Ans: Electric fuse

2. ………….is used to make filament of a bulb.

Ans: Tungsten

3. Heating effect of the current was first discovered by………

Ans: Hans Christian Oersted

4……...is a coil of wire closely wound in the form of a spiral.

Ans: Solenoid

5. Electric bell is based on the principle of…………...

Ans: Magnetic effect of current

C. State TRUE or FALSE

1. An electromagnet does not attract a piece of iron. ( False)

2. An electric bell has an electromagnet. ( True)

3.Magnetic effect increases with decrease in number of turns (False)

of conducting wires.

4.An electromagnet also has two poles -North and South ( True)
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5.The element of an electric iron is made of copper ( False)

D. Name the following:

1.It is the material used to make a fuse wire.

Ans: Alloy of tin and lead

2.It is a device which automatically trips when there is an excess of current in the circuit.

Ans: MCB

3.It is a device used to lift heavy iron articles.

Ans: Jack

4. It is SI unit of current

Ans: Ampere

5.It is an appliance which detects the presence of current in the circuit.

Ans: ammeter

E. Match the following:

1. Over loading a. Switch

2.Magnetic effect of current b. joule

3.Temporay magnet c. Oersted

4.Heating effect of current d. Flow of excess current

5.Make or break the circuit e. Loses its magnetism as soon as the current stops

Answer: 1. d, 2. C, 3. e, 4. b ,5. a

F. Answer the following questions in brief

1.What is the role of voltmeter in a closed circuit?

Ans: Voltmeter is a device which is used to measure the potential difference between the two terminals
of a circuit

2. Write one difference between:

a) Open and closed circuit

b) Cell and battery

c)temporary and permanent magnet

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Ans:

a)Open and closed circuit - When the switch is off, the circuit is broken and current does not flow
through it. Such a circuit is called an open circuit. When the switch is on, the circuit is closed. The
current will flow through it. Such a circuit is called a closed circuit

b) Cell and battery - Cell is a portable source of electric current which has positive and negative
terminals. When it is connected to a circuit, current flows from the positive end of the cell to the
negative end of the cell.

In some appliances, where more current is required, we use battery. It is a device that consists of one
or more cells. In a battery, the positive terminal of the first cell is connected to the negative terminal
of the second cell. Such a combination of two or more cells connected in series is known as battery.

c) Temporary and permanent magnets - An electromagnet acts as a magnet as long as electric current
passes through it. It loses its magnetism as soon as the current stops flowing. An electromagnet is also
called a temporary magnet. Magnet that retains its magnetic strength for a longer period is called
permanent magnet.

3.Define electric current

Ans: When there is a flow of electrical charges through a conductor, it is termed as electric current.
The SI unit of current is ampere.

4.Mention the components required to construct an electric circuit.

Ans: Components required for electrical circuit are battery, wires, an appliance and a switch

5.What is a miniature circuit breaker?

Ans: MCB (miniature circuit breaker) is used in addition to or in place of an electric fuse in
household circuits. MCB is a switch that automatically trips down if the current flowing through it
exceeds the prescribed maximum limit. Thus, it prevents damage or fire.

6.What is electric fuse? What is its function?

Ans: An electric fuse consists of a wire made up of an alloy of tin and lead with a very low melting
point. When current passing through the wire exceeds the maximum limit, it gets heated up. If the
temperature of the fuse wire increases its melting point, then it gets melts and quickly breaks the
circuit. This prevents damage to the appliances

7.Name some appliances in which electromagnets are used.

Ans: Electromagnets are used in cranes in garbage dump, in loudspeakers, telephones, electric fans,
washing machines, refrigerators, toys and electric bells.

8.How short-circuit occurs in an electric fuse?

Ans: A short circuit occurs when a hot wire carrying a current and a neutral wire touch each other.
When this happens, a tremendous amount of current flows, causing a fuse to blow or a circuit breaker
to trip.

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G. Answer the following questions in details:

1.Give reasons of the following:

a. MCB is better than electric fuse

b. Tin-lead alloy is used to make fuse

Answer:

a. MCB has several advantages over the fuse:

• MCB is more sensitive to current than fuse. It detects any abnormality in the current flow and
automatically switches off the electrical circuit
• With MCB, it is very simple to resume the supply.
• Handling MCB is electrically safer than handling a Fuse.
• MCB is reusable and hence has less maintenance and replacement cost.
b. A fuse is made of an alloy of tin and lead because it is important that the device melts without
heating too much. This is only possible if the alloy melts at a moderate temperature
2. Explain the factors on which heating effect of electric current depends.

Answer:

The heating effect of current depends on the following factors:

i.Cross-sectional area: Thinner the wire more is the heating effect and vice versa.
ii.Time: Larger the time for which the electric current flows, more is the heating effect.
iii.Current: Greater the magnitude of current more is the heating effect
3.Draw a basic circuit diagram by using -a cell, a bulb, connecting wires and a switch.

Answer:

4.What is an electromagnet and how is it made? Name the factors which help in changing the strength of an
electromagnet.

Answer:

▪ Take an iron nail and wrap a conducting wire around it as a coil.

▪ Then connect the two ends of the wire to a source of electric current and allow current to pass
through it.
▪ You will observe that an iron nail behaves like a magnet with its two ends acting as north and
south poles.
▪ If an iron clip is brought near its end, it gets attracted to it.
▪ A magnet formed by such an arrangement is called an electromagnet.
▪ An electromagnet acts as a magnet as long as electric current passes through it.
▪ It loses its magnetism as soon as the current stops flowing.

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Factors which help in changing the strength of an electromagnet.

i. increasing the number of turns of the conducting wires.

ii. increasing the strength of the current flowing in the circuit

5. Why is copper wire not used in the filament of a bulb? What will happen if we use a thick tungsten wire
in an electric bulb?

Answer:

▪ Copper and Ni-chrome have low melting point.

▪ Tungsten is very hard substance with high melting point among metals. It will work fine as
filament of bulb.
▪ A thicker wire used as the filament has less resistance, which means that for any given current
through it, it dissipates less power than a thinner filament would.
6. What is the use of electromagnet in electric bell?

Answer:

▪ An electric bell is based on the principle of magnetic effect of current.

▪ A horseshoe type of electromagnet is used in an electric bell which is connected to the source of
current through a switch.
▪ In addition to the electromagnet, the electric bell has a metallic gong, a hammer to strike the gong
and a screw attached to a soft iron strip (armature).
▪ When the button is pressed, the circuit becomes complete.
▪ Current starts flowing and thus the electromagnet attract the iron rod.
▪ The hammer gets attracted to the gong and strikes it to produce a ringing sound
7.Why MCB or electric fuses are not used in a circuit containing electric cells?

Answer: Fuse wires or miniature circuit breakers are not required in the small battery-operated
electrical circuits where the amount of current follow is low and if the circuit breaks there is no risk of
fire.

8.Draw the diagram of an electric bell and explain its working

Answer:

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Refer answer 6.

9.Prove with the help of an activity that an electric current can deflect the needle of a magnetic compass.

Answer: Set up a simple circuit on a table by using a battery, wires and a switch. Keep a magnetic
compass near the circuit. When we switch on the circuit, electric current starts flowing through the
wires. It is observed that the needle of the compass gets deflected from its rest position. When we
switch the current off, the compass needle comes to the rest position again. Hence, the magnetic effect
is related to the electric current.

WORKSHEET
1. Radha does not have a night lamp in her room. She covered the bulb of her room with a towel in the night
to get dim light. Has she taken the right step? Give one reason to justify your answer. [NCERT Exemplar;
HOTS]
2. Can we use the same fuse in a geyser and a television set? Explain. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
3. Aditya made an electromagnet by winding 50 turns of wire over an iron screw. Paheli also made an
electromagnet by winding 100 turns over a similar iron screw. Which electromagnet will attract more
pins? Give reason. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
WORKSHEET ANSWERS:
1. No, she has not taken the right step. Because due to excessive heat of bulb, the towel may burn
and it also results in the wastage of electrical energy.
2. No, we cannot use same fuse in a geyser and in a television set because the fuse used in every
appliance has some limit to withstand the current flows through it. So, different appliances have
different fuses.
3. Since the magnetic effect directly depends on the number of turns of the coil. As, Radha’s coil has
a greater number of turns than Aditya. So, her electromagnet is stronger than Aditya. So,
electromagnet of Radha attracts more pins as compared to Aditya.
IV. HOMEWORK
1. One day, Pinki was ironing the clothes in her room. After half an iron of ironing, the light went off and
Pinki went outside to the lobby of her house to check it there was any problem in the household circuit.
At the same time, she listened the voice of her 4 years old daughter from the same room where she was
ironing the clothes. Her daughter was about to touch the hot electric iron but at the same moment, Pinki
entered in the room and pushed her daughter back from that place.
(a) On which effect of electric current, does the electric iron works?
(b) Mention the values showed by Pinki here. [Value Based Question]
2. Last Sunday, Pulpit was playing videotape in his room. While playing, the electricity of his house went
off due to which he could not able to see anything around him. Then anyhow, he managed to get his
mobile in his hand and with the help of its light, he went outside of his room to check if there was any
problem in the electric circuit board of his house.
At the same time, his father suggested him to maintain the distance from the circuit board and decided
to call some electrician to check the problem.

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 (a) Explain, what happens when live wire and neutral wire touches each other directly?
(b) State the values here showed by Pulkit’s father. [Value Bated Question]

CHAPTER-12 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

What is reproduction?

All the living organisms including plants and animals have the capability to produce new individuals during
their lifespan. This process of producing a new organism from the existing organism (or the parent) of the
same species is called reproduction.

Importance of reproduction- The process of reproduction is one of the important life processes and is
essential for the continuity of the species. Thus, reproduction makes the life continuous which is not only
essential for the survival of an organism but it is also very necessary for the perpetuation and preservation of
the species because it increases the number of members of a species.

Types of reproduction in plants- Reproduction in plants occurs in two ways:

A. Asexual reproduction
B. Sexual reproduction

A. Asexual Reproduction-
The process in which only one parent is involved in the production of new individuals of the same kind is
called asexual reproduction. In plants, asexual reproduction results in the formation of offspring or new plants
without seeds or spores.

Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through the following methods:

a) Vegetative propagation
b) Budding
c) Fragmentation
d) Spore formation
a) Vegetative Propagation-
It is the formation of new plants from vegetative units of bud, stem, etc. These vegetative units are called
propagates. Vegetative reproduction may take place using various plant parts as given below:

Vegetative Reproduction by Stem-

The stems or branches of the plant normally bear buds in the axils. The buds that are present in the axils (i.e.
the point of attachment of leaf at the node) develop into the shoot. These are called vegetative buds. The
vegetative buds can give rise to a new plant. These buds consist of a short stem around which immature
overlapping leaves are folded. These can produce a new plant by vegetative propagation. E.g. Potato, Ginger,
Onion etc.

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Vegetative Reproduction by Leaves-

When the leaf of some plants are hurried into the moist soil, the cut edges or margins of leaves develop a new
plants that resemble to the parent, E.g. Bryophyllum or sprout leaf plant.

Vegetative Reproduction by Roots and Bulbs-

In some plants like sweet potato, dahlia, etc, a new plant develops through their roots and bulbs.

Note: Plants like cacti produces new plants when their parts get detached from the main plant body. Each
detached part can grow into a new plant.

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Vegetative propagation by artificial means:

• Cutting: Plants such as Rose, cactus and bougainvillea can be propagated through cutting from their
stem. The cut stem is planted in a moist soil, which eventually developed roots and shoots and grows
into a new plant.

• Grafting: Grafting involves two plants of the same species. A bud or a stem cutting from one plant
called scion is inserted into a groove of second plant called stock which is rooted to the ground. The
stock and scion join together to form one plant. Varieties of fruit bearing trees developed by grafting.

• Layering: In plants such as Jasmine and grapevine, the lower branch of the plant is bent down and
covered with moist soil after removing a ring of bark from the stem. After a few weeks, new roots
develop and the plant is separated from the mother plant.

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 Advantages of vegetative propagation:

Vegetative propagation is very useful for plant growers as they can get large quantities of new plants in a short
time

i. The newly reproduced plant has the exact characters as that of their parent plant.
ii. Fruit without seed, disease and drought resistant plants can be produced using these methods.
iii. It is easy to produce new varieties of plants with the required characteristics.
iv. Vegetative plants grow faster than the plants grown from seeds and needs less attention during early
stages of growth.
Tissue culture:

In this method, the growing tips of plants are cut and planted in an artificial medium kept inside a conical flask
or a test tube. The medium provides all the necessary nutrients and plant hormones for plant growth. Once the
roots develop, they are planted in suitable soil. From here, they grow into whole new plants.

b) Budding-
In this process, a daughter individual is formed from a small projection on parent body called a bud. Most of
the fungi-like, yeast reproduces by budding. Yeast grows and multiplies in every few hours, if provided with
sufficient nutrients and favourable condition.

Fig. Reproduction in yeast by budding

c) Fragmentation-
Some algae (Spirogyra) that are present in water bodies reproduce by fragmentation. In this- method, the body
of the parent breaks into small pieces called fragments and each fragment grows up to become a new plant.
Fragmentation of parent body occurs when they are matured. If water and nutrients are available, the algae
will grow and multiply rapidly by fragmentation. If this process continues, it will cover a large area in a very
short period of time.

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 d) Spore Formation-
Some fungus like bread mould reproduces asexually by spore formation. Spores (present in the air) are the
small spherical bodies, having a thick protective wall that protects them from unfavourable conditions. When
favourable conditions arrive the spores burst and germinate to develop into new plants. Spores are very light
asexually reproducing bodies which can be carried over a long distance by air or wind. Some other plants like
mosses and ferns also reproduce by spore formation in the underside of their leaves.

B. Sexual Reproduction-
Flowers are the reproductive part of a plant. They help the plants in sexual reproduction and producing fruits
and seeds. In sexual reproduction, a male cell is produced by the male part of a flower which fuses with a
female cell produced by the female part of the flower. These cells are called gametes, which when combined
form a zygote by the process called fertilisation.

Parts of a Flower-

The main parts of a flower are:

i. Sepals- These are the green leaf-like outermost circle of the flower. All the sepals are together referred to
as calyx. The function of the calyx is to protect the flower when it is in bud form.
ii. Petals -These are the colourful and most attractive part of the flower. These lie inside the sepals. All the
petals are together referred to as corolla. These are scented and attract insects for pollination.
iii. Stamen -It is a male reproductive organ of a plant. These are the little stalks with swollen top and lies
inside the ring of petals. The stamen is made up of two parts, i.e. filament and anther. The stalk of stamen
is called filament and the swollen top of stamen is called anther.
The anther contains the pollen grain which has male gamete in it. Pollen grains are exposed when the
anther ripens and splits. These appear as the yellow powder like substance which is sticky in nature.
Flowers usually have a number of stamens in it.
iv. Pistil -It is the female reproductive part of a flower that lies in the centre of a flower. These are a flask-
shaped structure which is made up of three parts, i.e. stigma, style and ovary.
The top part of the pistil is called stigma. It receives the pollen grains from the anther during pollination.
The middle part of the pistil is tube-like structure called style which connects stigma to the ovary. The
swollen bottom part at the base of pistil is called ovary. The ovary makes ovules and stores them. These
ovules contain the female sex cells also called an egg cell. It is the female gamete of flower. Pistil is also
called as carpel. The pistil is surrounded by several stamens. The base of the flower on which all the parts
of the flower are attached is called receptacle.

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Types of Flower-
On the basis of the type of reproductive organs present in a flower, the flowers are of following types:
a. Unisexual flower: The flower which contains only one reproductive organ (i.e. either male or female)
is called unisexual flowers. These are also called as an incomplete flower, e.g. papaya, watermelon,
corn, cucumber, etc.
b. Bisexual flower: The flower that contains both reproductive parts (i.e. male and female) in a single
flower is called a bisexual flower. These are also termed as hermaphrodites or complete flower, e.g.
Rose, Mustard, Hibiscus, etc.
Function of a Flower-
The function of a flower is to make male and female gametes and also to ensure that fertilisation would
take place for the seed formation. During sexual reproduction male and female gametes fuse to form the
zygote.
Pollination-
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil is called pollination.
Pollination takes place in two different ways:
a) Self-pollination: When the pollen grain from the anther of one flower reaches to the stigma of the
same flower, it is called self-pollination. Self-pollination generally occurs in a bisexual flower.
b) Cross-pollination: When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower or of a plant are transferred to
the stigma of a flower of the same plant or that of a different plant of the same kind the process is
called cross-pollination. This transfer to another plant is mediated by insects, wind, water, animals,
birds, etc.

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 Fig. Pollination in flower

Agents of Pollination-
The process of pollination is carried out by some external agencies like wind, water, insects, birds, etc.
These are called agents of pollination.

Fertilisation-
The process in which the male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form a new cell (called zygote) is
called fertilisation.
When the pollens are deposited on the stigma of the pistil, it begins to germinate. After some time, a long
pollen tube is developed from the pollen grain which passes through the style towards the female gametes
in the ovary. The male gametes move down the pollen tube and the tube enters the ovule present inside
the ovary. The tip of pollen tube bursts and the male gamete comes out of the pollen tube. Inside the ovary,
the male gametes fuse with the female gametes present in the ovule to form a fertilised egg cell which is
called zygote.
The zygote develops into an embryo which is a part of a seed that develops into a new plant.

Fruit and Seed Formation-

After the fertilisation, the ovary grows into the fruit and the ovule develops into the seeds. The outer parts
of the flower, i.e. petals, sepals and stamen become dry and fall off. Stigma and style also fall off leaving
ovary on the receptacle. The zygote inside the ovary gets its food from the ovule and grows by cell division
to form an embryo. Parts of the ovule develop into the seed covering or seed coat.

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Fruits are the ripened ovary of a flower. Which protect the seed. Some fruits are fleshy and juicy, e.g.
mango, apple and orange, while some are hard like almonds and walnuts.

Seed Dispersal-
Seeds are developed from the ovule. Seeds contain an embryo enclosed in a protective seed coat. Plants
produce a large number of seeds. When these seeds fall down, they start growing. If a large number of
seeds fall on the same place, they will not get enough space for water and light, and will not develop into
a healthy plant. Thus, the seeds are moved away by some external agencies to far off places.
The process by which the seeds are scattered to different places (far and wide from their parents) is called
dispersal. The seeds and fruits are dispersed away through various agencies like wind, water, birds and
some animals. Sometime seed dispersal takes place naturally by the explosion or bursting of fruits.

Agents of seed dispersal-

Wind, water, animals, birds and humans are the dispersing agents of seeds. These are described below:

Dispersal by Wind or Air-

The seeds that are very light and have wing or hair-like structure on them, are easily carried away by the
blowing wind, e.g. seeds of maple, drumstick have wings, seeds of Madar or oak have hairs on them,
cottonseed also possess hairs on them, while seeds of grasses, orchids, begonia are very small and light.
These seeds can be easily carried away by the wind and dispersed away from their natural habitat.
Dispersal by Water-
The seeds of some plants that have an outer fibrous or spongy covering are dispersed through water. They
have the ability to float in the water and drift along with its flow, e.g. seeds of water lily, lotus, chestnut
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and coconut are dispersed through water. The coconut fruits have a fibrous outer coat which enables them
to float in water and carried away by flowing water to far off places.
Dispersal by Birds-
The birds eat fruits along with the seeds. These seeds have hard outer covering. The seeds are dispersed
to some other place through the bird’s faeces. The digestive enzymes present in the digestive system of
birds helps in dissolving the hard seed coat and when they are released or excreted along with the faeces,
they germinate. E.g. Neem seeds are dispersed by the bird’s faeces.
Dispersal by Animals-
Some seeds have hooks or spines which get attached to the fur or body of the grazing animals. When these
animals move to a distant place, the seeds get dispersed (while animal rub their body surface) E.g. fruit of
Xanthium and Urena plants are covered by numerous hooks which attach to the animal’s fur and are
dispersed with them. Along with the fruits, the seeds also get dispersed.
Dispersal by Explosion or Bursting of Fruits-
Sometimes fruits mature and a strain are produced in their walls. This produces a sudden jerk causing
fruits to break open, thus allowing the seeds to scatter far away from their parent plants. Due to the
explosion of fruit, the seeds are thrown away from the plant with a great force in all direction, e.g. castor
plant burst suddenly with a jerk and scatter the seeds far away from the parent plant. Similarly, fruit of
balsam is also dispersed through the explosion mechanism.

Fig. Xanthium

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 Advantage of Seed Dispersals:
1) Seed dispersal avoids overcrowding of young plants around their parent plants.
2) It helps in preventing competition between the plants and its own seedlings for sunlight, water and
minerals.
3) One of the benefits of seed dispersal is that it enables the plant to grow into new habitats for wider
distribution and provides them with a better chance of survival.

Germination of Seed:
A seed contains a plant embryo in a resting state which begins to grow only under favourable conditions.
The process by which seeds begin to grow is called seed germination. It is the growth of a plant from its
seed. When the seed germinates, the seed coat splits and a tiny root called radicle grows downward and
shoot called plumule starts growing upwards. This produces seedling of the plant.
The seedling grows faster and ultimately forms a new plant. When the plant starts maturing, it bears flower
which again produces seed and fruits. This cycle continues to produce more offsprings for the preservation
of a species.

ASSESSMENT ZONE

A. Choose the correct answer

1. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Plant reproduce by asexual methods only.

b. Sepals are the male sex organs of a flower.

c.Yeast reproduces by the methods of fragmentation.

d. potato that we eat is a stem tuber.

Answer: d. potato that we eat is a stem tuber.

2.In the diagram given below x,y,z are:

a. Leaves, Shoot, Seed

b. Leaves, Radicle, Seed

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 c. Radicle, Plumule, Seed

d. Plumule, Radicel, Cotyledons

Answer: d. Plumule, Radicel, Cotyledons

3.Which of the following is the methods of propagating plants under sterile conditions?

a. Layering b. Cutting c. Grafting d. Tissue culture

Answer: d. Tissue culture

4. In which of the following method, the branch of the plant is bent down to touch the ground?

a. Layering b. Cutting c. Grafting d.Tissue culture

Answer: a. Layering

5. Which of the following produces pollen grains?

a. Ovary b. Anther c. Filament d. Stigma

Answer: b. Anther

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. The stamen consist of a…. and an ………

Answer: Filament, anther

2 ……... is the process of growth of a plant from its seed.

Answer: Germination

3. The seed of … plant is dispersed with the help of wind.

Answer: Cotton

4 …… is part of an embryonal axis which give rises to the shoot system.

Answer: Plumule

5. The zygote develops into an ……...

Answer: Embryo

6. Plants such as ……… can disperse their seeds through explosion.

Answer: Acacia

C. State whether TRUE or FALSE

1. Budding can produce several individuals at a time.

Answer: True
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2. Stock is inserted into scion for grafting.

Answer: False

3. Pollination cannot take place before fertilisation.

Answer: False

4.Pollen grains fuse with the egg cell to produce zygote.

Answer: True

5.Stamens are the female parts of a flower.

Answer: False

D. Give one word answer

1. It has spines and get stuck to the body of animals or clothes of humans.

Answer: Xanthium

2. It is a part of an embryonal axis which gives rise to the root system.

Answer: Radicle

3. It is whorl of a flower which has the female sex organs

Answer: Innermost (pistil)

4. It is the female organ of a flower which consists of ovary, style and stigma.

Answer: Pistil

5.It is the process of fusion of male and female gametes in the ovules.

Answer: Fertilization

E. Match the following:

1.Stamen a. Spore formation

2. Zygote b. Modified shoot

3. Fungi c. Tube like structure

4. Onion d. Male sex organs

5.Style e. Single-celled structure

Answer: 1. d, 2. e, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c

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F. Answer the following questions in brief.

1.Why do organisms reproduce?

Answer:

Reproduction is necessary for living things because it enables them to create offspring and continue
their population. Through reproduction, they pass on their genetic information to the next generation.
This ensures that their species continues to exist on Earth that is why the organism reproduces.

2. Differentiate between sexual and asexual modes of reproduction?

Answer:

3. Give an example of a plant that can reproduce through

a. Grafting

b. Cutting

c. Layering

Answer:

a. Roses b. Bouganvillea c. Jasmine

4. What do you mean by fragmentation?

Answer:

A green alga such as Spirogyra reproduces by breaking its filamentous body into two or more parts
after a certain period of growth. Each fragment then grows into a new filament. This type of asexual
reproduction is called fragmentation.

5. State three advantages of vegetative propagation in plants.

Answer:

The advantages of vegetative propagation are as follows:

▪ Plants that do not produce seeds can be grown by this method.

▪ Vegetative plants grow faster than the ones produced by seeds.

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▪ The plants reproduced by this method are the same as the original plant. This is helpful for
farmers as they get the exact copies of the required plant.
▪ These plants need less attention compared to the plants grown by other types of reproduction
6.How do insects and wind help in pollination?

Answer:

▪ Insects help in pollination Many insects get attracted to the colour and odour of flowers. When
they sit on such flowers, pollen grains released from anthers stick to their body and get carried
away to some other flower where they get deposited. Thus, insects are responsible for cross-
pollination.
▪ Wind helps in pollination. The pollen grains of some plants are very light. The pollen grains from
such plants are blown away by the wind easily. Plants such as maize and wheat show this type of
pollination.
7.How do seeds of plants like legumes get dispersed in nature?

Answer:

Seeds of legume are dispersed by self-explosion. Fruits of legumes burst open forcibly after drying.
The seeds of these plants get scattered in all directions.

8. What is the difference between unisexual and bisexual flowers?

Answer:

▪ Some flowers such as China rose, sweet pea and mustard have both sex organs in a single flower
and are called bisexual flowers.
▪ Some others, such as flowers of papaya and mulberry plants, have either male or female sex organ
and are called unisexual flowers.
9. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross- pollination?

Answer:

Self-pollination Cross pollination

1.Self-pollination is the process of 1.In the case of cross pollination, the

transport of pollen from the anthers to pollen from the anthers of a certain plant
the stigma of the same flower. is transported to the pistil (stigma) of
another plant.

2.Self-pollination occurs in about ¼ of the 2.Cross pollination occurs in about ¾ of

flowering plant species. the flowering plant species

3.Self-pollination can occur without 3.Cross pollination needs pollinating

pollinating agent agent – wind, insects, etc.

4.Self-pollinating plant species produce 4. Cross pollinating plant species produce

limited amount of pollen large amount of pollen.

10. How does the process of fertilisation takes place in flowers?

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Answer:

▪ Fertilisation is the process of fusion of male and female gametes in the ovules.
▪ When the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of the flower, a pollen tube is sent out into the
pistil from the pollen grains.
▪ The pollen tube carries the male gametes towards the female gamete present inside the ovule.
▪ This pollen tube after penetrating the stigma, travels through the style and reaches the ovule in the
ovary.
▪ The male gamete is released and fuses with the female gamete to form the zygote

G. Answer the following questions in detail.

1. Describe the different ways by which seeds and fruits are dispersed.

Answer:

Different ways of seed dispersal:

1. Dispersal by wind: Seeds of certain plants adapt certain features such as wings, hair and are light
weight. These seeds are dispersed with the help of wind. Examples - grass, cotton, dandelions etc.
2. Dispersal by water: The seeds of plants growing in or near water sources are dispersed with the
help of water. For example, coconut and lotus.
3. Dispersal by animals: The seeds of some fruits, eaten by man or other animals, pass undigested,
through the digestive tract, and get dispersed when excreted out. Some animals such as squirrels
and mice also help in seed dispersal of nut.
4. Self-explosion: Sometimes fruits of certain plants such as legumes, castor, geranium, peas and
acacia burst open forcibly after drying. The seeds of these plants get scattered in all directions
2. Describe the technique of grafting. How is it different from the techniques of layering.

Answer:

1. Grafting is a method in which two plants are joined together in such a way that two stems join and
grow as a single plant. This technique is very useful in propagating improved varieties of various
flowers and fruits. Examples: mango, Apple, citrus fruits, etc.
2. Layering is a method in which branch of the plant with at least one node is bent towards the
ground and a part of it is covered with moist soil leaving the tip of the branch exposed above the
ground.
▪ Grafting is useful to get more varieties from a single plant. we can get highly desirable characters
from parent ‘stock’ plant to different ‘scions.
▪ Whereas; Layering only results in one type of offspring. We can get same characteristics from
parent to offspring
3. Discuss the role of tissue culture technique in growing plants

Answer:

Many plant cells can divide and differentiate into an entire new plant. This property of plant cells is
used in growing new plants under sterile or germ-free conditions is known as the tissue culture
technique.

Advantages of Tissue Culture:

• They produce exact copies of plants required that have desirable traits.
• They produce mature plants quickly.
• Multiple plants are produced in the absence of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
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• Whole plants are produced regenerated from plant cells that are genetically modified.
• Diseases resistant plants are produced by micro propagation.
• This method is useful in plants which produce seeds in insufficient amounts, or when plants are
sterile and they do not produce viable seeds or when the seeds cannot be stored
4. What will happen if pollen of rose flower gets deposited on stigma of lily flower? Will pollen germination
take place? Why?

Answer: It would not fertilise. Normally inter specific or intergeneric fertilisation doesn’t take place.
Flowering plants are able to pollinate other plants within the same species, that’s why pollen of rose
can’t germinate on stigma of lily.

5. Explain the sexual mode of reproduction in plants.

Answer:

• The flower is the reproductive organ of a flowering plant.

• Sexual mode of reproduction in plants involves fusion of male and female gametes.
• The male gametes are produced inside the pollen grains.
• The ovule contains egg cell or the female gamete.
• Zygote is formed by fusion of male and female gametes.
• The zygote eventually grows into a new plant
6. Draw a labelled diagram of a flower an explain its parts.

Answer:

The parts present in the flower are Stalk, Sepals, Petals, Stamen and Pistil. The description of each
part is as follows:

• Stalk: It is the base on which the flower grows.

• Sepals: They are green leaf like structure located above the stalk, which protects the flower
during its bud stage.
• Petals: The brightly coloured flower part is called petals. It attracts the insects for pollination.
• Stamen: It is also known as androecium or male reproductive part of the flower. It comprised of
anther and filament. In anther, pollen grains are present in specialized region called pollen sac.
• Pistil: It is known as Gynoecium or female reproductive part of the flower and is composed of
stigma, style and Ovary. It is stigma on which the pollen grains gets attached and moves through
the style and reaches ovary where fertilization occurs.

7. What is fertilisation? Explain the life cycle of a flower with help of a diagram.

Answer:

Fertilisation is the process of fusion of male and female gametes in the ovules.

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▪ When the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of the flower, a pollen tube is sent out into the
pistil from the pollen grains.
▪ The pollen tube carries the male gametes towards the female gamete present inside the ovule.
▪ This pollen tube after penetrating the stigma, travels through the style and reaches the ovule in the
ovary.
▪ The male gamete is released and fuses with the female gamete to form the zygote
For diagram of life cycle of flower, refer to fig 12.15 on page no. 178

8. What is meant by vegetative propagation? How roots, leaves and stem of some plants help in producing a
new plant?

Answer:

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Vegetative propagation takes

place with the help of vegetative parts such as root, stem and leaves.

• Stems:

Runners are stems that grow horizontally above the ground. They have nodes where buds are
formed. These buds grow into a new plant. An example is strawberry.

• Roots:

New plants will grow out of swollen, modified roots called tubers. Buds develop at the base of the
stem and then grow into new plants. For example; sweet potato, Asparagus and Dahlia

• Leaves:

Leaves of some plants will grow into a new plant if they become detached from the parent plant.
Plants such as Bryophyllum, can reproduce by growing some plantlets from the notches present at the
end of the leaf margins. These plantlets fall on the soil and grow into new plant

9. A potato is cut into many pieces which are placed on wet cottons in a tray. After a few days leafy
outgrowths are observed in some pieces but not all. Why?

Answer:

Potato tuber has buds or ‘eyes’ that grow into a new plant. If a cut potato with an eye on it is placed in
wet cotton, it will show leafy outgrowths, whereas, potato pieces which do not have eye will show not
outgrowth.

10. A branch of blue roses is grafted on to a plant bearing red roses. Which coloured flowers will be
produced in the plant after grafting.

Answer:

Plant will bear blue roses. In this method, the two parts of the plant are joined to grow together. The
two parts are placed in such a way that their vascular tissue joins together to successfully grow as a
single plant, such that, the plant has root sturdiness of the stock and desirable qualities of the scion.
Here branch with blue roses is acting like scion.

11. Explain the process of tissue culture.

Answer:
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• The property of plant cells is used in growing new plants under sterile or germ-free conditions is
known as the tissue culture technique.
• In this method, some tissue is cut off from the growing tip of a plant. This tissue then separated
into cells.
• These cells are put in a nutrient medium containing inorganic salts, sugars, vitamins and
hormones which are required for growth and differentiation of cells.
• Cells are allowed to grow into small plantlets in these controlled conditions.
• The plantlets are then transferred to pots with soil.
• Plants such as Asparagus, Chrysanthemum and certain orchids can be grown through this
method
WORKSHEET

1) Give one difference between unisexual and bisexual flower.

2) Flowers are colourful and fragrant. Give reason supporting the statement.
3) Collect some flower of different plants like papaya, rose, mustard, lady’s finger, Petunia, cucumber, corn,
pea, etc. Group them under following heads.
a) Which of these plants have unisexual flowers?
b) Which of these plants have bisexual flower?
c) What is the other name of unisexual and bisexual flower?
4) How do the plants like sugarcane, potato and rose reproduce when they cannot produce seeds?
5) Unscramble the below Jumbled word
a. NPOANOLITI
b. TEZOYG
c. EGAEMST
d. MRBEYO
6) Label the diagram:

WORKSHEET ANSWERS
1) Unisexual flowers are those which contain either male or female reproductive part and bisexual
flower has both reproductive parts (i.e. male and female) on the same flower.
2) Flowers are so colorful because they absorb and reflect light energy. Fragrance results from
production of volatile chemicals which evaporate.
3) Answer:
a) Unisexual flowers are papaya, cucumber, corn.
b) Bisexual flowers are rose, mustard, lady’s finger, Petunia, pea.
c) Unisexual flowers are also called as incomplete flower while bisexual flowers are called
hermaphrodite or complete flowers.
4) Sugarcane and rose are propagated by stem cutting that is a method of vegetative propagation, in
which stem is capable of growing into a mature independent plants that are identical to their
parents.

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 Potato is an underground modified stem having bud called eyes, which sprout and develop into a
new identical plant. Thus, the plants which cannot produce seeds can be propagated vegetative with
the help of vegetative parts such as stem, roots, buds and leaves.
5) Answer:
a) POLLINATION
b) ZYGOTE
c) GAMETES
d) EMBRYO
6) Answer:

HOMEWORK
1) Name the part of flower that:
a) Produces pollen grains.
b) Attracts insects.
c) Allows the pollen tube to grow through it.
d) Forms the fruit after fertilization.
2) Fill in the blanks:
a) __________________are known as male and female reproductive cells.
b) In________________ and______________, new plants are produced from bulbs of plant.
c) _________________, lemon and ___________________reproduce by stem cutting.
d) The _____________and_______________ make up male part of the flower i.e. stamen.
e) ___________________is a point on the stem or branch from where a new leaf arises.
f) The ovule develops into the______________________ after fertilization.
g) The transfer of pollen grains to the stigma with in the same flower or between flowers of the
same plant is called__________________ pollination.
h) The transfer of pollen grains to the stigma between from different plants of the same species is
called _________________________ pollination.
i) The process in which plants and animals give rise to more of their own kind is known as
__________

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 SOCIAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER 8-RELIGIOUS IDEAS IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD (HISTORY)
I.CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic tradition of Islam that includes a range of beliefs and practices dedicated to Allah, divine
love and cultivation of the heart. On the other hand, Bhakti stands for complete devotion to one particular
deity. Both Sufism and Bhakti started as an answer to the ever-growing orthodoxy of various religions. The
similarities between them are as follows:

(1) Devotion to God: Sufism believes that one can become closer to God only through love and devotion.
Bhakti, which means devotion, also emphasised devotion to the Almighty.
(2) Compassion for all: Sufism emphasised love and compassion towards all human beings. Bhaki saints and
their followers also emphasised love for all.
(3) Equality for all: Sufism did not differentiate between people. Bhakti followers also preached equality for
all and did not believe in caste discrimination.
(4) Against rituals: Both Sufism and Bhakti were against elaborate rituals of several religions.
(5) Music: The followers of Sufism and Bhakti expressed their love for God through music, poetry and
dance.

• Silsila Sufism
'Silsila' is an Arabic word, which means a 'chain'. In Sufism, it stands for 'lineage'.
Sufism gained prominence after the emergence of Sufi orders. They were known as 'silsilas', meaning a
chain in Arabic. There were twelve such orders or Sufi silsilas. Two of them became popular in India, i.e.,
the Chisti and Suhrawardi silsila.

• Suhrawardi Silsila”
The Suhrawardi Silsila” is a Sufi order that is concerned with spiritual genealogy and has strict orders for
the Sunni Muslims across the continents.
This Sufi order was established by “Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib”, an Iranian Sufi who belonged to the Shia
sect, which was later made famous by “Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya Suhrawardi from whose name the sect
was known. He accepted royal service to the King during his period.

• Chishti Silsilah
The Chishti Silsilah is a tariqa, or order or school, within Sunni Islam's mystic Sufi tradition. The Chishti
Order is noted for emphasising love, tolerance, and openness in its teachings. It originated about 930 AD.
The Chishti order was founded by Khwaja Muinuddin Chisht and takes its name from the Afghan hamlet of
Chishti, which lies thirty miles from the current city of Heart.

Sufi Dervish dance

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Bhakti Movement
The Bhakti Movement began in Tamil in the seventh century in South India, where it is now
recognized as sections of Kerala and Tamilnadu and moved northwards. From the 15th century, this
spread across east and north India, peaking during the 15th to 17th centuries.

Salient features of Bhakti Movement

1. The Bhakti movement was based on the principles of monotheism and it generally criticized idol
worship.
2. The Bhakti reformers believed in freedom from the cycle of life and death and preached that
salvation could be attained only by deep devotion and faith in God.
3. They emphasised the importance of self-surrender for obtaining the bliss and grace of God and
also valued the importance of Gurus who acted as guides and preceptors.

Nayanars and Alvars

The Nayanars were a group of 63 saints devoted to Lord Shiva who lived during the 6th to 8th
centuries CE. The Alwars were Tamil poet-saints of South India who espoused devotion to the Lord
Vishnu or his avatar Lord Krishna in their songs of longing, and service.
The Alvars and Nayanars led some of the earliest Bhakti movements (c. sixth century).
• Alvars – those who are “immersed” in devotion to Vishnu.
• Nayanars – those who are devotees of Shiva.

Bhakti movement during sultanate period

The Bhakti movement was another glorious religious movement in the history of India. It was purely
based on devotion to God and nothing else. Devotion means Bhakti through which one can realize
God. The chief exponents of this cult were Ramanuja, Nimbarka, Ramananda, Vallabhacharya, Kabir,
Nanak and Sri Chaitanya.

Ramanandacharya
Sri Ramanandacharya (Rāmānanda) was a 14th-century Vaishnava devotional poet saint, who lived
in the Gangetic basin of northern India. The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder of the
Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times.

Vallabhacharya (c. 1479 – 1531 CE)

• He was born in Benaras to a Telugu Brahmin family. He propagated his doctrine of Bhakti (devotion)
through god Krishna whom he fondly addressed as Shrinath Ji.
• He founded pustimarga (the path of grace) – a path that teaches a devotee how to offer selfless love and
devotion to Shrinath Ji without expecting anything in return but love.
• He propounded the philosophy of Shudh Advaita (pure monism) which forms the basis of the
pushtimarg devotional practice. Shudh Advaita like Vishista Advaita too indicates that the entire
universe is the manifestation of Brahman. It is like the two sides of the coin, with Brahman as one side
and the universe another side. There is no change – the universe is a part of the coin that is Brahman.
Hence, this is called “Shudh Advaita” because it is said that there is only one and there is no change.
• He also founded Rudra Sampradaya.
• He along with his disciple Surdas was largely instrumental in popularising the Krishna cult in north
India

Chaitanya

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 Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism . He expounded Bhakti yoga and popularized the
chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra. He composed the Shikshashtakam (eight devotional
prayers). Chaitanya is sometimes called Gauranga or Gaura due to his molten gold–like complexion.
The famous Saint Chaitanya of Bengal was a contemporary of Alauddin Husain Shah.

Namadeva (c. 1270 – 1350)

• A Maharashtrian saint, who flourished in the first part of the 14th century. Namadeva was a tailor
who is said to have taken to banditry before he became a saint.
• His poetry which was written in Marathi breathes a spirit of intense love and devotion to God.
• He is considered one of the five revered gurus in the Dadupanth tradition within Hinduism, the other
four being Dadu, Kabir, Hardas and Ravidas. It is believed that his Abhangas were included in the
Guru Granth Sahib.
Kabir
1. One of the most famous disciples of Ramananda who belonged to the 15th century. His iconic verses
are found in the Sikh holy scripture, Adi Granth.
2. According to tradition, it is believed that he was born near Benaras to a Brahmin widow who
abandoned him after his birth and was brought up in the house of a Muslim weaver.
3. He possessed an inquiring mind and while in Benaras learnt much about Hinduism. He became
familiar with Islamic teachings and Ramananda initiated him into the higher knowledge of Hindu
and Muslim religious and philosophical ideas.

Monotheistic Movements
The monotheistic movement is the concept of monotheism, which means belief in one God. The one
who is the creator. The features of the monotheistic movement are the synthesis of many traditions,
Nirgun outlook, Independent path and Against orthodoxy.
Monotheistic leaders emphasised the importance of a spiritual guru, community singing of devotional
songs, companionship of saints and repetition of the divine name. They also wrote poems in
languages common to all, not giving preference to their own dialects.
Three of the world's major religions -- the monotheist traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam -
- were all born in the Middle East and are all inextricably linked to one another. Christianity was born
from within the Jewish tradition, and Islam developed from both Christianity and Judaism.

I.TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

D1. What is Bhakti?

Ans: Bhakti was a religious movement in medieval India which ardently believed in one god.
Hence, it was a monotheistic movement.

D2. Who formed the Kabirpanthis?

Ans: The followers of Kabir formed the Kabirpanthis.

D3. What is the shariat?

Ans: The Muslim Holy Law is called the shariat.

D4. Name a few monotheistic saints?

Ans: Kabir, Raidas, Namdev, Trilochan, Dhanna and Guru Nanak were some monotheistic saints.

E1. What were the three principles that according to Guru Nanak formed the essence of life?
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 Ans: Guru Nanak emphasised the importance of the worship of one god. God for Nanak was non-
incarnate and formless (nirankar), eternal (akal) and ineffable (alakh). He insisted that caste, creed
or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was not that of a state of
inert bliss but rather the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.

E2. Write short notes on the two styles of Indian classical music.
Ans: The two important generous of Indian classical music are classical music are Carnatic music
and Hindustani music. Carnatic music is one of the oldest forms of classical music and is
related to the southern part of India. The North Indian classical music tradition is called
Hindustani music.

E3. Write short notes on Guru Nanak’s teaching?

Ans: The teachings of Guru Nanak were incorporated in Adi Granth, later known as Guru
Granth Sahib.
Guru Nanak emphasised the importance of the worship of one god. God for Nanak, was non-
incarnate and formless (nirankar), eternal (akal) and ineffable (alakh). He insisted that caste,
creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was not that of a
state of inert bliss but rather the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.

F1. What did the Monotheistic Movement represent and in what manner was it different
From Vaishnava Bhakti?
Ans- The monotheistic bhakti was nirguna bhakti or belief in one form of god and not saguna
or belief in various human incarnations of god. The monotheists followed a path which was
independent of both the dominant religions of the Time Hinduism and Islam. The
monotheists composed their poems in popular languages. In contrast, Vaishnava Bhakti was
saguna bhakti. Most of the saints of Vaishnava Bhakti movement popularised Krishna Bhakti
or Rama Bhakti. The movement drew its basic inspiration from the scriptures.

II.A) WORKSHEET:
1. Mira Bai was a devoted of lord ______________
2. Namdev’s teaching became so popular that they were later absorbed in the _______________
3. The teaching of of _____________ led to the emergence of Sikhism.
4. Who is kabir?
5. Define Nayanars and Alvars.
6. Give the meaning of Sufi, Khanqua, Doha, Dargah,
7. Kabit was the devotee of Ramanand.

B) WORKSHEET ANSWERS.
1. Krishna
2. Adi Granth
3. Guru Nanak
4. He belonged to a family of weavers who were indigenous converts to Islam.
5. The Nayanars were a group of 63 saints devoted to Lord Shiva who lived during the 6th to 8th
centuries CE. The Alwars were Tamil poet-saints of South India who espoused devotion to the Lord
Vishnu or his avatar Lord Krishna in their songs of longing, and service.
6. Sufi: The term Sufi is derived from Arabic word Suf, which means Wool.
Khanqua: Centre of activities of Sufi order.

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 Doha:The teaching of Kabir are in the form of short poems and Couplets.
Dargah: Tomb of a Saint
7. True
III.HOMEWORK:
1. Which cult do you think you would have followed had you lived during this period and why?

CHAPTER 10 RISE OF AUTONOMOUS STATES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (HISTORY)

I.CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Crisis of Mughal Empire

By the 17th century, the Mughal Empire started facing a lot of crises. The main cause for this was
Aurangzeb’s exploitations in Deccan India. Aurangzeb fought a long war in the Deccan. This war resulted in
the depletion of military and financial resources of the Mughal Empire. It left the Empire unstable for future
generations. Under the rule of his successors, the efficiency of imperial administration broke down too.
The peasants and zamindars added to this problem by starting rebellions in northern and western India. They
did this because of the taxes which had been increased due to the corruption by mansabdars. Also during this
period, Nadir Shah (ruler of Iran) attacked Delhi and looted away a large amount of wealth. Another Afghan
ruler started invading the Mughal Empire. He was ‘Ahmad Shah Abdali’, who invaded north India five-time
from 1748 to 1761.

The Mansabdars-
The next problem for the Mughals were the powerful Mansabdars and nobles. Mansabdars were rank
holding officers who had high salaries and responsibilities in the military and administration. During the
17th century, the Mughals found it extremely difficult to keep an eye on the Mansabdars. They started
making critical political decisions, controlled offices and militaries and increased corruption which led to a
downfall in the revenue collection of the Capital.
To further weaken an empire that was already falling apart, the nobles inside the empire divided themselves
into two groups, the Iranis and the Turanis. These nobles competed with each other and in the process
assassinated the emperor Farrukh Siyar and Alamgir II. Rulers Ahmed Shah and Shah Alam II were blinded
by their nobles.

In the 18th century, the Mughal Empire got divided into independent regional states.
Some places like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad, still supported the Mughals even though they were strong
independent provinces.
The states under the Marathas, Sikhs and Jats finally seized their independence from the Mughals after a
long-armed struggle.

Invasion of Nadir Shah :-

Nadir Shah invaded Northern India and later attacked Delhi in March 1739. He plundered Delhi and took the
Peacock throne along with the immense amount of wealth.
Nadir shah was the Shah of Persia and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia. He invaded Delhi
during the reign Muhammad Shah in the year 1739. He and his army looted all the precious jewels in the
royal Mughal treasury.

Invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali

Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India five times between 1748 and 1761. He raided India in 1748 for the first time.
His army was defeated at the Battle of Manupur and he had to return home in failure. The Battle of Manupur was
fought between the Mughal Empire and the Durrani Empire in 1748. The battle lasted for several days and
involved over 125,000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The
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forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks.

Jagirdari System
The Jagirdari Crisis was an economic situation where there was a shortage of lands or jagirs. This
defrayed the cost of administration and the imperial throne was unable to pay for wars or maintain a
standard of living of its nobility. This resulted in the Mughal throne giving its own land to pay its officials.

Coming of British and French powers

The already weekend empire faced further encroachment by British and French, which proved to be the last
nail in the empire’s coffin. Soon the British became masters of the whole of India.

Rise of Regional Powers

With the declining power of the Mughal Empire in the eighteen century, there emerged various autonomous
states. Major regional powers arose in Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan, in Awadh under Sadat Khan
Barhan-ul-Mulk, in Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk, in Mysore under Hyder Ali, the Jats under Churaman
and Surajmal, and the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh.

The Rajputs
Taking advantage of the growing weakness of Mughal power, the Rajput states became virtually independent.
But the Rajput chiefs continued to be divided as before. Most of the Rajput states were involved in petty
quarrels and civil wars.Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber (1681-1743) was a renowned Rajput ruler during 18th
century the pink city of jaipur was founded by jai Singh. He introduced many social reforms and due to his
keen interest in astronomy. He set up observatories in Delhi and Jaipur Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura to study
the heavenly objects.

Jats
The Jats are spread over northern India and have a history of being brave and ready fighters. They offered
heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly. They came to prominence in the
seventeenth century, when they rebelled against the atrocities carried out by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
The more successful second rebellion began in 1686, and continued post the death of Aurangzeb. Churaman,
the Jat leader was determined to clear Jat lands of the Mughals. He built up an army and even constructed a
fort at Thoon (near Agra). The Jats had established their region in the areas surrounding Delhi and Agra under
the leadership of Churaman. They were able to establish an independent kingdom with Bharatpur as its capital.
Several other major and minor Jat kingdoms followed. The major ones were Panipat and Ballabhgarh.
The Jats were agriculturists and established important trading centers. The later leaders, Suraj Mal and Jawahir
Shah further strengthened the Jat kingdom.

Sikhs
Aurangzeb was against the Sikhs and forced them to convert to Islam. Those who refused were killed. Guru
Teg Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh were put to death. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh, Banda Bahadur
became the commander of the Khalsa. The Sikhs rose in revolt under his leadership. The aim of this
organisation was to safeguard Sikhs against the Mughals. Many Sikhs joined him to avenge the death of the
155
gurus. In 1710, the first Sikh state was established. Now the Sikhs organised themselves into 12 misls or
jathas. Later Maharaja Ranjit Singh became the leader of all the misls. He expanded the borders of the Sikh
kingdom. Even the British did not dare attack and conquer this area until Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death.
Maharaja Ranjit singh is known as the Lion of Punjab.

Marathas
Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-1680) founded the Maratha kingdom in the Deccan. The Maratha Empire posed a
military challenge for the Mughals and played a vital role in hastening its decline.
Shivaji was the son of Shahji Bhonsle and Jijabai. His father was a noble in the court of Bijapur. His mother
groomed him well. He had an excellent teacher, Dada Kondev ji, who taught him the art of warfare. He dreamt
of building a Maratha Empire by uniting all the Marathas under one independent kingdom.
The Deccan was controlled by three Islamic states. The Nawab of Bijapur sent Afzal Khan, a fearless general,
to kill Shivaji. But Shivaji defeated and killed Afzal Khan. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent Shaista Khan
to defeat Shivaji but he was also unsuccessful. In 1664, Shivaji invaded Surat and looted it to get funds for his
army. He posed a serious threat to the Mughals, so Aurangzeb sent a huge army to defeat him. Shivaji fought
bravely but the sheer strength of the Mughal army forced him to ask for a peace treaty.

Shivaji was crowned as king in 1674 at his capital, Raigarh. He assumed the title of Chhatrapati. He achieved
and re-
established Maratha rule in his homeland after being ruled by Muslim dynasties for over hundred years.
His administrative and military administration helped to lay the foundation of a strong empire.

Emergence of new states

Bengal
Bengal has a rich and diverse cultural history that dates to the ancient times. The state was ruled by numerous
dynasties. During Mughal Bengal became a recognised commercial centre in the country. They were patrons
of art and culture and Bengal's already rich culture blossomed even more.
The Mughals appointed governors to rule Bengal. Murshid Ali Khan became the governor of Bengal in 1717
CE. He shifted the capital of Bengal from Dacca to Murshidabad and declared himself the Nawab. He paid a
nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor. He built the beautiful Katra Masjid.

He carried out the following reforms:

• Reorganization of finances
• Reorganization of administration
• Expansion of trade and commerce
• Regulation foreign trading companies
• Establishment of law and order.

Awadh
Awadh roughly occupied the area of modern-day Uttar Pradesh. It was an important province because of its
strategic3 location which was an advantage for trade and commerce. Also, agriculture nourished there because
of fertile soil. In 1722, Saadat Khan was appointed the governor of Awadh by the Mughal Emperor. As the
power of the emperor declined, he Strategic favourable and suitable. Established his own dynasty. He was
succeeded by Safdarjung, his son-in-law. He faced many problems- the corrupt policy of the Delhi court,
lawlessness and the army. He dealt with all the problems and established peace in the province.

Hyderabad
Hyderabad became a part of the Mughal Empire in the Deccan during the rule of Aurangzeb. After the death
of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor appointed Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jahi as the governor of the Deccan in
1713. Later, he was made the wazir of the Mughal Empire. But, later he moved back to the Deccan. In 1724,
he declared himself the governor of the six Deccan provinces, Hyderabad being one of them. He started the

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Asaf Jahi dynasty. During this period, Persian, Urdu, Telugu and Marathi developed simultaneously. The
highest official positions were given to the deserving person irrespective of their religion.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION:

D1. What do you understand by the jagirdari crisis?

Ans: - The jagirdari crisis was a crisis of jagir land as there was little land compared to the number of
mansabdars who were to be allotted jagirs. As a result, the jagirdars began to extract more revenue from
the peasantry. The nobles became
more powerful under the later weak Mughals. Mughal control waned leading to revolts by the Jats,
Satnamis, Sikhs, Marathis and many others in northern India against the Mughal Empire.

D2. Why were Jats employed as mercenary soldiers by Hindu and Muslim kings?
Ans: - The Jats were known for being hardy agriculturists, brave warriors and daring robbers of
caravans. Therefore, they were employed as mercenary soldiers by both Hindu and Muslim kings.

D3. Define chauth and sardeshmukhi.

Ans: The chauth amounted to one-fourth of the standard revenue assessment of the place. The
sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent demanded from areas outside his kingdom because
he claimed to be the hereditary sardeshmukh(chief headman) of the entire Maratha country.

D4. What were the reforms introducing by the Nizam of Hyderabad?

Ans: The reforms initiated by the Nizam included the establishment of peace and security by
suppressing all disaffected nobles and putting down theft and robbery, efforts to stop the plundering
raids of the Marathas (though partially successful), and revival of agriculture and industry by giving
incentives to farmers and craftsmen.

E1. How did the formation of Khalsa help in the growth of Sikhs as a major regional power?
Ans: Gobind Singh established the Khalsa, or the brotherhood of the Sikhs. The Khalsa gives the
community a deep sense of unity founded on symbolic acts. After his death in 1708, the Khalsa rose in
revolt against Mughal authority under Banda Bahadur’s leadership. Sikhs declared their sovereign rule
by striking coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh, and established their own
administration between the Sutluj and the Yamuna. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and was put to
death at Delhi in 1716. By the early 1800s, the Sikhs managed to carve out an independent kingdom in
the Mughal Empire, which they retained until the British annexations in the 1850s.

E2. Write a short note on the Jats.

Ans: The Jats lived in areas of Haryana, Punjab, the western regions of the Ganga- Yamuna Doab, and
eastern Rajputana. Jat rebellion started under Gokula in 1669 and ended with the formation of Bharatpur
under Surajmal. The Jats attained political importance only in the later seventeenth century and early
eighteenth century. The ambition of some of the Jat zamindars of the Agra region to establish an
independent principality brought them into conflict with the Mughal government, the Rajputs and the
Afghans. Under Churaman, they acquired control over territories situated towards the west of Delhi. For
a while they became the virtual custodians of the city of Agra. Badan Singh (c 1722–1756) a nephew of
Churaman, styled himself as a feudatory of Jai Singh.

E3. Nadir Shah invaded India several times. What was the extent of wealth plundered by him?
Ans: Nadir Shah, the ruler of Iran, plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 and carried away with him
immense wealth including the Kohinoor diamond and the jewel-studded peacock throne of Shahjahan.

F1. Explain briefly the Maratha administration.

Ans: The Maratha polity was essentially a centralised autocratic monarchy but an enlightened one. The
king was at the helm of affairs. To assist the king, there was a council of state ministers known as
ashtapradhan. Shivaji divided the territory directly under his rule into three provinces, each under a
viceroy. He further divided the provinces into prants, each of which was subdivided into parganas and
tarafs. The lowest unit was the village and each village had its headman or patel. The assessment of
revenue was made after a careful survey and classification of the lands according to their quality and
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yield. The share of the state was fixed at two- fifths of the gross produce. The cultivator was given the
option of paying either in cash or in kind. Besides the land revenue, Shivaji had other sources of income,
of which the most important were the chauth and sardeshmukhi. The chauth amounted to one-fourth of
the standard revenue assessment of the place. The sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent
demanded from areas outside his kingdom because he claimed to be the hereditary sardeshmukh (chief
headman) of the entire Maratha country. These taxes were levied as a kind of protection money against
Shivaji’s forces plundering or raiding their territory.

F2. What are the common features of the three regional states of Bengal, Awadh, and
Hyderabad?
Ans: Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad which were earlier provinces of the Mughals emerged as regional
states. They shared several common features. The Mughal influence gradually began to decline and all
these states acquired more autonomous power. The rulers carried out reforms. As a result, law and order
improved, agriculture was revived, trading opportunities increased and administration was regulated
among other things.

III. A) WORKSHEET
1. When did Nadir Shah attacked Delhi?:
2. How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India?.
3. Who was Sa’adat Khan?
4. Who was governor of Bengal province during the Mughal regime?
5. Where was new capital founded by Sawai Raja Jai Singh?
6. After Aurangzeb, _____________successed to the throne of the Mughal Empire.
7. Gokula was the leader of the ________.

B) WORKSHEET ANSWERS:-
1. Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth.
2. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India five times.
3. Sa’adat Khan was governor of Awadh province during the Mughal Empire.
4. Murshid Quli Khan.
5. Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur and was given the subadari of Agra in
1722.
6. Bahudur Shah
7. Jats

IV. HOMEWORK
1. Complete the map work of Regional powers in mid eighteenth century.( Mapping the world book)

CHAPTER-9 LIFE IN TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS (GEOGRAPHY)

I.CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Amazon Basin Location

Located in the continent of South America, the Amazon is the largest river in the world in terms of the
volume of water of water it carries. It rises in the Andes Mountains in Peru and flows eastwards into the
Altantic Ocean. This vast river basis encompasses about 7ml sq km and covers almost half of Brazil and
parts of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.

• From the map of the Amazon Basin, it is evident that the region lies very close to the planet's
equator, between 10-degree North and 10-degree South.
• Due to its location, it's called the Equatorial region.
• The Amazon River flows through this region from the Western mountains to the Eastern Atlantic
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 Ocean.
• The river has numerous tributaries.
• The materials brought down from the mountains by Amazon River and its tributaries are deposited,
giving rise to the vast Alluvial Plain.

The Climate in the Amazon Basin

• Since the region lies directly on the Earth's equator, its climate comprises primarily hot and humid
weather.
• The climate remains simultaneously hot and wet during the year due to its location and sun ray's
distribution.

• The days and the nights on the Amazon Basin are equally hot and humid.
• Rainfall occurs nearly every day on the Amazon Basin.
• The days are extremely hot and humid in the region.
• The nights comprise lower levels of temperature but are highly humid.

Natural vegetation

Since the Amazon Basin receives plenty of rain all year round. It should not come as a surprise that a
wide variety of trees grow in this region. These trees are collectively known as the rainforest of the
Amazon Basin since rainfall is the main reason for the growth of these forests. Similarly, the
Rainforests also house many tropical birds and animals and serve as their natural habitat.

• Since the Amazon Basin receives plenty of rainfall throughout the year, the forests in this region are
characterized by their thick and dense foliage.
• The canopy of the trees in these rainforests is among the largest in the world.
• These forests' treetops (canopy) restrict sunlight from entering through them due to their vastly dense
composition.
• These rainforests remain dark and gloomy because they receive less sunlight.
• Parasitic plants such as Orchids and Bromeliads also grow in these regions.
• Ebony, mahogany and rosewood are important trees which provide excellent hard timber.
• These forests house various exotic tropical birds such as Toucans; with their oversized bills,
• Hummingbirds, Birds of paradise with their bright and colorful plumage.
• Various wild animals such as tapirs, crocodiles, pythons, snakes, and numerous insects and fish are
also found in these Amazon rainforests.

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 Tapir

Wildlife
The Amazon Basin is rich in different species of wildlife. A variety of monkeys and slots are found in the
trees. Pumas and jaguars are animals like anteaters armadillos are found on the ground Reptiles like
crocodiles, alligators turtles, iguanas and different types of snakes including anaconda are found in
swamps.The river rich variety of fish including the fierce flesh-eating piranha. Colourful bird like toucans,
hummingbirds, types of parrots and variety of insects are also found in the Amazon Basin.
Transport and cities
The dense forests and swampy grounds and great hindrances in the building road and rail networks
in the Amazon Basin.
The two largest cities in the Amazon basin are Manaus (1.4 million, the capital of the Brazilian state of
Amazonas) and Belém (1 million, capital of the Brazilian state of Pará).

Life in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin

Similar to the Amazon Basin, the Ganga and Brahmaputra tributaries in the Indian subcontinent also
www.vedantu.com form a basin called the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. The basin's location faces year-round
rainfall, which has significantly impacted the women, generally the population, and its characteristics.

• The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin is drained by rivers like Ghagra, the Son, Chambal, Gandak, Kosi and
Brahmaputra tributaries.
• The characteristics of this basin are the plains of Ganga and Brahmaputra, the Himalayan foothills
and mountains, along the Sunderbans delta.
• The region receives heavy rainfall, and the monsoon prevails almost throughout the year.
• The rains occur mostly from mid-June to mid-September, while the summers in this region are hot,
and due to the presence of sea breeze, there are cool winters.
• Many people do not inhabit the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin due to its steep
slopes that make the terrain inhospitable.
• However, the plain area is ideal for human habitation and fertile soil, ideal for cultivation.
• The plains are, therefore, highly populated and agriculture is the main occupation of its people.
• The main crop cultivated in this area is paddy, in regions with higher levels of rainfall.
• Other crops grown in the Ganga Brahmaputra basin include wheat, maize, sorghum, gram, and
millets.
• Cash crops such as sugarcane and jute are also grown in several regions.
• Deciduous trees grow mostly on the plains of Ganga and Brahmaputra, teal, sal, peepal, and
bamboo.
• Mangrove forests mainly cover the delta area of the region with trees like pine, deodar, and fir.
• The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin harbors wildlife with animals like elephants, tigers, deer, monkeys,
etc.
• One-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plains, while Bengal tiger, alligator, and
crocodiles are seen in the delta.
• Various carp fish are also found in the region, such as Catla, Rohu, and Hilsa.

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Natural vegetation and wildlife.
The basin area has varied topography. The environment plays a dominant role in the distribution of the
population. The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore less number of
people live in the mountain area of the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. The plain area provides the most
suitable land for human habitation. The soil is fertile. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people
where flat land is available to grow crops. The density of population of the plains is very high. The main
crop is paddy. Since cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, it is grown in the areas where the
amount of rainfall is high.

Wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets are the other crops that are grown. Cash crops
Like sugarcane and jute are also grown. Banana plantations are seen in some areas of the plain. In West
Bengal and Assam tea is grown in plantations. Silk is produced through the cultivation of silk worms in
parts of Bihar and Assam. In the mountains and hills, where the slopes are gentle, crops are grown on
terraces.
The vegetation cover of the area varies according to the type of landforms. In the Ganga and Brahmaputra
plain tropical deciduous trees grow, along with teak, sal and peepal.

There is a variety of wildlife in the basin. Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are common. The one-
horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain. In the delta area, Bengal tiger and crocodiles are
found. Aquatic life abounds in the fresh river waters, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal Sea. The most
popular varieties of the fish are the rohu, catla and hilsa. Fish and rice is the staple diet of the people living
in the area.

One horned rhinoceros

Transport and cities

The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain has several big towns and cities, such as Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi,
Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata. All these places are important from tourism point of view. Taj Mahal on the
bank of river Yamuna in Agra is a famous tourist place. Allahabad is situated on the confluence of the river
Ganga and Yamuna. Several people visit this place everyday to have a holy dip in it. Buddhist stupas in
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Lucknow with its Imambara, Assam with Kaziranga and Manas with wildlife
sanctuaries are some other places in the basin where people from different parts of the country and abroad
go with great enthusiasm.

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 Varanasi along the River

I.TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

E1. Where is the Amazon River basin located?

Ans: The Amazon Basin, also known as Amazonia, lies between the Guiana Highlands in the north and the
Brazilian Highlands in the south. The vast basin, encompassing about 7 ml sq km, covers almost half of
Brazil and parts of Bolivia, Peru, Equador, Colombia and Venezuela.

E2.Which is the only mode of transport in the interiors of the Amazon Basin? Why?
Ans:- Waterways are the only mode of transport in the interiors of the Amazon Basin because the dense
forests and swampy grounds are great hindrances in building road and rail networks.

E3. Why do floods frequently occurs in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin?

Ans:- As the rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin flow through regions of heavy rainfall they carry huge
amounts of water. These overflow and cause frequent floods in the region.

E4. What types of forest are found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin?

Ans: The lower slopes of the hills are covered with tropical deciduous forests. Teak and bamboo are
some of the valuable species found in the region. Mangrove forests, called Sunderbans, are found in
the delta region where sundari tree is found in large numbers.

E5. Name some important towns in the Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin.

Ans:Some important towns of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin are New Delhi, Lucknow, Patna, Kolkata and
Dispur. These are administrative capitals while Kanpur is an industrial city and Haridwar and Varanasi are
religious centers.

F1. Compare the climate of the Amazon Basin and the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.
Ans:The Amazon Basin has hot and wet climate throughout the year. There is absence of seasons and
temperatures are uniformly high, averaging between 25 degrees and 30 degrees Celsius. It is cloudy,
humidity is generally very high and rainfall is heavy throughout the year. In the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin,
summers are hot and dry, winters are cool, and rainfall occurs mostly between June and September.
It is heavy in the Brahmaputra Basin while Ganga Basin receives comparatively less rainfall. Floods are
common in this region.

F2. Give an account of the human activities practiced in the Amazon Basin?
Ans: The Amazon Basin has extremely sparse population. This is so because of the oppressive climate,
dense forests, lack of transport facilities and frequent outbreak of diseases like malaria and yellow
fever. The core forest areas are inhabited by tribal people. They lead a very primitive lifestyle and obtain
their food by gathering, hunting and fishing. They live in small huts made of branches and leaves. These
huts are built on raised platforms to avoid the flood waters. The more advanced natives live in small
villages. They make their huts with wood, clay and leaves and build them on stilts. They grow tuber crops
like yam and cassava and vegetables on cleared patches of land. In some parts of the Amazon Basin, rubber
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plantations have been developed, where rubber is grown on a commercial scale.
Coffee, cocoa and nuts are also grown commercially in some places. Minerals like iron-ore, gold, tin,
copper, manganese and bauxite are found in the region and has led to mining activities in some places.

F3. Describe the topography of Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.

Ans: A number of agro-based industries have developed in the Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin. Cotton, silk and
jute textiles, sugar and food processing industries are important in Ganga Plain while tea industry, oil
refineries and
petro-chemical factories are found in the Brahmaputra Plain. Small-scale and cottage industries have
developed in rural areas.

G1. Describe the forest of the Amazon Basin.

Ans:The Amazon Basin experiences high temperatures and heavy rainfall which gives rise to dense and
luxuriant vegetation. The evergreen forests, the largest of their kind in the world, are called Selvas. The trees
are tall with hard wood and broad leaves that form a canopy at the top. This prevents sunlight from penetrating
into the forests, making the interiors dark and damp. Mosses and ferns grow on the ground and climbers like
lianas grow along the tree trunks. The important trees of the forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber
and cinchona. Ebony, mahogany and rosewood provide excellent hard timber while the carnauba palm tree
yield wax which is used for making shoe polish, varnish and candles. The bark of

cinchona tree is used for making quinine which cures malaria. The juice of chicle tree is used to make chewing
gum. The forests also yield other products like rubber, nuts, gums, resins and fibres.

G2. Give an account of the wildlife of the Amazon Basin?

Ans: Owing to the dense forests, swamps and rivers, the Amazon Basin is rich in wildlife species. A variety
of monkeys and sloths live on trees while pumas and jaguars are animals of prey. Tapirs and animals like
anteaters and armadillos are found on the ground. The swamps are home to reptiles like crocodiles, alligators,
turtles, iguanas and different types of snakes including anaconda, which is around 10 metres long and is the
largest snake in the world. The rivers are rich in a variety of fish that include the fierce, flesh-eating piranha.
Colourful birds like toucans, hummingbirds, different types of parrots and a variety of insects are also found
here.

G3. Discuss the human activities practised in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.

Ans: The main occupation of the people of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is agriculture. The fertile alluvial
soil, ample water from the two river systems and moderate climate make it possible for farmers here to grow
a variety of food and cash crops. Rice, wheat, jute, cotton, sugarcane and tea are the main crops. Pulses,
oilseeds, vegetables and fruits are also grown throughout the region. The important industries that have
developed in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin are cotton, silk and jute textiles, sugar, food processing, tea, oil
refining and petrochemicals.

I.A) WORKSHEET:
1. Name the different names of Brahmaputra.(Short answer)
2. Tributaries of the Ganga.(Short answer)
3. What are the crops grown in the Amazon basin?
4. Name the major part of the Amazon flows through _____________(Fill in the blanks)
5. ______and ________are the staple foods of people in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta.
6. Brahmaputra is known as______________in Tibet.
7. The first European to travel along the length of the Amazon River was a Spanish sailor called
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 _____________.

B) WORKSHEET ANSWERS:
1. Tsang-Po. Dihang, Jamuna, and Padma.
2. Ghargra, Gandak, Gomati, and Kosi are the northern tributaries.
Yamuna, Betwa Ken are the southern tributaries.
3. Tapioca, Sweet potato, Pineapples, yam, Banana, Cassava is their staple food.
4. Brazil.
5. Rice and Fish
6. Tsangpo
7. Franscisco De Orellana.

IV. HOMEWORK
1. Give an account of the wildlife of the Amazon Basin.

CHAPTER-11 STRIVING FOR EQUALITY (CIVICS)

I.CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Struggles for Equality

Throughout the world, many people have gained recognition because of their fight towards equality and
speaking up against the discrimination they’ve witnessed. One of the famous examples of struggles for
equality is the Tawa Matsya Sangh in Madhya Pradesh. Not just this, several people have struggled for justice
for themselves or their community in some form or the other.

Tawa matsya Sangh –A case Study

Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) is a cooperative federation of the fishermen of Satpura forests in Madhya
Pradesh that has championed the cause of displaced tribals and fought for their fishing rights. TMS has
been able to cater to different social as
well as economic needs of the tribals that can be studied as follows:

1. Fighting for fishing rights of tribals: Since its establishment, TMS has fought for the rights of the
tribals to fish into the waters of river Tawa using chakka jams and rallies, which was earlier only
limited to the state-level corporations. In 1996, TMS was ultimately granted 5 year fishing rights in
the reservoir.
2. Abolishing middlemen: TMS has successfully been able to eliminate all sorts of middlemen and
contractors between the fishermen and the markets, thereby passing direct benefits to the former.
3. Economic benefits to tribals: Since the middlemen are not in place, the fishermen could now fetch Rs
15 per kg of fish as compared to Rs 3 per kg provided earlier by the state-level corporations. This
enabled the fishermen to earn significantly more than usual. It has significantly elevated many
families above poverty line.
4. Taking care of operational needs: TMS has also helped in storing and assembling the produce at
its own cost.
5. Marketing requirements: The fishermen are no longer bothered about the marketing issue as it is duly
handled by the TMS itself.
6. Regularity in payment: One of the significant contribution of TMS is the regularity in payment to the
tribals who were earlier paid seasonally.
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 7. Collective platform for displaced villagers: Last but not the least, TMs is providing a sound platform
for the villagers and the tribals to voice their concern to the respective authorities.

The Indian Constitution As a Living Document

The constitution of India is referred to as a ‘living document’ in the various movements taken up for struggle
and equality. These communities so formed in a democracy always try to push the limits for recognition of
equality on all issues. The equality in a democracy substantially affects all the communities and further
includes the social and economic equality of the country as well.

I.TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS: -
D1. What do you know about the Civil Rights Movements?
Ans: Civil Rights Movement was a movement that began in USA in the 1950s in which African-
American people demanded and fought for equal rights and an end to social discrimination.

D2. What is the Tawa Matsya Sangh?

Ans: Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) is a cooperative which was formed for fighting the rights of the
displaced tribals of the Satpura forests in Madhya Pradesh. The tribals were displaced owing to the
building of dam on the Tawa River. It manages fishing in the reservoir and markets the fish for the
fishermen.

D3. What does the Constitution say regarding equality for the people?
Ans: The constitution has made provisions for equality and states that everyone is equal in the eyes of the
law.

E1. Has the TMS improved the lives of the People? How?
Ans: TMS fought for the fishing rights of the displaced tribals in the Tawa Reservoir. Owing to TMS,
the fishermen today fish for 250 to 270 days a year with average per hectare catch of 27 kg. As a result,
each fisherman receives about Rs 10,000 a year and the fishermen families average Rs 1,000 a month,
lifting them above the poverty line. It efficiently stocks the reservoir at its own cost and markets the fish
for better price, thus providing better returns for the people. Therefore, TMS has improved the life of
the people.

E2. What was the issue for which TMS fought

Ans: TMS fought for rights of the displaced tribals of the Satpura forests
in Madhya Pradesh for fishing in the Tawa reservoirs when they were displaced owing to the
construction of the dam on the Tawa River.

E3. Why do you think the villagers and the tribals set up this organization?
Ans: The villagers and tribals set up this organisation to put up a united front and fight for their right
to livelihood. Coming under one organization, they were able to get their voices heard and get justice.
The prolonged agitation by the organization in the form of chakka jams and rallies forced the
government to give the villagers and tribals fishing and marketing rights. Also, by forming the
organization they have been able to eliminate middlemen and increase their earnings.

F1. How is our Constitution a living document?

Ans: Our Constitution is a living document because it makes people believe that they are equal to others
after having faced inequality for centuries. They draw support from the constitution which has made
provisions for equality. By participating in the various movements for equality, like that by Tawa Matsya
Sangha or the women’s organisations, people hope that the provisions of the constitution would become
a reality. Thus, the constitution has real meant in our lives; it is used as an inspiration, a living document.
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III.A) WORKSHEET:
1. Tawa is a tributary of the River___________ in ________.
2. The dam over Tawa was Constructed and completed between ____________and _________.
3. Women, tribals Dalits, poor and minorities are ___________
4. The struggles for equality stem from the belief that all are equal in the eyes of _________
5. The Tawa stocks the reservoir__________.
6. Identify the picture, He is known as “Father of Indian Constitution”.

7. Martin Luther King Jr became famous for his struggle against racial discrimination.

B) WORKSHEET ANSWERS:
1. Narmada, Madhya Pradesh
2. 1959, 1978
3. Discriminated against
4. The people
5. at its own cost
6. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
7. True

IV. HOMEWORK
1. Do you think it was fair for the government to simply uproot these people out of their lives and
homes and not provide any compensation for it? Give your views, for and against.
*********************************************

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 10. RAISING QUERIES IN DBMS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
• You can search a record in a database.
• You can arrange records in either ascending or descending order.
• You can filter your database to view specific records.
• Query allows you to retrieve specific information from one or more tables.
• You can create a query by using Query Wizard or from Query Design.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

1. Fill in the blank with the help of given words.
[Foreign Key Query Design Query Wizard Query Primary Key]
1. Enforced Referential Integrity prevents you from entering a value in the foreign field if a
corresponding value does not exist in the Primary Key Field.
2. Query has the ability to quickly retrieve and analyze data.
3. Query Wizard provides a step by step approach to create a query in the database and thus makes it
easier to read and understand.
4. Foreign key is the Primary Key of another table which creates a link between two tables based on a
common column.
5. The Query Design view allows you to customize your query and gives more control over a query.
B. Tick the correct answer
1. Which of the following options allows you to update all the related foreign key values, if you
modify the Primary Key value?
a. Cascade Update Related Fields
b. Cascade Delete Related Fields
c. Enforce Referential Integrity
d. Enforce Related Integrity
2. ________ allows you to pull information from one or more tables based on a set of defined
search condition.
a. Table
b. Query
c. Foreign Key
d. Wizard
3. If the date/time setting on your computer is set to US format, the date format is:
a. YY/DD/MM
b. DD/MM/YYYY
c. MM/DD/YYYY
d. YY/MM/DD
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 4. On which tab you will find the command to sort records in ascending order?
a. Create
b. Home
c. Design
d. Review
5. _________ is the lower half of the Query Design Window.
a. Design View
b. Data Grid
c. Design Grid
d. Data view
C. State True or False
1. Cascade Update Related Records allows you to delete the related records from the foreign key table,
if at any time you delete records from the Primary Key Table.
Ans. False
2. To remove filter, on the HOME tab, in the Sort &Filter group, click Remove Filter.
Ans. False
3. To remove the sorting, on the HOME tab, in the Sort &Filter group, click Remove Sort.
Ans. True
4. ‘Is Null’ value checks a particular field for null values in a table.
Ans. True
5. Filtering deletes the records in a database.
Ans. False
D. Answer the following Questions
1. Can you create a relationship between two Tables? State the purpose it is used for. Why?
Ans. Yes we can create a relationship between two Tables. The purpose of creating relationship between two
or more tables is that the information stored in one table is made available to another table(s). The information
is entered in one specific table and this reduces the chances of mistakes of having duplicate data in database.
2. Write the steps to filter the records?
Ans. Step 1: Select the column.
Step 2: On the HOME tab, in the Sort & Filter group, Click Filter.
Step 3: From the drop down, uncheck the SELECT ALL check box and then, select
the checkbox for which you wish to see data
Step 4: Click Ok.
3. Write the steps to raise a Query using a Query Wizard?
Ans. Step 1: Open table in Datasheet View
Step 2: On the create tab, in the Queries group, click Query Wizard
Step 3: Select the Simple Query Wizard option.
Step 4: Click Ok

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Step 5: Select the field from Available Fields list box
Step 6: Similarly add the other field.
Step 7: Click Next button.
Step 8: Click the Finish Button to save the query
4. How does criteria option help in defining the results of a query?
Ans. Query criteria helps to retrieve specific items from a database
5. How will you run a Query?
Ans. On Design Tab, in the Results group, click Run to execute a Query.
III .WORKSHEET
1. What do you mean by filter?
2. What is the difference between Sorting and Filtering records?
3. List the two methods used to create the query. Compare both the methods.
IV .WORKSHEET SOLUTION
1. Filter is the process of hiding all unnecessary records or displays only the records that satisfy
the criteria specified
2. Sorting: To arrange your data in a particular order. E.g. Arranging a list on the alphabetical
order, arranging your data on in increasing or decreasing order of numeric values. Filtering: To
filter out some data based on a condition. E.g. You may like to see list of students who have
scored more than 80 percent from a list of all the students. In filtering some data rows get hidden
and some are visible which satisfies a condition

3. The two methods for creating Query are

i. Create Query using Query Wizard
ii. Create Query using Query Design
Query Wizard provides step by step approach to create a query. It makes easier to read and understand.
Query Design allows customizing query. It gives control in retrieving data from multiple tables, limiting the
query result and sorting them.

V. HOMEWORK
• Create a database to maintain records of all the students in the class. The Table structure is as follow:
Field Data Type
Roll_No Number
Stud_name Text
DOB Date/Time
Address Text

• Create another Table to maintain the record for the students who board bus or reach school on foot.
Field Data Type
Roll_No Number
Stud_name Text
Means of Transport Text

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 a. Filter the records for students who board bus
b. Filter students whose birthday falls in MARCH
CHAPTER 11. DESIGNING FORMS AND REPORTS IN DBMS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
• You can create a form using a Form Wizard.
• You can customize a form and add fields of your choice by using Form Design.
• You can create reports in a printable form.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

A. Fill in the blank with the help of given words.
[Create Record Navigation Bar double-click Report Wizard Views]
1. Forms Wizard button is available in Create tab.
2. The Record Navigation Bar shows the number of records in a table and provides various
navigation buttons to view the records.
3. You can also double-click the table name to view the field names in the table.
4. To view the form, on the DESIGN tab, in the Views group, from the drop-down list, click
Form View.
5. To create a report, on the CREATE tab, in the Reports group, select Report Wizard.

B. State True or False

6. You cannot customize forms in Access 2013.
False
7. You can create a report and print it.
True
8. Click the Add All Button to shift all the fields appear under the Available Fields list box.
True

9. Report is not a database object.

False
10. You can modify the details in a form.
True
C. Answer the following Questions.

a. What is a Form? Lists its uses.

Ans. A form is a database object. It allows you to enter, change and view the data in a database. You can use
Forms to control access to data, such as which fields of data aredisplayed.
b. Write the steps to create a customized form.
Ans. To create customized form, we have to create it using form design.Step 1: On
CREATE tab, in the FORMS group, select Form Design.
Step 2: On the DESIGN tab, in the TOOLS group, click Add Existing Fields.

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Step 3: Click Show all tables link in Field List. The Table names in the database are listed.
Step 4: Click the [+] icon besides the table. The field names in that table appear.
Step 5: Double-click the fields to add them to form.
Step 6: Save the form.
Step 7: On the DESIGN tab, in the VIEW group, from the drop-down list, click Form View
Step 8: Enter the details in the form.
c. What are reports? What are they used for?
Ans. Report is a database object. It is used to view and summarize the data in a printableformat.

d. What is the purpose of the Record Navigation bar?

Ans. The Record Navigation bar shows the number of Records in a table.

III. WORKSHEET

i. List the Layout and orientation provided by Report Wizard to Display the Report.
ii. What are the ways to create a new form?

IV . WORKSHEET SOLUTION

1.Layout provided by Report Wizard to Display the Report are:

 Columnar
 Tabular
 Justified
Orientation by Report Wizard to Display the Report is:

 Portrait
 Landscape
2. You can create a new form in any of the following two ways:
 Form Wizard: You can create a form based on multiple tables or queries usingForm
Wizard.
 Design View: You can create a custom form on your own in Design View.

V . HOMEWORK

You have already created the database

 Create a form for “Student’s details” table to add records of new admission in theclass.
CHAPTER 8. FORMATE CELL CONTENT IN SPREADSHEETS
I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
• You can learn formatting a worksheet.
• You can learn using commands in font, alignment and number group.
• You can learn orientation of text.
• You can learn formatting a number.

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 II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION
A. Fill in the blank with the help of given words.
[Formatting Bottom-Left Wrap Text Numbers Bottom – Right Orientation]
1. Formatting is a process to change the text style, size or color of a worksheet, thus, making its
appearance more attractive.
2. By default, number align to the bottom-right, while word and letter align to the bottom-left of cells.
3. Wrap text make all the content visible within a cell by displaying it in multiple lines.
4. Orientation is the rotation of the text in different angles inside the cell.
5. To increase the decimal point option is available in number group.
B. Tick the correct answer
1. Which option will you click from borders drop down list to see more borders?
a. Thick Border
b. More Border
c. Outside Border
d. Thick Box Border
2. Is it the distance between the cell boundary and text?
a. Indent
b. Orientation
c. Merge Cell
d. Spacing
3. The option aligns text to the left of the cell.
a. Align Right
b. Top Align
c. Align Left
d. Bottom Align
4. The button is used to reduce the number of digits after the decimal point.
a. Increase Decimal

b. Decrease Decimal
c. Comma
d. Hyphen
5. The button is used to apply border around the selected range of cells.
a. Bold
b. All Border
c. General
d. Apply

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C. Write the description of each icon.
ICON/BUTTONS DESCRIPTION
The text is aligned centered between the top and bottom of the cell.

gd Color the background of the selected cell.

Orientation ,rotated text to diagonal angle.
M Merge center ,integrates the selected cell into one large one
Accounting number format, choose an alternate currency format
Wrap text, make all contents visible within a cell.

D. Answer the following Questions

1. Write the steps to Format using the Font command.
Ans. Font command let you change the style –size, and color of the text, you can also use them to add
borders and fill colors to cell. To format cell, follow the steps:
Step 1: Select the text.
Step 2: Click the button need in front group to format the text.

2. Define the term orientation and indentation.

Ans. Orientation means directions or positioning. Orientation of the text in the rotation of text in the different
angles inside the cell.
Indent is the distance between the cell boundary and text. you may increase or decrease the indent for
better spacing.
3. Do you think Merge and Center is a useful feature? Why?
Ans. Merge and Center is a useful feature that merge the selected cells into one large cell and hence
used to create label that spam multiple column.
4. Write the steps to add a currency symbol to a number in a cell?
Ans: Step1: On the home tab, in the number group, click the drop down arrow next to the number format
command.
Step2: Choose the currency options.
5. Write the steps to apply border to a range of a cell.
Ans: To add the border follow the steps:
Step1: select the cell you want to modify.
Step2: on the HOME tab, in the font group, click the drop down arrow next to the borders command.
The border drops down menu appears.
Step 3: select the border style you want to use.
III. WORKSHEET
Give one word of the following sentences.
1. To change the text style, size or color of the worksheet, thus making it appearance more attractive.

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 2. It is rotation of text in different angles inside the cell.
3. It is distance between cell boundary and text.
4. It makes all content visible within a cell by displaying it in multiple line.
5. It joins or merge the sleeted cells into one large cell. the text is placed within the center of the cell.
IV. WORKSHEET SOLUTION
Give one word of the following sentences.
1. Formatting: To change the text style, size or color of the worksheet, thus making it appearance
more attractive.
2. Orientation: It is rotation of text in different angles inside the cell.
3. Indent: It is distance between cell boundary and text.
4. Wrap text: It makes all content visible within a cell by displaying it in multiple line.
5. Merge and center: It joins or merge the sleeted cells into one large cell. the text is placed within
the center of the cell.
V. HOMEWORK
• Create the WORK BOOK ‘CRICKET _TOURMENT ‘Format the worksheet as shown (P N 98)
RUNS SCORED BY PALYERS IN A CRICKET TOURNAMENT
NAME MATCH 1 MATCH 2 MATCH 3 MATCH 4 MATCH 5 MATCH 6 TOTAL RUNS
Pankaj 53 45 45 56 34 78 311
Aamir 32 34 67 76 56 67 332
Swaminathan 50 37 34 45 68 45 632
Tapas 45 16 67 47 69 58 302
Arjun 12 14 89 25 70 57 267
Dalbir 45 23 70 58 67 59 322
Ganesh 45 56 64 96 58 57 376
Gopal 23 45 34 78 46 56 282
Ramaya 6 56 46 46 67 23 244
Gaurav 7 54 78 56 45 29 269
Amanpreet 8 67 23 57 45 200

• Create a time table of your class. Merge cell for the breaks. Give each subject different color
code.
CHAPTER 12. HTML ADVANCED FEATURES
I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
• You can learn comments.
• You can learn inserting ordered and unordered list.
• You can learn inserting image.

• You can learn creating hyperlinks.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION
A. Fill in the blank with the help of given words.
[Link Ordered <img> Definition Border]
1. Attribute Link specifies the color of the link that is none clicked even ones.
2. <img> tag is used to insert images.
3. Ordered list is enclosed within <ol> and </ol> tag.
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 4. Border sets the width of the border around the table.
5. Definition list is a list of terms followed their description.
B. Tick the correct answer
1. What is the link called when you hover the mouse over it?
a. Alink
b. Vlink
c. link
d. blink
2. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in a webpage?
a. <b>
b. <h>
c. <a>
d. <w>
3. A link that connect two different web pages.
a. Internal link
b. External link
c. E-mail link
d. Internet link
4. __________ allow you to explain a code in the document.
a. Comments
b. Images
c. Lists
d. Links
5. Unordered list is displayed with symbol like:
a. Rectangle
b. Arrow
c. Bullet
d. Pointer

C. State True or False.

1. In the definition list, the items have bullet symbol in front of them.
Ans. False
2. Cell padding specify the space between the edges of the cell and the content of the cell.
Ans. True
3. A link connects two different webpages.
Ans. True
4. Border attribute specifies an alternative text that the browse display if the image is loading or cannot

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 display.
Ans. False
5. <form> tag is used to collect input from the user.
Ans. True
D. Answer the following Questions
1. What is the nested list?
Ans: A list within another list is called a nested list .it form a multilevel list.
2. Why is linking between webpage required? Explain with an example.
Ans. Linking is a most powerful tool in HTML. Web pages are linked to each other through hyperlink. At
times, a web page has text and image that take you to the different web pages. This help to organize
information on different pages, for example, school website.
3. Name the two type of image files used in webpages.
Ans. Html allow you to insert following image format:
GIF: graphics interchange format
JPEG: joint photographic Expert group
PNG: portable network graphic
4. What do you understand by hyperlink? What are the different type of linking?
Ans: A web page has text and image that take you to different web pages. Such has text and images are
called hyperlinks. There are two types of link in HTML:
External link: a link that connect two different webpages. When you click this link, a new web pages in the
browser window open.
Internal link: a link that connects to another section on the same page.
.
5. Jaya created a simple web pages now she wants to add logo, create table to present the
information in an organization manner and a form to take input from the user. can you
suggest her the tags and their syntax?
Ans: She can insert table in HTML, to display data in a tabular format. To create tables in HTML format
following tags are used.
Tag Description
<TABLE>…</TABLE> To create the structure of a table
<CAPTION>…</CAPTION> To give caption to a table
N <TR>..</TR> To create a table row
<TH>…</TH> To create a column heading in a
table
<TD>….</TD> To Store data in a cell

A form is used to collect user input. You must have filled at least one online form whether for searching the
content or logging to the E-mail account.
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The <form> tag
The form is enclosing within <form> and</form> tag. A form can accept different types of input, such as text
field, checkboxes, radio button, summit button and more.
The <input> element
The input element is used to display in several ways depending on the type of attribute.
III. WORKSHEET
• Define all <input> element.
IV . WORKSHEET SOLUTION
The input element is used to display in several ways depending on the type of attribute.
<input type =”text”>
Define one-line input text field.
<input type =” radio”>
Define radio button <for selection one of many choices.
<input type =” summit”>
Define a summit button (for summiting the form)
V.HOMEWORK
Design a Webpage of your school. Include pictures and hy

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