BUCK SCIENTIFIC

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

MODEL 225/23x SERIES

OPERATOR'S MANUAL

Rev. A6.1
Table of contents

Introduction............................................................................................................... 1
Safety.........................................................................................................................1
Important Warning and information labels............................................................... 2

SECTION 1: Installation
1.1 General Specifications.................................................................................. 3
1.2 Unpacking the 230........................................................................................ 8
1.3 Gas Supplies.................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Prepairing the lab......................................................................................... 11
Equipment to be provided by the analyst
Flame analysis
Flame hydride analysis
1.5 Installation, Basic Instrument and flame..................................................... 12
Suitable work area
Ventilation
Gas connections
Electrical connections
Drain line
235 Drain bottle

SECTION 2: Instrument Operation

2.1 Setting the Instrument Time.......................................................................... 16
2.2 Preparing instrument.................................................................................... 19
Loading the liberary
Finding the analytical peak
Peaking lamp energy
Alternate lamp energy peaking method
225 Lamp adjustment controls
Handling and operation of hallow cathode lamps
Igniting the flame
235 Push button ignition
225/230 Push button ignition
Shutdown
Shutdown for the night
Turning off the instrument
2.3 Running a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame..................................................... 27
Important note: Buffers for Nitrous Oxide
2.4 Model 235 Automated Gas Box Controls and Operation.............................28
Button and indicator descriptions
235 Safety features
Igniting the air/Acetylene flame
Igniting the nitrous oxide flame
235 X-Y table/burner assembly

I
SECTION 3: Flame analysis
3.1 Optimizing the flame....................................................................................34
Aligning the burner
Optimizing the flame
Sensitivity check
3.2 Calibration................................................................................................... 35
Standards preparation
Entering data into the calibration screen (before calibration)
Number of replicates
Calibration type
Concentration label
Running the calibration
Calculating the calibration
3.3 Running samples......................................................................................... 37
There are three ways of running samples
Setting up a samples table in the samples screen
3.4 Emission mode............................................................................................ 38
3.5 Cold vapor/Hydride analysis....................................................................... 39

SECTION 4: Menu descriptions and advanced features

4.1 Analysis screen........................................................................................... 40
4.2 Controls screen........................................................................................... 41
4.3 Library screen............................................................................................. 42
4.4 Calibrate screen.......................................................................................... 44
4.5 Samples screen........................................................................................... 45
4.6 Report screen.............................................................................................. 46
4.7 Printing a report.......................................................................................... 47
4.8 Adding a network/Local printer with CUPS.............................................. 48
Adding a new printer
Printer Selection
Supplied printer

SECTION 5: Troubleshooting tips and techniques....................................... 53

SECTION 6: Maintenance............................................................................... 55
6.1 Instrument Service..................................................................................... 55
6.2 Burner Head Service................................................................................. 56
Checking slot widths on burner heads
6.3 Replacing the burner head......................................................................... 57

SECTION 7: Standard conditions.................................................................. 58

SECTION 8: Flame techniques....................................................................... 64

SECTION 9: Interferences.............................................................................. 66

II
SECTION 10: Method of standards additions.............................................. 68

Appendices

Compatable Printers

III
Buck Model 225/23x Series Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
INTRODUCTION

The Buck 200 series atomic absorption spectrophotometer is designed to measure the concentration of
elemental (ionic) metals in solution. It performs integrated measurements in absorbance or emission
intensity, as well as sample concentration in comparison to standard solutions. The readings can be
integrated over a period from 0.1 to 99.9 seconds. For the transient signals obtained using flame-less
techniques (cold vapor, hydride, and graphite furnace) peak height or peak area integrations are
provided.

The Buck 200 series can be calibrated using up to 9 concentration values, with units of mg/L, g/L,
ppm, ppb, mEq/dL, mM/dL, g/dL, % or any user defined unit. Calculations can be performed using
linear regression, first, second and third order curves. Report functions allow the user to print
absorbance data, background absorbance and concentrations, and to collect absorbance values using a
laboratory recorder.

SAFETY
The methods and analytical procedures described in this manual are designed to be carried out by
properly trained personnel in a suitably equipped laboratory. In common with many laboratory
procedures, the methods described may involve hazardous materials or substances of unknown toxicity.
For the correct and safe execution of the methods, it is essential that laboratory personnel follow
standard safety procedures for the handling of hazardous materials.

While the greatest care has been exercised in the preparation of this information, Buck Scientific, Inc.
expressly disclaims any liability to users of the procedures for consequential damages of any kind
arising out of or connected with the use of these procedures.

For specific safety information, refer to the OSHA documentation on hazardous materials handling and
procedures, and consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the chemicals with which you are
working. By law, MSDS sheets must be made available by the company which manufactures the
chemicals you are using.

Neither this entire manual nor any part of it may be reproduced without the expressed consent of Buck
Scientific, Inc.

Direct all inquiries regarding this manual and/or the 200 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
to your Buck Scientific Sales Representative or to:

Buck Scientific Inc. Tel: 203-853-9444 or 800-562-5566

58 Fort Point Street Fax: 203-853-0569
Norwalk, CT 06855 E-mail: sales@bucksci.com

Please Note: If the 200 series AA is used in a manner not specified by Buck Scientific Inc., the
protection provided by the 200 series AA may be impaired.

1
Important Warning and information labels

High Voltage warning: CAUTION

Attention
The label attached to the lamp turret access door HIGH VOLTAGE
Une tension élevée
indicates the presents of high voltages associated Opening this cover exposes the operator to a potentially
with the lamps and sockets. dangerous voltage. Handle lamps and sockets with caution.
L'ouverture de cette couverture expose l'opérateur à un
potentiel tension dangereuse. Manipuler les lampes et
This warning also applies to removal of the lamp les prises avec précaution.

access cover at the end of the instrument.

High Temperature warning:

The high temperature label in the sample compartment

is associated with the operation of the burner head.

Air/fuel limits label:

The inlet pressures limits label on the back of the

200 series AA inicates strict limits to input gasses and
air for proper and safe operation.

Flamable Gas warning:

This label indicates the use of flamable gases

in the operation of the instrument.

2
SECTION 1.1: General Specifications

Electrical: Auto selectable 100V to 230V 50/60Hz input

Power Consumption: .5 A

Optics:
Detector: model 928; wide range general purpose, 190-930nm
Optional Detectors: model 955; UV enhanced, wide-range, 190-930nm
Lenses: Supracil - amorphous silica
Monochromator: 0.25m Ebert mount
Grating: 32nm x 27nm; 600 grooves/mm
Wavelength adjustment: 3 digit motor driven, 0 to 1000nm +0.1 nm
Reproducibility: +0.1 nm
Resolution: variable slit - 2Å, 7Å, and 20Å

Operating Modes:
Absorbance/Emission: -0.0820 to 3.2000
Concentration: to 5 significant digits
Integration Period: 0.1 to 99.9 seconds
Screen Refresh : 0.224, 0.448 or 0.896 seconds
Recorder Output: 1V/ABS (-0.08 to 3.2V)
Background Correction: In-line Deuterium Arc

Hollow Cathode Lamps:

Dimension: 1.5" OD
Striking Voltage: 500V
Lamp Current: 0 to 18 mA average current (typical current is 1.5-8.0 mA)
Duty Cycle: 25%
Modulation Frequency: (142 Hz Nominal)

Burner Assembly:
Design: Polyethylene Pre-mix chamber, glass impact bead dispersion
Burner Head: Titanium; air-acetylene head - 4" x 0.026" single slot
(nitrous oxide head - 2" x 0.019" single slot)
Adjustments: Horizontal and Vertical positioning

Performance:
Average Noise (at 3): 0.0018 ABS (Cu at 324.7nm, 7Å slit, 5 sec. int.)
Sensitivity: see specific element chart (Sect. 4)
Reproducibility: <+5% relative standard deviation

Mechanical:

Continued next page....

3
 Dimensions:

9.65 in
24.5 cm

14 in
35.56 cm

40 in
101.6 cm

16.25 in
41.28 cm
11.4 in
28.96 cm

Weight: 70 lbs ( 26.13 kg )

Environment: Temperature, 50 - 90 F ( 10 to 32 C )
0 0 0 0

Relative humidity, 30% to 80% non condensing.

4
 225/230 Front View

1. Touch panel display

2. Power switch
3. USB ports
4. Autosampler interface
5. Ignitor Button
6. Flow indicator
7. Fuel toggle valve
8. Oxidant selector
9. Fuel adjust
10. Lamp turret door
11. Lamp access cover ( 230 only )
12. X-Y table horizontal and vertical adjustments
13. Flame safety shield

5
 235 Front View

1. Touch panel display

2. Power switch
3. USB ports
4. Autosampler interface
5. Auto gas box controls
6. Flow indicator
7. Fuel adjust
8. Lamp turret door
9. Lamp access cover
10. X-Y table horizontal and vertical adjustments
11. Flame safety shield

6
 225/230/235 Rear View

2 3

USE NO OXYGEN
AIR FUEL N2 O

1 4

1. Power supply
2. Analog output (1V/1Abs.)
3. Graphite furnace connection
4. Gas Inlets

7
SECTION 1.2: Unpacking the 200 series AA

When unpacking the 200 series AA, check for any shipping damage or missing items.

The installation kit should compose of:

Part number Description Quantity

230-1070 Safety shield 1

999-2202 Slot cleaner/gap checker 1
999-3127 3/16 Hex driver 1
999-3123 5/32 Hex driver 1
991-1073 1/16 Hex Key 1
BS30040 0.5 Absorption screen 1
BS303-0135 Nebulizer cleaning wire 10
990-8265 Nebulizer tubing 10 ft ( 304.8 cm )
990-1536 Burner o-ring 1
990-3083 Blow out plug o-ring 1
990-1531 X-Y table o-ring 3
990-1856 1/4” Red tubing 10 ft ( 304.8 cm )
990-1855 1/4” Black tubing 10 ft ( 304.8 cm )
990-1857 1/4” Blue tubing 10 ft ( 304.8 cm )
BS250-6519 1/2” PVC Drain tubing 6 ft ( 183 cm )
990-1072 Power cord 1

991-1074 Stylus w. holder 1

991-1075 USB Keyboard 1
991-1076 USB Mouse 1

The 200 series AA weights 70 pounds ( 31.8 kg ) and should be removed from the
! shipping box by two people.

Once the top foam packaging is removed, the instrument can be lifted out by holding each end of the
230 AA and carefully lifting it out of the shipping container.

Retain the shipping container for future shipping.

8
SECTION 1.3: Installation - Gas Supplies

GAS SUPPLIES: (This material was extracted from uncopywrited information provided by the
Scientific Apparatus Makers Association, No. Al 2.1)

Acetylene:
For the majority of analysis, commonly available welder's grade acetylene is the required fuel for use
with the model 2xx AA. Acetylene is usually obtained in size 1B cylinders containing about 9000 liters
(at STP) of gas dissolved in acetone. An air-acetylene flame consumes about 5 liters per minute,
whereas a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame consumes about 15 liters per minute. Consequently, a single
1B cylinder will give from 10 to 30 hours of operation, depending on the amount of N2O to air used.
Acetylene cylinders utilize a CGA510 two-stage regulator with a flash arrestor (part no. 6103A).

Acetylene is dissolved in acetone in order to prevent explosive decomposition when compressed to

greater than about 30 psi. To provide a margin of safety, acetylene should not be used above 15 psi line
pressure. As acetylene is removed from the cylinder, acetone vapors accompany it in increasing
proportion as tank pressure falls. Since acetylene is in solution, the pressure drop is not linear, and a
pressure of 75 psi indicates a nearly empty tank. For some elements, absorption sensitivity will change
as the amount of acetone increases, so it is a good practice to replace the cylinder when the pressure
falls to between 75 and 100 psi. Running the instrument with the pressure below 75 psi may result in
acetone getting into the instrument and damaging flow meters or gas controls.

Special Cautions: Acetylene forms unstable acetylides if it comes in contact with copper, silver or
mercury. Wet acetylene forms explosive acetylides with copper. The rate of acetylide formation
increases in the presence of air or carbon dioxide. Pure copper should never be used for acetylene
plumbing. Acetylides are formed much less rapidly on brass than copper.

Hydrogen:
In certain applications hydrogen is used as the fuel, usually obtained in 1A cylinders containing about
5500 liters (at STP). The extra dry grade (99.9+% purity) is suitable for atomic absorption work. An
air-hydrogen flame requires about 15 liters per minute, which represents about 6 hours of operation for
a 1A cylinder. The air-hydrogen flame is invisible under normal circumstances, and extra caution
should be exercised when using this flame. Do not place hand on or lean over a burner where hydrogen
is being used in case the flame is actually lit. Always test first by placing a shiny surface above the
region of combustion; the formation of water vapor indicates that the flame is lit. Hydrogen cylinders
are used at high pressure and should be handled with care at all times. They are operated at 40psi using
a CGA350 two-stage regulator.

Air:
Air is the most common oxidant and can be obtained from either a compressed air cylinder or from a
compressor unit. A standard 1A air cylinder contains about 6200 liters (at STP). The 200 series AA
premix burner-nebulizer will use about 20 liters per minute, and therefore one cylinder will last about
five hours. Occasionally cylinder air has gone through a liquification stage during which the oxygen to
nitrogen ratio can change, and it is not uncommon to find other than 20% oxygen in air cylinders. This
can be a potential safety hazard, and cause variable burner performance and analytical results. Medical
grade or Breathing Air is often compounded from Nitrogen and Oxygen to contain greater than the

9
SECTION 1.3: Installation - Gas Supplies (cont.)

normal Oxygen content of Air and are not recommended. General Purpose Compressed Air is suitable
for instrument use. Air cylinders are operated at 50psi utilizing a CGA590 two-stage regulator.

Because of the limitations inherent in using compressed air cylinders, an oil-less air compressor is
usually used. The compressor should provide at least 30 liters per minute at 50 psi, with a water and oil
trap installed between the compressor and the 2xx AA. Buck Scientific supplies a suitable compressor
(part no. BS303-0313) and filter assembly (part no. BS303-0229).

Nitrous Oxide:
Nitrous Oxide is usually obtained in 1A cylinders containing about 15,000 liters (at STP). The N2O is
in the liquid state, at an initial pressure of about 750 psi. Because of this, the pressure gauge does not
indicate how much liquid remains until the pressure starts to fall off rapidly as residual gas is
withdrawn. A nitrous oxide-acetylene flame consumes about 20 liters per minute of N O at 50 psi;
2

therefore a single 1A cylinder will last about 12 hours.

When N2O is removed from the cylinder at this rate the expanding gas cools the diaphragm of the
regulator so that sometimes it freezes, causing loss of regulation. It is therefore advisable to use a
Ambient Air Heated Regulator. All lines carrying N O should be free of grease, oil or other organic
2

material, as it is possible for spontaneous combustion to occur. Cylinders of N2O should be considered
high pressure cylinders and handled with care at all times.

Argon:
Argon is usually obtained in size 1A cylinders containing about 7000 liters (at STP). It is used with a
CGA580 two-stage regulator. Argon is generally used in conjunction with hydrogen as a flame dilutent
to provide a cool flame, as a purge gas in the analysis of hydride-forming metals, and also as a
sheathing gas in graphite furnace work. Consequently the consumption rate varies widely, depending
on the particular application. High purity grade (99.995%) Grade Argon is good for most analyses.
Argon in the pre-purified grade (99.998%) can also be used but is not recommended for the Graphite
Furnace since the grade often contains a small amount of oxygen which may shorten tube life. Argon
cylinders are used at high pressure and should be handled with care at all times.

Nitrogen:
Nitrogen is usually obtained in size 1A cylinders containing about 6500 liters (at STP). It is used with
a CGA580 two-stage regulator. Nitrogen is used similarly to argon, and therefore the consumption
rates vary widely with the application. The high purity grade (99.9%) or the extra dry grade (99.7%) is
suitable for atomic absorption work. Nitrogen cylinders are used at high pressure and should be
handled with care at all times.

10
SECTION 1.4: Installation - Preparing the Lab

This section gives details concerning the space and accessories required to set-up the Buck 2xx atomic
absorption spectrophotometer.

Equipment to be Provided by the Analyst

The following lists the equipment and materials that you will need to operate the 2xx AA. Many of
these materials may have been supplied as options with your 2xx AA. They can also be purchased
from your Buck Scientific Sales Representative, and are shown with part numbers for your
convenience.

1. Exhaust Vent (part # BS303-0407).

2. Standards, matrix modifiers & acids for the elements to be determined.
3. One (110/120 v-15 amp) outlet for instrument. Add one outlet each if you will be using a
printer, computer and autosampler.
4. Distilled or deionized water.
5. 3' X 5' lab bench area.
6. Drain Vessels for Waste fluids (no glass).
7. Hollow Cathode Lamps for elements to be determined (see catalog for part # 's).

For flame analysis...

1. Size 1A compressed air cylinder (General Purpose) & regulator CGA-590
(part # BS303-0264) or oil-less air compressor (part # BS303-0313) & filter assy
(part # BS303-0229)
2. Size 1B acetylene cylinder (welding grade) & two stage regulator CGA-510
(part # BS303-0106)
3. Flash arrestor for acetylene tank (part # 6103A). Check with local Fire Code for
requirement.
4. Size 1A nitrous oxide cylinder (if you will be doing N20 determinations) & Ambient-Air
heated regulator.

For flame hydride analysis...

1. Size 1A hydrogen cylinder & regulator CGA-350 (part # BS303-0265).
2. Size 1A argon (or nitrogen) cylinder & regulator CGA-580 (part # BS303-0264).

Note: All regulators must be ready to accept a 1/4" swagelock nut for installation.

Instrument Grounding...

The 2xx AA must be provided a proper ground through the power cord.
! Check outlets prior to installation for proper grounds.
The operator must correct any grounding issues before operation.

11
SECTION 1.5: Installation - Basic Instrument and Flame

Suitable Work Area

For best performance, the 2xx AA should be located in a well-ventilated room, free of dust, draughts,
and corrosive fumes and vapors. Because it must be vented through an exhaust duct, it is best to locate
the instrument near an external wall, or close to other duct lines that are used for similar purposes. It is
sometimes possible to tie the exhaust vent into a laboratory fume hood exhaust line. A backflow
preventer should be installed between the 2xx AA exhaust line and the fume hood line to prevent cross-
contamination.

Locate the spectrophotometer on a workbench or table large enough to accommodate the instrument,
samples and all accessories. The recommended dimensions are shown in the diagram below. The
workstation should be flat, sturdy and free of vibration.

Minimum Rear Clearance to back splash or wall: 4" ( Proper distance from the back of the instrument
to any obstruction must be maintained so that the power cable or gas lines can be quickly accessed
in an emergency).

Minimum recommended Table Dimensions:

48 in.
122 cm
24 in
61 cm

34 in ( 86 cm ) Height

The laboratory environment should be regulated to provide stable temperature and humidity. The 200
series AA should be maintained at temperatures from 10 to 32 C (50 - 90 F), and relative humidity of
0 0 0 0

30% to 80% noncondensing.

In many applications data handling may be accomplished using an external printer or a laboratory chart
recorder. These accessories should be located near the instrument for easy access. It is advisable to
place the printer or recorder on a separate workbench or table on the right hand side of the 2xx AA,
since the external connections are made on that side of the instrument. This will prevent the cables
from having to cross over the gas lines, and make them more accessible.

12
SECTION 1.5: Installation - Basic Instrument and Flame (cont.)

Ventilation
The combustion of metallic and organic compounds can produce toxic vapors, as well as extreme heat.
In order to protect the analyst and maintain a safe, clean laboratory environment, a permanent vent
should be installed. The ventilation system must meet the specifications listed in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Exhaust Ventilation System Specifications

Exhaust Manifold: Stainless Steel Cone 8” x 12” opening tapering to a 4” collar, 12” overall length.
Manifold Installation: Directly above combustion chamber at a height of 18” to 22” above the bench.
Primary Exhaust Duct: 4” diameter flexible stainless steel.
Secondary Exhaust Duct: 6” diameter minimum dimension.
Blower Capacity: 300 cubic feet per minute.
Blower Installation: Minimum 10 feet from manifold.

Install the blower motor so that

exhaust exits to the ouside.

Install the hood so that it is

directly over the burner head and
6 to 8 inches above the top of
the 200 seris AA.

13
SECTION 1.5: Installation - Basic Instrument and Flame (cont.)

INSTALLATION

Gas Connections
Using the 1/4" brass fittings, connect the BLACK nylon hose from the Air supply to the AIR port
(black fitting) on the back of the 2xx AA. Connect the RED hose from the Acetylene tank to the C2H2
port (red fitting). If using Nitrous Oxide connect the BLUE hose from the Nitrous Oxide tank to the
N2O port (blue fitting). Tighten all fittings 1/4 turn past finger tight to insure a good seal.

Electrical Connections
Plug the power cord into a standard AC grounded outlet and connect the other end to the power
adapter on the back of the 2xx AA.

Drain Line
Connect the 3/8" clear Tygon tubing to the black plastic Drain port on the 2xx AA burner assembly.
Form a 8" loop in the tubing just below the level of the instrument, and secure it with cable tie or tape.
Fill the loop with water using a wash bottle before you have connected it to the drain block, or more
conveniently with the drain tube connected, turn on the air only at the instrument & aspirate water
through the burner for a while. Place the other end in a large (1 gallon or more) Plastic jug, do not use
glass, making sure the tubing is ABOVE the level of the waste liquid, and secure in place with tape or
twist ties.

Danger: The water loop acts as a vapor trap to prevent combustible gas mixtures from entering the
waste container. If this should happen a potentially hazardous condition would exist.
Flash backs can occur from the burner head if the combustion mixture is made too lean. This is
especially true when using nitrous oxide. If the loop is empty a flash back can explode into the waste
container, causing severe damage to equipment and may injure personnel.

NOTE: When using organic solvents (i.e., MEK, MIBK) for concentration/extraction purposes
always flush the drain line with water after analyses are completed. Otherwise a flashback can
explode in the loop itself.

Burner Block fitting

Supplied drain tubing

Tywrap or Tape

Drain
Connection

Water

Waste container

14
235 Drain Bottle
The drain collection from the mixing chamber on the 235 AA instrument uses a drain bottle that
subtitutes for the drain loop on the 225/230 AA models.

The bottle incorporates a flow level switch that will signal the 235 AA that the fluid level is too
low.

Refer to section 2.4 for more information on the drain bottle hookup and operation.

Drain bottle top assembly

235 AA Drain bottle assembly

15
SECTION 2.1: Instrument Operation-Preparing the Instrument

Setting the instrument time:

To set the instrument time clock, first exit the 2xx AA user interface and access the Linux operating
system by pressing Alt-F4 on the keyboard.

Move the cursor to the bottom of the screen, and the taskbar should pop up from the bottom of the
screen.

Click on the start program icon in the left corner of the bar.

Click on Accessories and then click on LXTerminal.

When the terminal window appears, type: sudo su

The system cursor should now be: #

Type: dpkg-reconfigure tzdata the “configuring tzdata” window will appear.

Select the proper geographical area by scrolling through the menu with the up/down arrows. Select
the area by pressing Enter when the proper area is highlighted.

16
Select the nearest time zone by pressing the up/down arrows and highlight the proper time zone area
for your location.

Press Enter to select.

The window will automatically exit.

If successful, the tzdata configuration window will display the selected time zone:

The time and date can now be set.

At the command prompt in the terminal window, type: settime.sh [Enter]

17
The terminal window will clear and a measage indicating that the date and time will be writen to
the battery backed RTC. And the first prompt for the month should be on screen:

Enter the month ( 01-12 ) Note that all single digit entries must be preceded by a zero

Enter the day ( 01 – 31 )

Enter the year ( 2018 )

Enter the hour ( 01 – 24 )

Enter minutes ( 01 – 59 )

After the last entry, the script will end and display that the battery backed clock has been read. The
results will be displayed to confirm that the RTC has been properly set.

The terminal window can now be closed.

Click on the start program icon and click on Accessories. Click on the M230 icon to restart the
M230 program.

18
SECTION 2.2: Instrument Operation-Preparing the Instrument

Loading the Library:

Pick the desired lamp position in the analysis screen and select (if necessary). Have the hollow cathode
lamp for the element you are analyzing ready. Do not plug the lamp in yet! Select the Library tab
screen. Press the Library Name button and select the element desired from the drop down list. Be sure
to select the correct entry, as there may be more than one entry per element.

Press the update button to load the library. When the wavelength and slit motors stop, return to the
analysis screen. Lift up the lamp turret door and rotate the turret until the top lamp position is the same
as the lamp position selected. Insert the lamp fully into position and attach the lamp power cable. Be
sure the cable being used has the same number marking as the lamp position.

Note: If you are performing an emission mode analysis no lamp is needed.

19
SECTION 2.2: Instrument Operation-Preparing the Instrument (cont.)

Finding the analytical peak:

Press the align button. A graph will appear showing a spectrum around the analytical wavelength
selected. There may be more than one peak shown. Select the analytical spectral line desired. Be sure
the correct peak is selected, especially when using a 0.2nm slit setting.

Align peak graph, Wide (10nm) display.

20
SECTION 2.2: Instrument Operation-Preparing the Instrument (cont.)

Peaking lamp energy:

Note the Sample Energy reading in the alignment screen in the bar graph on the right side of the screen.
Adjust the horizontal and vertical lamp adjustment knobs to obtain the highest energy reading possible.
See the illustration below. Be sure to alternate between the two adjustments several times, as they do
interact, until no further improvement can be made. If the energy level reaches the top of the graph
press normalize to center it again. When done press the Zero and Exit button.

Alternate lamp energy peaking method:

The lamp can also be adjusted when in the analysis screen by watching the sample energy level while
adjusting the lamp knobs for the highest energy possible. Press Autozero when finished. An align
should still be performed to be sure you are on the correct analytical spectral line (see previous page).

Lamp Horizontal and verticle position adjustment

To remove the lamp cover, turn slightly clockwise. And

pull cover out of opening.

To reinstall the cover, align the cover with the pins and
insert into opening. After the cover is seated, turn slightly
counter clockwise.

21
225 Lamp position adjustment:

Lamp adjustment controls, model 225

Lamp adjustments on the model 225 are located on the side of the instrument. The lower knob adjusts
the lamp up and down or the vertical direction.

The knob located center right adjusts the lamp left to right or horizontally.

The lamp can also be moved in and out of the holder slightly to adjust the focus and increase the usable
sample energy. Note that some element lamps, adjusting the focus will not have an effect on the sample
energy.

The operator should be aware of how tightly the lamps are fitting into the clip mounts. If the mount
holding the active sample lamp becomes too loose. It could effect accuracy and make it difficult to hold
a steady sample energy voltage.

The clips can always be bent down and inward to tighten them up to hold the lamps properly.

22
SECTION 2.2: Instrument Operation-Preparing the Instrument (cont.)

Handling and operation of hollow cathode Lamps:

Buck Scientific hollow cathode lamps are ideal for use with atomic absorption spectrophotometers.
Spectral lines of the required element are pure, sharp and of narrow band width.

All Buck Scientific lamps have labels that identify the element and wavelength of the primary line
along with operational limits.

The lamps should be kept clean ( no finger prints or chemical smudges on the main silica emission
window ).

O cta l ba se p lu g cu p sh ap e d Mica sh ie ld s g la ss e n ve lo pe
cath od e

Co nn ecting p in s Su pp orts Anode G rad ed se a l S ilica win do w

( g la ss to silica )

Hollow Cathode Lamp

When installing or removing lamps from a 200 series AA that is on and operating, the operator must be
aware of the high voltages associated with the lamps.

Keep fingers away from the connecting pins on the lamps when removing or installing them into the
lamp sockets.

Broken sockets or damaged cables should be repaired to prevent a shock hazard

! to the operator.

23
SECTION 2.2: Instrument Operation-Preparing the Instrument (cont.)

The burner and nebulizer are factory set and should not require adjustment during initial use. If there
has been any maintenance performed, if the instrument should require these adjustments, or you are
running a special analysis see Section 3.1: Flame analysis- optimizing the flame and Section 5:
Maintenance and Troubleshooting manual sections.

FLASHBACK HAZARD: ALWAYS turn on the air first, and shut it off last. Make sure the
drain tube has a loop approximately 8 inches in diameter for proper drainage and to prevent
acetylene from flowing into the waste vessel. NEVER use glass or something that can shatter as
the waste vessel.

Note: If performing a Nitrous Oxide-acetylene analysis see Section 2.2 for special instructions.

Igniting the Flame-

! Make sure your instrument ventilation is on.

! Make sure that the glass safety shield is installed.

1) Turn the acetylene tank on and set to 12-15psi.

2) Turn the air tank on ( or air compressor) and set

to 50-90psi.

3) Switch the Oxidant selector on the 225/230 front

panel to air. The flow indicator (blue scale) should
be between 4.5-6.5.

4) Turn on the fuel valve on the 225/230 front panel

and adjust the flow to the 4 on the red scale.

Continued next page...

200 series rotometer flow guage

24
 5) Light the burner by pressing the ON button located
on the front panel 235 auto gas box controls.

On the model 225/230 press the Flame Ignite

button.

Alternatively, if the flame ignitor is not working, in

an emergency the flame can be lit by a sparker or Sparker
gas lighter.

! Light the flame with the glass shield in place.

Do not attempt to light the flame and then install

! the shield.

Do not touch the burner head at any time after

it's been lit. Even when the flame has been
extinguished, the burner head remains hot for Utility gas lighter
a extended period of time.

235 Push button ignition

Momentarily pressing the ON button puts the ignitor into the flow of the burner head and ignites
the flame and then will automatically retract.

225/230 Push button ignition

The operation of the ignitor on the 225/230 is limited to just an ignitor. These models do not include
auto gasbox controls and safety interlocks.

Momentarily pressing the Flame Ignition button puts the ignitor into the burner head gas flow and
then automatically retracts. If the operator is having difficulty lighting the flame, the button can be
held down and the ignitor will remain in the gas flow until the button is released. Note that this will
decrease the life of the ignitor faster than momentarily pressing the button.

Shutdown
While the flame is lit, turn off the fuel flow making sure the flame shuts down. Aspirate distilled water
for a few minutes with the air still on to cool the burner and flush it out. The flame is now shutdown.

Shutdown for the night

With the flame off and ventilation on, turn off the acetylene at the tank. Turn on the fuel at the
instrument, when the flow meter has dropped to 0 the fuel line has been bled. Now turn off the fuel
knob and any other gasses at the tanks. Do not turn off the instrument yet.

25
Turning off the instrument
Select the Controls screen. Press the Shutdown button. Wait until the display changes to a blue color
and indicates a blue “no input signal”. Turn off the power switch.

Note: If you turn off the power switch before the shutdown is complete, your instrument settings will
not be saved.

26
SECTION 2.3: Instrument Operation-Running A Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame

1) Remove the air/acetylene burner head by removing the 3 hex nuts on the top of the burner assembly
just below the burner head. Remove the head and install the 5 cm nitrous oxide head making sure
that you re-install the 3 nuts, the o-ring is in place, and the attached interlock plug is inserted. Do
not over-tighten the nuts, finger tight plus a 1/4 turn is good enough.

2) Align the burner head exactly the same way as you would with the air/acetylene head. Keep in
mind that your absorbances will be 1/2 of that which you got for the air acetylene head because the
burner slot is 1/2 as long. Generally, the burner height will be 1 turn lower than with Air/Acetylene
and the horizontal control always needs adjustment after switching burner heads.

3) Make sure that the nitrous oxide is hooked up to the rear of the instrument, that the regulator is set
to 50-60 psi and that you are using a ambient air/heated regulator.

4) Ignite the flame as usual running air/acetylene. Never ignite or shutdown the flame in nitrous
mode. After the flame is lit, adjust the fuel flow so that the flame is a rich yellow and is smoky at
the top. This might require a number of turns of the fuel knob past the point where the flow meter
ball hits the top of the scale.

5) In one motion turn the oxidant selector switch to the N20 position, do not stop in the middle. At
this point the flame should have a red cone at the top of the burner head about
1-2 inches high. Adjust the fuel so that the inner red cone is about 1/2 an inch high.

6) Proceed with your analysis.

7) To shutdown Turn the oxidant selector switch, again all in one motion back to the air position,
adjust the fuel flow back to the normal position of approximately 4. Turn off the fuel.

Important note: Buffers for Nitrous Oxide

Spectrographic buffering is essential to minimize the effects of ionization in either a nitrous oxide
flame or a rich air-acetylene flame (for doing chromium, tin or barium by air). Analysis without
buffering may produce erroneous readings.

For Calcium, Strontium and Barium: Use Lithium buffer & Lanthanum release agent
Lanthanum is generally used for the alkaline earths to minimize the chemical interferences from
phosphate and occasionally sulfate. Dilute all samples, blanks and standards so that they will contain
1000ppm (0.1%) of both the buffering and releasing elements by adding 10ml of each solution to
100ml of prepared final solution.

For all General nitrous oxide work: Use Lithium & Potassium buffers
Dilute all samples, blanks and standards so that they will contain 1000ppm (0.1%) of the buffering
element by adding 10ml of buffer to each 100ml of prepared final solution. Lithium may give better
results than Potassium in certain circumstances, depending on the sample matrix and flame conditions.

27
SECTION 2.4: Model 235 Automated Gas Box Controls and Operation

Front Panel controls and indicators

Button and Indicator Descriptions:

Burner Sensor: Indicates a fault at the blow-out plug, the burner

head interlock is open or the drain bottle is disconnected.
The 235 will not operate or will stop operating when this LED
is ON.

Gas Pressure: Indicates the Acetylene or Air pressure

is below acceptable limits. The 235 will not operate or will stop
operating if this LED is ON.

N2O Interlock: Indicates that the Nitrous burner head interlock is not
plugged in, or Nitrous pressure is below acceptable limits.

Flame Sensor: Indicates that the 235 has detected the burner head flame. And the
instrument is ready to operate.

N2O Fuel-rich: This LED will turn on after the N2O button is depressed and
indicates that the N2O fuel-rich is ON during operation.

continued next page...

28
ON Button: Depressing this button will turn on the gasses and initiate the burner
head flame auto ignite in the Air Acetylene mode. The 235 will not respond if either the
Burner Sensor and/or Gas Pressure red LED indicator LEDs are on. Correct any fault
indications before pressing the ON button.

OFF Button: Depressing this button while the instrument is operating will shut off
all gasses and extinguish the flame.

N2O: Pressing this button will richen the Acetylene and turn ON the Nitrous
gas. The N2O FUEL-RICH green LED should remain on during Nitrous Oxide
operation. The 235 will not switch to Nitrous Oxide operation if the N2O INTERLOCK
LED is lit,

Air: Pressing this button will turn on the air flow to give the operator
indication of the flow rate via the rotometer on the front panel.
If an Nitrous Oxide-acetylene flame is being used, the flame will switch to Air-
acetylene.

235 Safety Features:

The auto gas box incorporates several safety features which will either stop the instrument from being
ignited or stop ignition in the case of a failure.

Flame sensor: Turns off all gasses if the flame has been detected to be off.

Drain sensor: Prevents or stops ignition if the trap is not filled with water.

Blow out plug sensor: Prevents or stops ignition if the plug is not installed.

Burner head sensor: Insures the proper burner head is installed for the gasses being used.

Power failure detection: Shuts the flame off if a power failure is detected.

Keyboard detection: Shuts down the flame should a improper key selection be made.

29
Igniting the Air/Acetylene Flame:

The auto gas box has a drain sensor that is in line with the drain tube. Fill the sensor with water by
unscrewing the top until water is seen coming out the bottom hose. If this is not filled with water, the
flame will not light. Make sure the drain sensor is hanging vertically. Connect the drain line to the
spray chamber and make the electrical connection.
The other end of the drain line should go to a plastic acid resistant waste container.

1. Set the Air inlet pressure to 60 psi and the acetylene tank pressure to 13 psi.
2. Press and hold the AIR button on the front panel and check to verify that there is at least a flow
of 5 on the rotometer for both the air and acetylene gases. Adjust the acetylene flow up to 4 if
necessary or the flame will not ignite, release the AIR button.
3. The interlock lights should all be off except for the N2O interlock LED. If the BURNER SENSOR
LED is on, then either the water needs to be added to the drain sensor or the burner head or
blow out plug are not properly in place.
4. Press and hold the ON button for 5-8 seconds until the flame ignites, then release the button. If the
flame does not ignite, recheck the gas flow and repeat.
5. After ignition, adjust fuel to the required level for the analysis being performed. At this point, the
ON, AIR and N2O buttons are disabled.
6. To shut the flame off, press the OFF button and the gases flows will stop and extinguish the flame.

Igniting the Nitrous Oxide Flame:

1. Remove the 3 nuts holding the acetylene burner head in place, remove the acetylene burner head.
2. Make sure the o-ring is in place, then install the nitrous burner. Tighten the 3 nuts and connect the
interlock pin. Be careful not to overtighten the 3 nuts retaining the burner head.
3. Press the AIR button and check for proper ignition flow rates.
4. Press and hold the ON button for 5-8 seconds until the flame ignites.
5. Press the N2O button and release. The flame will first switch to a bright yellow flame to a bluish,
tall nitrous oxide flame. The flame should have a red feather on top of the burner about 1/2 in.
high, if not, adjust the fuel flow for this condition. Do not lower the fuel so much that the red
dissapears and try to avoid raising the fuel so much as to cause the flame to become white.
The more fuel that is introduced, the quicker carbon will build up on the burner slot and will
cause readings to drift. Some elements may require a higher fuel flow for optimum sensitivity.
The carbon can be removed from time to time with a long handled screwdriver while the
air/acetylene flame is lit.
6. To shut off the nitrous flame (normal), press the AIR button to switch back to an air based flame,
then after 10 seconds press the OFF button.
7. To shut off the nitrous flame (emergency), just press the OFF button and the system will
immediately purge all the flammable gases from the system with a puff of compressed air to
extinguish the nitrous flame with a gentle "popping" sound.
This is not a flashback but a safe "forced shutdown" of the flame.

30
X-Y Table/Burner Assy:

X-Y Table/Burner Assenbly

X-Y Table/Burner main components:

1. X-Y table position controls 5. Burner head

2. Nebulizer 6. Auto-ignite assembly
3. Burner head interlock 7. Drain connector
4. Blowout plug 8. Drain bottle safety switch connector

Depending on the model, all of the above components may or may not be incorporated on the
supplied X-Y table/burner assembly.

31
 Blowout Plug Safety Switch

The blow out plug switch, burner head interlock and drain bottle safety switch are connected in series
on the x-y table harness. A failure of any of the switches/interlock will indicate a failure by lighting the
BURNER SENSOR LED on the front panel.

Replacing the glow plug:

1. Glow plug Assembly

2. Extender/holder

3. Air Actuator

Auto Igniter Assembly

32
To remove the glow plug assembly from the extender/holder, hold the extender/holder tube with your
fingers.

Grasp the glow plug assembly. Press in the glow plug assembly and turn counter clockwise.
Slowly pull the glow plug assembly from the extender/holder.

A 3/8 inch and 5/16 inch wrench will be required to unfasten the glow plug from the glow
plug assembly.

To reinstall the glow plug:

Reassemble the glow plug assembly with the new glow plug.

Place the glow plug back into the extender/holder, press in and turn the glow plug assembly
clockwise to lock the glow plug assembly into the extender/holder.

33
SECTION 3.1: Flame Analysis- Optimizing the Flame

Aligning the burner

Vertical adjustment Right knob (burner moves up & down)

Horizontal adjustment Left knob (burner moves front to back)

With the flame and gasses off place a business card or similar surface on top of the burner so that you
can see the lamp image on the card. Rotate the vertical adjust knob so that the bottom edge of the light
at the focal point is approximately 4mm from the top of the burner (best position for most analysis).
Adjust the horizontal if necessary to get the image over the burner head slot, this is only a rough
adjustment for the horizontal. (NOTE: Some elements may require different height settings especially
when using nitrous oxide, consult the standard conditions section for these instances). Another way to
set the Horizontal position is to lower the burner head until it is clearly not blocking the beam. Perform
an autozero. Slowly raise the burner head while watching the absorbance display. When the burner
head intersects the beam the number will suddenly go positive and the sample energy will lower. As
soon as the reaction is noticed, stop and lower the burner about 2 turns of the dial.

Refer to section 2.2 for more information on lamp alignment.

Optimizing the Flame

Most elements run well with a lean blue flame. As a result, setting the fuel at 4 on the flow-meter and
adjusting the burner height with a business card as described in Section 2 is sufficient for most
elements. However, for elements requiring richer flames (including those requiring nitrous oxide), or if
you are having trouble achieving the sensitivity check, optimizing the flame may improve your results.
Starting with the burner head 4mm below the beam, light the flame and let the burner warm up a few
minutes while aspirating de-ionized water. Zero the instrument then aspirate your high standard. Slowly
increase the fuel (turn the fuel adjust counter clockwise) while watching the absorbance reading until
you reach the best absorbance. If increasing the fuel does not improve it, try decreasing instead (If you
are running nitrous oxide, be careful not to decrease below the ½” cone). Since increasing fuel will
change the height of the flame, you should then adjust the vertical burner adjustment in the same
manner.

Sensitivity check
You may wish to perform a sensitivity check before calibrating to verify that the burner system is
working well and adjusted properly. For your element look up in Table 1 : Flame Atomic Absorption
Concentration Ranges in Section 7 in this manual for the Sensitivity check standard under the
“Sensitivity Check” column. Make and run a standard of that concentration. If you are unable to obtain
a 0.2 absorbance reading, or better, you may need to go through the burner alignment procedure again,
clean the nebulizer and burner head (see Section 5 & 6 Troubleshooting and Maintenance) and/or
optimize the flame.

34
SECTION 3.2: Flame analysis-Calibration

Standards preparation
Before running a calibration, standards must be prepared. It is best if the standards are prepared in the
same matrix as the samples to be measured. The highest standard should not exceed the linear range of
the element being analyzed. Up to 9 standards may be used as well as a blank.

Entering data into calibration screen (before calibration)

Standards table: Standard concentrations are entered in the Conc column. Do not enter any value for
the Autozero: this value must remain 0.0. You may enter a description for each standard in the Name
column if desired. No values should be entered into the Abs. Column as it will be measured by the
instrument when running the standards.

Number of Replicates: Enter the number of times you want to run each standard. Note: the Autozero
(blank) standard will only run once.

Calibration Type: Enter first, second or third order curve fit as desired. You must have at least 2
standards to use a second order and at least 3 standards to use a third order calibration.

Concentration Label: Select the units of concentration to be displayed. Any of the units in the pull
down can be selected, or type any desired unit in the field.

35
SECTION 3.2: Flame analysis-Calibration (cont.)

Running the calibration

The calibration can be run by pressing the start key. The instrument will prompt you for each standard
and standard repetition. Individual standard calibration may also be performed by highlighting the
desired standard and pressing the read key. The use of the read key will only run the selected standard
once and place the measured value into the table.

Calculating the calibration

After the standards have been analyzed press the calculate button to have the calibration curve
calculated. The graph will show the curve and each standard point. The coefficients are also displayed.
The formula is:
Concentration = x(abs - zi) + x2*((abs - zi)^2) + x3*((abs - zi)^3)
Where abs = measured absorbance and zi = zero intercept.
The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve is also displayed. This is the same as the r-squared
value.

To clear and create a new calibration table press the default button to reset all the calibration fields.

When the calibration has been calculated the instrument is now ready to run samples. Enter the
Analysis screen when ready. The large display readout will be in concentration units.

36
SECTION 3.3: Flame analysis-Running samples

There are three ways of running samples

1) By aspirating the sample and recording the live concentration or absorbance value displayed.
This is not preferred due to the noisy nature of the signal.
2) Pressing the read button to perform a time averaged reading to be displayed. The displayed
reading will be held on the display until released. Release the reading by pressing the release
button. The next sample can now be analyzed. The time used for averaging may be changed by
pressing the Library button and setting the Integrate time to the desired setting (0.1-99.0). The
units of the Integrate time are in seconds.
3) Creating a samples table. If you would like to identify the samples in a printable report use this
method. This method uses the same time averaging signal as the read button procedure above.
The integration time may be changed in the Library tab. This method is detailed below.

Setting up a samples table in the samples screen

Group Name: This can be any description of the sample series about to be run.

First Sample: The # of the starting sample in the table. This is usually 1.

Last Sample: The # of the final sample.

Sample Replicates: How may times each sample is to be run.

To change the name of

the sample use the fields
below the table. The left
one specifies the # and
the right field can be any
desired name. Press
Apply when finished.

To clear and create a new

samples table press the
Defaults button.

37
SECTION 3.4: Flame analysis-Emission mode

Atomic Emission measures the flame emission of the element being analyzed. Emission mode
analysis will read a blank as 0 and a high standard as 100%. A calibration can be set up to read a
sample directly in concentration mode.

1) Set up as you would for absorbance except choose an emission file from the library screen and do
not change the mode to concentration. Update instrument and return to the Analysis screen and
press Cancel.

2) Unplug or remove the lamp from the top turret position or move the turret to a position that does not
have a lamp. Emission mode does not use a hollow cathode lamp or background correction.

3) Turn on the flame and while aspirating your high standard press Align. Select the correct analytical
line and press the Zero and Exit button.

4) Aspirate your blank and press Autozero. Aspirate your high standard and press 100%. Aspirate the
blank again and press Autozero. You may need to repeat this once or twice more until the blank
reads 0.0 and the high standard reads 100%.

5) You may setup a calibration by following Section 3.2: Flame analysis-calibration. Samples may
then be run.

Note: Due to the nature of emission mode analysis the readings will drift more frequently that when in
absorbance mode. It will be necessary to perform Step 4 above at least every 10 minutes during
analysis. If measuring low concentrations this may need to be performed more frequently.

38
SECTION 3.5: Cold vapor/hydride analysis mode

To perform Cold vapor/hydride analysis it is necessary to have the Buck Model 1018 accessory
installed properly on your instrument. Refer to the Model 1018 Installation and Operation manual for
details. This is a batch mode analysis where a signal-time integration is performed and analyzed during
a reaction occurring in the attached apparatus.

1) Set up as you would an absorbance method except select a cold vapor or hydride method from
the Library screen. These methods use a hollow cathode lamp and background correction.

2) It may be necessary to change the integration time parameter in the Library screen to suit the
analysis. The units of this parameter are in seconds. Press the update instrument button if this
value is changed.

3) The Hydride method uses an extremely lean air-acetylene flame, while the Cold vapor uses no
flame. The instrument calculates samples in units of absorbance-seconds. Other than these
exceptions, the calibration and sample runs are performed exactly as flame analysis mode
described in Sections 3.2-3.3 of this manual.

39
SECTION 4.1: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Analysis screen

Active Lamp

Library parameter
descriptions

Lamp energy

Lamp selection
buttons

Analysis operations
(described below)

Lamp selector: Chooses a different lamp position. Rotate the lamp turret to the selected position.

Read: Perform read operation. Will hold data on screen until release is pressed.

AutoZero: Sets current absorbance value to zero.

Start: Begins a sample run based on entries made in the Samples screen.

Background: Toggles the D2 background lamp on or off. After changing this setting press
Autozero.

Align: Enters the Alignment screen and performs a survey scan to find the elemental analytical
leak.

40
SECTION 4.2: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Controls screen

Display Mode: Switch between absorbance and concentration mode. A calibration must be performed
before using concentration mode.

Display and Report Precision: Changes the number of digits displayed in the Analysis screen
readings. Changing the reported precision does not affect the accuracy of the data
collected.

Hollow Cathode Stay Warm: Currently not being used, to be implemented in the future.

D2 Stay Warm: Currently not being used, to be implemented in the future.

Recorder Response time/Remote Data Rate: Currently not used, to be implemented in the future.

D2 Level: Changes D2 background lamp energy.

Align Narrow/Wide: Changes default scan setting for the Align screen.

Wavelength Zero Offset (0.7/0.2 slit): Factory settings for wavelength corrections.
WARNING: DO NOT MODIFY as this will change the factory alignment settings.

Shutdown: Used to save current settings and power off instrument.

41
SECTION 4.3: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Library screen

The factory library entries have been optimized for typical analysis for each element and should not
need to be changed.

Method Selection Filters: These include Library Name, Lamp type and Method type. This allows
you to narrow the library selections by any combination of these parameters. Press Apply Filters to
implement filtering. The simplest form of filtering involves entering the element symbol (example: Cu
for copper) and apply filters to get a list of libraries for just that element for the Library name
selector.

Warning: Changing the library settings listed below can damage your HCL lamps and/or
cause your instrument not to function properly and give invalid data-Be sure you know what
you are doing.

Any changes made in the library screen do not take effect until the update instument button is
pressed. An alignment must be performed, as all parameters are reset.

Lamp Type: Description of lamp (optional).

Method Type: Selects analysis type- air (or N2O)-acetylene flame, emission or cold vapor/hydride.

Wavelength: Direct entry of wavelength setting.

42
SECTION 4.3: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Library screen
(continued)

Background Gain: Selects scale setting for alignment screen.

Detector Voltage: Changes starting PMT voltage setting.

DC Suppression: Set to ON for absorbance, and OFF for emission modes.

Average Current/Peak current: HCL lamp current setting. These two parameters are linked. The
average current is ¼ the value of the peak current. Changing one will change the other.

Minimum Current: HCL current while not collecting data. Should always be set to 0.00.

Stay Warm Current: HCL current when lamp not selected. Not currently implemented.

Data Period: Data analysis rate. This setting should not be changed.

Data Interval: Selects data display refresh rate.

Integrate Time: Sets data averaging period or cold vapor/hydride integration time.

Sample Pulse Width: Sets lamp on time. This setting should not be changed.

Background Pulse Width/Pulse Delay Time: Not currently used.

Update Instrument: Press this to implement all changes made on the Library screen

Revert Changes: Changes all settings back to the current loaded library default settings.

Save to Library: Used to create a new library entry.

43
SECTION 4.4: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Calibrate screen

The Calibration table: This is where the standard levels that will be used are entered, so a sample may
be calculated directly in concentration. Name can be any relevant description. Conc is the
level of the standard. An Absorbance value can be directly entered, but typically the analyst
will be measuring this value. The first standard must be the autozero or blank standard

Number of Replicates: Specifies how many times each standard is to be analyzed. The absorbance
value calculated and indicated in the table will be the average of all the replicates measured.

Fit Order: Sets the calibration curve for first, second or third order.

Calibration Type: Only normal may be selected.

Coefficients: Gives the calibration equation. Where abs = measured absorbance, zi =zero intercept.
Concentration = x(abs - zi) + x2*((abs - zi)^2) + x3*((abs – zi)^3).

Read: Reads and replaces the selected standard absorbance (one reading only).

Start: Begins a prompted calibration with repetitions specified. The autozero will only run once.

Calculate: Updates current calibration coefficients and updates calibration curve graphic.

Defaults: Loads the default values erasing the current calibration.

44
SECTION 4.5: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Samples screen

The Samples Table: This is where a Name or label of a sample can be entered. The # and Cup values
should not be changed. Use the pointer and field at the bottom of the table to change values.

Group Name: An optional name for this group of samples may be entered.

First/ Last Sample: Specify starting and final sample #.

Sample Replicates: Number of replicate runs performed for each sample.

Apply: Enters changes made within the pointer and text field above into the samples table.

Defaults: Erases all data in the samples table and resets these values to the default settings.

45
SECTION 4.6: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Report screen

1 8:49:47 PM *Auto-Zero* 3 2.510 N/A 2.561 0.00

This is a listing of all the data collected in the current analysis.

Clear: Clears all collected instrument readings.

Save: Allows this table to be saved to a file.

Print: Will print out the results on the table. See next section for more details.

46
SECTION 4.7: Menu Descriptions and Advanced Features: Printing a report

The Print screen will appear when the Print button is pressed from the Report screen. The installed
printer(s) can be print to output your results.

Printer installation: There is no printer installation necessary for the model 230 if using a local printer
on one of the USB ports. Simply power up and plug the USB cable from the printer into an available
USB port on the 230 upon power up. It may take several minutes for the printer to become available in
the print screen. A list of compatible printers is listed in the appendix of this manual.

The next section describes finding and installing network printers using the CUPS configuration utility
via the installed Linux Chrome browser.

47
SECTION 4.8: Installing a network/Local printer with CUPS

Starting the CUPS printer administration utility :

( The 230 must be connected to a network with internet access. )

1. Press Alt-F4 to access the Linux operating system.

2. Move the cursor to the bottom of the screen to unhide the task bar.
3. Click on the programs icon on the far left corner. Click on Internet and choose the
Chrome browser.
4. Either click on “Administration – CUPS X.X.X” in the bookmarks bar or enter
localhost:631/admin into the address bar.

The CUPS printer interface will apear in the browser:

48
Adding a new printer:

1. Click on the Add Printer button.

2. Cups will then ask for a User Name and Password to continue. Enter root for the user name and
bucksci for the password.

3. Press the Log in button.

49
Printer Selection:

CUPS will display a selection of printers available on the network.

Click on the button next to the name of the printer you wish to select for use.

Click on the Continue button to progress to the next screen.

50
The CUPS utility will then give you a opportunity to change, the name of the printer as it will
be displayed for use, the description of the printer. The physical location of the printer and the
connection parameters.

If you are unsure what to enter in any of the fields, just leave them as default.

Press Continue to progress to the final screen.

51
The final page of the add printer utility allows the user to select the make of the printer. This is
just for reference and does not effect the printer selected in the prior screens.

After selecting the appropriate make of the printer, press Add Printer to add the printer
to available printers.

Supplied Printer:

The printer supplied with the 200 series AA systems is the HP 1112 Deskjet.

To load/reload the drivers, make sure the printer is plugged into one of the USB ports and turned
on.

Select HP Deskjet 1110 series from the printer selection menu.

Select printer driver HP Deskjet 1000 j110 series, hpcups 3.12.6 in the driver selection menu.

A test page can be printed by clicking on the Administration tab, and clicking on the manage printers
drop down menu.

52
SECTION 5: Troubleshooting: Tips and techniques

About 95% of problems are related to the burner system or the lamps, the instrument itself rarely fails.

PROBLEM: LOW ABSORBANCE TYPICAL CAUSES:

1) Wavelength is not tuned in correctly or is peaked on the wrong spectral line. Some elements have
many spectral lines in the same region, lines other than the primary line may give you much less
absorbance than the primary line. This is common with nickel. Any element that calls for a 0.2nm slit
will usually have more than one spectral line in the region. Check in the align screen using the align-
wide range if necessary.

2) Nebulizer either blocked, not tuned correctly or needs replacement due to extended use. Check
for blockage in the sample capillary (this usually occurs where the plastic capillary meets the
nebulizer). The uptake rate for the nebulizer is typically between 8 - 12 ml/min. With a burner head
that is cold turn on the air (no fuel) and aspirate water. On a well peaked nebulizer you should see a
good mist coming from the burner head slot. As a nebulizer degrades you may notice that the flow rate
required for peak sensitivity increases.

3) Burner system out of alignment. For maximum sensitivity the path of the burner slot must be
directly underneath the path of the light beam. Refer to the alignment section 3.1 of the manual and
proceed thru it step by step.

4) Fuel / air ratio not correct. Most elements work well with a lean blue flame and the ratio does not
matter, however some elements may give better sensitivity with more or less fuel. Any element that
specifies a rich yellow flame condition needs higher fuel settings to achieve the sensitivity stated in the
standard conditions section of the manual. Refer to this section for suggested flame conditions. If you
have problems meeting the sensitivity spec, experiment with flame condition for best results.

5) Burner height not correct. Certain elements may also work better if the burner head is lowered. If
you increase fuel flow chances are you will need to lower the burner head as well for peak sensitivity.

6) Acetylene tank low. As the acetylene pressure drops you may encounter a decrease in absorbance
and an increase in background due to acetone.

7) Impact bead not adjusted correctly. This should not normally need adjustment unless the nebulizer
has been replaced or the bead has broken. The impact bead is located at the rear of the spray chamber
directly across from the nebulizer. To adjust the bead peak up on any lamp and appropriate
wavelength, make sure the background corrector is off then autozero the instrument. With a cold
burner head turn the air on at the front of the instrument and aspirate water (DO NOT TURN ON THE
FUEL AND LIGHT THE FLAME). You should see a mist coming from the burner head. If not adjust
the nebulizer for best absorbance on the main display then using a ½” wrench adjust the impact bead
for best absorbance. (NOTE: DO NOT ADJUST THE BEAD TO FAR CLOCKWISE OR IT MAY
RUN INTO THE NEBULIZER AND BREAK). If you are unsure as to the proximity of the bead to
the nebulizer you can remove the spray chamber and remove the blow-out plug on the left side. The
bead should be a couple of millimeters from the end of the nebulizer.

53
SECTION 5: Troubleshooting: Tips and techniques (continued)

PROBLEM: DRIFT OR FLUCTUATION IN READINGS: POSSIBLE CAUSES:

1) Lamp. To determine if it is the lamp turn off the flame and all gasses. Zero the absorbance and
watch the display. After warm up, drift should be less than 0.001 per minute and noise should be less
than +/- 0.002. Most lamps perform much better than this. If this is stable the problem is probably
with the burner system. If a lamp drifts or is noisy, selecting a different operating current may help.
Try checking other lamps for the same problem, if all lamps exhibit drift or noise the instrument may
be suspect.

2) Burner system. If drift or noise only occurs during your run then the burner system is in doubt.
Check that the drain is working properly. There should be a steady drip or flow. If there is any water
buildup in the drain block you will most certainly get a decrease in absorbance. A gurgling sound from
the burner is a good indication of this. Make sure the end of the drain tube is not submerged in the
waste water. Try readjusting the nebulizer. A new nebulizer may be needed. Make sure there are no
leaks in the burner, check the o-rings.

3) Thermal drift. If the lab is subject to temperature changes the optical bench of the instrument may
shift causing a slight change in energy. To determine if this is the problem peak up the wavelength
using the align screen Autozero the instrument. If after a period of time the absorbance drifts go back
and repeak the wavelength.

4) Unstable supply gas pressure. Although the instrument has internal regulation, supply pressure
change can cause fluctuation of absorbance for any element that is flame sensitive, particularly iron.
Air supply: Many failures of the pneumatics or excessive noise in results can be attributed to
contaminated air or acetylene. An air filter is a must when using an air compressor for your supply to
filter out oil, water & particulates. It should be cleaned on a regular basis. The inside of the plastic
bowl should be cleaned with water and soap and the filter element with ethyl alcohol or similar solvent.
Refer to the manufacturers instructions for complete information.

PROBLEM: YELLOW / ORANGE FLAME: POSSIBLE CAUSES:

1) Acetylene: If you notice your flame becoming orange in color and it is not due to your samples
there is acetone coming from the tank, you should shut down when this is noticed. A new tank should
sit for at least several hours undisturbed before use to let the acetone settle. Eventually liquid acetone
will appear in the flow tube of the acetylene. For this reason do not let tank pressure drop below
75psi. As your tank pressure drops more acetone will be introduced resulting in decreased
absorbance signal and increased background levels.

54
SECTION 5: Troubleshooting: Tips and techniques (continued)

MISCELLANEOUS:

1) A 0.500 absorbance screen is supplied with the instrument. It should result in .450 to .550
absorbance when inserted into the light path. This indicates the electronics are working
properly.

2) Your standards, samples and blank should be prepared in the same matrix as your samples so as
to avoid erroneous results.

SECTION 6: Maintenance

The model 230 requires very little maintenance:

1) Once a year the o-rings should be checked in the burner system. Remove the 3 cap nut screws
holding on the burner head then remove. Check the integrity of the o-ring underneath and
replace if necessary. Coating the o-ring with a thin layer of Teflon grease is a good idea.

2) Remove the red and blue tubing from the fuel elbow and nebulizer respectively. Disconnect the
drain hose. Raise the burner to the full vertical upward position. Remove the screw on the front
of the drain block underneath the fuel elbow and pull the drain block out. Remove the blow out
plug on the left side. Check and lubricate that o-ring.

3) If you see an irregular shaped flame use the cleaning tool provided to clean the burner slot.

4) The entire burner assembly can be put in an ultrasonic tank for a thorough cleaning. Remove
the burner head, nebulizer and fuel elbow before doing this.

5) Keep the lenses on either side of the burner compartment clean for maximum energy. Wipe
them with clean lens paper and iso-propyl alcohol, or other solvent.

6) An Instrument Qualification (PQ) validation can be performed by our service department if

your lab protocol requires it.

SECTION 6.1: Instrument Service

There are no user servicable parts in the model 230.

Only authorised personel should attempt repair of the model 230.

Repairs should be sent to Buck Scientific, please call our techinical personel before
sending any equipment back for repair.

55
SECTION 6.2: Burner head Service

Checking slot widths on burner heads:

The acetylene head will give little indication that the slot is becoming too wide for continued
use. Periodic checking of the slot with the supplied gauge/cleaner will generally be the only
way to tell if the burner head needs to be replaced.

If the acetylene burner head “pops” when turning off the fuel, this is also a good indication that
the slot has become too wide and the burner head needs to be replaced.

The nitrous burner head will show indication of the slot widening by the flame. The flame will
flare out from the slot. If the nitrous burner head exhibits this behavior, the head should be
immediately replaced.

OK Replace

Nitrous Burner Head slot wear indication

56
Instructions for replacing the acetylene or nitrous burner head:

1. Always allow the burner head to cool down before replacing if in operation.
2. Loosen and remove the (3) #10 cap head nuts with the supplied 3/16” hex nut driver.
3. Lift the head and clamp assembly from the burner mixing chamber.
4. Loosen the (2) cap head screws at the back of the burner head clamp so that the head
and clamp can be separated.
5. Remove the old o-ring. Ensure that the o-ring seat is clean and free from debris.
6. Place the clamp onto the new burner head and tighten the (2) cap head screws.
7. Place the new o-ring into the mixing chamber.
8. Set the burner head and clamp onto the mixing chamber and replace the (3) #10 cap head nuts.
9. Ensure that the burner head is straight on the mixing chamber, and tighten the (3) cap head
nuts.

990-1333

210-0538

990-1536

57
SECTION 7: Standard Conditions

Quick Overview
Table 1 serves as a quick reference guide to the sensitivity and performance using flame techniques.
The detection limits are determined as the lowest concentration given an absorbance detectable above
the noise range. These values were determined empirically under Buck Scientific standard test
conditions (see Appendix A).

Sensitivity is a measure of the instrument response to the analyte, and by convention, shows the
concentration of each element required to absorb 1% of the incident light energy. This corresponds to
an absorbance value of 0.0044. Elements with greater sensitivity will have the lowest concentration
values in that category. The values for "sens. check" in table 1 are the amounts in mg/l required to
give an absorbance reading of 0.200 abs.

The "linear range" is the amount of analyte in mg/l which will produce an absorbance of approximately
0.300 and safely keep the analysis in the linear part of the calibration curve. This area of the curve
requires only one standard to be run but an additional standard run as a check is good practice. Above
this area a multi-point calibration must be used.

Table 2 lists alternate wavelengths you can use in order to increase the linear range of your
analysis or to reduce interferences from other elements. RS stands for "relative sensitivity".
This describes how sensitive this wavelength is compared to the primary wl which will always
have a relative sensitivity of 1.0. For example, if a secondary line has an RS of 2 it will give you
an absorbance 1/2 of the primary wavelength.

TABLE 1: Flame Atomic Absorption Concentration Ranges

Detec Sens Linear

Wl Slit Limit Check Range Flame Type
Metal (Nm) (Nm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Color
Aluminum (Al) 309.3 0.7 2.00 25 50.00 N-A, rich/red
Antimony (Sb) 217.6 0.2 0.30 12.5 20.00 A-A, lean/blue
Arsenic (As) 193.7 0.7 0.25 22.5 25.00 A-A, lean/blue
Barium (Ba) 553.6 0.7 0.50 10 25.00 N-A, rich/red
Beryllium (Be) 234.9 0.7 0.04 0.75 4.00 N-A, rich/red
Bismuth (Bi) 222.8 0.7 0.10 10 25.00 A-A, lean/blue
Boron (B) 249.7 0.7 --- 300 450 N-A, rich/red-wh
Cadmium (Cd) 228.9 0.7 0.01 0.75 2.00 A-A, lean/blue
Calcium (Ca) 422.7 0.7 0.05 2 5.00 N-A, rich/red
Cesium (Cs) 852.1 0.2 --- 5 7.50 A-A, lean/blue
Chromium (Cr) 357.9 0.7 0.04 2 5.00 A-A, rich/yellow
Cobalt (Co) 240.7 0.2 0.05 3.5 5.00 A-A, lean/blue
Copper (Cu) 324.8 0.7 0.005 2 5.00 A-A, lean/blue
Dysprosium (Dy) 421.2 0.2 --- 22.5 33.75 N-A, rich/red
Erbium (Er) 400.8 0.2 --- 15 22.50 N-A, rich/red
Europium (Eu) 459.4 0.2 --- 15 22.50 N-A, rich/red
Gadolinium (Gd) 368.4 0.2 --- 425 637.5 N-A, rich/red

58
TABLE 1: Continued
Detec Sens Linear
Wl Slit Limit Check Range Flame Type
Metal (Nm) (Nm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Color
Gallium (Ga) 287.4 0.7 --- 30 45.00 A-A, lean/blue
Germanium (Ge) 265.1 0.2 --- 50 75.00 N-A, rich/red
Gold (Au) 242.8 0.7 0.20 7.5 10.00 A-A, lean/blue
Hafnium (Hf) 286.6 0.2 --- 225 337.5 N-A, rich/red
Holmium (Ho) 410.4 0.2 --- 20.0 30.00 N-A, rich/red
Indium (In) 303.9 0.7 --- 17.5 26.25 A-A, lean/blue
Iridium (Ir) 264.0 0.2 --- 250 375 A-A, rich/yellow
Iron (Fe) 248.3 0.2 0.05 2.5 5.00 A-A, lean/blue
Lanthanum (La) 550.1 0.2 --- 1250 1875 N-A, rich/red
Lead (Pb) 283.3 0.7 0.08 10 20.00 A-A, lean/blue
Lithium (Li) 670.8 0.7 --- 1 1.50 A-A, lean/blue
Lutetium (Lu) 336.0 0.2 --- 125 187.5 N-A, rich/red
Magnesium (Mg) 285.2 0.7 0.005 0.015 1.50 A-A, lean/blue
Manganese (Mn) 279.5 0.7 0.03 1.25 2.50 A-A, lean/blue
Mercury (Hg) 253.7 0.7 ~ 5.0 A-A, lean/blue
Molybdenum (Mo) 313.3 0.7 0.80 15 20.00 N-A, rich/red
Neodymium (Nd) 492.4 0.2 --- 175 262.5 N-A, rich/red
Nickel (Ni) 232.0 0.2 0.05 3.5 4.00 A-A, lean/blue
Niobium (Nb) 334.4 0.2 --- 350 525 N-A, rich/red
Osmium (Os) 290.9 0.2 --- 22.5 33.75 N-A, rich/red
Palladium (Pd) 244.8 0.2 0.15 5 10.00 A-A, lean/blue
Phosphorus (P) 213.6 0.2 --- 7000 10500 N-A, rich/red
Platinum (Pt) 265.9 0.2 0.80 50 20.00 A-A, lean/blue
Potassium (K) 766.5 0.7 0.01 1 3.00 A-A, lean/blue
Praseodymium (Pr) 495.1 0.2 --- 1000 1500 N-A, rich/red
Rhenium (Re) 346.0 0.2 --- 325 487.5 N-A, rich/red
Rhodium (Rh) 343.5 0.2 --- 4.5 6.75 A-A, lean/blue
Rubidium (Rb) 780.0 0.7 --- 25 37.5 A-A, lean/blue
Ruthenium (Ru) 349.9 0.2 --- 15 22.5 A-A, lean/blue
Samarium (Sm) 429.7 0.2 --- 150 225 N-A, rich/red
Scandium (Sc) 391.2 0.2 --- 7.5 11.25 N-A, rich/red
Selenium (Se) 196.0 0.2 0.50 15 25.00 Ar-H
Silicon (Si) 251.6 0.2 1.00 50 50.00 N-A, rich/red
Silver (Ag) 328.1 0.7 0.02 1.25 3.00 A-A, lean/blue
Sodium (Na) 589.0 0.2 0.005 0.25 2.00 A-A, lean/blue
Strontium (Sr) 460.7 0.2 --- 2.5 3.75 N-A, rich/red
Tantalum (Ta) 271.5 0.2 --- 275 412.5 N-A, rich/red
Technetium (Tc) 261.4 0.2 --- 50 75 A-A, rich yellow
Tellurium (Te) 214.3 0.7 --- 10 15 A-A, lean/blue
Terbium (Tb) 432.6 0.2 --- 150 225 N-A, rich/red
Thallium (Tl) 276.8 0.7 0.40 15 25.00 A-A, lean/blue
Thulium (Tm) 371.8 0.2 --- 10 15 N-A, rich/red
Tin (Sn) 286.3 0.7 1.00 75 25.00 N-A, rich/red

59
TABLE 1: Continued

Detec Sens Linear

Wl Slit Limit Check Range Flame Type
Metal (Nm) (Nm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Color
Titanium (Ti) 364.3 0.2 1.00 40 25.00 N-A, rich/red
Tungsten (W) 400.9 0.2 0.5 225 337.5 N-A, rich/red
Uranium (U) 351.5 0.2 --- 2750 4125 N-A, rich/red
Vanadium (V) 318.4 0.2 0.40 45 75.00 N-A, rich/red
Ytterbium (Yb) 398.8 0.2 --- 2.5 3.75 N-A, rich/red
Yttrium (Y) 410.2 0.2 --- 40 60 N-A, rich/red
Zinc (Zn) 213.9 0.7 0.005 0.50 2.50 A-A, lean/blue
Zirconium (Zr) 360.1 0.2 --- 150 225 N-A, rich/red
NOTE: The notations refer to preferred technique where FAAS is generally not suitable:
hg means hydride technique; cv means cold vapor technique

TABLE 2: Alternate Wavelengths

Wl Slit Rs Wl Slit Rs
Aluminum 396.2 0.7 1.1 Gadolinium 407.9 0.2 1.0
308.2 0.7 1.6 378.3 0.2 1.1
Antimony 206.8 0.2 1.5 405.8 0.2 1.2
231.2 0.2 2.1 405.4 0.2 1.3
Arsenic 189.0 0.7 0.8 371.4 0.2 1.7
197.2 0.7 2.0 419.1 0.2 2.7
Barium 350.1 0.2 16.0 367.4 0.2 2.9
Beryllium none 404.5 0.2 3.2
Bismuth 222.8 0.2 2.4 394.6 0.2 6.5
306.8 0.7 3.7 Gallium 294.4 0.7 1.0
206.2 0.2 8.6 417.2 0.7 1.4
227.7 0.2 14.0 250.0 0.7 9.0
Boron none 245.0 0.7 9.6
Cadmium 326.1 0.7 435 272.0 0.7 20
Calcium 239.9 0.7 120 Germanium 259.2 0.2 2.2
Cesium 455.5 2.0 85 271.0 0.2 2.4
Chromium 359.4 0.7 1.7 275.5 0.2 2.6
360.5 0.7 2.2 269.1 0.2 3.8
425.4 0.7 3.0 Gold 267.6 0.7 1.8
427.5 0.7 3.8 312.3 0.7 900
429.0 0.7 4.5 Hafnium 307.3 0.2
Cobalt 242.5 0.2 1.2 289.8 0.2
241.2 0.2 1.8 296.5 0.2
252.1 0.2 2.0 Holmium 405.4 0.2 1.3
243.6 0.2 2.9 416.3 0.2 1.7
304.4 0.2 12 417.3 0.2 4.2
352.7 0.2 22 404.1 0.2 5.2
346.6 0.2 30 410.9 0.2 9.8

60
TABLE 2: Continued

Wl Slit Rs Wl Slit Rs
Copper 327.4 0.7 2.0 412.7 0.2 11
216.5 0.2 6.0 422.7 0.2 24
222.6 0.2 15 Indium 325.6 0.2 1.0
249.2 0.7 72 410.5 0.7 2.9
224.4 0.2 157 451.1 0.7 3.1
Dysprosium 404.6 0.2 1.1 256.0 0.7 12
418.7 0.2 1.2 Iridium 208.9 0.2 0.3
419.5 0.2 1.6 266.5 0.2 1.2
416.8 0.2 6.8 237.3 0.2 1.3
Erbium 386.3 0.2 2.7 285.0 0.2 1.4
415.1 0.2 2.7 250.3 0.2 1.7
389.3 0.2 5.0 254.4 0.2 2.1
408.8 0.2 7.0 351.4 0.2 8.6
381.0 0.2 8.4 Iron 248.8 0.2 1.7
390.5 0.2 20 302.1 0.2 3.7
Europium 462.7 0.2 1.3 252.7 0.2 4.6
466.2 0.2 1.5 372.0 0.2 5.7
321.1 0.2 12 373.7 0.2 10
321.3 0.2 15
311.1 0.2 15
Lanthanum 418.7 0.2 1.6 Platinum 306.5 0.7 2.1
495.0 0.2 1.7 283.0 0.2 3.4
357.4 0.2 4.0 293.0 0.7 3.7
365.0 0.2 4.0 273.4 0.2 4.1
392.8 0.2 4.0 Potassium 769.9 0.7 2.3
Lead 217.0 0.7 0.4 Praseodymium513.3 0.2 1.4
261.4 0.7 10 473.7 0.2 2.2
368.4 0.7 25 492.5 0.2 2.2
Lithium 323.3 0.7 235 502.7 0.2 2.5
Lutetium 331.2 0.2 1.8 Rhenium 346.5 0.2 1.7
337.7 0.2 2.0 345.2 0.2 2.4
356.8 0.2 2.1 Rhodium 369.2 0.2 1.7
298.9 0.2 9.2 339.7 0.2 2.5
451.9 0.2 11 350.2 0.2 3.7
Magnesium 202.6 0.7 24 365.8 0.2 6.0
Manganese 279.8 0.2 1.3 Rubidium 794.8 2.0 2.1
280.1 0.2 1.9 420.2 0.7 120
403.1 0.2 9.5 Ruthenium 372.8 0.2 1.4
Molybdenum 317.0 0.7 1.6 379.9 0.2 2.2
379.8 0.7 1.8 392.6 0.2 11
319.4 0.7 2.0 Samarium 476.0 0.2 1.4
386.4 0.7 2.5 511.7 0.2 1.4
390.3 0.7 3.3 520.1 0.2 1.6
315.8 0.7 4.0 472.8 0.2 2.0

61
TABLE 2: Continued

Wl Slit Rs Wl Slit Rs
320.9 0.2 8.7 Scandium 390.8 0.2 1.0
Neodymium ? 402.4 0.2 1.4
? 402.0 0.2 1.8
? 405.5 0.2 2.7
Nickel 231.1 0.2 1.5 327.0 0.2 3.2
352.5 0.2 3.3 408.2 0.2 7.0
341.5 0.2 3.5 327.4 0.2 12
305.1 0.2 4.5 Selenium 204.0 0.2 3.0
346.2 0.2 6.6 206.3 0.2 11
Niobium 358.0 0.2 1.1 207.5 0.2 35
334.9 0.2 1.2 Silicon 250.7 0.7 2.8
408.0 0.2 1.4 252.8 0.2 3.2
335.8 0.2 1.5 252.4 0.2 3.7
412.4 0.2 1.9 221.7 0.2 4.3
357.6 0.2 2.5 221.1 0.2 8.0
Osmium 305.9 0.2 1.6 Silver 338.3 0.7 1.9
263.7 0.2 1.8 Sodium 589.6 0.2 1.0
301.8 0.2 3.2 330.2 2.0 185
330.2 0.2 3.6 Strontium none
Palladium 247.6 0.2 1.0
276.3 0.2 2.7
340.5 0.2 3.0
Phosphorus 214.9 0.2 2.0
Tantalum 260.8 0.2 2.1 Tungsten 255.1 0.2 0.5
265.7 0.2 2.5 294.4 0.2 0.7
293.4 0.2 2.5 268.1 0.2 0.7
255.9 0.2 2.5 272.4 0.2 0.7
265.3 0.2 2.7 294.7 0.7 0.7
269.8 0.2 2.7 283.1 0.2 1.0
275.8 0.2 3.1 289.6 0.2 1.4
Technetium 260.9 0.2 4.1 287.9 0.2 2.4
429.7 0.2 6.5 430.2 0.2 7.2
426.2 0.2 8.1 Uranium 358.5 0.2 0.3
318.2 0.2 10 356.7 0.2 0.5
423.8 0.2 11 Vanadium 306.6 0.2 2.4
363.6 0.2 11 306.0 0.2 2.4
317.3 0.2 100 305.6 0.2 3.0
Tellurium 225.9 0.7 15 320.2 0.2 6.4
238.6 0.7 50 390.2 0.2 6.5
Terbium 431.9 0.2 1.2 Ytterbium 346.4 0.2 3.5
390.1 0.2 1.6 246.4 0.2 7.5
406.2 0.2 1.8 267.2 0.2 40
433.8 0.2 2.0 Yttrium 407.7 0.2 1.1
410.5 0.2 3.6 412.8 0.2 1.2

62
TABLE 2: Continued

Wl Slit Rs Wl Slit Rs
Thallium 377.6 0.7 2.7 414.3 0.2 1.4
238.0 0.2 6.7 362.1 0.2 2.0
258.0 0.2 24 Zinc 307.6 0.7 4700
Thulium 410.6 0.2 1.4 Zirconium 354.8 0.2 1.5
374.4 0.2 1.6 303.0 0.2 1.5
409.4 0.2 1.7 301.2 0.2 1.7
418.8 0.2 1.9 298.5 0.2 1.7
420.4 0.2 3.0 362.4 0.2 1.9
375.2 0.2 5.7
436.0 0. 9.3
341.0 0.2 14
Tin 224.6 0.2 0.5 Titanium 365.4 0.2 1.0
235.5 0.7 0.8 320.0 0.2 1.2
270.6 0.7 2.0 363.6 0.2 1.2
303.4 0.2 2.8 335.5 0.2 1.4
254.7 0.7 4.4 375.3 0.2 1.6
219.9 0.2 4.7 334.2 1.2 1.6
300.9 0.7 5.9 399.9 0.2 1.6

63
SECTION 8: Flame Techniques

OVERVIEW
This section describes standard conditions for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS)
techniques. These techniques utilize combustion mixtures of either air-acetylene (A-A), nitrous oxide-
acetylene (N-A) or argon-hydrogen (Ar-H). While nearly all elements can be determined in an A-A
flame to some extent, this is often not the best type of flame to use. The flame mixtures given in this
section are those which provide the greatest sensitivity for each element.
In order to provide good sensitivity, an optimal combustion mixture will have the following
characteristics:

1. reaches an appropriate temperature for excitation of the analyte.

2. supplies chemical agents necessary to convert or stabilize the analyte in the atomic form.
3. reduces or eliminates spectral and/or chemical interferences.

The working temperature and ranges of the various flame types are given below, with the oxidizing gas
ratio having the hottest temperature in each range. Both chemistry and temperature are influenced by
the oxidant-to-fuel ratio. A fuel rich acetylene flame provides a highly reducing environment due to the
excess amount of carbon radicals. This suppresses the ionization of easily oxidized elements and
results in greater sensitivity for elements such as chromium and tin.

An oxidizing flame burns hotter than a reducing flame and creates less spectral interference in the near
UV for elements such as nickel and zinc, which are not so easily ionized. The hotter temperature
provides a greater proportion of excited atoms to the analysis, thereby increasing the sensitivity for
these elements.

Characteristics of Different Combustion Mixtures

Oxidant_____ Fuel Average Temp. Temp. Range

Air Acetylene 2300 2120 to 2400

Nitrous Oxide Acetylene 2750 2650 to 2800

Argon/Air Hydrogen 400 350 to 1000

64
There are about 30 elements that form refractory oxides and cannot be dissociated in even the hottest
air-acetylene flame. It is necessary then to use a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame for these elements. The
N-A flame has the advantage of being able to decompose refractory compounds, but suffers from
relatively higher noise caused by emission radiation from combustion by-products (CN, CH and NH).
These by-products can also cause specific interferences with some elements where the emission
spectrum overlaps an absorbing line. Sometimes this type of interference cannot be removed by any
type of background correction, making analysis virtually impossible. In the very hot N-A flame, an
ionization suppressant must be added to the sample (usually a potassium or lanthanum salt) to prevent
the analyte from being lost to the analysis through ionization.

Elements with characteristic wavelengths near the start of the vacuum UV range show considerable
improvement in sensitivity with an argon-hydrogen flame. It is not yet certain what atomization
mechanisms occur, however, it is generally agreed that hydrogen has an active role in the process.
Because of it's very high transparency the Ar-H flame gives particularly good sensitivity for arsenic and
selenium.

Other flame types have been investigated with varying results. In some cases a specific combustion
mixture shows excellent sensitivity for one element, but there is little practicality in changing gases for
each analyte. The A-A and N-A flames are consequently used in most laboratories because of their
broad versatility.

Where arsenic and selenium determinations must be made, switching to the Ar-H flame is worth the
effort. In it's use, the analytes are determined by direct aspiration into the flame.

A more sensitive technique, hydride generation, doesn't require any modification of the combustion
mixture. In this technique arsenic and selenium are converted to the arsine or selenine gas and swept
into a quartz cell heated by the flame. The hydride technique is used when highest sensitivity for these
elements is required. In this case an A-A flame is used, and merely serves as a convenient source of
heat. Since elemental mercury has a significant vapor pressure at room temperatures, and is subject to
numerous interferences even in a N-A flame, it is best performed using a flameless technique. Hydride
generation and mercury determinations are discussed in Section 3.4 – Cold vapor/hydride Techniques.

65
SECTION 9: Interferences

There are basically three categories of interferences that can occur in flame atomic absorption work,
termed physical, chemical, and spectral. Chemical interference is most often encountered and is
caused by lack of absorption of atoms bound in molecular combination in the flame. This occurs when
the flame is not hot enough to dissociate the molecule. Phosphates interfere with magnesium, calcium
and barium, and is overcome by adding lanthanum to the solution. Similarly, silica interferes in the
determination of manganese and can be eliminated by the addition of calcium.

Chemical interferences may also be eliminated by separating the metal from the interfering material.
Although complexing agents are employed primarily to increase the sensitivity of the analysis, they
may also be used to eliminate or reduce interferences.

Highly refractory metal oxides, especially those of the rare earth metals, do not dissociate at the
temperature of an air-acetylene flame. Other metals dissociated into the atomic state often recombine
with oxygen in the flame so rapidly that further atomization is not possible. In these cases an alternate
combustion mixture is used, most often a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, to provide greater heat for
decomposition.

If an element in the atomic state becomes ionized in the flame, it's absorption spectra will change,
effectively removing it from the analysis. The fraction of ionized atoms in the flame increases with
increased temperature, and at the heat of a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame nearly all elements are
significantly ionized. This type of interference is most pronounced for elements such as barium, which
is readily ionized but requires high temperature excitation for analysis at the usual concentration range.
Ionization can generally be controlled by the addition of a large excess (>1,000 mg/L) of an easily
ionized element such as K, Na, Li or Cs to the sample.

All metals are not equally stable in a digested solution, especially if it contains only nitric acid, and not
nitric and hydrochloric acids together. The digestate should be analyzed as soon as possible, with
preference given to antimony, barium, molybdenum, silver and tin.

High concentrations of dissolved solids in the sample may result in an interference from physical (non-
atomic) absorbance such as light scattering. If background correction is not used, the sample can be re-
analyzed at a nearby, non-specific wavelength*. If absorbance is found at this wavelength, it is due to a
physical effect and the sample should be treated by a filtration, digestion or extraction procedure to
remove the interference.

* All hollow cathode lamps emit not only the line spectra of the element comprising the cathode, but
also that of the fill gas and other incidental impurities; therefore, it is always possible to find an
energetic line somewhere near the resonant wavelength of the element of interest which will not
respond to the element, but will respond to physical interferences.

66
Spectral interference can occur when an absorbing wavelength of an element present in the sample but
not being determined falls within the width of the absorption line of the element of interest. The results
of the determination will then be erroneously high, due to the contribution of the interfering element to
the atomic absorption signal. Interference can also occur when resonant energy from another element in
a multi-element lamp, or from a metal impurity in the lamp cathode, falls within the bandpass of the slit
setting when that other metal is present in the sample. This type of interference may sometimes be
reduced by narrowing the slit width.

Samples and standards should be monitored for viscosity differences that may alter the aspiration rate.

Molecular spectra of certain common compounds have broad absorption profiles and can produce a
positive interference; that is, the measured absorbance is greater than the actual absorbance of the
analyte. The table below illustrates some common molecular absorbance bands:

Table 3: Overlapping Spectra of Some Common Analytes (Source: Norris & West; Analytical
Chemistry; 1974, V46, p. 1423).

Overlapping
Analyte Wavelength Element Wavelength
Aluminum 396.15 Fe 396.11
Bismuth 206.17 I 206.16
Calcium 422.67 Ge 422.66
Cadmium 228.80 As 228.81
Chromium 359.35 Hg 359.35
Ne 359.35
Copper 217.89 Sb 217.92
324.75 Fe 324.73
324.75 Eu 324.75
327.40 Fe 327.45
Cobalt 253.65 Hg 253.65
241.16 Pb 241.17
Iron 213.86 Zn 213.86
Lead 217.00 Sb 217.02
Lithium 323.26 Sb 323.25
Magnesium 285.21 Fe 285.21
285.21 Hg 285.24
Manganese 279.48 Fe 279.47
403.31 Ga 403.30
Mercury 253.65 Co 253.65
Nickel 231.10 Sb 213.15
352.45 Fe 352.43
Palladium 247.64 Pb 247.64
Platinum 271.90 Fe 271.90
Silver 338.29 Fe 338.24
Strontium 460.73 Fe 460.77
Vanadium 250.69 Si 250.69
308.21 Al 308.22
Zinc 213.86 Fe 213.86

67
SECTION 10: Method of Standard Additions

If methods of standard addition are required, the following procedure is recommended.

SA.1 The standard addition techniques involves preparing new standards in the sample matrix by
adding known amounts of standard to one or more aliquots of the processed sample solution. This
technique compensates for a sample constituent that enhances or depresses the analyte signal thus
producing a different slope from that of the calibration standards. It will not correct for additive
interference which causes a baseline shift. The simplest version of this technique is the single-addition
method. The procedure is as follows. Two identical aliquots of the sample solution, each of volume Vx,
are taken. To the first (labeled A) is added a small volume Va of a standard analyte solution of
concentration cs. To the second (labeled B) is added the same volume Vs, of the solvent. The
analytical signals of A and B are measured and corrected for nonanalyte signals. The unknown sample
concentration cx is calculated:

S(B) V(s) c(s)

c(x) = ----------------
(S(A) - S(B))Vx

where S(A) and S(B), are the analytical signals (corrected for the blank) of solutions A and B,
respectively.

Vs, and cs, should be chosen so that S(A) is roughly twice S(B) on the average. It is best if Vs, is made
much less than Vx, and thus cs, is much greater than Cx, to avoid excess dilution of the sample matrix.
If a separation or concentration step is used, the additions are best made first and carried through the
entire procedure. For the results from this technique to be valid, the following limitations must be taken
into consideration:

1. The analytical curve must be linear.

2. The chemical form of the analyte added must respond the same as the analyte in the sample.
3. The interference effect must be constant over the working range of concern.

When greater accuracy is required, the following method of standard addition is recommended:

SA.2 Add equal volumes of deionized water and three standards containing different amounts of the
test element to 4 aliquots of the sample. The aliquots must also be of equal volume. Determine the
absorbance of each solution and plot as shown below. The concentration of the standards is taken as
the X value, with the sample assigned the value X=0. When the resulting line is extrapolated back to
zero absorbance, the point of intersection with the horizontal axis is the concentration of the unknown.

(courtesy of BUCK SCIENTIFIC, Inc. Applications Department, Norwalk, Ct).

The method of standard addition is subject to certain limitations, which must be taken into
consideration when examining the results. The curve must be within the liner range of the analysis.
For the best results, the slope of the curve should be nearly the same as that of the standards alone. The
diagram above shows a typical relationship between the sample analysis (upper curve) and the curve of
the standard solutions.

68
If the slope of the standard addition curve differs by more than 20% of the standard curve, the results
are suspect. In addition, the effect of interferences should not vary with concentration of the analyte or
other components in solution. Spectral interferences are not corrected for by this method; use suitable
background correction (i.e., deuterium, giant pulse, etc.).

Graphing the results enables the analyst to visually determine the validity of the results by checking for
linearity, and by comparison with a curve of the standard solutions; however it leads to some
uncertainty in determining the concentration of the unknown. For the highest precision, the unknown
should be determined by calculation from:

[u] = x) - [{4x² - (x)²}/{4xxy - xy}]}

where: [u] is concentration of unknown

 means "sum"
y is an absorbance value for each corresponding concentration, x

69
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Epson EPL-5900 PS3 Gestetner DSm618 HP Color LaserJet 4550
Epson EPL-6100 Gestetner DSm618d HP Color LaserJet 4600
Epson EPL-6100 PS3 Gestetner DSm620 HP Color LaserJet 5
Epson EPL-7100 Gestetner DSm620d HP Color LaserJet 5000
Epson EPL-N2050 Gestetner DSm622 HP Color LaserJet 5500
Epson EPL-N2050+ Gestetner DSm627 HP Color LaserJet 8550GN
Epson EPL-N2050PS Gestetner DSm635/635G HP DesignJet 230
Epson EPL-N2050PS+ Gestetner DSm645/645G HP DesignJet 250C
Epson EPL-N2120 Gestetner DSm651 HP DesignJet 430
Epson EPL-N2500 Gestetner DSm660 HP DesignJet 450C
Epson EPL-N2500 PS3 Gestetner DSm675 HP DesignJet 455CA
Epson EPL-N2750 Gestetner DSm725 HP DesignJet 488CA
Epson EPL-N2750PS Gestetner DSm730 HP DesignJet 700
Fujitsu PrintPartner 10V Gestetner DSm735/735G HP DesignJet 750C Plus
Fujitsu PrintPartner 16DV Gestetner DSm745/745G HP DesignJet 750C
Fujitsu PrintPartner 20W Gestetner MP1100/DSm7110 HP DesignJet 2500CP
Fujitsu PrintPartner 8000 Gestetner MP1350/DSm7135 HP DesignJet 3500CP
Generic PCL 4 Printer Gestetner MP1600/DSm716 HP DesignJet ColorPro CAD
Generic PCL 4 Printer wide margin Gestetner MP2000/DSm721d HP DeskJet 400
Generic PCL 4 LF Printer Gestetner MP2500/DSm625 HP DeskJet 420C
Generic PCL 5 Printer Gestetner MP3500/DSm735e HP DeskJet 450
HP DeskJet 500 HP DeskJet 880C HP LaserJet 3P w/ PCL5
HP DeskJet 500C HP DeskJet 882C HP LaserJet 3P w/PS
HP DeskJet 505J Plus HP DeskJet 890C HP LaserJet 4 Plus
HP DeskJet 510 HP DeskJet 895C HP LaserJet 4
HP DeskJet 520 HP DeskJet 916C HP LaserJet 4L
HP DeskJet 540C HP DeskJet 920C HP LaserJet 4M
HP DeskJet 550C HP DeskJet 9300 HP LaserJet 4ML
HP DeskJet 5550 HP DeskJet 930C HP LaserJet 4P
HP DeskJet 5551 HP DeskJet 932C HP LaserJet 4Si
HP DeskJet 560C HP DeskJet 933C HP LaserJet 4V
HP DeskJet 600 HP DeskJet 934C HP LaserJet 5
HP DeskJet 600C HP DeskJet 935C HP LaserJet 5L
HP DeskJet 610C HP DeskJet 940C HP LaserJet 5M
HP DeskJet 610CL HP DeskJet 948C HP LaserJet 5MP
HP DeskJet 6122 HP DeskJet 950C HP LaserJet 5P
HP DeskJet 6127 HP DeskJet 952C HP LaserJet 5Si
HP DeskJet 612C HP DeskJet 955C HP LaserJet 6
HP DeskJet 640C HP DeskJet 957C HP LaserJet 6L
HP DeskJet 648C HP DeskJet 959C HP LaserJet 6MP
HP DeskJet 660C HP DeskJet 960C HP LaserJet 6P
HP DeskJet 670C HP DeskJet 970C HP LaserJet 1010
HP DeskJet 670TV HP DeskJet 975C HP LaserJet 1012
HP DeskJet 672C HP DeskJet 980C HP LaserJet 1015
HP DeskJet 680C HP DeskJet 990C HP LaserJet 1022
HP DeskJet 682C HP DeskJet 995C HP LaserJet 1100
HP DeskJet 690C HP DeskJet 1100C HP LaserJet 1100A
HP DeskJet 692C HP DeskJet 1120C HP LaserJet 1150
HP DeskJet 693C HP DeskJet 1125C HP LaserJet 1160
HP DeskJet 694C HP DeskJet 1200C HP LaserJet 1200
HP DeskJet 695C HP DeskJet 1220C HP LaserJet 1220
HP DeskJet 697C HP DeskJet 1600C HP LaserJet 1300
HP DeskJet 810C HP DeskJet 1600CM HP LaserJet 1320
HP DeskJet 812C HP DeskJet 2000 HP LaserJet 2100
HP DeskJet 815C HP DeskJet 2500 HP LaserJet 2100M
HP DeskJet 816C HP DeskJet 2500CM HP LaserJet 2200
HP DeskJet 825C HP DeskJet 340C HP LaserJet 2300
HP DeskJet 830C HP DeskJet 3810 HP LaserJet 2410
HP DeskJet 832C HP DeskJet 3816 HP LaserJet 2420
HP DeskJet 840C HP DeskJet 3820 HP LaserJet 2430
HP DeskJet 841C HP DeskJet 3822 HP LaserJet 3015
HP DeskJet 842C HP LaserJet 2 HP LaserJet 3020
HP DeskJet 843C HP LaserJet 2D HP LaserJet 3030
HP DeskJet 845C HP LaserJet 2P Plus HP LaserJet 3050
HP DeskJet 850C HP LaserJet 2P HP LaserJet 3052
HP DeskJet 855C HP LaserJet 3 HP LaserJet 3055
HP DeskJet 870C HP LaserJet 3D HP LaserJet 3200
HP LaserJet 3200m HP OfficeJet 520 HP PSC 380
HP LaserJet 3200se HP OfficeJet 570 HP PSC 500
HP LaserJet 3300 MFP HP OfficeJet 580 HP PSC 750
HP LaserJet 3310 MFP HP OfficeJet 590 HP PSC 950
HP LaserJet 3320 MFP HP OfficeJet 600 HP PSC 950xi
HP LaserJet 3320N MFP HP OfficeJet 610 HP PSC 2110
HP LaserJet 3330 MFP HP OfficeJet 625 HP PSC 2150
HP LaserJet 3380 HP OfficeJet 630 HP PSC 2210
HP LaserJet 3390 HP OfficeJet 635 HP PhotoSmart 7150
HP LaserJet 3392 HP OfficeJet 700 HP PhotoSmart 7345
HP LaserJet 4000 HP OfficeJet 710 HP PhotoSmart 7350
HP LaserJet 4050 HP OfficeJet 720 HP PhotoSmart 7550
HP LaserJet 4100 HP OfficeJet 725 HP PhotoSmart P100
HP LaserJet 4200 HP OfficeJet 5105 HP PhotoSmart P130
HP LaserJet 4240 HP OfficeJet 5110 HP PhotoSmart P230
HP LaserJet 4250 HP OfficeJet 5110xi HP PhotoSmart P1000
HP LaserJet 4300 HP OfficeJet 6105 HP PhotoSmart P1100
HP LaserJet 4345 mfp HP OfficeJet 6110 HP PhotoSmart P1115
HP LaserJet 4350 HP OfficeJet 7110 HP PhotoSmart P1215
HP LaserJet 5000 HP OfficeJet 7130 HP PhotoSmart P1218
HP LaserJet 5100 HP OfficeJet 7140 HP PhotoSmart P1315
HP LaserJet 5200 HP OfficeJet D125 HP e-printer e20
HP LaserJet 5200L HP OfficeJet D135 IBM 4019
HP LaserJet 8000 HP OfficeJet D145 IBM 4029 030 LaserPrinter 10
HP LaserJet 8100 HP OfficeJet D155 IBM 4312
HP LaserJet 8150 HP OfficeJet G55 IBM Infoprint 12
HP LaserJet 9000 HP OfficeJet G85 IBM Page Printer 3112
HP LaserJet 9040 HP OfficeJet G95 Infotec 4353 MF
HP LaserJet 9040 MFP HP OfficeJet K60 Infotec 4452 MF
HP LaserJet 9050 HP OfficeJet K60xi Infotec 4651 MF
HP LaserJet 9050 MFP HP OfficeJet K80 Infotec IS2022
HP LaserJet M3027 MFP HP OfficeJet K80xi Infotec IS2027
HP LaserJet M3035 MFP HP OfficeJet LX Infotec IS2032
HP LaserJet M4345 MFP HP OfficeJet Pro 1150C Infotec IS2035
HP LaserJet M5025 MFP HP OfficeJet Pro 1170C Infotec IS2045
HP LaserJet M5035 MFP HP OfficeJet Pro 1175C Infotec IS2090
HP LaserJet P2010 HP OfficeJet R40 Infotec IS2105
HP LaserJet P2015 HP OfficeJet R45 Infotec IS 2015
HP LaserJet P3004 HP OfficeJet R60 Infotec IS 2018
HP LaserJet P3005 HP OfficeJet R65 Infotec IS 2018D
HP Mopier 240 HP OfficeJet R80 Infotec IS 2060
HP Mopier 320 HP OfficeJet T45 Infotec IS 2075
HP OfficeJet 300 HP OfficeJet T65 Infotec IS 2122
HP OfficeJet 330 HP OfficeJet V40 Infotec IS 2127
HP OfficeJet 350 HP OfficeJet V40xi Infotec IS 2132
HP OfficeJet 500 HP OfficeJetHP PSC 370 Infotec IS 2135
Infotec IS 2145 Kyocera FS-1030D Kyocera FS-9500DN
Infotec IS 2151 Kyocera FS-1050 Kyocera FS-9530DN
Infotec IS 2160 Kyocera FS-1118MFP Kyocera KM-1510
Infotec IS 2175 Kyocera FS-1135MFP Kyocera KM-1530
Infotec IS 2215 Kyocera FS-1200 Kyocera KM-1810
Infotec IS 2216 Kyocera FS-1600 Kyocera KM-1815
Infotec IS 2220 Kyocera FS-1600+ Kyocera KM-1820
Infotec IS 2220D Kyocera FS-1700 Kyocera KM-2030
Infotec IS 2225 Kyocera FS-1700+ Kyocera KM-2530
Infotec IS 2230 Kyocera FS-1714M Kyocera KM-3050
Infotec IS 2235 Kyocera FS-1750 Kyocera KM-3530
Infotec IS 2245 Kyocera FS-1800 Kyocera KM-4050
Infotec IS 2255 Kyocera FS-1800+ Kyocera KM-4230
Infotec IS 2265 Kyocera FS-1900 Kyocera KM-4230/5230
Infotec IS 2275 Kyocera FS-1920 Kyocera KM-4530
Infotec IS 2316 Kyocera FS-2000D Kyocera KM-5050
Infotec IS 2320 Kyocera FS-3500 Kyocera KM-5230
Infotec IS 2325 Kyocera FS-3600 Kyocera KM-5530
Infotec IS 2416 Kyocera FS-3600+ Kyocera KM-6030
Infotec IS 2425 Kyocera FS-3700 Kyocera KM-6230
Infotec IS 2430 Kyocera FS-3700+ Kyocera KM-8030
Infotec IS 2435 Kyocera FS-3718M Lanier 5622
Infotec IS 2445 Kyocera FS-3750 Lanier 5627
Infotec IS 3090 Kyocera FS-3800 Lanier 5632
Infotec IS 3110 Kyocera FS-3820N Lanier 5635
Infotec IS 3135 Kyocera FS-3830N Lanier 5645
Infotec MP 2550 Kyocera FS-3900DN Lanier LD0105
Infotec MP 2550B Kyocera FS-4000DN Lanier LD015
Infotec MP 3350 Kyocera FS-5800C Lanier LD035
Infotec MP 3350B Kyocera FS-5900C Lanier LD045
Infotec MP 4000 Kyocera FS-6020 Lanier LD060
Infotec MP 4000B Kyocera FS-6026 Lanier LD075
Infotec MP 5000 Kyocera FS-6300 Lanier LD090
Infotec MP 5000B Kyocera FS-6500 Lanier LD115
Kyocera CS-1815 Kyocera FS-6500+ Lanier LD116
Kyocera F-1010 Kyocera FS-6700 Lanier LD118
Kyocera FS-600 - KPDL-2 Kyocera FS-6750 Lanier LD118d
Kyocera FS-600 Kyocera FS-6900 Lanier LD120
Kyocera FS-680 Kyocera FS-6950DN Lanier LD120d
Kyocera FS-800 Kyocera FS-7000 Lanier LD122
Kyocera FS-920 Kyocera FS-7000+ Lanier LD127
Kyocera FS-1000 Kyocera FS-7028M Lanier LD132
Kyocera FS-1000+ Kyocera FS-8000C Lanier LD135
Kyocera FS-1010 Kyocera FS-9000 Lanier LD145
Kyocera FS-1018MFP Kyocera FS-9100DN Lanier LD151
Kyocera FS-1020D Kyocera FS-9130DN Lanier LD160
Lanier LD175 NRG 10515/10518/10512 NRG MP 5000
Lanier LD225 NRG 2205/2238/2212 NRG MP 5000B
Lanier LD230 NRG 2705/2738/2712 NRG MP 5500
Lanier LD235 NRG 3205/3238/3212 NRG MP 6500
Lanier LD245 NRG 3525/3508/3502 NRG MP 7500
Lanier MP2500/LD125 NRG 3545/3518/3532 NRG MP 9000
Lanier MP 1100/LD1100 NRG 4525/4508/4502 Oki B401d
Lanier MP 1350/LD1135 NRG 4545/4518/4532 Oki B430
Lanier MP 1600/LD316 NRG 6002/6005/6008 Oki B4350
Lanier MP 161/LD016 NRG 7502/7505/7508 Oki OL400
Lanier MP 2000/LD320d NRG 9005/9008/9002 Oki OL400e
Lanier MP 2510/LD325 NRG DSm415 Oki OL400ex
Lanier MP 2550B/LD425B NRG DSm615 Oki OL410e
Lanier MP 2550/LD425 NRG DSm616 Oki OL600e
Lanier MP 3010/LD330 NRG DSm618 Oki OL610e/S
Lanier MP 3350B/LD433B NRG DSm618d Oki OL800
Lanier MP 3350/LD433 NRG DSm620 Oki OL810ex
Lanier MP 3500/LD335 NRG DSm620d Oki Okipage 6e
Lanier MP 4000B/LD040B NRG DSm622 Oki Okipage 6ex
Lanier MP 4000/LD040 NRG DSm627 Oki Okipage 8p
Lanier MP 4500/LD345 NRG DSm632 Oki Okipage 10e
Lanier MP 5000B/LD050B NRG DSm635 Oki Okipage 10ex
Lanier MP 5000/LD050 NRG DSm645 Oki Okipage 14ex
Lanier MP 5500/LD255 NRG DSm651 Oki Super 6e
Lanier MP 6500/LD265 NRG DSm660 Olivetti JP350S
Lanier MP 7500/LD275 NRG DSm675 Olivetti PG 306PCPI 1030
Lanier MP 9000/LD190 NRG DSm725 Panasonic KX-P4410
Lexmark 4076 NRG DSm730 Panasonic KX-P4450
Lexmark Optra E NRG DSm735 Panasonic KX-P6150
Lexmark Optra E+ NRG DSm745 Panasonic KX-P6500
Lexmark Optra E220 NRG MP 1100 Raven LP-410
Lexmark Optra E321 NRG MP 1350 Ricoh Aficio 1022
Lexmark Optra E323 NRG MP 1600 Ricoh Aficio 1027
Lexmark Valuewriter 300 NRG MP 161 Ricoh Aficio 1032
Minolta PagePro 6 NRG MP 2000 Ricoh Aficio 1035
Minolta PagePro 6e NRG MP 2500 Ricoh Aficio 1045
Minolta PagePro 6ex NRG MP 2510 Ricoh Aficio 1060
Minolta PagePro 8 NRG MP 2550 Ricoh Aficio 1075
Minolta PagePro 8L NRG MP 2550B Ricoh Aficio 1515
Minolta PagePro 1100 NRG MP 3010 Ricoh Aficio 2015
NEC SuperScript 660i NRG MP 3350 Ricoh Aficio 2016
NEC SuperScript 860 NRG MP 3350B Ricoh Aficio 2018
NEC SuperScript 870 NRG MP 3500 Ricoh Aficio 2018D
NEC SuperScript 1260 NRG MP 4000 Ricoh Aficio 2020
NEC SuperScript 1400 NRG MP 4000B Ricoh Aficio 2020D
NEC SuperScript 1800 NRG MP 4500 Ricoh Aficio 2022
Ricoh Aficio 2027 Samsung ML-1750 Savin 8016
Ricoh Aficio 2032 Samsung ML-2150 Savin 8020
Ricoh Aficio 2035 Samsung ML-2150PS Savin 8020d
Ricoh Aficio 2035e Samsung ML-2151N Savin 8025
Ricoh Aficio 2045 Samsung ML-2151NPS Savin 8025e
Ricoh Aficio 2045e Samsung ML-2152W Savin 8030
Ricoh Aficio 2051 Samsung ML-2152WPS Savin 8030e
Ricoh Aficio 2060 Samsung ML-2250 Savin 8035/8035g
Ricoh Aficio 2075 Samsung ML-2550 Savin 8035e
Ricoh Aficio 2090 Samsung ML-2551N Savin 8045/8045g
Ricoh Aficio 2105 Samsung ML-2552W Savin 8045e
Ricoh Aficio 220 Samsung ML-4600 Savin 8055
Ricoh Aficio 3025 Samsung ML-5000a Savin 8065
Ricoh Aficio 3030 Samsung ML-6000 Savin 8075
Ricoh Aficio 3035 Samsung ML-6100 Savin 8090
Ricoh Aficio 3045 Samsung ML-7000 Savin 8110
Ricoh Aficio 401 Samsung ML-7000N Savin 8135
Ricoh Aficio 700 Samsung ML-7000P Savin 816
Ricoh Aficio MP 1100 Samsung ML-7050 Savin 9016
Ricoh Aficio MP 1350 Samsung ML-7300 Savin 9021d
Ricoh Aficio MP 1600 Samsung ML-7300N Savin 9025
Ricoh Aficio MP 161 Samsung QL-5100A Savin 9025b
Ricoh Aficio MP 2000 Samsung QL-6050 Savin 9033
Ricoh Aficio MP 2500 Savin 2522 Savin 9033b
Ricoh Aficio MP 2510 Savin 2527 Savin 9040
Ricoh Aficio MP 2550 Savin 2532 Savin 9040b
Ricoh Aficio MP 2550B Savin 2535/2235 Savin 9050
Ricoh Aficio MP 3010 Savin 2545/2245 Savin 9050b
Ricoh Aficio MP 3350 Savin 2560 Seiko SpeedJET 200
Ricoh Aficio MP 3350B Savin 2575 Sharp AR-161
Ricoh Aficio MP 3500 Savin 3515 Sharp AR-M257
Ricoh Aficio MP 4000 Savin 40105 Sony IJP-V100
Ricoh Aficio MP 4000B Savin 4015 Star LS-04
Ricoh Aficio MP 4500 Savin 4018 Star LaserPrinter 8
Ricoh Aficio MP 5000 Savin 4018d Tally MT908
Ricoh Aficio MP 5000B Savin 4022 Tektronix Phaser 750DP
Ricoh Aficio MP 5500 Savin 4027 Tektronix Phaser 750DX
Ricoh Aficio MP 6500 Savin 4035/4135g Tektronix Phaser 750N
Ricoh Aficio MP 7500 Savin 4035e/4135eG Tektronix Phaser 750P
Ricoh Aficio MP 9000 Savin 4045/4145g Xerox Able 1406
Samsung ML-85 Savin 4045e/4145eG Xerox DocuPrint 4508
Samsung ML-1250 Savin 4051 Xerox DocuPrint C20
Samsung ML-1450 Savin 4060 Xerox DocuPrint N4512
Samsung ML-1450PS Savin 4075 Xerox DocuPrint N4512PS
Samsung ML-1650 Savin 4090 Xerox DocuPrint P12
Samsung ML-1651N Savin 7025 Xerox DocuPrint P1202
Xerox DocuPrint P8e Xerox Phaser 7400DX Olympus P-11
Xerox Document Centre 400 Xerox Phaser 7400DXF Olympus P-200
Xerox Phaser 2135 Xerox Phaser 7400N Olympus P-300
Xerox Phaser 4400B Xerox Phaser 7700DN Olympus P-300E
Xerox Phaser 4400DT Xerox Phaser 7700DX Olympus P-300U
Xerox Phaser 4400DX Xerox Phaser 7700GX Olympus P-330E
Xerox Phaser 4400N Xerox Phaser 7750B Olympus P-330NE
Xerox Phaser 4500B Xerox Phaser 7750DN Olympus P-400
Xerox Phaser 4500DT Xerox Phaser 7750DXF Olympus P-440
Xerox Phaser 4500DX Xerox Phaser 7750GX Olympus P-S100
Xerox Phaser 4500N Xerox Phaser 7760DN Canon CP-10
Xerox Phaser 4510B Xerox Phaser 7760DX Canon CP-100
Xerox Phaser 4510DT Xerox Phaser 7760GX Canon CP-200
Xerox Phaser 4510DX Xerox Phaser 8400B Canon CP-220
Xerox Phaser 4510N Xerox Phaser 8400BD Canon CP-300
Xerox Phaser 5500B Xerox Phaser 8400DP Canon CP-330
Xerox Phaser 5500DN Xerox Phaser 8400DX Canon SELPHY CP400
Xerox Phaser 5500DT Xerox Phaser 8400N Canon SELPHY CP500
Xerox Phaser 5500DX Xerox Phaser 8500DN Canon SELPHY CP510
Xerox Phaser 5500N Xerox Phaser 8500N Canon SELPHY CP520
Xerox Phaser 6130N Xerox Phaser 8550DP Canon SELPHY CP530
Xerox Phaser 6180DN Xerox Phaser 8550DT Canon SELPHY CP600
Xerox Phaser 6180MFP-D Xerox Phaser 8550DX Canon SELPHY CP710
Xerox Phaser 6200B Xerox Phaser 8560DN Canon SELPHY CP720
Xerox Phaser 6200DP Xerox WorkCentre 7345 Canon SELPHY CP730
Xerox Phaser 6200DX Xerox WorkCentre M118 Canon SELPHY CP740
Xerox Phaser 6200N Datamax-ONeil I4212e Mark II Canon SELPHY CP750
Xerox Phaser 6250B Datamax-ONeil I4310e Mark II Canon SELPHY CP760
Xerox Phaser 6250DP Datamax-ONeil I4606e Mark II Canon SELPHY CP770
Xerox Phaser 6250DT Datamax-ONeil E4204B Mark III Canon SELPHY CP780
Xerox Phaser 6250DX Datamax-ONeil E4304B Mark III Canon SELPHY CP790
Xerox Phaser 6250N Datamax-ONeil E4205A Mark III Canon SELPHY CP800
Xerox Phaser 6300DN Datamax-ONeil E4305A Mark III Canon SELPHY CP810
Xerox Phaser 6300N Datamax-ONeil E4206P Mark III Canon SELPHY CP820
Xerox Phaser 6350DP Datamax-ONeil E4305P Mark III Canon SELPHY CP900
Xerox Phaser 6350DT Datamax-ONeil E4206L Mark III Canon SELPHY CP910
Xerox Phaser 6350DX Datamax-ONeil E4305L Mark III Canon SELPHY CP1000
Xerox Phaser 6360DN Datamax-ONeil RL3e Canon SELPHY CP1200
Xerox Phaser 6360DX Datamax-ONeil RL4e Canon SELPHY ES1
Xerox Phaser 7300B Compaq IJ1200 Canon SELPHY ES2
Xerox Phaser 7300DN Lexmark X73 Canon SELPHY ES3
Xerox Phaser 7300DT Lexmark Z42 Canon SELPHY ES20
Xerox Phaser 7300DX Lexmark Z43 Canon SELPHY ES30
Xerox Phaser 7300N Lexmark Z52 Canon SELPHY ES40
Xerox Phaser 7400DN Lexmark Z53 Sony UP-DP10
Xerox Phaser 7400DT Olympus P-10 Sony UP-DR150
Sony DPP-EX5 Kodak 605 Shinko CHC-S6145
Sony DPP-EX7 Kodak 1400 Sinfonia CHC-S6145/CS2
Sony UP-DR100 Kodak 805 CIAAT Brava 21
Sony UP-DR200 Mitsubishi CP-9550D Dai Nippon Printing DS40
Sony UP-CR10L Mitsubishi CP-9550DW Dai Nippon Printing DS80
Dai Nippon Printing SL10 Mitsubishi CP-D70DW Dai Nippon Printing DSRX1
Fujifilm Printpix-CX-400 Mitsubishi CP-K60DW-S Dai Nippon Printing DS620
Fujifilm Printpix-CX-550 Mitsubishi CP-D80DW Citizen CX
Fujifilm FinePix-NX-500 Kodak 305 Citizen CX-W
Kodak Easyshare-Printer-Dock Mitsubishi CP-9600DW Citizen CY
Kodak EasyShare-G600-Printer-Dock Mitsubishi CP-9550DZ Citizen CW-01
Kodak PD-4000 Mitsubishi CP-9550DW-S Citizen OP900
Kodak PD-6000 Mitsubishi CP-9800DZ Mitsubishi CP-3800DW
Kodak Photo-Printer Mitsubishi CP-9800DW-S Dai Nippon Printing DS820
Kodak Photo-Printer-500 Mitsubishi P95D
Kodak Printer-Dock-Plus Shinko CHC-S9045
Kodak Printer-Dock-Plus-S3 Mitsubishi CP-9500DW
Kodak 6800 Shinko CHC-S2145
Kodak 6850 Sinfonia S2145/S2