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Movement and Locomotion-23-24

The human skeleton has three main functions: support and shape of the body, protection of organs, and facilitating movement. It is made up of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton via shoulder and pelvic girdles. There are several types of joints that allow different degrees of movement, including immovable, partially movable, and freely movable joints like ball-and-socket joints. Muscles work with the skeleton to enable movement.

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Chintan Shah
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68 views3 pages

Movement and Locomotion-23-24

The human skeleton has three main functions: support and shape of the body, protection of organs, and facilitating movement. It is made up of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton via shoulder and pelvic girdles. There are several types of joints that allow different degrees of movement, including immovable, partially movable, and freely movable joints like ball-and-socket joints. Muscles work with the skeleton to enable movement.

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Chintan Shah
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Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s

C.N.M. SCHOOL & N. D. PAREKH PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOL


STUDY SHEET - STD IX (2023-24)
SKELETON-MOVEMENT AND LOCOMOTION

Functions of human skeleton


1. Support and shape
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Formation of blood cells
5. Store house of calcium and phosphorous
Constituents of skeleton
Bones,cartilage,tendon and ligaments
Bone- it consists of organic and inorganic material.
Decalcification- Removal of mineral part from the bone by keeping it in weak hydrochloric acid.
In old people the organic part of the bone is reduced and the bones become more fragile taking
more time in re-joining after a fracture.
Structure of a bone
Highly calcified, consists of bone cells called osteocytes arranged in the form of concentric
rings. The external surface of the bone is covered by a membrane called periosteum with outer
fibrous and inner cellular layers.Long bone consists of yellow bone marrow[produce WBC]
and red bone marrow [produce RBC].

The Human skeleton

1
AXIAL SKELETON:
Skull-skeleton of head. It contains two parts-Cranium[8 bones] and face[14 bones].
The back part of the cranium contains a large hole the foramen magnum through which spinal
cord continues behind into the back bone.
Vertebral column-33 ring like vertebrae-cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacrum[5 fused
into one] and coccyx[4 fused into one, rudimentary tail].
Cervical vertebrae- First cervical vertebra is atlas and second cervical vertebra is axis.
Structure of vertebrae- body of the vertebrae is called centrum. On the dorsal side of the
centrum is the neural canal formed by the union of two neural arches. Neural spine is a flat
longitudinal ridge projecting from the neural arches. Sideward projections of neural arches are
called transverse processes.The neural arches bear articular facets which joins two vertebrae. A
pad called gristle or intervertebral disc forms a cushion between two vertebrae.

Sternum- long flat bone lying in the middle of the front part of the chest.
Ribs- There are twelve pairs of ribs.
First to seven pairs -True ribs, attached to the sternum.
8th to 10th pairs - False ribs join to 7th rib with hyaline cartilage.
11th and 12th ribs- Floating ribs, not attached to the sternum.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON:
Bones of the fore limbs- humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Bones of the hind limbs-femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges and patella [knee cap]
Girdles
Pectoral girdle [shoulder]-flat triangular scapula and large cup shaped glenoid cavity.
Collar bone is called clavicle.

2
Pelvic girdle [hip]-hip bone made up of three bones-ilium,ischium and pubis.
It bears a large cup shaped cavity called acetabulum.

Joints- Point at which two bones meet.


Types of joints
1. Immovable joint-Sutures between the bones of the skull box.
2. Partially movable joints-joint between a rib and the breast bone or between vertebrae.
3. Freely movable joints
a. Gliding joint-bones of the wrist, bones of the ankle, between vertebrae.
b. Pivot joint-skull and axis vertebrae.
c. Hinge joint-elbow joint, joints between bones of fingers and the toes.
d. Ball and socket joint-Shoulder joint and hip joint.
Synovial joints- freely movable joints which are held firmly with ligaments and protected by
fibrous capsule and with lubricating fluid called synovial fluid to remove friction.

Muscles- voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscles [ Refer Tissue Chapter notes].
Antagonistic muscle- Muscles causing opposing movements. Eg-biceps and triceps.

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