1.

Difference between PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY

Phonology: takes that material and evidence and finds the meaning of every sound to
produce the symbols. It is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds.
Phonetics: Is a more physical science. The study of the characteristics of sounds;
physical aspects involved in the production of the sounds. There are 3 main branches
of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic and auditory phonetics.

2. Distinction between DIALECT and ACCENT

Dialect: Is a variety of one language, differs in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
Accent: grammatical features of the way that person talks. It is the way that particular
person or group of people sound (musicality of their speech).

3. RP as model of teaching English pronunciation. Why?

We chose RP because it is the type of pronunciation that is generally taught in Spanish
and other European universities. It has been used by the Royal Family, news
announcers on the BBC, in public schools, universities and by those who work as
doctors, lawyers... Another reason is the wealth of readily available material for
teaching RP. There are dozens books that describe RP pronunciation and British
dictionaries.
4. PHONEME
A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a given language
which distinguishes one word from another.

5. COMMUTATION TEST
It is a test which distinguishes one unit of language from another. In the case of
sounds, if we replace one sound for another in a sequence of sounds and the product
is a different word, then the sounds are phonemes. It has another name: minimal pairs
test.
6. TYPE OF TRANSCRIPTION more detailed
It is the narrow transcription.
7. – Articulatory phonetics studies the way speech sounds are made by the vocal organs.
- Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.
- Auditory phonetics studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated
by ear, nerve and brain.
8. In acoustic phonetics, we are mainly interested in three PROPERTIES OF SOUND
- Pitch
- Quality
- Loudness
9. FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
It is the frequency produced by vocal fold vibration.
10. Function of the EARDRUM
It has the function to transmit the sound from the air.
11. GLOTTIS. What happens when we NARROW the glottis?
 The glottis is the space between the vocal folds. If we narrow the glottis and force the
air through the vocal folds, we will hear audible friction, so we produce voiceless
glottal fricative sound.
12. UPPER ARTICULATORS
Outside we have the upper lip, the upper teeth. Then we have the alveolar ridge, the
hard palate, the soft palate or velum and finally the uvula. Sometimes the pharynx wall
is involved as well.
13. PLACE AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Place: It refers to those articulators involved in the production of the sound.
Manner: It refers to how the sound is produced: the way the airstream is modified as it
passes through the vocal tract.

14. Write corresponding phoneme and define them in terms of place and manner of
articulation and voice.
- Breathe: dental fricative, voiced.
- Gym: post alveolar affricate, voiced.
- Yes: palatal approximant, voiced.
- Tough: labiodental fricative, voiceless.
- Treasure: postaleveolar fricative, voiced.
- Lorry: alveolar approximant, voiced.
- Hello: glottal fricative, voiceless.
- Wear: bilabial approximant, voiced.
- Finger: velar stop (nasal), voiced.
- Dogs: alveolar fricative, voiced.
15. How DENTAL consonant is articulated?
This sound is articulated by raising the tip of the tongue or the blade so it touches the
back of the upper front teeth; in other places, the tip of the tongue between the upper
and the lower teeth. Examples: think, truth, this.
16. How a VELAR consonant is articulated?
These sounds are made by raising the back of the tongue till it touches the soft palate.
Examples: sing, gang.
17. How NASAL consonant is articulated?
It is produced when the air cannot escape through the oral cavity, but the soft palate
down allows the air to escape through the nose.
Examples: ring, myth.
18. How FRICATIVE consonant is articulated?
It is produced when two articulation are too close to make friction and produce sound.
Examples: foal, sheath.
19. Difference between VOICED and VOICELESS sounds.
When the vocal cords vibrate it is said that they are voiced. Meanwhile, when they are
apart it is a voiceless sound.
Examples: Tear, computer (voiceless) and leisure, treasure (voiced).
20. ALLOPHONE
It is the different audibly distinct context. The use of one allophone or another does
not distinguish one word from another.
 Examples: tap, beaten.
21. Differences between CONTRASTIVE and COMPLEMENTARY distribution
Complementary distribution is about an allophone in its own context. /k/
Contrastive distribution, by the other hand, is about the result of a word adding
allophones. /k ͪɪl/.
22. CARDINAL VOWELS. VOWEL QUADRILATERAL
Cardinal vowels are a set of theoretical vowel sounds, based on the shape of the
mouth needed to articulate.
The vowel quadrilateral is a chart that can be superimposed on the human cavity to
show the different tongue position to articulate sounds.
23. FACTORS to classify vowels
- Lip- rounding
- Shape of the tongue
- Tongue position
24. Match vowels
- /i: /- close front vowel, long, spread
- /æ/- half-open front vowel, short, slightly spread
- /u: /- close back vowel, long, rounded
- /ɒ/- half-open back vowel, short, rounded
- /ɔ:/- mid back vowel, long, rounded
- /Ω/- half-close back vowel, short, rounded
- /^/- half-open central vowel, short, neutral
- /e/- mid front vowel, short, spread
25. CLOSING or CENTRING diphthongs
- /ɔɪ/- closing
- /IƏ/- centring
- /uƏ/- centring
- /au/- closing
26. Common spellings of /^/
- O come
- Usun
- Ooblood
27. Common spellings of /i:/
- Eegreen
- Eatea
- Iepiece
28. Common spellings of /z/
- Zzoo
- Sis
- Zzjazz
- Xexam
29. Common spellings of /ʃ/
- Shfashion
- Ssmission
- Tionnation
 - Siondimension
- Chchampion
- Xluxury
30. SILENT consonant letters
- Doubt
- Lamb
- Castle
- Foreign
- Half
- Salmon
- Receipt
- Island
- Autumn
31. Classification according to the way the –ED ENDING is pronounced
/t/
- Worked
- Hoped
- Laughed
- Faxed
- Washed

/d/

- Called
- Turned
- Begged
- Played
- Enjoyed

/ɪd/

- Ended
- Divided
- Wanted
- Naked
32. DIFFERENT VOWEL SOUND
- Youth
- Calm
- Soup
- Move
- Bear
- Though
- Emulsion
- Wound
- Determine
- Deer
33. PHONOTACTICS
They are the branches that study the restrictions on the combinations and sequencing
of phonemes in a particular language.
Example: /pl/ is a sequence which is possible in the onset of a word “play” but the
sequence /lp/ is not found in any onsets.
34. SYLLABLE, from phonetic point of view
It is the minimal phonological unit that can occur in isolation. The simple syllables that
can occur alone consist of a vowel as in “ah” or in a diphthong as “eye”. They can also
be made up of a vowel in combination with one or more consonants as in the words
ten, spin and post. We look at how syllables are produced in terms of level of
obstruction of the airflow.
35. PARTS OF THE SYLLABLE
A syllable can be made up of three parts: the onset, the nucleous or peak and the
coda.
36. Difference between OPEN and CLOSE syllables
The open ends with a vowel whereas the close syllables end with a consonant.
37. Weak syllables have 4 possible TYPES OF PEAK
1. The vowel Ə (schwa)
2. A close front vowel in the area of ɪ
3. A close back vowel in the area of u
4. A syllabic consonant
38. FUNCTION WORDS and pronunciation
They are grammatical words which often do not have a clear lexical meaning. Many of
them have two pronunciations: weak and strong form. The default pronunciation is
the weak one. They are usually monosyllabic.
39. Importance of CONNECTED SPEECH
It is essential to become a better listener and to understand how English is really
spoken. It is seen in ordinary, everyday conversations at regular speech.
40. REGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION
It is a connected speech phenomenon where the alveolars are involved in /p, t, d, n/
especially when followed by the stops /p, b, k, g/ and the nasal /m/. It happens when
the following word influences the first sound of the word.
41. COALESCENT ASSIMILATION
It is a connected speech phenomenon in which two phonemes combine to become
one. It can occur within a word or between words.
Example: did you see?  /dɪʤƏsi:/
42. ELISION
It is a connected speech phenomenon; it is the disappearance or omission of a sound.
Example: the h-dropping: tell her  /tel Ə/
43. Difference between LINKING R and INTRUSIVE R
The intrusive R is found in non rothic accent mainly and it occurs in words when the
next word begins with a vowel (law (r) and order). The linking R is found between
vowels ()
44. H- DROPPING
The h-dropping is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative.
 Examples: huge, her, his.
45. Connected speech phenomenon in these utterances
/neks deɪ/  elision of alveolar plosive
/bæb bɔɪz/  regressive assimilation
/dɪʤu gƏΩ/  coalescent assimilation
/∂æk kɪd/  regressive assimilation
/lɔ:r Ən ‘ɔ:dƏ/  intrusive R
/aɪ mƏs gƏΩ/  elision of alveolar plosive
46. SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY
It is a phonological property of more than one sound segment; beyond vowels. It
studies things as pitch, duration and loudness.
47. How does RHYTHM function in English
The Rhythm is based on the alteration of stressed and unstressed syllables (the first
ones are longer).
48. Why English is a STRESSED-TIMED language
It is a stressed-timed language because the stressed syllables are said at approximately
regular intervals, and unstressed syllables shorten to fit this rhythm.
49. TONE UNIT
It is the pitch contour of a tonic syllable which gives us information on what the
speaker wants to say.
50. The MAIN TONES
Fall, fall rise and rise.